Journal articles: 'Redistribution de sol'

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Сениченков, И. Ю., Е. Г. Кавеева, В. А. Рожанский, Е. А. Сытова, И. Ю. Веселова, С. П. Воскобойников, and D. P. Coster. "Роль электрического поля в формировании режима отрыва плазмы токамака." Письма в журнал технической физики 44, no. 6 (2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2018.06.45769.17085.

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AbstractModeling of the transition to the detachment of ASDEX Upgrade tokamak plasma with increasing density is performed using the SOLPS-ITER numerical code with a self-consistent account of drifts and currents. Their role in plasma redistribution both in the confinement region and in the scrape-off layer (SOL) is investigated. The mechanism of high field side high-density formation in the SOL in the course of detachment is suggested. In the full detachment regime, when the cold plasma region expands above the X -point and reaches closed magnetic-flux surfaces, plasma perturbation in a confined region may lead to a change in the confinement regime.

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Zhang, Min, Zhenfa Zi, Qiangchun Liu, Peng Zhang, Xianwu Tang, Jie Yang, Xuebin Zhu, Yuping Sun, and Jianming Dai. "Size Effects on Magnetic Properties ofNi0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4Prepared by Sol-Gel Method." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/609819.

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Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4particles with different particle sizes have been synthesized by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction results show that all the samples are pure cubic spinel structure with their sizes ranging from 9 to 96 nm. The lattice constant significantly decreases with further increasing annealing temperature. The magnetic measurements show superparamagnetic nature below the particle size of 30 nm, while others show ferrimagnetic nature above the corresponding blocking temperature. The blocking temperature increases with the increase in particle size, which can be explained by Stoner-Wohlfarth theory. The saturation magnetization increases as the particle size increases, which can be explained by the cation redistribution on tetrahedral A and octahedral B sites and the domain wall motion. The variation of coercivity as a function of particle size is based on the domain structure.

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Wu, Jeffrey C. S., and Chih-Yang Yeh. "Sol-gel-derived photosensitive TiO2 and Cu/TiO2 using homogeneous hydrolysis technique." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 2 (February 2001): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0088.

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Titania and copper-loaded titania were synthesized by an improved sol-gel method using a homogeneous hydrolysis technique. Unlike the conventional sol-gel procedure that added water directly, the esterification of anhydrous butanol and glacial acetic acid provided the hydrolyzing water. In addition, acetic acid also served as a chelating ligand to stabilize the hydrolysis-condensation process and minimize the agglomeration of titania. Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence of bidental ligand. The sol was dried, then calcined at 500°C to remove organics and transformed to anatase titania. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the titania particles were uniform, and the particle size ranged from 10 to 25 nm. The band gaps of TiO2 and Cu/TiO2 ranged from 3.01 to 3.17 eV based on the diffusive reflective ultraviolet-visible spectrometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed a positive shift of binding energy of Ti2p3/2 and a negative shift of Cu 2p3/2 in Cu/TiO2. The redistribution of electric charge is due to the Schottky barrier of Cu and TiO2.

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Fontan, Jean-Marc, Benoît Lévesque, and Mathieu Charbonneau. "Les fondations privées québécoises : un champ de recherche émergent." Lien social et Politiques, no. 65 (September 30, 2011): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006025ar.

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L’émergence du capitalisme nord-américain est accompagnée d’un renouvellement des modalités de redistribution de la richesse. En complémentarité aux dispositifs publics et religieux se développe un mode privé de redistribution structuré autour d’organisations juridiquement incorporées comme des organisations sans but lucratif : les fondations privées à vocation philanthropique. Bien que leur existence remonte à l’Antiquité et que leur présence en sol canadien et québécois soit observable dès le début du xxe siècle, ce sujet a peu attiré l’attention des chercheurs canadiens et québécois. Après avoir situé le cadre global d’émergence et de développement de la philanthropie en Europe et des fondations privées aux États-Unis, l’article posera un état de situation très préliminaire sur les fondations privées au Canada et au Québec. Il se penchera sur les raisons qui expliquent le peu d’intérêt des chercheurs canadiens et québécois pour l’étude de la philanthropie et des fondations. Enfin, il présentera l’hypothèse selon laquelle il est important que la nouvelle sociologie économique se penche sur la philanthropie et les fondations publiques et privées afin d’en renouveler le cadre d’analyse.

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Mane, D. R., D. D. Birajdar, Swati Patil, Sagar E. Shirsath, and R. H. Kadam. "Redistribution of cations and enhancement in magnetic properties of sol–gel synthesized Cu0.7−x Co x Zn0.3Fe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5)." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 58, no. 1 (November 17, 2010): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-010-2357-8.

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Kanno, Yoshinori. "Tetragonal-orthorhombic phase transformation and sintering behavior of KSbOSiO4 (isomorphous derivative of KTP)." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 9 (September 1994): 2323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.2323.

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Fine KSbOSiO4 (KSS) powders have been prepared by a sol-gel method starting from the system of TEOS, KSb(OH)6, H2O, C2H5OH, or mechanochemical mixing method with a stoichiometric mixture of amorphous silica and KSb(OH)6. The KSS crystallized sluggishly into a tetragonal symmetry in low temperature and transformed into an orthorhombic one in higher temperature, indicating the amorphous-like powder patterns in the intermediate step. This amorphization process could be related to some redistribution of the polysilicate network structures. The mechanochemical activation energy stored in the powder surface, as well as the coexisting matrix (KSbO3), retards the transformation. It was concluded that the KSS powders composed of high molecular weight siloxane polymers, which were formed by hydrolysis in the presence of a small amount of NH3 aqueous solution, showed higher sinterability. The sintering, where the calcining process was omitted, enabled the dense tetragonal-type ceramics stabilized at lower temperature, rather than higher temperature, to fabricate.

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Баковец, В. В., И. П. Долговесова, Т. Д. Пивоварова, and М. И. Рахманова. "Фазовые превращения и особенности фотолюминесценции твердых растворов Gd-=SUB=-2(1-x)-=/SUB=-Tb-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Eu-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-." Физика твердого тела 62, no. 12 (2020): 2147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2020.12.50219.161.

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Solid solutions Gd2(1-x)TbxEuxO3, where x = 1 and 2.5 mol%, were obtained in an atmosphere of air and hydrogen by the sol-gel method followed by annealing at 700-1200 °C. It was found by XRD and IR spectroscopy that, during annealing, the solutions undergo chemical and phase transformations of the cubic modification into the monoclinic one and change the degree of crystallinity. Under some annealing conditions, the solid solution contains microinclusions of the Tb7O12:Eu3+ phase, which is not formed in a hydrogen atmosphere or at a high activator concentration of 2.5 mol% at 1200 oC. In accordance with these transformations, a redistribution of the photoluminescence activators Tb3+ and Eu3+ occurs over the centrosymmetric C3i, noncentrosymmetric C2 positions of the crystal lattice, and the surface states of Cs. As a result of these rearrangements, the parameters of the photoluminescence spectra change, which are associated with a change in the ways of transferring the excitation energy of the main radiative transitions of the photoluminescence activators Tb3+ and Eu3+.

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Баковец, В. В., И. П. Долговесова, Т. Д. Пивоварова, and Л. А. Шелудякова. "Распределение катионов Tb-=SUP=-3+-=/SUP=- и Eu-=SUP=-3+-=/SUP=- в решетке C-Gd-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- по данным спектров фотолюминесценции и дальнего ИК." Физика твердого тела 63, no. 12 (2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2021.12.51679.189.

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In this work, we investigated the features of the photoluminescence of C-Gd2(1-x)TbxEuxO3 luminophores at x = 1.0 and 2.5 mol%, which are associated with the distribution of Tb3+ and Eu3+ activator ions over the centrosymmetric C3i and noncentrosymmetric C2 positions of cations in the bixbyite lattice, as well as in the positions at the boundaries crystallites CS. We studied the phase transformations of the samples, changes in the morphology of crystallites, photoluminescence spectra, and spectra of the far infrared region 50–600 cm–1 with changes in the annealing modes of the initial products of the sol – gel synthesis Gd2(1 – x)TbxEux(OH)y(CO3)z · n(H2O) at temperatures of 900 and 1200oC in air and hydrogen. Correlations have been established between changes in the characteristics of the samples and the parameters of their annealing. Based on the analysis of these correlations, the redistribution of activators over the indicated cation positions was determined, and a model was proposed for identifying infrared absorption bands in accordance with the localization of activators along the cationic sublattices C3i and C2.

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Isogai, Masato, Alexander Veber, Maria Cicconi, Tomokatsu Hayakawa, and Dominique de Ligny. "Devitrification Behavior of Sol-Gel Derived ZrO2-SiO2 Rare-Earth Doped Glasses: Correlation between Structural and Optical Properties." Ceramics 1, no. 2 (October 7, 2018): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics1020022.

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Optical and structural properties of glasses and glass-ceramics (GC) obtained by different heat-treatment of Tb and Tb-Yb doped sol-gel derived 30ZrO2-70SiO2 materials were investigated. A glass was formed after treatment at 700 °C whereas devitrification of the media after the treatment at 1000 and 1100 °C, led to the formation of GC containing up to three different crystalline phases, namely, tetragonal ZrO2, Yb-disilicate and cristobalite. The modification of the optical properties through the heat treatment was caused by redistribution of the rare earth elements (REE) among the different phases: both Tb and Yb entered the t-ZrO2 lattice, Yb can also be present in the form of a Yb2Si2O7 crystal. Devitrification led to an increase in Tb→Yb energy transfer efficiency as compared to the glass, though it was higher in the samples heat-treated at 1000 °C than in those treated at 1100 °C. The most intensive Yb3+ luminescence, induced by the energy transfer from the Tb3+ ion, was observed at the interface between t-ZrO2 and the glassy phases, due to the high concentration of REE in this area caused by the inability of ZrO2 to accept larger amounts of the REE. The mechanisms of the Tb→Yb energy transfer vary between different phases of the GC. The results obtained in this study are important for the development of spectral down-converters for potential solar energy applications based on Tb-Yb co-doped glass-ceramics.

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Gornick, Janet C., and Timothy M. Smeeding. "Redistributional Policy in Rich Countries: Institutions and Impacts in Nonelderly Households." Annual Review of Sociology 44, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 441–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041114.

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We review research on institutions of redistribution operating in high-income countries. Focusing on the nonelderly, we invoke the concept of the household income package, which includes income from labor, from related households, and from the state. Accordingly, we assess three institutional arenas: predistribution (rules and regulations that govern paid work), private redistribution (interhousehold transfers), and conventional public redistribution (operating via cash transfers and direct taxes). In each arena, we assess underlying policy logics, identify current policy controversies, summarize contemporary cross-national policy variation, and synthesize existing findings on policy effects. Our assessment of redistributional effects focuses on three core socioeconomic outcomes: low pay, child poverty, and income inequality. We close by assessing how the three institutional arenas perform collectively and by calling for further work on how these institutions change over time and how they affect subgroups differentially.

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Sidorenko, Yulia, Alexander Guryanov, and Vyacheslav Kozlov. "Peculiar features of silicate materials curing." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604013.

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The papers on contact-condensing (non-autoclave) curing of silicate materials point at the expediency of technology development. Non-autoclave silicate products of M 100 … 300 grades can be used in low-rise and individual housing construction. The complexity of practical implementation of the technology associated with the processes occurring in the field of highly dispersed phases requires research on micro capsulation of hydro silicate binder, in particular, the maintenance of its properties in technological redistribution. High surface energy of newgrowth causes particle clustering. It is desirable to obtain aggregates characterized by the lowest energy of their total intercrystallite interaction. Main mechanism of directed structure formation at the boundaries of the sections of the given binder is ultradisperse particles with a high adsorption capacity and adhesive ability, the main purpose of which is to strengthen the contact zone. The novelty of the proposed solutions lies in the fact that contact formation zone is presented as a multilayer system having different rheological characteristics. The study and description of contact-condensing processes occurring in unstable hydrosilicate systems as well as the sol-gel technologies are the important aspects in the foundations development of modern material science, the creation of materials and new generation products.

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Jiang, Jun, Jinzhen Cao, and Wang Wang. "Characteristics of wood-silica composites influenced by the pH value of silica sols." Holzforschung 72, no. 4 (March 28, 2018): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0126.

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AbstractSouthern pine (Pinusspp.) sapwood samples were impregnated with silica sols with known zeta potential and particle size distribution at various pH values (3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13) to produce wood-silica composites (WSiCs). The morphological and chemical properties of the composites were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDXA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The overall performance of the composites was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and dynamic wettability tests, and their dimensional stability and surface hardness were also investigated as well. The pH value of the sols had a remarkable effect on the distribution of zeta potential and colloidal particle size, and on their penetration and distribution in the wood. The composites produced at pH 5 and pH 11 show relatively better impregnability and overall properties. In the first case the compatibility with the wood pH (ca. 5) is relevant, and at these pH values are the sol’s particle sizes low. Sols with pH around 13 resulted in inferior properties, such as increased water absorption, high thermal degradation and poor dimensional stability. This could be ascribed to wood degradation under high alkaline conditions. The results were discussed in view of the colloidal particle redistribution and the interaction between silica sol and wood.

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Heninger, I., M. Potin-Gautier, M. Astruc, L. Galvez, and V. Vignier. "Mise au point de techniques analytiques pour la spéciation du sélénium dans les boues de stations d'épuration d'eaux résiduaires urbaines." Revue des sciences de l'eau 11, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705310ar.

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Les stations d'épuration d'eaux résiduaires sont une des étapes du cycle du sélénium dans l'environnement et contribuent à sa redistribution dans le milieu naturel. Très peu étudié jusqu'à présent dans ces milieux, le sélénium n'en est pas moins un élément très important du point de vue écotoxicologique, sa teneur dans les boues de stations d'épuration destinées à l'épandage agricole faisant par ailleurs l'objet d'une norme. Nous avons mis au point des techniques permettant la détermination spécifique de l'élément total dans ce type d'échantillon, par minéralisation classique ou assistée par micro-ondes et dosage par Voltamétrie de Redissolution Cathodique Différentielle Pulsée (DPCSV) et Spectrométrie d'Absorption Atomique ElectroThermique (ETAAS). Le contrôle qualité a été effectué sur deux échantillons certifiés fournis par le Bureau Communautaire de Référence (BCR) : la boue CRM 145 R et la boue CRM 007. Cependant, lorsqu'on parle de risque toxicologique, il est important de s'intéresser à la détermination des différentes formes sous lesquelles cet élément peut être présent. Nous avons pour cela réalisé des extractions parallèles (spéciation de phases) du sélénium contenu dans les boues afin de déterminer quel pourcentage du sélénium total est réellement et potentiellement disponible pour les végétaux lors d'un épandage sur sol agricole. La spéciation d'espèces a été brièvement abordée dans le but de déterminer les teneurs en Se(IV) et Se(VI), espèces les plus toxiques.

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Gnedenkov, Sergey V., Sergey L. Sinebryukhov, Veniamin V. Zheleznov, Denis P. Opra, Elena I. Voit, Evgeny B. Modin, Alexander A. Sokolov, Alexander Yu. Ustinov, and Valentin I. Sergienko. "Effect of Hf-doping on electrochemical performance of anatase TiO 2 as an anode material for lithium storage." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 6 (June 2018): 171811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171811.

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Hafnium-doped titania (Hf/Ti = 0.01; 0.03; 0.05) had been facilely synthesized via a template sol–gel method on carbon fibre. Physico-chemical properties of the as-synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements. It was confirmed that Hf 4+ substitute in the Ti 4+ sites, forming Ti 1– x Hf x O 2 ( x = 0.01; 0.03; 0.05) solid solutions with an anatase crystal structure. The Ti 1– x Hf x O 2 materials are hollow microtubes (length of 10–100 µm, outer diameter of 1–5 µm) composed of nanoparticles (average size of 15–20 nm) with a surface area of 80–90 m 2 g –1 and pore volume of 0.294–0.372 cm 3 g –1 . The effect of Hf ion incorporation on the electrochemical behaviour of anatase TiO 2 in the Li-ion battery anode was investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was established that Ti 0.95 Hf 0.05 O 2 shows significantly higher reversibility (154.2 mAh g –1 ) after 35-fold cycling at a C /10 rate in comparison with undoped titania (55.9 mAh g –1 ). The better performance offered by Hf 4+ substitution of the Ti 4+ into anatase TiO 2 mainly results from a more open crystal structure, which has been achieved via the difference in ionic radius values of Ti 4+ (0.604 Å) and Hf 4+ (0.71 Å). The obtained results are in good accord with those for anatase TiO 2 doped with Zr 4+ (0.72 Å), published earlier. Furthermore, improved electrical conductivity of Hf-doped anatase TiO 2 materials owing to charge redistribution in the lattice and enhanced interfacial lithium storage owing to increased surface area directly depending on the Hf/Ti atomic ratio have a beneficial effect on electrochemical properties.

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Wilken, Florian, Michael Ketterer, Sylvia Koszinski, Michael Sommer, and Peter Fiener. "Understanding the role of water and tillage erosion from <sup>239+240</sup>Pu tracer measurements using inverse modelling." SOIL 6, no. 2 (November 16, 2020): 549–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-549-2020.

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Abstract. Soil redistribution on arable land is a major threat for a sustainable use of soil resources. The majority of soil redistribution studies focus on water erosion, while wind and tillage erosion also induce pronounced redistribution of soil materials. Tillage erosion especially is understudied, as it does not lead to visible off-site damages. The analysis of on-site/in-field soil redistribution is mostly based on tracer studies, where radionuclide tracers (e.g. 137Cs, 239+240Pu) from nuclear weapon tests are commonly used to derive the erosion history over the past 50–60 years. Tracer studies allow us to determine soil redistribution patterns but integrate all types of soil redistribution processes and hence do not allow us to unravel the contribution of individual erosion processes. The aim of this study is to understand the contribution of water and tillage erosion leading to soil patterns found in a small hummocky ground moraine kettle hole catchment under intensive agricultural use. Therefore, 239+240Pu-derived soil redistribution patterns were analysed using an inverse modelling approach accounting for water and tillage erosion processes. The results of this analysis clearly point out that tillage erosion is the dominant process of soil redistribution in the study catchment, which also affects the hydrological and sedimentological connectivity between arable land and the kettle hole. A topographic change up to 17 cm (53 yr)−1 in the eroded parts of the catchment is not able to explain the current soil profile truncation that exceeds the 239+240Pu-derived topographic change substantially. Hence, tillage erosion already started before the onset of intense mechanisation since the 1960s. In general, the study stresses the urgent need to consider tillage erosion as a major soil degradation process that can be the dominant soil redistribution process in sloped arable landscapes.

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Wilken, Florian, Peter Fiener, Michael Ketterer, Katrin Meusburger, Daniel Iragi Muhindo, Kristof van Oost, and Sebastian Doetterl. "Assessing soil redistribution of forest and cropland sites in wet tropical Africa using <sup>239+240</sup>Pu fallout radionuclides." SOIL 7, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-399-2021.

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Abstract. Due to the rapidly growing population in tropical Africa, a substantial rise in food demand is predicted in upcoming decades, which will result in higher pressure on soil resources. However, there is limited knowledge on soil redistribution dynamics following land conversion into arable land in tropical Africa that is partly caused by infrastructure limitations for long-term landscape-scale monitoring. In this study, fallout radionuclides 239+240Pu are used to assess soil redistribution along topographic gradients at two cropland sites and at three nearby pristine forest sites located in the DR Congo, Uganda and Rwanda. In the study area, a 239+240Pu baseline inventory is found that is higher than typically expected for tropical regions (mean forest inventory 41 Bq m−2). Pristine forests show no indication of soil redistribution based on 239+240Pu along topographical gradients. In contrast, soil erosion and sedimentation on cropland reached up to 37 cm (81 Mg ha−1 yr−1) and 40 cm (87 Mg ha−1 yr−1) within the last 55 years, respectively. Cropland sites show high intra-slope variability with locations showing severe soil erosion located in direct proximity to sedimentation sites. This study shows the applicability of a valuable method to assess tropical soil redistribution and provides insight into soil degradation rates and patterns in one of the most socio-economically and ecologically vulnerable regions of the world.

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Wilken, Florian, Michael Sommer, Kristof Van Oost, Oliver Bens, and Peter Fiener. "Process-oriented modelling to identify main drivers of erosion-induced carbon fluxes." SOIL 3, no. 2 (May 5, 2017): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-83-2017.

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Abstract. Coupled modelling of soil erosion, carbon redistribution, and turnover has received great attention over the last decades due to large uncertainties regarding erosion-induced carbon fluxes. For a process-oriented representation of event dynamics, coupled soil–carbon erosion models have been developed. However, there are currently few models that represent tillage erosion, preferential water erosion, and transport of different carbon fractions (e.g. mineral bound carbon, carbon encapsulated by soil aggregates). We couple a process-oriented multi-class sediment transport model with a carbon turnover model (MCST-C) to identify relevant redistribution processes for carbon dynamics. The model is applied for two arable catchments (3.7 and 7.8 ha) located in the Tertiary Hills about 40 km north of Munich, Germany. Our findings indicate the following: (i) redistribution by tillage has a large effect on erosion-induced vertical carbon fluxes and has a large carbon sequestration potential; (ii) water erosion has a minor effect on vertical fluxes, but episodic soil organic carbon (SOC) delivery controls the long-term erosion-induced carbon balance; (iii) delivered sediments are highly enriched in SOC compared to the parent soil, and sediment delivery is driven by event size and catchment connectivity; and (iv) soil aggregation enhances SOC deposition due to the transformation of highly mobile carbon-rich fine primary particles into rather immobile soil aggregates.

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Reed, Stewart K., David R. Glowacki, and Dmitrii V. Shalashilin. "Quantum dynamics simulations of energy redistribution in HO–SO2." Chemical Physics 370, no. 1-3 (May 2010): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.02.010.

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Nikodem, Antonín, Radka Kodešová, and Libuše Bubeníčková. "Simulation of the influence of rainfall redistribution in spruce and beech forest on the leaching of Al and SO4 2- from forest soils." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2013-0006.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the impact of different vegetation on the distribution of rainfall (due to throughfall and stemflow), water regime, and Al and SO4 2- leaching from forest soils. The water flow and Al and SO4 2- transport were modeled using HYDRUS-1D. The study was performed at two elevation transects on the Paličník and Smědava Mountain in Jizera mountains. Podzols and Cambisols were prevailing soil units in this area. It was shown that the effect of the precipitation redistribution on water regime was considerable in the beech forest, while it was almost negligible in the spruce forest. Redistribution of precipitation under trees caused runoff (in one case), increased water discharge through the soil profile bottom, reduction of water storage in the soil, and thus reduction of root water uptake. Simulated Al leaching from the soil profile was determined mainly by the initial Al content in the soil profile bottom. Leaching of SO4 2- was mainly determined by its initial content in the soil and to a lesser extent by redistributed precipitation and SO4 2- deposition.

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Jacobs, D., and R. Helms. "Racial Politics and Redistribution: Isolating the Contingent Influence of Civil Rights, Riots, and Crime on Tax Progressivity." Social Forces 80, no. 1 (September 1, 2001): 91–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0071.

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Whetter, D. A., P. R. Bullock, and R. G. Eilers. "Long-term solute redistribution in relation to landscape m orphology and soil distribution in a variable glacial till landscape." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 5 (November 1, 2006): 827–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-008.

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Landscape delineation based on soilslope associations with similar patterns of solute redistribution would allow for better agro-environmental land management. Long-term redistribution of solutes was examined in relation to topographic variables and static soil properties in a glacial till landscape near Miniota, Manitoba. Static soil properties that were the best predictors of solute redistribution included CO3, Ahor, Solum and OrgC. Temporal variability overshadowed the influence of topographic variables and static soil properties on dynamic solute redistribution within the crop rooting zone (i.e., 120 cm). Topographic variables (relative elevation, topographic index, contributing area) and static soil properties (A horizon depth, solum depth, A horizon organic carbon) were correlated to SO42- and NO3− redistribution. An unexpected result was that more statistically significant relationships were found between these parameters and solute redistribution below 120cm rather than within the root zone. Very low NO3− concentrations were found in the rooting zone at most sample positions, indicating that crop demand during recent growing seasons matched or exceeded supply. Accumulations of NO3− below the rooting zone indicated that deep percolation of NO3− has been an important process over the longer term throughout the upper and mid slope positions of this landscape. A lack of NO3− accumulation in one lower-toe position and the depression indicated that excess NO3− in these profiles may have been leached into the groundwater and/or removed via denitrification or simply may not have accumulated. There appears to be utility in using static soil properties and topographic variables as indicators of dynamic processes of solute redistribution, however, a priori knowledge of soil-landscape relationships and an understanding of associated pedogenic processes and hydrologic regimes are required to achieve sensible results. Key words: solute redistribution; soil properties; topography; landscape; nitrate, sulfate; chloride

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Ohman, F., B. Tromborg, J. Mork, A. Aurelius, A. Djupsjobacka, and A. Berntson. "Measurements and Simulations of nonlinear noise redistribution in an SOA." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 17, no. 1 (January 2005): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2004.837731.

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Whetter, D. A., P. R. Bullock, and L. G. Fuller. "Bromide redistribution as influenced by landscape morphology and pedogenic properties in a variable glacial till landscape: A qualitative examination." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07072.

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Redistribution of water and associated solutes in undulating to hummocky landscapes affects crop yield via losses of valuable nutrients and negatively impacts groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of qualitative soil-landscape complexes on vertical and lateral redistribution of solutes in a variable glacial till landscape under zero tillage agricultural management by employing a bromide tracer. Tracer plots were established in the fall of 1999 within three sites comprising three representative soil-slope associations. Values of soil development indicators (A horizon thickness, solum thickness, depth to CaCO3, profile development index and organic carbon) generally increased from crest to midslope to depression. Further to this, the occurrence and thickness of eluvial and illuvial horizons increased from crest to midslope to depression. Well-developed, clay-coated blocky Bt horizons with vertical cracking and overlying Ae horizons in depressions appeared to have favoured rapid, downward vertical bromide redistribution. Crest positions were the least anisotropic and vertical redistribution was more important than lateral redistribution at this position. A combination of topographic and pedologic factors resulted in more lateral redistribution at the midslope position relative to crests and depressions. Bromide recovery rates in the top 60 cm of the soil profile indicated that most of the recovered bromide remained within that depth following spring runoff, but had mostly leached below that depth after the growing season, particularly at the depression position. Low bromide recovery rates in the top 30 cm following spring runoff, indicated that reduced availability of fall-applied nutrients for early crop growth could be expected at crest and depression positions following spring runoff. Bromide redistribution was important during both spring recharge and over the growing season at the depression position. Bromide movement below crop rooting depths and into shallow groundwater sources provides evidence that fall-applied nutrients can enter groundwater following both spring melt and growing season runoff in depressional landscape positions, especially in recharge areas. Management practices to reduce over-application of soluble nutrients and surface water accumulation, or both, in depressional areas may be an effective means to lower the risk of groundwater contamination with soluble nutrients without jeopardizing crop yield potential across the majority of the landscape positions in undulating to hummocky glacial till terrain. Key words: Solute redistribution, bromide tracer, soil properties, topography, landscape

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Wang, Zhi, Atac Tuli, and William A. Jury. "Unstable Flow during Redistribution in Homogeneous Soil." Vadose Zone Journal 2, no. 1 (2003): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2003.0052.

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Wang, Zhi, Atac Tuli, and William A. Jury. "Unstable Flow during Redistribution in Homogeneous Soil." Vadose Zone Journal 2, no. 1 (February 2003): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2003.5200.

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Wang, Z., A. Tuli, and W. A. Jury. "Unstable Flow during Redistribution in Homogeneous Soil." Vadose Zone Journal 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/2.1.52.

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Heuvelink, G. B. M., J. M. Schoorl, A. Veldkamp, and D. J. Pennock. "Space–time Kalman filtering of soil redistribution." Geoderma 133, no. 1-2 (July 2006): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.03.041.

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Talbot, C., C. Leroy, P. Augustin, V. Willart, H. Delbarre, M. Fourmentin, and G. Khomenko. "Transport and dispersion of atmospheric sulphur dioxide from an industrial coastal area during a sea-breeze event." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 14, 2007): 15989–6022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-15989-2007.

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Abstract. Experimental and modelling results of the dynamics of a sea-breeze event and its effects on the three-dimensional (3-D) redistribution of the gaseous SO2 are presented within the framework of a particularly flat and industrialized coastal area of the North Sea. The measurements were carried out at ground level with the stations of the local air quality monitoring agency and with two optical remote sensing instruments. The remote sensing setup consisted of a lidar and a sodar whose measurements allowed us to determine the layers of the lower troposphere during a sea-breeze event up to 1400 m height. The experimental results and measurements of industrial SO2 in the atmosphere are compared to the numerical simulations of the 3-D atmospheric non-hydrostatic chemistry model Meso-NH-C. The transport and the dispersion of gaseous SO2 are studied above the neighbouring industrial and urban areas. We show how the evolution and the redistribution of the SO2 concentrations at ground level are related to the structure and the dynamics of the sea breeze. The gaseous SO2 is brought back inland as soon as the sea breeze commences, mixed inner the thermal internal boundary layer and transported inland by the gravity current up to the sea-breeze front, where gases and particles are uplifted. The elevation of the polluted air masses by the sea-breeze system favours the nucleation of the emitted compounds due to the increase of the relative humidity in the uplifted layer. We show how the dynamical conditions during and after the sea breeze lead to storage of SO2 near and above the emitting industrial coastal areas, and favour the formation of acidic aerosol particles.

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Azimov, Oleksandr T., Anastasiia Bunina, and Yelyzaveta Dorofey. "Using Remote Sensing Methods to Refine the Landscape-Morphological Regionalization for the Territory Due to the Secondary Pollutant Redistribution Across Soil Cover." Information & Security: An International Journal 40, no. 1 (2018): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.4002.

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30

Cerveau, Geneviève, Robert J. P. Corriu, and Éric Framery. "Sol–gel chemistry: evidence of redistributionat silicon atom induced by NaOH as catalystduring ageing." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIC - Chemistry 4, no. 2 (February 2001): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-1609(00)01189-0.

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Carminati, A., and H. Flühler. "Water Infiltration and Redistribution in Soil Aggregate Packings." Vadose Zone Journal 8, no. 1 (February 2009): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2008.0077.

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Thibodeau, J., D. S. Chanasyk, and L. G. Fuller. "Variability of vertical bromide redistribution within hummocky landscape." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 3 (May 2, 2008): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07037.

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Groundwater quality is a major issue for rural communities, and intensive agricultural practices have the potential to contaminate groundwater via leaching. By analysing the movement of a bromide tracer over three slope positions (top, middle and low) within two hummocky landscapes in central Alberta, the intensity of short-term leaching potential was measured, and the accuracy of a leaching potential index was assessed. Concentrations of bromide > 1 mg kg-1 were found at a 120-cm depth at each slope position, from both landscapes, after one snowmelt event and one growing season. However, the depth of a bromide concentration > 100 mg kg-1 varied significantly among slope positions after the snowmelt event, and after the growing season. The leaching potential index successfully distinguished between high leaching potential, and low and very low leaching potential. This index will become a useful tool to determine the variability of leaching within an agricultural landscape. Key words: Soil-landscape, leaching, tracer, soil moisture, soil profile index

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Suleiman, A. A., and J. T. Ritchie. "Modeling Soil Water Redistribution during Second-Stage Evaporation." Soil Science Society of America Journal 67, no. 2 (March 2003): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.3770.

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Cooper, J. R., and J. W. Gilliam. "Phosphorus Redistribution from Cultivated Fields into Riparian Areas." Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, no. 6 (November 1987): 1600–1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100060035x.

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Cary, J. W., C. S. Simmons, and J. F. McBride. "Predicting Oil Infiltration and Redistribution in Unsaturated Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, no. 2 (March 1989): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300020004x.

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SUTHERLAND, R. A., T. KOWALCHUK, and E. DE JONG. "CESIUM-137 ESTIMATES OF SEDIMENT-REDISTRIBUTION BY WIND." Soil Science 151, no. 5 (May 1991): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199105000-00009.

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Ritchie, Jerry C. "Soil Erosion and Sediment Redistribution in River Catchments." Soil Science 172, no. 11 (November 2007): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ss.0b013e318158a028.

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Frederikse, Thomas, Felix W. Landerer, and Lambert Caron. "The imprints of contemporary mass redistribution on local sea level and vertical land motion observations." Solid Earth 10, no. 6 (November 15, 2019): 1971–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1971-2019.

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Abstract. Observations from permanent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations are commonly used to correct tide-gauge observations for vertical land motion (VLM). We combine GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) observations and an ensemble of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) predictions to assess and evaluate the impact of solid-Earth deformation (SED) due to contemporary mass redistribution and GIA on VLM trends derived from GNSS stations. This mass redistribution causes relative sea-level (RSL) and SED patterns that not only vary in space but also exhibit large interannual variability signals. We find that for many stations, including stations in coastal locations, this deformation causes VLM trends on the order of 1 mm yr−1 or higher. In multiple regions, including the Amazon Basin and large parts of Australia, the SED trend flips sign between the first half and second half of the 15-year GRACE record. GNSS records often only span a few years, and due to these interannual variations SED causes substantial biases when the linear trends in these short records are extrapolated back in time. We propose a new method to avoid this potential bias in the VLM-corrected tide-gauge record: instead of correcting tide-gauge records for the observed VLM trend, we first remove the effects from GIA and contemporary mass redistributions from the VLM observations before computing the VLM trend. This procedure reduces the extrapolation bias induced by SED, and it also avoids the bias due to sea-floor deformation: SED includes net sea-floor deformation, which is ignored in global-mean sea-level reconstructions based on VLM-corrected tide-gauge data. We apply this method to 8166 GNSS stations. With this separation, we are able to explain a large fraction of the discrepancy between observed sea-level trends at multiple long tide-gauge records and the global-mean sea-level trend from recent reconstructions.

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Shelton, Jason E., and George Wilson. "Race, Class, and the Basis of Group Alignment: An Analysis of Support for Redistributive Policy among Privileged Blacks." Sociological Perspectives 52, no. 3 (September 2009): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2009.52.3.385.

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Sociological research has not adequately assessed levels of support for redistributive policy among African Americans. This oversight is particularly notable considering the dispersion of blacks across the American class structure. This article seeks to fill this gap in our understanding by addressing two concerns: (a) whether blacks with higher versus lower socioeconomic status espouse disparate policy preferences and (b) whether a privileged class position matters in the same way in structuring black and white beliefs about the role of government. Results from pooled data from the 1996 through 2006 General Social Surveys indicate that blacks more strongly support government efforts to ameliorate inequality than whites. However, black policy preferences fluctuate after controlling for intraracial socioeconomic differences. Privileged blacks are less supportive of racially-neutral opportunity-enhancing and outcome-based policies; these same respondents espouse contrasting levels of support for racially-specific policies. The implications for these findings are discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.

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Vujovic, Dragana, and Vladan Vuckovic. "An aqueous chemistry module for a three-dimensional cloud resolving model: Sulfate redistribution." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, no. 9 (2012): 1273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc111010218v.

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An aqueous chemistry module is created and included into a complex 3D cloud-resolving mesoscale ARPS model to examine the characteristics of in-cloud sulfate. The complex orography of Serbia is included in the model. The chemical species included in the module are sulfur dioxide, sulfate ion, ammonium ion, hydrogen peroxide and ozone. Six water categories are considered: water vapor, cloud water, rain, cloud ice, snow and hail. Each chemical species in each microphysical category is represented by a differential equation of mass continuity. This paper gives a detailed description of the chemistry module and demonstrates the utility of an atmospheric model coupled with the chemistry module in forecasting the redistribution of chemical species in all water categories. The main mean microphysical and chemical conversion rates of sulfate averaged over a 2 h simulation period for a base run are for the oxidation of S(IV) in rain water and cloud water, SO4 2? scavenging by Brownian diffusion in cloud droplets and cloud ice as well as the impact scavenging of SO4 2? by rain. The calculated values of sulfates in all water categories and the shape of sulfate profiles depend on radar reflectivity.

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MOTT, S. C., J. R. DAVENPORT, and R. L. THOMAS. "MINERALIZATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF CARBON FROM SURFICIAL AND BURIED CORN STALKS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-066.

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Although corn (Zea mays L.) stalks contribute to the total quantity of organic material in soil, their direct influence on soil structural stabilization may be small. In a laboratory study 14C-labelled corn stalks were placed on the surface of, or buried at, a 5-cm depth in a sandy loam soil. The soils were incubated at 25 °C for 119 d to determine the extent of organic carbon redistribution. Approximately 70% of the buried stalk carbon and 90% of the surface stalk carbon remained in the soil after incubation. Most of the residual carbon was identifiable as stalk tissue. Less than 5% of the added carbon was intermixed with the soil. Both the lack of C redistribution in the soil and the high loss of the mineralized 14C as CO2 stress the importance of the initial distribution of added organic materials in soils. The results imply that corn stover is a poor source of soil C and that it would be best used as a surface protectant against raindrop impact. Key words: Carbon mineralization, carbon redistribution, corn stalks, soil structure

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Zádorová, T., L. Brodský, and M. Rohošková. "Soil-terrain modelling and erosion analysis at field scale level, a case study." Soil and Water Research 4, No. 2 (June 16, 2009): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/45/2008-swr.

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Pedometrical methods and digital soil mapping represent a progressive approach to the evaluation of various terrain-related soil processes. A detailed digital terrain model was used for the analysis of erosion – sedimentation situation and description of specific soil properties at meso-relief scale. A study plot in Central Bohemia (area 4 ha) with highly diversified geological conditions was chosen for the study combining digital modelling with a detailed terrain survey and laboratory analysis. The curvature and topographic wetness index values were the main features for the accumulation and soil loss areas evaluation. The terrain survey and DTM results corresponded in the case of the soil cover structure and soil depth, showing a vast impact of accelerated water erosion and direct tillage erosion on the soil redistribution. In the concave and base slope positions, colluvial soils were identified, while Regosols with A–C profile stratigraphy form in the upper convex parts of the study plot. Particular soil properties distribution (pH, organic carbon content, texture) is, besides erosion, significantly influenced by parent rock variation and the relation to the terrain characteristics is less distinctive. The study showed a significant impact of the terrain properties on the general material redistribution and the possibility of soil cover structure prediction in areas with complicated geological conditions.

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PENNOCK, D. J., and E. de JONG. "RATES OF SOIL REDISTRIBUTION ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL ZONES AND SLOPE CLASSES IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-033.

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The usefulness of the average slope measurements available from soil surveys in the development of regional erosional inventories depends on the relationship between the average slope measurements of the mapped area and the mean rates of soil redistribution within the areas. Using 137Cs redistribution techniques we examined the relationship between mean rates of soil redistribution and average slope characteristics at 21 areas in the Brown, Dark Brown, and Black Chernozem soil zones of southern Saskatchewan. Net soil losses averaged 5.8 t ha−1 yr−1 for areas with mean gradients between 0 and 1.5°, 7.8 t ha−1 yr−1 for areas with mean gradients between 1.0 and 3°, and 11.3 t ha−1 yr−1 for areas with mean gradients between 3.5 and 8.5°. For all three slope classes, the highest rates of soil loss were found in the Dark Brown soil zone and the lowest rates in the Black soil zone. Net soil loss alone was, however, an inadequate indicator of the rate of loss within the areas because a considerable proportion of eroded soil was deposited within the confines of the study areas. Our results indicate that a distinct rate of soil loss was associated with the average slope characteriestics of the study area, but that both net soil loss from the field and mean soil loss within the field need to be considered together if a complete erosional assessment is to be made of an area. Key words: Soil erosion, soil deposition, 137Cs redistribution, slope gradient, Saskatchewan

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44

Wang, Zhi, William A. Jury, Atac Tuli, and Dong-Ju Kim. "Unstable Flow during Redistribution: Controlling Factors and Practical Implications." Vadose Zone Journal 3, no. 2 (May 2004): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2004.0549.

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Huang, Mingbin, Philip G. Bruch, and S. Lee Barbour. "Evaporation and Water Redistribution in Layered Unsaturated Soil Profiles." Vadose Zone Journal 12, no. 1 (February 2013): vzj2012.0108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2012.0108.

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Zhuang, Luwen, S. Majid Hassanizadeh, Martinus Th van Genuchten, Anton Leijnse, Amir Raoof, and Chaozhong Qin. "Modeling of Horizontal Water Redistribution in an Unsaturated Soil." Vadose Zone Journal 15, no. 3 (March 2016): vzj2015.08.0109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2015.08.0109.

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Shao, Mingan, and Robert Horton. "Exact solution for horizontal water redistribution by general similarity." Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, no. 2 (March 2000): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.642561x.

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Santos, M. C. D., R. J. St. Arnaud, and D. W. Anderson. "Iron Redistribution in Three Boralfs (Gray Luvisols) of Saskatchewan." Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, no. 5 (September 1986): 1272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050038x.

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Wang, Z., W. A. Jury, A. Tuli, and D. J. Kim. "Unstable Flow during Redistribution: Controlling Factors and Practical Implications." Vadose Zone Journal 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/3.2.549.

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Dietz, Thomas, and Cameron T. Whitley. "Inequality, Decisions, and Altruism." Sociology of Development 4, no. 3 (2018): 282–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2018.4.3.282.

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We argue that sociological analyses of inequality could benefit from engaging the literatures on decision-making. In turn, a sociological focus on how contexts and structural constraints influence the outcomes of decisions and the strategies social groups can use in pursuit of their goals could inform our understanding of decision-making. We consider a simple two-class model of income and the need of capitalists and workers to mobilize resources to influence the adaptive landscape that shapes responses to decisions. We then examine the implications of the rational actor model and the heuristics and biases literature for class-based decision-making. We consider the importance of altruism in mobilizing collective action, and we offer some evidence that altruism is most common in the middle ranges of income and that altruism is a major influence on support for redistributive policies. These results, while tentative, suggest the value of having scholars of development and inequality engage with the literatures on decision-making.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Redistribution de sol'

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