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1
Faust, Jon. Comparing Greenbook and reduced form forecasts using a large realtime dataset. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
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2
Faust, Jon. Comparing greenbook and reduced form forecasts using a large realtime dataset. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
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3
Holtham, Gerald. OECD economic activity and non-oil commodity prices: Reduced-form equations for interlink. Paris: OECD, 1987.
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4
Broze, Laurence. Reduced forms of rational expectations models. Chur [Switzerland]: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1990.
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Mazo, Aleksandr, and Konstantin Potashev. The superelements. Modeling of oil fields development. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043236.
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This monograph presents the basics of super-element modeling method of two-phase fluid flows occurring during the development of oil reservoir. The simulation is performed in two stages to reduce the spatial and temporal scales of the studied processes. In the first stage of modeling of development of oil deposits built long-term (for decades) the model of the global dynamics of the flooding on the super-element computational grid with a step equal to the average distance between wells (200-500 m). Local filtration flow, caused by the action of geological and technical methods of stimulation, are modeled in the second stage using a special mathematical models using computational grids with high resolution detail for the space of from 0.1 to 10 m and time — from 102 to 105 C.
The results of application of the presented models to the solution of practical tasks of development of oil reservoir. Special attention is paid to the issue of value transfer in filtration-capacitive properties of the reservoir, with a detailed grid of the geological model on the larger grid reservoir models.
Designed for professionals in the field of mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid flows occurring during the development of oil fields and using traditional commercial software packages, as well as developing their own software. May be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying in areas such as "Mechanics and mathematical modeling", "Applied mathematics", "Oil and gas".
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Chuvikov, Dmitriy. Models and algorithms for reconstruction and examination of emergency events of road accidents based on logical artificial intelligence. 2nd ed. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1220729.
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The purpose of the monograph is to create a methodology, combined expert and simulation models, as well as algorithms and software-modeling tools for reconstruction and examination of accident events for automating decision-making by an expert center employee.
The methodology of combining and algorithms of joint work of an expert system based on logical artificial intelligence (mivar approach) and a simulation system for solving problems of reconstruction and examination of road accidents are developed; model reconstruction and examination of the accident in the formalism of the knowledge base bipartite oriented mivar nets, including analysis formulas braking qualities of the vehicle, determining the speed of a car's performance in terms of specific DTS, the formula for calculating different occasions: - slip car when braking, driving on curved sections of the road, hitting a car on the pedestrian in uniform motion and unlimited visibility; a method of generation of interfaces for designer expert systems based on the concept of mivar approach; special software in the form of expert systems "Analysis of road accident" in order to reduce the complexity of the process of calculating the disputed accidents, errors in the calculation and improve the accuracy and objectivity of the results obtained and the speed and quality of the calculations.
It can be useful to specialists of expert institutions, insurance companies, educational institutions in the field of expertise, as well as unmanned vehicles in terms of objective analysis and examination of road accidents.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Changes to HMO rate setting method are needed to reduce program costs : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.
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8
Broze, L., C. Gourieroux, and A. Szafarz. Reduced Forms of Rational Expectations Models. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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Broze, L., C. Gourieroux, and A. Szafarz. Reduced Forms of Rational Expectations Models. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315014685.
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Ninomiya, Yasushi. An emperical analysis of petrol demand in the uk using the reduced form model and the structual form model. 1997.
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Huneman, Philippe, and Charles T. Wolfe. Man-Machines and Embodiment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190490447.003.0011.
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A common and enduring early modern intuition is that materialists reduce organisms in general and human beings in particular to automata. Wasn’t a famous book of the time (1748) entitled L’Homme-Machine? In fact, the machine is employed as an analogy, and there was a specifically materialist form of embodiment, in which the body is not reduced to an inanimate machine, but is conceived as an affective, flesh-and-blood entity. This paper discusses how mechanist and vitalist models of organism exist in a more complementary relation than hitherto imagined, with conceptions of embodiment resulting from experimental physiology. From La Mettrie to Bernard, mechanism, body and embodiment are constantly overlapping, modifying and overdetermining one another; embodiment came to be scientifically addressed under the successive figures of vie organique and then milieu intérieur, thereby overcoming the often lamented divide between scientific image and living experience.
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Reduced Forms of Rational Expectations Models: Harwood Fundamentals of Applied Economics (Harwood Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics). Taylor & Francis, 2002.
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13
Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Response of Consumption to Income Risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0010.
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Tests of the importance of precautionary saving follow several research strategies. One aims to find a variable (or set of variables) that can approximate the variance of the growth rate of consumption. A second strategy seeks to estimate a reduced form for the level of consumption and wealth with proxies for income risk. A third approach simulates the path of consumption and wealth in models with precautionary saving, matching simulations with the observed distribution of wealth and consumption. Other studies provide indirect evidence for or against the precautionary saving hypothesis. Finally, some papers test the null hypothesis of the precautionary saving model (or more generally, self-insurance), in which risks can only be insured via private savings, against specific alternatives in which researchers make the source of market incompleteness explicit (positing, for instance, that it is due to private information).
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Beckert, Jens, and Richard Bronk, eds. Uncertain Futures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.001.0001.
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Uncertain Futures considers how economic actors visualize the future and decide how to act in conditions of radical uncertainty. It starts from the premise that since dynamic capitalist economies are characterized by relentless innovation and novelty, they exhibit an indeterminacy that cannot be reduced to measurable risk. The organizing question then becomes how economic actors form expectations and make decisions despite the uncertainty they face. The current microfoundations of standard economics cannot handle genuinely uncertain futures. Instead, uncertainty requires an entirely new model of economic reasoning. This edited volume helps lay foundations for this new model by showing how economic actors in practice form expectations in conditions of uncertainty. It draws on groundbreaking research in economic sociology, economics, anthropology, and psychology to present theoretically grounded empirical case studies that demonstrate the role of imaginaries, narratives, and calculative technologies—and their various combinations—in enabling economic actors to form expectations and cope with uncertain futures. The book examines risk management techniques, finance models, and discounted cash-flow models as well as methods of envisaging the future that overtly combine calculation with narrative structure and imaginaries. These include central bank forward guidance, economic forecasts, business plans, visions of technological futures, and new era stories. Considerable attention is given to how these fictional expectations influence actors’ behaviour, coordinate action, and provide the confidence to act, and how they become instruments of power in markets and societies. The market impact of shared calculative devices, social narratives, and contingent imaginaries underlines the rationale for a new form of narrative economics.
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Schwartz, Bruce J., Gillian Stein, and Scott Wetzler. Financing Integrated Care Models. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0006.
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The idea that addressing behavioral health issues will generate sufficient cost savings in the general medical sector to reduce overall health care spending is a poignant argument for integrating primary care and behavioral health care programs. The enactment of recent health care legislation, particularly the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (2008) and the Affordable Care Act (2010), affords a unique opportunity to transform the way in which care is funded. This transformation is vital to the integrated care project. This chapter outlines the history of integrated care financing and the separation of mental and physical health care systems and discusses reimbursement strategies that have been suggested to replace fee-for-service models. The authors argue that the success of the medical cost offset hypothesis depends on targeting high-cost patients, as well as moving away from siloed reimbursement toward global budgeting.
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Bradley, John C. The Psychopharmacological Treatment of Individuals at Risk of Recurrent Suicidal Behavior. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.40.
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Mental illness is the primary risk factor for suicidal ideation, attempts, and completion. Effective treatment of the psychiatric condition is the foundational strategy to reduce the risk of suicide associated with these conditions, but few medications can be demonstrated to independently reduce the risk of suicide. This chapter will describe how psychopharmacological treatment can be included as a component of bio-psycho-social treatments within the context of a recovery model for suicide prevention. The evidence for medication therapies will be reviewed both for specific behavioral health conditions and for any reduced suicide risk independent of general therapeutic effects to treat underlying conditions. A framework strategy will be described for the integration of evidence-based clinical decision making to provide the most effective treatment that also specifically targets suicide risk for patients.
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Unger, Brigitte, Lucia Rossel, and Joras Ferwerda, eds. Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854722.001.0001.
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This book showcases a multidisciplinary set of work on the impact of regulatory innovation on the scale and nature of tax evasion, tax avoidance, and money laundering. We consider the international tax environment an ecosystem undergoing a period of rapid change as shocks such as the financial crisis, new business forms, scandals and novel regulatory instruments impact upon it. This ecosystem evolves as jurisdictions, taxpayers, and experts react. Our analysis focuses mainly on Europe and five new regulations: Automatic Exchange of Information, which requires that accounts held by foreigners are reported to authorities in the account holder’s country of residence; the OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting initiative and Country by Country Reporting, which attempt to reduce the opportunity spaces in which corporations can limit tax payments and utilize low or no tax jurisdictions; the Legal Entity Identifier which provides a 20-digit identification code for all individual, corporate or government entities conducting financial transactions; and the Fourth and Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directives, that criminalize tax crimes and prescribe that the Ultimate Beneficial Owner of a company is registered. Working from accounting, economic, political science, and legal perspectives, the analysis in this book provides an assessment of the reforms and policy recommendations that will reinforce the international tax system. The collection also flags the dangers posed by emerging tax loopholes provided by new business models and in the form of freeports and golden passports. Our central message is that inequality can and has to be reduced substantially, and we can achieve this through an improved international tax system.
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Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Holder Estimates for Higher Dimensional Corner Models. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0007.
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This chapter establishes Hölder space estimates for higher dimensional corner model problems. It first explains the homogeneous Cauchy problem before estimating the solution of the inhomogeneous problem in a n-dimensional corner. It then reduces the proof of an estimate in higher dimensions to the estimation of a product of 1-dimensional integrals. Using the “1-variable-at-a-time” method, the chapter proves the higher dimensional estimates in several stages by considering the “pure corner” case where m = 0, and then turns to the Euclidean case, where n = 0. It also discusses the resolvent operator as the Laplace transform of the heat kernel.
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Arnold, W. David, and Arthur H. M. Burghes. In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0035.
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Spinal muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by reduced levels of the SMN protein. In humans this is caused by loss of SMN1 and retention of SMN2. The challenge in modelling SMA, in either tissue culture cells or animals, is first to obtain the desired SMN levels equivalent to what is observed in SMA. Various models of SMA in tissue culture cells, invertebrates, and mammals have been created have been developed. The targets of SMN reduction that are most relevant for the pathogenesis of SMA and how the phenotype of SMA can be modified independent of SMN levels are two important questions that remain unanswered. Here the current in vitro and in vivo models of SMA are summarized.
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Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Holder Estimates for the 1-dimensional Model Problems. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0006.
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This chapter establishes Hölder space estimates for the 1-dimensional model problems. It gives a detailed treatment of the 1-dimensional case, in part because all of the higher dimensional estimates are reduced to estimates on heat kernels for the 1-dimensional model problems. It also presents the proof of parabolic Schauder estimates for the generalized Kimura diffusion operator using the explicit formula for the heat kernel, along with standard tools of analysis. Finally, it considers kernel estimates for degenerate model problems, explains how Hölder estimates are obtained for the 1-dimensional model problems, and describes the properties of the resolvent operator.
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Powell, Roger A., Aaron N. Facka, Mourad W. Gabriel, Jonathan H. Gilbert, J. Mark Higley, Scott D. LaPoint, Nicholas P. McCann, Wayne Spencer, and Craig M. Thompson. The fisher as a model organism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0011.
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The literature on fishers - medium-sized, North American carnivores - is broad, despite being limited, and traditional ecological knowledge of Native Americans contributes to our understanding of fishers. Fishers are generalist predators but also specialized predators of North American porcupines. Over trapping, habitat loss and climate change reduced fisher populations after European colonization of North America. Protection and reintroductions led to general but not to universal population recovery, contributing to the understanding of reintroduction science, including population genetics of both rare and expanding populations. Although adapted to live in old forests with complex structure, some fishers have colonized fragmented habitats, including suburbs. Models of fisher habitat, energetics, sexual dimorphism, genetics, and use of space illustrate the diversity of approaches possible for carnivore studies. Thus, the fisher has become a model organism for ecological and conservation research on mammalian carnivores.
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Wiers, Reinout W., Matt Field, and Alan W. Stacy. Passion’s Slave? Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.009.
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This chapter reviews the literature on cognitive processes in substance use disorders from a dual-process perspective. In dual-process models, behavior is viewed as the joint outcome of “impulsive” and “reflective” processes. Reflective processes rely on a single limited capacity mechanism and can be depleted, resulting in a stronger influence of impulsive processes. Recent studies confirmed this, both for state variables (e.g., reduced moderation of impulses after acute alcohol) and for trait variables (stronger prediction of addictive and related behaviors by impulsive processes in individuals with relatively weak executive control processes). In addiction, the balance between impulsive and reflective processes can become (further) disturbed as a result of the effects of the psychoactive substances on the cognitive processes involved. This is related to the notion of reduced “willpower,” traditionally at the heart of definitions of addiction. A model on the cognitive processes involved in addiction is presented, along with implications for interventions.
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Stoddard, Frederick J., and Robert L. Sheridan. Wound Healing and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0009.
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Depression and wound healing are bidirectional processes for adults and children consistent with the conception of depression as systemic. This systemic interaction is similar to the “bidirectional impact of mood disorder on risk for development, progression, treatment, and outcomes of medical illness” generally. And, evidence is growing that the bidirectional impact of mood disorder may be true for injuries and for trauma surgery. Animal models have provided some support that treatment of depression may improve wound healing. An established biological model for a mechanism delaying wound healing is increased cortisol secretion secondary to depression and/or stress, and impaired immune response, in addition or together with the other factors such as genetic or epigenetic risk for depression. Cellular models relate both to wound healing and to depression include cytokines, the inflammatory response (Miller et al, 2008), and cellular aging (Telgenhoff and Shroot, 2005) reflected in shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) (Verhoeven et al, 2016). Another model of stress impacting wound healing investigated genetic correlates—immediate early gene expression or IEG from the medial prefrontal cortex, and locomotion, in isolation-reared juvenile rats. Levine et al (2008) compared isolation reared to group reared samples, and found that, immediate gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was reduced, and behavioral hyperactivity increased, in juvenile rats with 20% burn injuries. Wound healing in the isolation reared rats was significantly impaired. They concluded that these results provide candidates for behavioral biomarkers of isolation rearing during physical injury, i.e. reduced immediate mPFC gene expression and hyperactivity. They suggested that a biomarker such as IEGs might aid in demarcating patients with resilient and adaptive responses to physical illness from those with maladaptive responses
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Oakley, Jeremy E., and Helen E. Clough. Sensitivity analysis in microbial risk assessment: Vero-cytotoxigenic E. coli O157 in farm-pasteurized milk. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.4.
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This article discusses the use of Bayesian methods for performing uncertainty analysis in complex computer models, focusing on a mechanistic model that has been applied in a risk assessment of contamination of farm-pasteurized milk with the bacterium Vero-cytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) O157. The VTEC model has uncertain input parameters, which makes outputs from the model used to inform the risk assessment also uncertain. The question that arises is how to reduce output uncertainty in the most efficient manner possible. The article first provides an overview of microbial risk assessment before analysing the frequency and consequences of food-borne outbreaks associated with VTEC O157. It then introduces the risk assessment model, along with model input distributions. Finally, it presents the results of a variance-based sensitivity analysis that was conducted to identify the most important uncertain model inputs.
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Maskaeva, Asiya, and Mgeni Msafiri. Youth unemployment hysteresis in South Africa: Macro-micro analysis. 20th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/954-9.
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This study simulates the macro-micro economic impacts of the employment policy, focusing on hysteresis in youth unemployment in South Africa. Specifically, we apply a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to calibrate the 2015 South African Social Accounting Matrix to estimate, compare, and determine the impact of employment policy on youth unemployment as well as on aggregate economic outcomes. We simulate two scenarios where we reduce the import price of fuel by 20 per cent. Then, the total government savings from the reduced transport subsidy are reallocated to the education sector to support the unemployed youth. The research findings indicate that demand for youth labour increases in the long run, resulting in a decline in the unemployment rate. Moreover, the consumer price index decreased more than nominal income, thereby increasing household purchasing power and, potentially, easing poverty.
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Kleespies, Phillip M. Training for Decision Making under the Stress of Emergency Conditions. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.3.
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When under time or procedure pressure, people change their decision-making strategies. They may accelerate information processing and filter the information they will process. In this chapter, the author presents several models for decision making under pressure and compares them to more traditional models. The naturalistic decision-making models are proposed as more appropriate for decision making when working with high-risk patients under emergency conditions. Given that it is often stressful for clinicians to evaluate and manage patients or clients who are considered at acute risk to themselves or others, the author presents a model for training to reduce stress that is based on Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation training. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the training for skill development and competence in dealing with behavioral emergencies that is consistent with the recommendations of the APA Task Force on the Assessment of Competence in Professional Psychology.
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Woolf, Eric C., and Adrienne C. Scheck. Ketogenic Diet as Adjunctive Therapy for Malignant Brain Cancer. Edited by Jong M. Rho. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0013.
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Malignant brain tumors are devastating, and increased survival requires new therapeutic modalities. Metabolic dysregulation results in an increased need for glucose in tumor cells, suggesting that reduced tumor growth could be achieved with decreased glucose availability either through pharmacological means or use of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD). KD provides increased blood ketones to support energy needs of normal tissues and has been shown to reduce tumor growth, angiogenesis, inflammation, peritumoral edema, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, this diet can enhance the activity of radiation and chemotherapy in a mouse model of glioma, thus increasing survival. In vitro studies indicate that increasing ketones in the absence of glucose reduction can also inhibit cell growth and potentiate the effects of radiation. Thus, emerging data provide strong support for the use of KD in the treatment of malignant gliomas and thus far has led to a limited number of clinical trials.
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Wasserman, David. Justice, Procreation, and the Costs of Having and Raising Disabled Children. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.32.
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Is it wrong for prospective parents not to select against having children with disabilities because these children impose substantial costs on society? Recent writers such as Stephen John have argued that the state should fund prenatal diagnosis based on expected cost savings and that parents who have had a reasonable opportunity to avoid having a child with a disability should bear some of the additional costs of raising the child. This chapter offers three responses to these social cost arguments: claims about increased costs and reduced productivity are greatly exaggerated, modern states subsidize many similar costs of childrearing and do not attempt to limit the number of children per family to reduce these costs, and luck-egalitarian theories of justice do not adequately respect the institution of the family.
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Ross, Don. Integrating the Dynamics of Multiscale Economic Agency. Edited by Don Ross and Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0009.
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This article is about the relationship between people, as modeled by the economist's concept of agency, and other entities modeled as agents in economics—in particular, sub-personal interests, as in models descended from Schelling (1978, 1980, 1984), and functional parts of people's brains, as modeled in neuroeconomics. This subject would not be very interesting if people and subpersonal interests reduced to or were simple additive functions of functional parts of their brains. However, for reasons that unfold here, it is thought that this common idea is untenable. The relationship between people, subpersonal interests, and brain systems is complicated, not simple. The objective of this article is to shed some light on it, on the basis of recent empirical research. It does not aim at stating a comprehensive theory of the relationship, which would be a premature ambition at this point in our collective knowledge.
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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, David P. Farrington, and Richard F. Catalano. Communities that Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.001.0001.
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Evidence-based, prevention-oriented, and community-driven approaches are advocated to improve public health and reduce youth behavior problems, but there are few effective models for doing so. This book advances knowledge about this topic by describing the conditions and actions necessary for effective community-based prevention. The chapters review the ways in which communities can promote readiness to engage in prevention among local stakeholders; build and maintain diverse, well-functioning prevention coalitions; conduct local needs and resource assessments; collectively decide on prevention priorities; select evidence-based interventions that are a good fit with prioritized community needs, resources, and context; and implement evidence-based interventions (EBIs) with fidelity and sustain them over time. The Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system is described in detail to illustrate effective community-based prevention. CTC is a coalition-based prevention system shown to promote healthy youth development and reduce youth behavior problems community wide. It does so by assisting communities to: (1) increase awareness of and support for EBIs; (2) encourage positive interactions between community residents and youth; (3) conduct local needs assessments and collectively decide on priorities to target with EBIs; (4) implement EBIs that are matched to prioritized needs; and (5) ensure that EBIs are coordinated across community organizations, implemented with fidelity, widely disseminated, and evaluated. The book describes the development and evaluation of the CTC system, including how its developers used community-based participatory research to ensure that CTC could be feasibly implemented and employed rigorous research methods to assess the degree to which use of the system reduced adolescent behavior problems.
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Chowdhury, Arjun. The Self-Undermining State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686710.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an informal rationalist model of state formation as an exchange between a central authority and a population. In the model, the central authority protects the population against external threats and the population disarms and pays taxes. The model specifies the conditions under which the exchange is self-enforcing, meaning that the parties prefer the exchange to alternative courses of action. These conditions—costly but winnable interstate war—are historically rare, and the cost of such wars can rise beyond the population’s willingness to sacrifice. At this point, the population prefers to avoid war rather than fight it and may prefer an alternative institution to the state if that institution can prevent war and reduce the level of extraction. Thus the modern centralized state is self-undermining rather than self-enforcing. A final section addresses alternative explanations for state formation.
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Cushman, Samuel A., and Tzeidle N. Wasserman. Quantifying loss and degradation of former American marten habitat due to the impacts of forestry operations and associated road networks in northern Idaho, USA. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0012.
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American marten are associated with extensive and unfragmented late seral forest habitats, and are often considered to be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation. This chapter evaluates the impact of road building and timber harvest on habitat suitability for marten in northern Idaho, USA, using an empirically derived, multi-scale habitat suitability model, reconstructing key predictor variables (elevation, forest type, road density, canopy cover, landscape fragmentation and the extensiveness of late seral forest in the landscape) as they appear to have existed prior to harvest, and applying the model to both current and pre-harvest conditions. Calculating changes in the extent and pattern of habitat in the landscape indicate that timber harvest and road construction together reduced marten habitat quality considerably across the study area, which is likely responsible for current patterns of reduced detection rates and lower genetic diversity in areas that have experienced the largest amounts of habitat loss.
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Its, Alexander R. Random matrix theory and integrable systems. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.10.
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This article discusses the interaction between random matrix theory (RMT) and integrable theory, leading to ordinary and partial differential equations (PDEs) for the eigenvalue distribution of random matrix models of size n and the transition probabilities of non-intersecting Brownian motion models, for finite n and for n → ∞. It first provides an overview of the connection between the theory of orthogonal polynomials and the KP-hierarchy in integrable systems before examining matrix models and the Virasoro constraints. It then considers multiple orthogonal polynomials, taking into account non-intersecting Brownian motions on ℝ (Dyson’s Brownian motions), a moment matrix for several weights, Virasoro constraints, and a PDE for non-intersecting Brownian motions. It also analyses critical diffusions, with particular emphasis on the Airy process, the Pearcey process, and Airy process with wanderers. Finally, it describes the Tacnode process, along with kernels and p-reduced KP-hierarchy.
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Rose, Adam, Dan Wei, and Antonio Bento. Equity Implications of the COP21 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the equity implications of the “bottom-up” approach to climate change negotiations by analyzing the individual country unconditional greenhouse gas reduction pledges specified in the COP21 Agreement of 2015. It compares the implications before and after emissions trading in terms of the standard equity metrics of the Gini coefficient and Atkinson index for three major countries/regions: the European Union, China, and California. The chapter adapts a nonlinear programming model well suited to this purpose that determines the equilibrium emissions allowance price, mitigation costs, and allowance purchases and sales from trading. It also tests the sensitivity of the results to macroeconomic conditions and technological change. The findings are that the pledges made at COP21 reflect substantial inequality in general and run counter to most equity principles. They are definitely a major departure from the Egalitarian, Vertical, and Rawlsian equity principles proposed for many years by developing countries.
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Wakeman, Sarah E., and Josiah D. Rich. Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders within correctional facilities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0046.
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Drug addiction treatment is increasingly complex. Only 5% of prisons and 34% of jails offer any detoxification services, and only 1% of jails offer methadone for opioid withdrawal. Even fewer facilities offer medication assisted therapy (MAT) for alcohol or substance use disorders despite the tremendous evidence base supporting the use of medications to treat addiction. Untreated opioid dependence both within corrections and in the community is associated with HIV, Hepatitis C, crime, and death by overdose. Substantial evidence argues that these risks are reduced through long-term treatment with agonist medications such as methadone and buprenorphine. Only a minority of prisoners receive any addiction treatment while incarcerated. Those that do are usually offered behavioral interventions, which when used alone have extremely poor outcomes. Although there are limited studies on the outcomes of drug treatment during incarceration, there are nearly 50 years of evidence documenting the efficacy of methadone given in the community in reducing opioid use, drug-related health complications, overdose, death, criminal activity, and recidivism. Buprenorphine is similarly an effective, safe, and cost-effective long-term treatment for opioid dependence that reduces other opioid use and improves health and quality of life outcomes. There is a growing role for MAT in jails, and to a lesser degree in prisons for the treatment of alcohol and opiate dependence. This chapter presents the current state of evidence based practice in correctional MAT models.
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Wakeman, Sarah E., and Josiah D. Rich. Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders within correctional facilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0046_update_001.
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Drug addiction treatment is increasingly complex. Only 5% of prisons and 34% of jails offer any detoxification services, and only 1% of jails offer methadone for opioid withdrawal. Even fewer facilities offer medication assisted therapy (MAT) for alcohol or substance use disorders despite the tremendous evidence base supporting the use of medications to treat addiction. Untreated opioid dependence both within corrections and in the community is associated with HIV, Hepatitis C, crime, and death by overdose. Substantial evidence argues that these risks are reduced through long-term treatment with agonist medications such as methadone and buprenorphine. Only a minority of prisoners receive any addiction treatment while incarcerated. Those that do are usually offered behavioral interventions, which when used alone have extremely poor outcomes. Although there are limited studies on the outcomes of drug treatment during incarceration, there are nearly 50 years of evidence documenting the efficacy of methadone given in the community in reducing opioid use, drug-related health complications, overdose, death, criminal activity, and recidivism. Buprenorphine is similarly an effective, safe, and cost-effective long-term treatment for opioid dependence that reduces other opioid use and improves health and quality of life outcomes. There is a growing role for MAT in jails, and to a lesser degree in prisons for the treatment of alcohol and opiate dependence. This chapter presents the current state of evidence based practice in correctional MAT models.
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Radley, Keith C., and Evan H. Dart, eds. Handbook of Behavioral Interventions in Schools. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190843229.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Teachers face a number of challenges when educating students. While tasked with providing effective instruction, teachers are also required to manage student behavior. Prevalence of student problem behavior is a strong indicator of failing schools, with problem behavior being correlated with reduced academic achievement, truancy, bullying, and loss of teacher time. Given the increased focus on school and teacher accountability, there also has been an increased demand for intervention programs that may effectively reduce levels of problem behavior in school settings. Though many practices have been found to be effective in modifying behavioral trajectories, researchers have often found that evidence-based practices are underutilized in applied settings. Given that many empirically supported interventions have failed to be widely adopted, this book provides school-based personnel (in training and practice) with a thorough description of the application of behavioral interventions in schools. Interventions are described in terms of a tiered model of service delivery. For intervention strategies described, case examples are provided to illustrate application of the described strategies. Additionally, book chapters have been developed to align with the Behavior Analysis Certification Board Task List (5th ed.). The book walks trainees and practitioners through the entire process of assessment of problem behaviors to intervention and progress monitoring.
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Egger, Eva-Maria, Aslihan Arslan, and Emanuele Zucchini. Does connectivity reduce gender gaps in off-farm employment? Evidence from 12 low- and middle-income countries. 3rd ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/937-2.
Full textAbstract:
Gender gaps in labour force participation in developing countries persist despite income growth or structural change. We assess this persistence across economic geographies within countries, focusing on youth employment in off-farm wage jobs. We combine household survey data from 12 low- and middle-income countries in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa with geospatial data on population density, and estimate simultaneous probit models of different activity choices across the rural-urban gradient. The gender gap increases with connectivity from rural to peri-urban areas, and disappears in high-density urban areas. In non-rural areas, child dependency does not constrain young women, and secondary education improves their access to off-farm employment. The gender gap persists for married young women independent of connectivity improvements, indicating social norm constraints. Marital status and child dependency are associated positively with male participation, and negatively with female participation; other factors such as education are show a positive association for both sexes. These results indicate entry points for policy.
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Sylla, Richard. New York. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817314.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
New York, the epicentre of the 2007–9 Global Financial Crisis, during the ensuing decade regained much of its pre-Crisis stature as a pre-eminent international financial centre. Its advantages going forwards include the huge US Treasury debt market, the dollar as the leading reserve currency, the Federal Reserve System as a de facto world central bank, a stronger US banking system, and the world’s largest securities markets which list and trade leading US-based companies and many corporations based in other countries. Congress’s 2010 Dodd–Frank Act reduced systemic financial risks, but also contained regulatory overkill that is gradually being modified; attempts to repeal or replace Dodd–Frank appear unlikely to succeed. Fintech represents both an opportunity—more efficient financial services—and a threat—reduced profits—for New York financial firms, which will most probably incorporate fintech innovations into their business models. For New York, Brexit is more of an opportunity than a threat.
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Homburg, Stefan. A Study in Monetary Macroeconomics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Great Recession of 2008/09 and its aftermath present a major challenge to macroeconomics. Many researchers think that prevailing models fail to grasp essential aspects of recent developments, including unprecedented monetary policies and interest rates at the zero lower bound. Approaches that focus on steady states, rational expectations, and individuals planning over infinite horizons are not suitable for analyzing such abnormal situations. This text does not criticize the traditional approach but aims at improvement. The study’s distinctive feature is a rich institutional structure that includes elements such as credit money, external finance, borrowing constraints, net worth, real estate, and commercial banks. To cope with such a complex setting, the text reduces rationality requirements but adheres to the method of dynamic general equilibrium (DGE) with optimizing agents and fully specified models. Results are derived from mathematical reasoning and simulations. Starting with a simple baseline model, the argument is developed step by step in a unified framework that covers almost everything of interest for monetary macroeconomists. The topics discussed include the superneutrality of money, the Tobin effect, monetary policy under sticky prices and wages, but also liquidity traps with borrowing constraints, Fisherian debt-deflations, housing cycles, and environments with excess bank reserves. The text addresses researchers worldwide and may prove useful for teaching postgraduate and advanced graduate courses. The principle objective is to demonstrate that a “not-too-rational” DGE approach makes it possible to develop clean models that work outside steady states and are appropriate for answering macroeconomic questions of actual interest.
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Patterson, Gerald R. Coercion Theory. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.2.
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This chapter describes research supporting a stage model for the progression of antisocial behavior from early childhood through late adolescence. Early coercion within the family leads to growth in a child’s oppositional behavior, which in turn undermines school readiness and can precipitate early influence of deviant peers. Antisocial behaviors in middle childhood are prognostic of deviant peer group association in early adolescence. Involvement with deviant peers and deviancy training in adolescence account for the progression from antisocial behavior to violence, arrests, and multiple forms of problem behavior. The chapter reviews randomized intervention studies that have shown that parent management training leads to reduced coercion, increased positive interactions with parents, less deviant peer involvement, and ultimately, fewer serious antisocial behaviors in adolescence. In this sense, application of the coercion model to understanding and changing antisocial behavior is one of the few success stories of a translational research enterprise.
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Anderson, Craig. Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0108.
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Acute intracerebral hemorrhage is the most serious and least treatable form of stroke. The major risk factor is high blood pressure (BP). Management is largely supportive-to reduce brain injury, prevent complications, and promote recovery. Recent evidence suggests modest benefits from rapid control of elevated BP. Surgery remains controversial.
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Basu, Sanjay. Modeling Public Health and Healthcare Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667924.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book aims to empower readers to learn and apply engineering, operations research, and modeling techniques to improve public health programs and healthcare systems. Readers will engage in in-depth study of disease detection and control strategies from a “systems science” perspective, which involves the use of common engineering, operations research, and mathematical modeling techniques such as optimization, queuing theory, Markov and Kermack-McKendrick models, and microsimulation. Chapters focus on applying these techniques to classical public health dilemmas such as how to optimize screening programs, reduce waiting times for healthcare services, solve resource allocation problems, and compare macroscale disease control strategies that cannot be easily evaluated through standard public health methods such as randomized trials or cohort studies. The book is organized around solving real-world problems, typically derived from actual experiences by staff at nongovernmental organizations, departments of public health, and international health agencies. In addition to teaching the theory behind modeling methods, the book aims to confer practical skills to readers through practice in model implementation using the statistical software R.
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Beunza, Daniel. Taking the Floor. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691162812.001.0001.
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Debates about financial reform have led to the recognition that a healthy financial system does not depend solely on how it is structured—organizational culture matters as well. Based on extensive research in a Wall Street derivatives-trading room, this book considers how the culture of financial organizations might change in order for them to remain healthy, even in times of crises. In particular, the book explores how the extensive use of financial models and trading technologies over the recent decades has exerted a far-ranging and troubling influence on Wall Street. How have models reshaped financial markets? How have models altered moral behavior in organizations? The book takes readers behind the scenes in a bank unit that, within its firm, is widely perceived to be “a class act,” and it considers how this trading room unit might serve as a blueprint solution for the ills of Wall Street's unsustainable culture. It demonstrates that the integration of traders across desks reduces the danger of blind spots created by models. Warning against the risk of moral disengagement posed by the use of models, the book also contends that such disengagement could be avoided by instituting moral norms and social relations. The book profiles what an effective, responsible trading room can and should look like.
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Mojoli, Francesco, and Antonio Braschi. Respiratory support with continuous positive airways pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0089.
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Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) is a mechanical ventilation (MV) mode in which the patient breaths spontaneously at a higher than atmospheric pressure. CPAP increases transpulmonary pressure inducing an FRC increase and a WOB decrease in acute restrictive lung pathology, with improvement of gas exchange. The work of breathing (WOB) is also reduced in the resistive component and inspiratory effort can be reduced if the patient experiences airway collapse and flow limitation, where CPAP counteracts the inspiratory threshold load represented by intrinsic PEEP. CPAP has been proven to be useful in many clinical situation and the technique for administration has a pivotal role in clinical efficacy of the technique. It’s crucial to keep the positive pressure as constant as possible and to avoid any technical increase of WOB. These goals can be achieved by continuous or demand flow systems. The modern ventilators work well and have overcome the valve function problem, which made difficult to use CPAP with old-generation machines.
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Succi, Sauro. Lattice Relaxation Schemes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0014.
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In Chapter 13, it was shown that the complexity of the LBE collision operator can be cut down dramatically by formulating discrete versions with prescribed local equilibria. In this chapter, the process is taken one step further by presenting a minimal formulation whereby the collision matrix is reduced to the identity, upfronted by a single relaxation parameter, fixing the viscosity of the lattice fluid. The idea is patterned after the celebrated Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) model Boltzmann introduced in continuum kinetic theory as early as 1954. The second part of the chapter describes the comeback of the early LBE in optimized multi-relaxation form, as well as few recent variants hereof.
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Watzl, Sebastian. Is Attention a Non-Propositional Attitude? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0012.
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The first part of this chapter argues that many forms of attention and attention-entailing mental episodes, such as looking at something, watching something, listening to something, or tactually feeling something, are paradigmatic examples of non-propositional intentional episodes. In addition, attention cannot be reduced to any other (propositional or non-propositional) mental episodes. But is attention a non-propositional attitude? The second part of the chapter argues that it is not. In order to account for attention and its apparently non-propositional character we should reject a certain atomistic model of our mental life and move towards a more holistic conception. I question the assumption that a subject’s mental life should be thought of as a causally connected collection of mental attitudes. This “building-block” model of the mind does not fit the case of attention. Instead, a subject’s mental life can be partitioned along many, equally appropriate dimensions. In a slogan: mentality has priority structure, in addition to attitudinal structure.
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Sappok, Tanja, Sabine Zepperitz, and Mark Hudson. Meeting Emotional Needs in Intellectual Disability: The Developmental Approach. Hogrefe Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/00589-000.
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Using a developmental perspective, the authors offer a new, integrated model for supporting people with intellectual disability (ID). This concept builds upon recent advances in attachment-informed approaches, by drawing upon a broader understanding of the social, emotional, and cognitive competencies of people with ID, which is grounded in developmental neuroscience and psychology. The book explores in detail how challenging behaviour and mental health difficulties in people with ID arise when their basic emotional needs are not being met by those in the environment. Using individually tailored interventions, which complement existing models of care, practitioners can help to facilitate maturational processes and reduce behavior that is challenging to others. As a result, the ‘fit’ of a person within his or her individual environment can be improved. Case examples throughout the book illuminate how this approach works by targeting interventions towards the person’s stage of emotional development. This book will be of interest to a wide range of professionals working with people with ID, including: clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, occupational therapists, learning disability nurses, speech and language therapists, and teachers in special education settings, as well as parents and caregivers.
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Mohr, David. The Stress and Mood Management Program for Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195368895.001.0001.
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Multiple Sclerosis presents not only physical challenges, but emotional challenges as well. Many people with MS suffer from depression, anxiety and stress. Problems with mood and stress can interfere with relationships with others, reduce ability to meet obligations at work and at home, and substantially worsen overall quality of life. The stress and mood management program described in this book is backed by research and has proven effective in clinical trials. Based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), one of the most effective therapeutic techniques available for combating depression and anxiety, this program can help manage stress and improve well-being. It provides ways to learn skills for identifying and challenging your unhelpful thoughts, as well as how to motivate to reengage in pleasant activities. It also covers treatment modules that can be modified to specific MS-related problems. Choices include modules on managing symptoms like fatigue, pain, and cognitive problems, and improving communication and assertiveness skills, among others. It also provides a module on self-injection anxiety.
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Hodgkiss, Andrew. Opportunities for prevention, or early detection, of psychopathology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0010.
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The value of informing patients and carers about the possible psychiatric consequences of specific cancers and cancer treatments is emphasized. Eight examples follow, of cancer treatments where formal consent concerning possible adverse psychiatric effects is indicated. Modest modifications of certain oncological treatments can reduce the incidence of psychopathology—seven examples are offered. Proactive monitoring of endocrine status, serum electrolytes, or vitamin B12 levels during or after particular treatments is advocated to prevent psychopathology. The chapter closes with practical recommendations for screening for delirium, depression, and alcohol dependence in defined groups of patients with cancer. Such early detection opens the possibility of prompt treatment and may reduce the risk of harm to self or others.