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1

Koyappayil, Aneesh, and Min-Ho Lee. "Ultrasensitive Materials for Electrochemical Biosensor Labels." Sensors 21, no. 1 (2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010089.

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Since the fabrication of the first electrochemical biosensor by Leland C. Clark in 1956, various labeled and label-free sensors have been reported for the detection of biomolecules. Labels such as nanoparticles, enzymes, Quantum dots, redox-active molecules, low dimensional carbon materials, etc. have been employed for the detection of biomolecules. Because of the absence of cross-reaction and highly selective detection, labeled biosensors are advantageous and preferred over label-free biosensors. The biosensors with labels depend mainly on optical, magnetic, electrical, and mechanical princip
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Le Gal La Salle, A., B. Limoges, S. Rapicault, C. Degrand, and P. Brossier. "New immunoassay techniques using Nafion-modified electrodes and cationic redox labels or enzyme labels." Analytica Chimica Acta 311, no. 3 (1995): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(95)00064-7.

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Evtugyn, Gennady A., Anna V. Porfireva, and Ivan I. Stoikov. "Electrochemical DNA sensors based on spatially distributed redox mediators: challenges and promises." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 10 (2017): 1471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1124.

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AbstractDNA and aptasensors are widely used for fast and reliable detection of disease biomarkers, pharmaceuticals, toxins, metabolites and other species necessary for biomedical diagnostics. In the overview, the concept of spatially distributed redox mediators is considered with particular emphasis to the signal generation and biospecific layer assembling. The application of non-conductive polymers bearing redox labels, supramolecular carriers with attached DNA aptamers and redox active dyes and E-sensor concept are considered as examples of the approach announced.
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Iglesias-Mayor, Alba, Olaya Amor-Gutiérrez, Agustín Costa-García, and Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz. "Nanoparticles as Emerging Labels in Electrochemical Immunosensors." Sensors 19, no. 23 (2019): 5137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235137.

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This review shows recent trends in the use of nanoparticles as labels for electrochemical immunosensing applications. Some general considerations on the principles of both the direct detection based on redox properties and indirect detection through electrocatalytic properties, before focusing on the applications for mainly proteins detection, are given. Emerging use as blocking tags in nanochannels-based immunosensing systems is also covered in this review. Finally, aspects related to the analytical performance of the developed devices together with prospects for future improvements and appli
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Ben Jrad, Amani, Hussein Kanso, Delphine Raviglione, Thierry Noguer, Nicolas Inguimbert, and Carole Calas-Blanchard. "Salen/salan metallic complexes as redox labels for electrochemical aptasensors." Chemical Communications 55, no. 85 (2019): 12821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc07575e.

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Hunt, Alexander, and Gymama Slaughter. "Electrochemical Strategies for MicroRNA Quantification Leveraging Amplification and Nanomaterials: A Review." Chemosensors 13, no. 7 (2025): 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070242.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and have emerged as critical biomarkers in various diseases, including cancer. Their stability in bodily fluids and role as oncogenes or tumor suppressors make them attractive targets for non-invasive diagnostics. However, conventional detection methods, such as Northern blotting, RT-PCR, and microarrays, are limited by low sensitivity, lengthy protocols, and limited specificity. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising alternative, providing high sensitivity, rapid response times, portability, and cost-effectivene
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Smiljanic, Milutin, Pierre Bleteau, Alexia Papageorgiou, Nathan Goffart, Catherine Adam, and Thomas Doneux. "Introducing common oxazine fluorophores as new redox labels for electrochemical DNA sensors." Bioelectrochemistry 155 (February 2024): 108582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108582.

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8

Ma, Xiaohua, Dehua Deng, Ning Xia, Yuanqiang Hao, and Lin Liu. "Electrochemical Immunosensors with PQQ-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes as Signal Labels for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (2021): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071757.

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Nanocatalysts are a promising alternative to natural enzymes as the signal labels of electrochemical biosensors. However, the surface modification of nanocatalysts and sensor electrodes with recognition elements and blockers may form a barrier to direct electron transfer, thus limiting the application of nanocatalysts in electrochemical immunoassays. Electron mediators can accelerate the electron transfer between nanocatalysts and electrodes. Nevertheless, it is hard to simultaneously achieve fast electron exchange between nanocatalysts and redox mediators as well as substrates. This work pres
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9

Grabowska, Iwona, Maria Hepel, and Katarzyna Kurzątkowska-Adaszyńska. "Advances in Design Strategies of Multiplex Electrochemical Aptasensors." Sensors 22, no. 1 (2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010161.

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In recent years, the need for simple, fast, and economical detection of food and environmental contaminants, and the necessity to monitor biomarkers of different diseases have considerably accelerated the development of biosensor technology. However, designing biosensors capable of simultaneous determination of two or more analytes in a single measurement, for example on a single working electrode in single solution, is still a great challenge. On the other hand, such analysis offers many advantages compared to single analyte tests, such as cost per test, labor, throughput, and convenience. Be
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Kim, Gyeongho, and Haesik Yang. "(Invited) Electrochemical Biosensor Using Direct Electron Transfer and an Antibody–Aptamer Hybrid Sandwich." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 54 (2024): 3704. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02543704mtgabs.

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Direct electron transfer (DET) between an electrode and redox labels is feasible in electrochemical biosensors using small aptamer–aptamer sandwiches; however, its application is limited in biosensors that rely on larger antibody–antibody sandwiches. The development of sandwich-type biosensors utilizing DET is challenged by the scarcity of aptamer–aptamer sandwich pairs with high affinity in complex biological samples. In this presentation, we introduce an electrochemical biosensor using an antibody–aptamer hybrid sandwich for detecting thrombin in human serum. The biosensor enables rapid DET
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Chunglok, Wilanee, Porntip Khownarumit, Patsamon Rijiravanich, Mithran Somasundrum, and Werasak Surareungchai. "Electrochemical immunoassay platform for high sensitivity protein detection based on redox-modified carbon nanotube labels." Analyst 136, no. 14 (2011): 2969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1an15079k.

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Degrand, Chantal, Benoit Limoges, Arnaud Gautier, and Ronald L. Blankespoor. "Synthesis of cobaltocenium salts for use as redox labels and their incorporation into Nafion films." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 7, no. 4 (1993): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590070403.

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13

Shundrin, Leonid A., Irina G. Irtegova, Nadezhda V. Vasilieva, and Irina A. Khalfina. "Benzoquinone and naphthoquinone based redox-active labels for electrochemical detection of modified oligonucleotides on Au electrodes." Tetrahedron Letters 57, no. 3 (2016): 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.035.

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14

Fojta, Miroslav, Ludek Havran, Hana Pivonkova, Petra Horakova, and Michal Hocek. "Redox Labels and Indicators Based on Transition Metals and Organic Electroactive Moieties for Electrochemical Nucleic Acids Sensing." Current Organic Chemistry 15, no. 17 (2011): 2936–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138527211798357173.

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15

Kaladari, Fatema, Naoya Kishikawa, Ai Shimada, Mahmoud El-Maghrabey, and Naotaka Kuroda. "Anthracycline-Functionalized Dextran as a New Signal Multiplication Tagging Approach for Immunoassay." Biosensors 13, no. 3 (2023): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030340.

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The most used kind of immunoassay is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); however, enzymes suffer from steric effects, low stability, and high cost. Our research group has been developing quinone-linked immunosorbent assay (QuLISA) as a new promising approach for stable and cost-efficient immunoassay. However, the developed QuLISA suffered from low water-solubility of synthesized quinone labels and their moderate sensitivity. Herein, we developed a new approach for signal multiplication of QuLISA utilizing the water-soluble quinone anthracycline, doxorubicin, coupled with dextran for sig
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16

Kim, Gyeongho, Hyejin Cho, Ponnusamy Nandhakumar, Jin Kyoon Park, Kwang-Sun Kim, and Haesik Yang. "Wash-Free, Sandwich-Type Protein Detection Using Direct Electron Transfer and Catalytic Signal Amplification of Multiple Redox Labels." Analytical Chemistry 94, no. 4 (2022): 2163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04615.

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17

Yang, Xi-Qiang, and Liang-Hong Guo. "Enhanced electrochemical activity of redox-labels in multi-layered protein films on indium tin oxide nanoparticle-based electrode." Analytica Chimica Acta 632, no. 1 (2009): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.039.

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18

Roh, Terrence T., Aneesh Alex, Janet E. Sorrells, et al. "Abstract 6613: Label-free multimodal multiphoton microscopy for predicting DNA damage response in patient derived non-small cell lung cancer organoids." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (2023): 6613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-6613.

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Abstract Background: DNA damage response (DDR) is a fundamental mechanism for evaluating efficacy of cancer therapeutics, many of which target DNA or associated processes (e.g., etoposide: inhibits DNA synthesis, cisplatin: crosslinks DNA). Current techniques to evaluate DDR rely on immunostaining for gamma H2AX foci (γH2AX), which is an indicator of DNA double-strand break formation. While γH2AX immunostaining can provide a snapshot of DDR in fixed cellular and tissue samples, this method is technically cumbersome as: 1) temporal monitoring of DDR requires timepoint replicates; 2) extensive a
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19

Zhurko, Irina F., Sergey Dobrynin, Artem A. Gorodetskii, et al. "2-Butyl-2-tert-butyl-5,5-diethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyls: Synthesis and Properties." Molecules 25, no. 4 (2020): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040845.

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Nitroxides are broadly used as molecular probes and labels in biophysics, structural biology, and biomedical research. Resistance of a nitroxide group bearing an unpaired electron to chemical reduction with low-molecular-weight antioxidants and enzymatic systems is of critical importance for these applications. The redox properties of nitroxides are known to depend on the ring size (for cyclic nitroxides) and electronic and steric effects of the substituents. Here, two highly strained nitroxides, 5-(tert-butyl)-5-butyl-2,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-oxyl (4) and 2-(tert-butyl)-2-butyl-5,5-d
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20

Bordes, Anne-Line, Benoı̂t Limoges, Pierre Brossier, and Chantal Degrand. "Simultaneous homogeneous immunoassay of phenytoin and phenobarbital using a Nafion-loaded carbon paste electrode and two redox cationic labels." Analytica Chimica Acta 356, no. 2-3 (1997): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00557-6.

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21

Li, Di, Ron Gill, Ronit Freeman, and Itamar Willner. "Probing of enzyme reactions by the biocatalyst-induced association or dissociation of redox labels linked to monolayer-functionalized electrodes." Chemical Communications, no. 48 (2006): 5027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b614141b.

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22

Cheeveewattanagul, Nopchulee, Patsamon Rijiravanich, Werasak Surareungchai, and Mithran Somasundrum. "Loading of silicon nanoparticle labels with redox mediators for detection of multiple DNA targets within a single voltammetric sweep." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 779 (October 2016): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.002.

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23

Fojta, Miroslav, Ludek Havran, Hana Pivonkova, Petra Horakova, and Michal Hocek. "ChemInform Abstract: Redox Labels and Indicators Based on Transition Metals and Organic Electroactive Moieties for Electrochemical Nucleic Acids Sensing." ChemInform 44, no. 3 (2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201303221.

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24

Shiigi, Hiroshi. "(Invited) Electrochemical Bacterial Sensing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 54 (2024): 3682. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02543682mtgabs.

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A better understanding of the biological functions of microorganisms is required to reduce their threats and increase their usefulness. Therefore, the importance of real-time evaluation of bacterial activity increases for various purposes such as hygiene management, development of antibacterial agents, and effective utilization of bacterial resources.1 This necessitates a quantitative assessment of metabolic processes, including growth and respiration. Here we would like to introduce the development of electrochemical methods for assessing bacterial activity. Electrochemical detection of viabl
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Gwozdzinski, Krzysztof, Anna Pieniazek, and Lukasz Gwozdzinski. "Nitroxides: Chemistry, Antioxidant Properties, and Biomedical Applications." Molecules 30, no. 10 (2025): 2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30102159.

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Nitroxides are stable organic free radicals with a wide range of applications. They have found applications in chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, and biomedicine as EPR/NMR imaging techniques. As spin labels and probes, they are used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in the study of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and enzymes, as well as for measuring oxygen concentration in cells and cellular organelles, as well as tissues and intracellular pH. Their unique redox properties have allowed them to be used as exogenous antioxidants. In this review, we hav
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Song, Zhongju, Ruo Yuan, Yaqin Chai, et al. "Horseradish peroxidase-functionalized Pt hollow nanospheres and multiple redox probes as trace labels for a sensitive simultaneous multianalyte electrochemical immunoassay." Chemical Communications 46, no. 36 (2010): 6750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cc01537g.

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27

Wehmeyer, Kenneth R., Ryan J. White, Peter T. Kissinger, and William R. Heineman. "Electrochemical Affinity Assays/Sensors: Brief History and Current Status." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 14, no. 1 (2021): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125655.

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The advent of electrochemical affinity assays and sensors evolved from pioneering efforts in the 1970s to broaden the field of analytes accessible to the selective and sensitive performance of electrochemical detection. The foundation of electrochemical affinity assays/sensors is the specific capture of an analyte by an affinity element and the subsequent transduction of this event into a measurable signal. This review briefly covers the early development of affinity assays and then focuses on advances in the past decade. During this time, progress on electroactive labels, including the use of
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Shundrin, Leonid A., Irina A. Os’kina, Irina G. Irtegova, and Alexandr F. Poveshchenko. "9H-Thioxanthen-9-one S,S-dioxide based redox active labels for electrochemical detection of DNA duplexes immobilized on Au electrodes." Mendeleev Communications 30, no. 3 (2020): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mencom.2020.05.011.

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Usatov, Mikhail S., Sergey A. Dobrynin, Yuliya F. Polienko, et al. "Hydrophilic Reduction-Resistant Spin Labels of Pyrrolidine and Pyrroline Series from 3,4-Bis-hydroxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetraethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3 (2024): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031550.

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Highly resistant to reduction nitroxides open new opportunities for structural studies of biological macromolecules in their native environment inside living cells and for functional imaging of pH and thiols, enzymatic activity and redox status in living animals. 3,4-Disubstituted nitroxides of 2,2,5,5-tetraethylpyrrolidine and pyrroline series with a functional group for binding to biomolecules and a polar moiety for higher solubility in water and for more rigid attachment via additional coordination to polar sites were designed and synthesized. The EPR spectra, lipophilicities, kinetics of t
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Khonyoung, Supada, Praphatsorn Mangkronkaew, Puttaporn Klayprasert, et al. "Point-of-Care Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Using a Smartphone-Based, Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor with Multilayer CuONPs/CNTs/GO on a Disposable Screen-Printed Electrode." Biosensors 14, no. 12 (2024): 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14120600.

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In order to identify carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum samples, an innovative smartphone-based, label-free electrochemical immunosensor was created without the need for additional labels or markers. This technology presents a viable method for on-site cancer diagnostics. The novel smartphone-integrated, label-free immunosensing platform was constructed by nanostructured materials that utilize the layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technique, allowing for meticulous control over the interface. Detection relies on direct interactions without extra tagging agents, where ordered graphene oxide (G
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Wu, Dan, Aiping Guo, Zhankui Guo, Lili Xie, Qin Wei, and Bin Du. "Simultaneous electrochemical detection of cervical cancer markers using reduced graphene oxide-tetraethylene pentamine as electrode materials and distinguishable redox probes as labels." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 54 (April 2014): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.042.

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Medlin, Linda K., Maria Gamella, Gerardo Mengs, Verónica Serafín, Susana Campuzano, and José M. M. Pingarrón. "Advances in the Detection of Toxic Algae Using Electrochemical Biosensors." Biosensors 10, no. 12 (2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10120207.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are more frequent as climate changes and tropical toxic species move northward, especially along the Iberian Peninsula, a rich aquaculture area. Monitoring programs, detecting the presence of toxic algae before they bloom, are of paramount importance to protect ecosystems, aquaculture, human health and local economies. Rapid, reliable species identification methods using molecular barcodes coupled to biosensor detection tools have received increasing attention as an alternative to the legally required but impractical microscopic counting-based techniques. Our electr
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Yang, Yin, Shen-Na Chen, Feng Yang, et al. "In-cell destabilization of a homodimeric protein complex detected by DEER spectroscopy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 34 (2020): 20566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005779117.

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The complexity of the cellular medium can affect proteins’ properties, and, therefore, in-cell characterization of proteins is essential. We explored the stability and conformation of the first baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domain of X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), BIR1, as a model for a homodimer protein in human HeLa cells. We employed double electron–electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy and labeling with redox stable and rigid Gd3+spin labels at three representative protein residues, C12 (flexible region), E22C, and N28C (part of helical residues 26 to 31) in the N-termi
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Itagaki, Satohiro, Shintaro Tsuda, Yojiro Yamamoto, Yasuhiro Sadanaga, and Hiroshi Shiigi. "Design of Organic-Inorganic Hybrids and Application to Electrochemical Sensor for Detecting Food Poisoning Bacteria." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 67 (2024): 4766. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02674766mtgabs.

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Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus are well-known as causative organisms of food poisoning. The ingestion of food and drinking water contaminated with these pathogens causes various symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting, and in severe cases, hemolytic uremic disease. Current microbiological testing methods such as the polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and colony counting require skilled experimentalists and/or a complex and time-intensive culture process. In recent years, many studies have reported the devel
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Heo, Wonyoung, and Seokwon Lim. "A Review on Gas Indicators and Sensors for Smart Food Packaging." Foods 13, no. 19 (2024): 3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13193047.

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Real-time monitoring of changes in packaged food is crucial to ensure safety and alleviate environmental issues. Accordingly, the development of indicators and sensors for smart packaging has long been anticipated, especially for gases related to food deterioration and microbial growth. However, the characteristics of indicators and sensors used in food packaging cannot be adjusted according to the specific food type, making it essential to select and apply suitable indicators and sensors for each type of food. In this review, the principles and characteristics of gas indicators and sensors fo
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Saxena, Survanshu, Sandy Zakaria, Yingfu Li, Todd Hoare, and Leyla Soleymani. "Investigation of Redox Probe Location on Single-Stranded DNA Using Streptavidin-Based Electrochemical Biosensing Platform." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 60 (2025): 2915. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-01602915mtgabs.

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Most electrochemical platforms utilize a thiolated capture DNA and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) as a monolayer for performing electrochemical DNA biosensing (1–5). These platforms employ redox-labeled DNA, mostly using methylene blue (MB), to generate electrochemical signals following hybridization with capture DNA, resulting in the formation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with MB positioned towards the electrode surface (1–5). While previous studies predominantly focus on using MB-labeled DNA to form dsDNA with thiolated capture DNA, this study explores the effect of MB positions at three diffe
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Hromadová, Magdaléna, Michèle Salmain, Romana Sokolová, Lubomı́r Pospı́šil, and Gérard Jaouen. "Novel redox label for proteins." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 668, no. 1-2 (2003): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(02)02093-4.

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Fernandes, Flávio C. Bedatty, Márcio S. Góes, Jason J. Davis, and Paulo R. Bueno. "Label free redox capacitive biosensing." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 50 (December 2013): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.043.

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Li, Weixiang, Qinfeng Rong, and Zhanfang Ma. "Hollow metal–organic nanoparticles as redox species for label-free voltammetric immunoassay of prostate specific antigen." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 3 (2017): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nj03463b.

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Yabuta, Ryoto, Norihisa Kobayashi, and Kazuki Nakamura. "Electrofluorochromic Devices Based on Electrochemical Valance Change of Europium Complex in Polyether Matrices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 38 (2024): 2571. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02382571mtgabs.

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Chromogenic materials, in which optical properties such as luminescence and absorption are altered by external stimuli such as light, heat, and electricity, have potential applications in chemical sensors, biochemical labels, molecular memory, and display devices. Electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials, in which wavelength and/or intensity of their photoluminescence are controlled by electrochemical redox reactions, are innovative materials because they can rapidly and repeatedly convert electrical inputs into visual signals. These EFC phenomena were reported by using small molecules, conjugated
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Milton, Ross D., David P. Hickey, Sofiene Abdellaoui, et al. "Rational design of quinones for high power density biofuel cells." Chemical Science 6, no. 8 (2015): 4867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc01538c.

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Cheng, Tzong-Jih, Hsien-Yi Hsiao, Pei-Chia Tsai, and Richie L. C. Chen. "Redoxless Electrochemical Capacitance Spectroscopy for Investigating Surfactant Adsorption on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes." Chemosensors 11, no. 6 (2023): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11060343.

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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a sensitive analytical method for surface and bulk properties. Classical EIS and derived electrochemical capacitance spectroscopy (ECS) with a redox couple are label-free approaches for biosensor development, but doubts arise regarding interpretability when a redox couple is employed (redox EIS) due to interactions between electroactive probes and interfacial charges or forced potential. Here, we demonstrated redoxless ECS for directly determining surfactant adsorption on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), validated through a simulation of
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43

Fang, Chiew San, Kyung Hwan Oh, Aram Oh, et al. "An ultrasensitive and incubation-free electrochemical immunosensor using a gold-nanocatalyst label mediating outer-sphere-reaction-philic and inner-sphere-reaction-philic species." Chemical Communications 52, no. 34 (2016): 5884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc00353b.

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Kuntamung, Kulrisa, Jaroon Jakmunee, and Kontad Ounnunkad. "A label-free multiplex electrochemical biosensor for the detection of three breast cancer biomarker proteins employing dye/metal ion-loaded and antibody-conjugated polyethyleneimine-gold nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 33 (2021): 6576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tb00940k.

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45

Ungurianu, Anca, Anca Zanfirescu, Georgiana Nițulescu, and Denisa Margină. "Vitamin E beyond Its Antioxidant Label." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050634.

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Vitamin E, comprising tocopherols and tocotrienols, is mainly known as an antioxidant. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways linked to inflammation and malignancy modulated by its vitamers. Preclinical reports highlighted a myriad of cellular effects like modulating the synthesis of pro-inflammatory molecules and oxidative stress response, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, regulating cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, animal-based models have shown that these molecules affect the activity of various enzymes and signaling pathways, such as MAPK,
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Schaefer, Jacob. "REDOR-Determined Distances from Heterospins to Clusters of13C Labels." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 137, no. 1 (1999): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmre.1998.1643.

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47

Balintová, Jana, Jan Špaček, Radek Pohl, et al. "Azidophenyl as a click-transformable redox label of DNA suitable for electrochemical detection of DNA–protein interactions." Chemical Science 6, no. 1 (2015): 575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sc01906g.

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A new azido-based DNA redox label which can be transformed into nitrophenyltriazole by a CuAAC click reaction was developed. It was used for the mapping of DNA–protein interactions with electrochemical detection.
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48

Hun, Xu, Guoliang Xie, and Xiliang Luo. "Scaling up an electrochemical signal with a catalytic hairpin assembly coupling nanocatalyst label for DNA detection." Chemical Communications 51, no. 33 (2015): 7100–7103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc00680e.

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A new strategy for the electrochemical detection of DNA based on catalytic hairpin assembly combined with nanocatalyst label-based redox cycling reaction signal amplification. A superior detection limit of 0.3 aM toward DNA was achieved.
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49

Couto, Rosa A. S., Lifu Chen, Sabine Kuss, and Richard G. Compton. "Detection of Escherichia coli bacteria by impact electrochemistry." Analyst 143, no. 20 (2018): 4840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an01675e.

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Employing the redox species N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-para-phenylene-diamine (TMPD), the label-free detection of E. coli, based on an electrochemical “on”-signal during impact electrochemistry, is reported for the first time.
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50

Chandra, Sudeshna, Christian Gäbler, Christian Schliebe, Heinrich Lang, and Dhirendra Bahadur. "Fabrication of a label-free electrochemical immunosensor using a redox active ferrocenyl dendrimer." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 11 (2016): 9046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nj00830e.

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