Books on the topic 'Reduced order models'

The purpose of the monograph is to create a methodology, combined expert and simulation models, as well as algorithms and software-modeling tools for reconstruction and examination of accident events for automating decision-making by an expert center employee. The methodology of combining and algorithms of joint work of an expert system based on logical artificial intelligence (mivar approach) and a simulation system for solving problems of reconstruction and examination of road accidents are developed; model reconstruction and examination of the accident in the formalism of the knowledge base bipartite oriented mivar nets, including analysis formulas braking qualities of the vehicle, determining the speed of a car's performance in terms of specific DTS, the formula for calculating different occasions: - slip car when braking, driving on curved sections of the road, hitting a car on the pedestrian in uniform motion and unlimited visibility; a method of generation of interfaces for designer expert systems based on the concept of mivar approach; special software in the form of expert systems "Analysis of road accident" in order to reduce the complexity of the process of calculating the disputed accidents, errors in the calculation and improve the accuracy and objectivity of the results obtained and the speed and quality of the calculations. It can be useful to specialists of expert institutions, insurance companies, educational institutions in the field of expertise, as well as unmanned vehicles in terms of objective analysis and examination of road accidents.

The monograph contains the results of research concerning, firstly, new ideas about employees and about human resource management in the context of a reset of the labor market and sanctions restrictions. In the context of these directions, the competition factor is considered as an imperative to reset the supply and demand of labor, the specifics of the modern psyche and existential reality, the role of human capital in the sustainable development of the corporation. Secondly, the actual role of continuing education as a basis for the competitiveness of workers in a period of economic instability, its inclusive scenario and, as a consequence, knowledge, formed, including taking into account the policy of digitalization. Thirdly, issues of well—being, the content of which is a culture of caring and psychological safety of employees, including conditions of crisis economic development, an inclusive environment, family-friendly policy of the organization. Fourth, the problems of managing older workers in the concepts and practice of personnel management: professional success in aging societies, technology for achieving active longevity, training, productivity and remuneration. Fifth, resetting approaches to personnel management: the formation of an organization's culture in the context of the development of information and communication technologies, the development of a system of documentation support for personnel management in order to reduce personnel and legal risks. For students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in personnel management issues.

By examining degree plans and conducting interviews with faculty and students at various national and international institutions, the authors of this chapter have generated four curricular models that suggest how existing degree plans and/or core music courses might be productively modified. The enhanced core model (1) aims to broaden the scope of existing curricula by emphasizing more diverse, cross-disciplinary content. The pluralist model (2) requires students to diversify their focus during their first two years of study in order to incorporate a greater degree of critical thinking, creative engagement, and broad skill sets into the major. The integrated model (3) emphasizes music making as the primary mode of learning basic skills and reduces overall requirements by combining courses such as ear training, music theory, and keyboard skills into a single class. Finally, the capstone model (4) demonstrates how self-directed and highly individualized projects can be incorporated into degree plans.

Justice and International Order: East and West compares Western and Chinese conceptions of justice, ancient and modern. The book argues that most conceptions can be reduced to the principles of fairness and equality, although they are developed and expressed quite differently in the two cultures. In the modern era there has been a noticeable shift in both cultures in giving equality priority over fairness. In ancient and modern times there is greater variation regarding justice within each culture than there is between them. This overlap, and arguably in some ways convergence, provides the basis for restructuring Sino-American relations along lines that could prove acceptable to leaders and peoples of both countries. The book extends its argument to international order and asks how it could be made more effective and consensual. Building on our principles of justice, it identifies some of the pathways that would lead to a more peaceful world, one in which the weak and poor as well as the rich and powerful would feel included and rewarded.

This article examines the context and narrative problems associated with the study of the history of political theory. It suggests that in order to study the relations between political theory and history, it is necessary to study these terms and reduce them to manageable forms. It explains that the histories of political thought/theory were canonically constructed and they arranged modes of discourse in an order which it had come to be agreed formed the history being presented.

The political narrative of late medieval English towns is often reduced to the story of the gradual intensification of oligarchy, in which power was exercised and projected by an ever smaller ruling group over an increasingly subservient urban population. This book takes its inspiration not from English historiography, but from a more dynamic continental scholarship on towns in the southern Low Countries, Germany, and France. Its premise is that scholarly debate about urban oligarchy has obscured contemporary debate about urban citizenship. It identifies from the records of English towns a tradition of urban citizenship, which did not draw upon the intellectual legacy of classical models of the ‘citizen’. This was a vernacular citizenship, which was not peculiar to England, but which was present elsewhere in late medieval Europe. It was a citizenship that was defined and created through action. There were multiple, and divergent, ideas about citizenship, which encouraged townspeople to make demands, to assert rights, and to resist authority. This book exploits the rich archival sources of the five major towns in England—Bristol, Coventry, London, Norwich, and York—in order to present a new picture of town government and urban politics over three centuries. The power of urban governors was much more precarious than historians have imagined. Urban oligarchy could never prevail—whether ideologically or in practice—when there was never a single, fixed meaning of the citizen.

Debates about financial reform have led to the recognition that a healthy financial system does not depend solely on how it is structured—organizational culture matters as well. Based on extensive research in a Wall Street derivatives-trading room, this book considers how the culture of financial organizations might change in order for them to remain healthy, even in times of crises. In particular, the book explores how the extensive use of financial models and trading technologies over the recent decades has exerted a far-ranging and troubling influence on Wall Street. How have models reshaped financial markets? How have models altered moral behavior in organizations? The book takes readers behind the scenes in a bank unit that, within its firm, is widely perceived to be “a class act,” and it considers how this trading room unit might serve as a blueprint solution for the ills of Wall Street's unsustainable culture. It demonstrates that the integration of traders across desks reduces the danger of blind spots created by models. Warning against the risk of moral disengagement posed by the use of models, the book also contends that such disengagement could be avoided by instituting moral norms and social relations. The book profiles what an effective, responsible trading room can and should look like.

The first part of this chapter argues that many forms of attention and attention-entailing mental episodes, such as looking at something, watching something, listening to something, or tactually feeling something, are paradigmatic examples of non-propositional intentional episodes. In addition, attention cannot be reduced to any other (propositional or non-propositional) mental episodes. But is attention a non-propositional attitude? The second part of the chapter argues that it is not. In order to account for attention and its apparently non-propositional character we should reject a certain atomistic model of our mental life and move towards a more holistic conception. I question the assumption that a subject’s mental life should be thought of as a causally connected collection of mental attitudes. This “building-block” model of the mind does not fit the case of attention. Instead, a subject’s mental life can be partitioned along many, equally appropriate dimensions. In a slogan: mentality has priority structure, in addition to attitudinal structure.

This chapter focuses on the concept of dark trading in the context of MiFID II, against the background of the MIFID I regulation and its economic consequences for European equity markets. MiFID II aims to increase market transparency and to bring trading of financial instruments into regulated platforms. Extending the waivers introduced by MiFID I, the new Directive announces the double volume cap regime. An additional trading obligation of shares will reduce the extent of OTC trading in Europe. Some market participants and trading venues recently introduced MiFID II-ready solutions preventing dark executions from being subject to the double volume cap regime either by classifying the orders as large in scale or by introducing trading systems based on auction market models. These models and functionalities that already anticipate the future MIFID II regime are also discussed in this chapter.

The thermodynamic properties of spin systems are evaluated with Monte Carlo methods. A review of classical thermodynamics is followed by a discussion of critical exponents. The Monte Carlo method is then applied to the two-dimensional Ising model with the goal of determining the phase diagram for magnetization. Boundary conditions, the reweighting method, autocorrelation, and critical slowing down are all explored. Cluster algorithms for overcoming critical slowing down are developed next and shown to dramatically reduce autocorrelation. A variety of spin systems that illustrate first, second, and infinite order (topological) phase transitions are explored. Finally, applications to random systems called spin glasses and to neural networks are briefly reviewed.

Machiavelli's ideas are as important in our time as in his own. His insights and prescriptions help us make sense of today's political upheavals and natural calamities and reduce them to a working order. The chapters in Machiavelli Then and Now explore Machiavelli's central concerns: statecraft and order, liberty and citizenship, diplomacy and leadership, modes of strategization, the quest for empire - all set against the basic contention between autarchy, oligarchy and democracy. They also address the ethical and behaviourial factors behind political practice, such as force, suasion, ambition, corruption and vigilance in public discourse. The contributors consider the role of language, text and the imagination in Machiavelli, and they also bring the Machiavellian discourse closer to our own times, in relation to Gandhi, Gramsci and Althusser. The book will interest historians, political scientists and students of public policy; philosophers, rhetoricians and literary critics; and no less institution builders, diplomats and, administrators.

This workbook is designed for your use as you work together with a therapist to overcome your depression. It contains information on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and how it can help to reduce the symptoms of depression. Each chapter corresponds to a treatment module, and case examples are presented throughout and provide excellent illustrations of the main points, as well as summary questions, home assignments, and in-session exercises, worksheets, and forms. It explores how your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors work to maintain your depression and how to challenge and modify them in order to improve your mood and quality of life.

The present review discusses basic findings and current controversies regarding spatial orienting and attentional capture. Endogenous and exogenous spatial orienting and their interaction are discussed in relation to recent debates regarding the role of orienting in the preparation of eye movements, in relation to subliminal cueing, and to the debate whether spatial attention is needed for the detection of basic features. The review also discusses whether it is possible to cue a distractor location in order to reduce its effect on target processing. Stimulus-driven attentional capture and contingent capture are discussed in relation to controversies regarding non-spatial filtering, the existence of assumed search modes, and the concept of the attentional window. The review concludes that contingent capture may be nothing other than endogenous orienting.

The first chapter has three parts: – An analysis of the givens of the problem – A critique of the parallelism issue – The definition and nature of equality, which expresses the link between body and mind in Spinoza Spinoza conceives of the body and mind as one and the same thing expressed in two ways, under the attribute of thought, and under the attribute of extension. The problem is finding out how these two ways interrelate and come together, in order to understand human nature. Most commentators have interpreted the mind-body relationship according to the psychophysical parallelism model imported from Leibniz, which is unsatisfactory because it introduces a duality where there is unity, and reduces the differences of expression to the uniformity of self-replicating lines. That is why we must return to Spinoza's text, in order to inventory the terms he uses to expresses the mind-body union. The author's analysis reveals that the key concepts are equality and simultaneity. It then becomes necessary to examine psychophysical equality and simultaneity, and the special occasions on which they appear in Spinoza's corpus. That is why studying the affects becomes crucial – it makes it possible to comprehend the mind and body at the same time.

Political jurisprudence is the branch of jurisprudence that treats law as an aspect of human experience called ‘the political’. This is an approach that many contemporary jurists, those whose work presupposes the autonomy of legal order, tend to suppress. In this book, Martin Loughlin assesses the contribution made by political jurists and explains its contemporary significance. Political jurists maintain that the essential characteristics of modern legal order can only be revealed by considering how political authority is constituted. The political is orientated to the fact that people are organized into territorially-bounded units within which authoritative governing arrangements have been established, but the authority of this way of viewing the world is strengthened only through institutional-building. Law may be an aspect of the political, but to perform its authority-generating functions effectively it must operate relatively autonomously. The political and the legal operate relationally, without one being reduced to the other. Loughlin introduces the rich literature of political jurisprudence through essays on innovative political jurists such as Hobbes, Burke, Constant, Romano, and Schmitt, and on such central themes as political right, institutionalism, constitutional legality, and reason of state. Building on his earlier books, The Idea of Public Law (OUP 2003) and Foundations of Public Law (OUP 2010), this collection extends his account of this influential strand of European legal thought.

The aim of the paper was to determine the influence of root systems of chosen tree species found in the Polish Flysch Carpathians on the increase of soil shear strength (root cohesion) in terms of slope stability. The paper's goal was achieved through comprehensive tests on root systems of eight relatively common in the Polish Flysch Carpathians tree species. The tests that were carried out included field work, laboratory work and analytical calculations. As part of the field work, the root area ratio (A IA) of the roots was determined using the method of profiling the walls of the trench at a distance of about 1.0 m from the tree trunk. The width of the. trenches was about 1.0 m, and their depth depended on the ground conditions and ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 m below the ground level. After preparing the walls of the trench, the profile was divided into vertical layers with a height of 0.1 m, within which root diameters were measured. Roots with diameters from 1 to 10 mm were taken into consideration in root area ratio calculations in accordance with the generally accepted methodology for this type of tests. These measurements were made in Biegnik (silver fir), Ropica Polska (silver birch, black locust) and Szymbark (silver birch, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, sycamore maple, Scots pine, European spruce) located near Gorlice (The Low Beskids) in areas with unplanned forest management. In case of each tested tree species the samples of roots were taken, transported to the laboratory and then saturated with water for at least one day. Before testing the samples were obtained from the water and stretched in a. tensile testing machine in order to determine their tensile strength and flexibility. In general, over 2200 root samples were tested. The results of tests on root area ratio of root systems and their tensile strength were used to determine the value of increase in shear strength of the soils, called root cohesion. To this purpose a classic Wu-Waldron calculation model was used as well as two types of bundle models, the so called static model (Fiber Bundle Model — FIRM, FBM2, FBM3) and the deformation model (Root Bundle Model— RBM1, RBM2, mRBM1) that differ in terms of the assumptions concerning the way the tensile force is distributed to the roots as well as the range of parameters taken into account during calculations. The stability analysis of 8 landslides in forest areas of Cicikowicleie and Wignickie Foothills was a form of verification of relevance of the obtained calculation results. The results of tests on root area ratio in the profile showed that, as expected, the number of roots in the soil profile and their ApIA values are very variable. It was shown that the values of the root area ratio of the tested tree species with a diameter 1-10 ram are a maximum of 0.8% close to the surface of the ground and they decrease along with the depth reaching the values at least one order of magnitude lower than close to the surface at the depth 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. Average values of the root area ratio within the soil profile were from 0.05 to 0.13% adequately for Scots pine and European beech. The measured values of the root area ratio are relatively low in relation to the values of this parameter given in literature, which is probably connected with great cohesiveness of the soils and the fact that there were a lot of rock fragments in the soil, where the tests were carried out. Calculation results of the Gale-Grigal function indicate that a distribution of roots in the soil profile is similar for the tested species, apart from the silver fir from Bie§nik and European hornbeam. Considering the number of roots, their distribution in the soil profile and the root area ratio it appears that — considering slope stability — the root systems of European beech and black locust are the most optimal, which coincides with tests results given in literature. The results of tensile strength tests showed that the roots of the tested tree species have different tensile strength. The roots of European beech and European hornbeam had high tensile strength, whereas the roots of conifers and silver birch in deciduous trees — low. The analysis of test results also showed that the roots of the studied tree species are characterized by high variability of mechanical properties. The values Of shear strength increase are mainly related to the number and size (diameter) of the roots in the soil profile as well as their tensile strength and pullout resistance, although they can also result from the used calculation method (calculation model). The tests showed that the distribution of roots in the soil and their tensile strength are characterized by large variability, which allows the conclusion that using typical geotechnical calculations, which take into consideration the role of root systems is exposed to a high risk of overestimating their influence on the soil reinforcement. hence, while determining or assuming the increase in shear strength of soil reinforced with roots (root cohesion) for design calculations, a conservative (careful) approach that includes the most unfavourable values of this parameter should be used. Tests showed that the values of shear strength increase of the soil reinforced with roots calculated using Wu-Waldron model in extreme cases are three times higher than the values calculated using bundle models. In general, the most conservative calculation results of the shear strength increase were obtained using deformation bundle models: RBM2 (RBMw) or mRBM1. RBM2 model considers the variability of strength characteristics of soils described by Weibull survival function and in most cases gives the lowest values of the shear strength increase, which usually constitute 50% of the values of shear strength increase determined using classic Wu-Waldron model. Whereas the second model (mRBM1.) considers averaged values of roots strength parameters as well as the possibility that two main mechanism of destruction of a root bundle - rupture and pulling out - can occur at the same. time. The values of shear strength increase calculated using this model were the lowest in case of beech and hornbeam roots, which had high tensile strength. It indicates that in the surface part of the profile (down to 0.2 m below the ground level), primarily in case of deciduous trees, the main mechanism of failure of the root bundle will be pulling out. However, this model requires the knowledge of a much greater number of geometrical parameters of roots and geotechnical parameters of soil, and additionally it is very sensitive to input data. Therefore, it seems practical to use the RBM2 model to assess the influence of roots on the soil shear strength increase, and in order to obtain safe results of calculations in the surface part of the profile, the Weibull shape coefficient equal to 1.0 can be assumed. On the other hand, the Wu-Waldron model can be used for the initial assessment of the shear strength increase of soil reinforced with roots in the situation, where the deformation properties of the root system and its interaction with the soil are not considered, although the values of the shear strength increase calculated using this model should be corrected and reduced by half. Test results indicate that in terms of slope stability the root systems of beech and hornbeam have the most favourable properties - their maximum effect of soil reinforcement in the profile to the depth of 0.5 m does not usually exceed 30 kPa, and to the depth of 1 m - 20 kPa. The root systems of conifers have the least impact on the slope reinforcement, usually increasing the soil shear strength by less than 5 kPa. These values coincide to a large extent with the range of shear strength increase obtained from the direct shear test as well as results of stability analysis given in literature and carried out as part of this work. The analysis of the literature indicates that the methods of measuring tree's root systems as well as their interpretation are very different, which often limits the possibilities of comparing test results. This indicates the need to systematize this type of tests and for this purpose a root distribution model (RDM) can be used, which can be integrated with any deformation bundle model (RBM). A combination of these two calculation models allows the range of soil reinforcement around trees to be determined and this information might be used in practice, while planning bioengineering procedures in areas exposed to surface mass movements. The functionality of this solution can be increased by considering the dynamics of plant develop¬ment in the calculations. This, however, requires conducting this type of research in order to obtain more data.

Anti-rheumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation are increasingly a common clinical dilemma. With the shift towards early, aggressive control of autoimmune diseases and with the advent of newer therapeutic agents, there is a need to understand the effects of these medicines in pregnancy and lactation, on fertility in both men and women, and on the process of spermatogenesis, in order to understand the risk of teratogenesis. Although there are some limited data available for the use of anti-rheumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation, much of our knowledge is derived from animal models and from limited clinical experience in human pregnancy. The balance of therapeutic benefits and risks of harm to mother and fetus should always be carefully considered: it may vary between individuals and should be assessed on a case by case basis. Because of these issues, pregnancy should always be discussed and planned in advance, in part to reduce disease activity prior to conception but also to minimize risk to the fetus. In this chapter we use the available evidence to discuss medicines which are commonly used in the treatment of rheumatological autoimmune diseases, and cover disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and biological agents.

Antirheumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation are increasingly a common clinical dilemma. With the shift towards early, aggressive control of autoimmune diseases and with the advent of newer therapeutic agents, there is a need to understand the effects of these medicines in pregnancy and lactation, on fertility in both men and women, and on the process of spermatogenesis, in order to understand the risk of teratogenesis. Although there are some limited data available for the use of antirheumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation, much of our knowledge is derived from animal models and from limited clinical experience in human pregnancy. The balance of therapeutic benefits and risks of harm to mother and fetus should always be carefully considered: it may vary between individuals and should be assessed on a case by case basis. Because of these issues, pregnancy should always be discussed and planned in advance, in part to reduce disease activity prior to conception but also to minimize risk to the fetus. In this chapter we use the available evidence to discuss medicines which are commonly used in the treatment of rheumatological autoimmune diseases, and cover disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and biological agents.

Day-stay surgery is becoming increasingly common the world over. There are several benefits of avoiding in-hospital care. Early ambulation reduces the risk for thromboembolic events, facilitates wound healing, and avoiding admission reduces the risk for hospital-related infection. Additionally, the risk of neurocognitive side-effects can be avoided by returning the elderly patient to their home environment. Day-stay anaesthesia calls for adequate and structured preoperative assessment and patient evaluation, and the potential risk associated with surgery and anaesthesia should be assessed on an individual basis. Need for preoperative testing should be based on functional status of the patient and preoperative medical history but even the surgical procedure should be taken into account. Preoperative fasting should be in accordance with modern guidelines, refraining from food for 6 hours and fluids for 2 hours prior to induction in low-risk patients. Preventive analgesia and prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) should be administered preoperatively. Local anaesthesia should be administered prior to incision, constituting part of multimodal analgesia. The multimodal analgesia strategy should also include paracetamol and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in order to reduce the noxious stimulus from the surgical field. Third-generation inhaled anaesthetics or a propofol-based maintenance are both feasible alternatives. Titrating depth of anaesthesia by using an EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitor may facilitate the recovery process. The laryngeal mask airway has become commonly used and has several advantages. Ultrasound-guided peripheral blocks may facilitate the early postoperative course by reducing pain and avoiding the use of opiates. Perineural catheters may be an option for prolongation of the block following painful orthopaedic procedures but a strict protocol and follow-up must be secured. Not only pain but even nausea and vomiting should be prevented, and therefore risk stratification, for example by the Apfel score, and PONV prophylaxis in accordance with the risk score is strongly recommended. Early ambulation should be encouraged postoperatively. Safe discharge should include an escort who also remains at home during the first postoperative night. Analgesics should be provided and be readily available for self-care when the patient comes home. Pain medication should include an opioid; however, the benefit versus risk must be assessed on an individual basis. Patients should also be instructed about a rescue return-to-hospital plan. Quality of care should include follow-up and analysis of clinical practice, and institution of methods to improve quality should be enforced for the benefit of the ambulatory surgical patient.

Chantal Mouffe has transformed the contemporary understanding of politics through her re-reading of political theory inspired by anti-foundationalist philosophy—based on Saussure’s linguistics, Freud’s psychoanalysis and Derrida’s deconstruction. Her writings have challenged the centrist, post-political ideology of the 1990s and presciently diagnosed the emergence of right-wing populism seen today with Trump and Brexit. For Mouffe, such populism is the result of the failed centrist conception of politics reduced to technical management. She has called for a “return to politics” on the view that social antagonisms cannot be reconciled but must be channeled into an agonistic form of institutionally stabilized struggle. This book brings Chantal Mouffe’s agonistic model of politics into direct dialogue with architecture and inquiries into the role that architecture plays constructing the political order of society, either by concealing or revealing its antagonisms and ideological conflicts. In doing so, it asks in what ways architecture operates politically; whether institutionally, in terms of its spaces and its part in forming cities, or as an aesthetic object with mediatic agency. Through this detailed exchange between Mouffe and four of the world’s leading architectural thinkers; Reinhold Martin, Ines Weisman, Pier Vittorio Aureli and Sarah Whiting, a debate unfolds within the book that tests the implications of Mouffe’s agonistic model of politics for architectural practice today. Through this, Bedford explores how architectural history, architectural drawing, the making of spectacular monuments, the design and policies behind housing, and the making of public and private space, all potentially contribute to the formulation of the channeling of social conflict into an agonistic form.

This book seeks to teach undergraduate and graduate students in social sciences how to use R to manage, visualize, and analyze data in order to answer substantive questions and replicate published findings. This book distinguishes itself from other introductory R or statistics books in three ways. First, targeting an audience rarely exposed to statistical programming, it adopts a minimalist approach and covers only the most important functions and skills in R that one will need for conducting reproducible research projects. Second, it emphasizes meeting the practical needs of students using R in research projects. Specifically, it teaches students how to import, inspect, and manage data; understand the logic of statistical inference; visualize data and findings via histograms, boxplots, scatterplots, and diagnostic plots; and analyze data using one-sample t-test, difference-of-means test, covariance, correlation, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and model assumption diagnostics. Third, it teaches students how to replicate the findings in published journal articles and diagnose model assumption violations. The principle behind this book is to teach students to learn as little R as possible but to do as much reproducible, substance-driven data analysis at the beginner or intermediate level as possible. The minimalist approach dramatically reduces the learning cost but still proves adequate information for meeting the practical research needs of senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students. Having completed this book, students can use R and statistical analysis to answer questions regarding some substantively interesting continuous outcome variable in a cross-sectional design.

Socialism is back, and with it comes a renewed interest in Marx’s critique of capitalism. After the 2008 financial crash, international book sales of Capital exploded for the first time in decades. In a world of rising income inequality, right-wing nationalisms, and global climate change, people are looking to the father of modern socialism for answers. This book has been written to help those returning to Marx get answers to their pressing questions about the nature of wealth, ecological crisis, gender inequality, colonialism, migration, and the possibility of socialism. This book also offers readers a new perspective on several major ideas in Marx’s work. It argues that Marx, contrary to conventional wisdom, did not think history was deterministic or that reality could be reduced to classical materialism. Marx was not an anthropocentric humanist, nor did he have a labor theory of value. The unique contribution of this book is that it begins with Marx’s earliest and most neglected book on ancient naturalism in order to show its lasting methodological effect on his “process materialism,” defined by the primacy of motion. This “kinetic Marxism” offers a new way to reread Capital that bears directly on a number of contemporary issues. This also makes Marx in Motion the first book to offer a new materialist reading of Marx. The result is a fresh new view on the important theories of primitive accumulation, metabolism, value, fetishism, dialectics, and the possibility of a kinetic communism for the twenty-first century.

It is often said that a woman must do a job twice as well as a man in order to get half the credit. This is particularly true of women in law enforcement. Women have been involved in various forms of policing for the last 100 years, but it wasn’t until the Equal Employment Act of 1970 that women could move from the job of meter maids to patrol and detective work. Yet less than 1% of all top-level cops are women, and there remain significant obstacles in the career paths of women in the force. This book looks at the history of women police officers and provides first-hand accounts of women at every level, including those who drop out. It addresses discrimination, competition, lack of mentoring, differential treatment and sexual harrassment, examining what issues play into the decision to stick it out or leave that many policewomen face. It also considers the family issues these women return home to at the end of the day. It is often said that a woman must do a job twice as well as a man in order to get half the credit. This is particularly true of women in law enforcement. Women have been involved in various forms of policing for the last 100 years, but it wasn’t until the Equal Employment Act of 1970 that women could move from the job of meter maids to patrol and detective work. Yet less than 1% of all top-level cops are women, and there remain significant obstacles in the career paths of women in the force. This book looks at the history of women police officers and provides first-hand accounts of women at every level, including those who drop out. It addresses discrimination, competition, lack of mentoring, differential treatment, and sexual harrassment. It looks at what plays into the decision to stick it out or leave that many policewomen face. It also considers the family issues these women return home to at the end of the day. Unlike other treatments of the subject, Alt and Wells show how women have changed police work into a more community-oriented model of policing, reduced police violence, served as a strong force to promote a more effective response to domestic violence within police departments, and helped with community-police relations. With a combination of first-hand accounts, careful research, and lively analysis, the authors are able to convey the actual experiences of women who have made their careers behind the shield.

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.

El artículo expone el contenido principal de la propuesta de investigación doctoral sobre la justicia transicional en Colombia y las oportunidades de participación de las mujeres rurales en la construcción de memoria histórica y esclarecimiento de la verdad en el periodo (2003-2019). El periodo coincide con un proceso donde se han puesto en marcha mecanismos como el Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica y la Comisión de Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, derivados de dos procesos de paz: el primero, entre el Gobierno y las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (2003-2005); el segundo, entre el Gobierno y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP) (2012-2016), activando la participación de distintos actores sociales. En la introducción, se exponen el marco de referencia desde el cual parte la propuesta, el objetivo del trabajo, el problema planteado, así como las preguntas de la investigación. En la justificación, se especifican la pertinencia del estudio y las principales contribuciones académicas a los campos de estudio. También se presentan la metodología y el diseño de investigación inicial, explicando el tipo de investigación, las fuentes, los instrumentos de recolección, la sistematización y el análisis de la información. Para finalizar, se enseñan las conclusiones preliminares con la relevancia del tema propuesto. El siguiente es un artículo de reflexión sobre la utilización de las categorías “enfoque de género” y “enfoque étnico” en los conflictos armados de los tres países latinoamericanos y el Caribe donde se ha dado fin al conflicto con la firma de un acuerdo de paz. A partir de las menciones expresas sobre el enfoque de género y étnico, realizadas en la negociación entre el Estado colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP), y usando el método comparado, se analiza la incorporación de estos dos enfoques en los conflictos de El Salvador y Guatemala. En ellos se revisa la temporalidad de los procesos de paz, la contribución de la adopción de los tratados de derechos humanos y la potencia de los movimientos sociales de mujeres e indígenas que reclamaban el reconocimiento y la reparación de los efectos diferenciados que causó la violencia por el hecho de ser mujer o pertenecer a una etnia. El presente artículo aborda diversas concepciones filosóficas de la Naturaleza25 y su relación con el humano, desde los antiguos hasta los modernos. Nexo que ha estado marcado, históricamente, por escenarios de ruptura que han sido objeto de análisis de diversos estudios sociales. En la modernidad, dicha relación está determinada por un modelo de racionalidad antropocéntrica impuesta por Occidente, el cual le ha dado a la naturaleza la connotación de “objeto” cognoscible, transformable y explotado. Hecho que, en el contexto del individualismo liberal y el sistema económico actual, ha significado un deterioro en la relación Naturaleza-humano. Ahora bien, lograr una reconciliación entre ambos implica crear nuevas categorías epistemológicas y jurídicas que superen los paradigmas tradicionales de la racionalidad moderna. En este contexto, la presente investigación reconoce en el constitucionalismo latinoamericano un camino que, aún en ciernes, intenta retornar la armonía en esta relación, desde perspectivas biocéntricas y multiculturales que reconocen en la Naturaleza un “sujeto” de derechos. Con respecto a la pérdida de investidura, que es el tema principal de la tesis, las altas cortes han manifestado en reiteradas sentencias que la institución es el resultado de una acción pública que constituye un juicio de responsabilidad política, dado que de su resultado dependerá el ejercicio de un derecho político (como el de ser elegido), de carácter jurisdiccional, de tipo disciplinario, en el cual se evalúa el comportamiento del congresista para determinar si es, o no, adecuado. Además, en el trámite que se le dé a dicha acción, deben observarse a plenitud los postulados del debido proceso, consagrados en el artículo 29 constitucional, más aún cuando es la manifestación de la potestad sancionatoria del Estado, la cual debe estar sometida a las garantías del debido proceso y de legalidad de la falta y de la sanción. Se observa que la pérdida de investidura tiene como principal característica que “limita o reduce algunos derechos fundamentales previstos en la Constitución como el de elegir o ser elegido, el cual no puede ser sometido a restricciones indebidas”. En este orden de ideas, se pretende entender si en su aplicación se vulneran o desconocen derechos fundamentales, como el debido proceso y la doble instancia y, en consecuencia, la sanción vitalicia al congresista, que no pude denominarse en forma diferente que muerte política, y afecta el derecho a ser elegido.

La presente investigación tiene como eje principal el estudio detallado de las mineralizaciones y la geología de un área del Macizo del Deseado con características geológicas y metalogénicas únicas. La elección del área del El Tranquilo o también conocido como “anticlinal” El Tranquilo, como zona de estudio, se ha basado en el reducido conocimiento y la presencia características atípicas en las mineralizaciones y la escasa representación, en el Macizo del Deseado, de las rocas y unidades geológicas aflorantes. La investigación ha sido realizada en tres etapas: una primera con recopilación de antecedentes y trabajo de campo, una segunda analítica con trabajos de laboratorio y una tercera etapa interpretativa. Se realizó el procesado de imágenes satelitales (TM, SPOT, IKONOS) y se ejecutaron mapeos geológico-estructurales de detalle y semidetalle (con elaboración de una cartografía digital), descripción de testigos de sondeos (gran parte de los 30.000 metros de las perforaciones ejecutadas en la propiedad minera), se realizaron estudios petrográficos, calcográficos, de rayos X, determinaciones geoquímicas, estudios de inclusiones fluidas, de microscopía electrónica, microsonda electrónica, determinaciones geocronológicas y análisis de isótopos estables e inestables. Además se participó de otros trabajos complementarios realizados durante las distintas etapas de exploración minera, tales como geoquímica de suelos, muestras de trincheras y relevamientos magnetométricos y geoeléctricos terrestres y la interpretación, para la zona de trabajo, de estudios previos de magnetometría aérea y líneas sísmicas. El área del “anticlinal” El Tranquilo, está caracterizada por la presencia de rocas y unidades geológicas con escasa representación en el Macizo del Deseado, y representa una “ventana geológica” que permite el estudio del intervalo Triásico superior - Jurásico inferior, períodos que se encuentran poco expuestos en esta provincia geológica. La secuencia estratigráfica de este sector se inicia con las sedimentitas continentales, areniscas a areniscas conglomerádicas con intercalaciones de pelitas, del Grupo El Tranquilo, del Triásico medio a superior (Jalfin y Herbst 1995). Por encima, se presentan las rocas volcaniclásticas de la Formación Roca Blanca (Herbst, 1965), del Jurásico inferior. Esta es la litología más desarrollada en el área y está compuesta por tufitas, areniscas y sabulitas ricas en componentes volcánicos. Intruyendo a las sedimentitas continentales y a las tufitas, se disponen rocas básicas a intermedias del Jurásico inferior, que se presentan como filones capa de diabasa en el sector este del área y como pórfidos andesíticos de formas subcirculares en el sector noroeste, de la Formación Cerro León (Panza, 1995 y de Barrio et al., 1999). En los sectores norte y noreste del área afloran volcánitas del Jurásico medio a superior, basaltos y andesitas de la Formación Bajo Pobre, y en el sector sudoriental pequeños asomos de ignimbritas riolíticas del Grupo Bahía Laura (Panza, 1995). Estas unidades se encuentran parcialmente cubiertas por el Basalto Las Mercedes del Cretácico superior y el Basalto Cerro del Doce correspondiente al Eoceno (Panza, 1982) y finalizan esta secuencia sedimentos modernos, aluviales, coluviales y de bajos. En la presente investigación se determinó la presencia de niveles ignimbríticos ácidos y coladas basálticas intercaladas en las tufitas de la Formación Roca Blanca. A partir de las edades obtenidas, relaciones estratigráficas y composición se desvincula a los intrusivos dioríticos de la Formación Cerro León y se los asocia con el magmátismo de la Formación La Leona (Jurásico inferior). Los basaltos aflorantes en el área presentan características de basaltos continentales que se corresponden a los primeros indicios del magmatismo sinextensional jurásico y representan magmas básicos de origen mantélico que alcanzaron la superficie. Se los desvinculan de la Formación Bajo Pobre por ser ligeramente más antiguos al estar intercalados entre las tufitas de la Formación Roca Blanca (Jurásico inferior) y por presentar diferentes características isotópicas y petrogenéticas. Se define así una nueva unidad formacional para estas rocas denominándolas Formación El Piche. Los pórfidos andesíticos de la Formación Cerro León y las andesitas de la Formación Bajo Pobre presentan similitudes geoquímicas, isotópicas, petrogenéticas y edades semejantes, por lo que se interpreta un mismo origen para estas rocas, siendo los pórfidos andesíticos partes de los conductos de emisión de las coladas andesíticas. A diferencia del resto del Macizo del Deseado donde predomina casi por completo deformación con comportamiento netamente frágil, en el área de estudio se reconoció deformación tanto dúctil como frágil en las secuencias triásicas y jurásicas. Los rasgos estructurales más sobresalientes son: un domamiento regional de entre 15 a 20 km de diámetro, definido por Di Persia (1956) como “anticlinal” El Tranquilo, domamientos y plegamientos con dimensiones menores a 1 km localizados dentro de la antiforma regional, un sistema de fracturas radiales asociado al domamiento y la falla El Tranquilo con un sistema de vetas controladas por fallas. Se determinó que el “anticlinal” El Tranquilo, se formó por el emplazamiento de un cuerpo intrusivo no aflorante del orden de 8 a 10 Km de diámetro y profundidad mínima hasta su techo de 1400 m, subyaciendo al Grupo El Tranquilo y a la Formación Roca Blanca, y generando por su intrusión, el domamiento regional y los domamientos y plegamientos con dimensiones menores a 1 km localizados corresponde a una deformación producida por lacolitos o stocks no aflorantes. En el área de estudio se reconocieron gran cantidad de mineralizaciones, las que totalizan ~80 km lineales de vetas, ubicadas principalmente en el sector central del área. Las vetas se concentran hacia el este de la estructura regional, la falla El Tranquilo, son subparalelas a esta estructura y están emplazadas en las tufitas de la Formación Roca Blanca y pelitas y areniscas del Grupo El Tranquilo. Se han discriminado dos tipos distintos de vetas según su composición y expresión superficial, vetas formadas por importantes zonas de oxidación que representan la expresión superficial de vetas de sulfuros, y vetas, brechas hidrotermales, vetillas y stockworks formados principalmente por cuarzo. A partir de las distintas características observadas y datos obtenidos (composición, signatura geoquímica, mineralogía, datos de inclusiones fluidas, isótopos, controles estructurales y litológicos y edades) se ha podido diferenciar dos estilos de mineralización. La mineralización polimetálica que presenta una compleja mineralogía de sulfuros asociada a una signatura geoquímica de In, Cu, Au, As, Sn, W, Bi, Zn, Pb, Ag, Cd y Sb. Las temperaturas y salinidades de los fluidos indican un sistema epitermal para la formación de estas vetas. Su génesis esta vinculada a los cuerpos intrusivos dioríticos reducidos por sedimentos ricos en materia orgánica, concentrando en los fluidos hidrotermales In, Sn, Ag, W, Bi. Se define a esta mineralización como un depósito epitermal vetiforme polimetálico rico en In semejante a los depósitos de Japón y Bolivia. Las características de esta mineralización y la edad Jurásica inferior (193 Ma) confirman la presencia de un nuevo tipo de deposito epitermal que difiere del clásico modelo de baja sulfuración del Macizo del Deseado y que no se encuentra asociado al importante volcanismo bimodal del Jurásico medio a superior (Complejo Bahía Laura), como la mayoría de las mineralizaciones del Macizo del Deseado. Este hecho potencia el hallazgo de otros tipos de depósitos epitermales polimetálicos, asociados a otras rocas y con diferentes asociaciones metalogénicas. La mineralización argentífera está formada por cuarzo, carbonatos y en menor medida sulfuros y sulfosales con una signatura geoquímica de Ag (Au), Pb, Cu y Zn. Las temperaturas y salinidades de los fluidos indican un sistema epitermal para la formación de estas vetas. Su génesis está vinculada al magmatismo intermedio de las Formaciones Cerro León y Bajo Pobre, atribuyéndole una edad Jurásica media (168 Ma). Según sus características esta mineralización puede ser definida como un depósito epitermal de sulfuración intermedia. Esta mineralización también representa una variación en el modelo de baja sulfuración del Macizo del Deseado, pero está genéticamente asociada al volcanismo bimodal del Complejo Bahía Laura (Fm. Bajo Pobre) por lo que podría incluirse dentro de las mineralizaciones de la Provincia auroargéntifera del Deseado.

Para millones de personas en el mundo la pandemia ocasionada por la COVID-19 reduce las opciones a morir de hambre encerrados o adquirir el virus en las calles tratando de llevar algo de dinero a casa. Un porcentaje menor, al cual pertenecemos quienes decidimos hacer parte de este libro, tenemos indudablemente una posición mucho más cómoda y segura que la mayoría. Sin embargo, también afrontamos los riesgos que para la salud genera el aumento de las jornadas producidas por el teletrabajo, al cual, no obstante, agradecemos, porque afortunadamente nos permite seguir ejerciendo nuestra vocación desde nuestros hogares y recibiendo ingresos sin exponer nuestras vidas y las de nuestras familias. Es entonces desde una posición ambivalente que escribimos estas líneas, lo que sin duda es también un lugar inusual. Observamos desde una frontera que divide, no de manera binaria, sino múltiple, un amplio espectro de mundos que nos han permitido redescubrir nuestra vida en el hogar1; pasar más tiempo junto a quienes decimos compartir la vida, lo que es una oportunidad para saber si realmente queremos hacerlo; trabajar de otra manera, lo cual también es una ventaja para quienes pretendemos continuar unos años más en el mundo académico, dada la fuerza con la cual ya nos empujaba el mercado de la educación hacia la virtualización; entre otras transformaciones que apenas imaginamos, se generarán tras la actual crisis. Desde ese lugar complejo y ambiguo observamos la forma como la crisis sanitaria global provoca la expedición de un amplio conjunto de medidas que pretenden contener, o al menos mitigar, la larga lista de consecuencias que sobre todos los ámbitos de la vida tendrá esta pandemia. Las más evidentes de esas medidas restringen de manera inmediata algunas de las libertades civiles básicas y de los derechos sociales, pero otras generarán efectos más amplios y a largo plazo sobre lo que conocemos como sistema jurídico, y que quizás ahora ni siquiera podamos imaginar, efectos que incluso podrán transformar la noción de Estado, sociedad o mercado. Claro, también existe la posibilidad de que nada de eso ocurra, o algo peor, como lo señala uno de los textos reunidos en este volumen, que todo cambie para que todo siga igual. Pero, además de la tarea de anticipación a los efectos que esta situación sui generis generará, nos corresponde reflexionar sobre lo que nos ha conducido a este punto, sobre lo que hemos hecho o dejado de hacer en lo político para estar tan desprovistos de herramientas adecuadas para enfrentar la crisis que vivimos; y, especialmente, nos corresponde preguntarnos qué hemos hecho tan mal como sociedad para que algo como un virus, que no distingue nacionalidades, razas, géneros, ideologías, clases sociales o creencias religiosas, genere efectos tan asimétricos entre las poblaciones y las personas. Aunque claro, no es en el virus, será en las decisiones políticas que hemos tomado donde realmente debemos buscar las causas. En parte, las decisiones políticas que nos ubican en este punto tienen que ver con lo que Philippe Legrain ha denominado la muerte de la globalización tal y como la conocemos (Legrain, 2020). Para él, el shock económico causado por la epidemia solo ha puesto en evidencia las desventajas de la integración internacional que ocurren simultáneamente con el incremento del miedo a los extranjeros y la legitimación a las restricciones nacionales al mercado y al flujo de personas. Esto puede ser cierto para los países ricos, que podrán justificar más fácilmente el cierre de fronteras a personas y productos provenientes de los países que se consideren como riesgosos por el número de contagios que tengan. Sin embargo, lo más probable es que países como Colombia nuevamente se plegarán ante el poder del mercado y aceptarán las imposiciones de otros países en aras de aumentar su competitividad y la inversión extranjera. Si bien se trata de una pandemia global, los efectos serán asumidos localmente. Más allá de las donaciones que se envíen desde países como China o Alemania, o de las que hagan desinteresados banqueros en Colombia, los costos de esta crisis se asumirán de forma local, y es probable que las asimetrías se profundicen y el tan esperado nuevo orden mundial que acabará con el capitalismo no llegue tras la crisis. Ciertamente aún es prematuro para advertir los cambios que la pandemia provocará en muchos aspectos de nuestras vidas, también es posible que nunca lleguemos a comprender la manera como este episodio, sin antecedentes documentados en nuestra historia, transformará la manera como entendemos y ejercemos nuestras libertades y derechos, por lo cual tendremos que tomar riesgos si queremos pensar colectivamente en ello. Quienes participamos en la escritura de este libro decidimos escribir, a riesgo de equivocarnos, a propósito de las causas y las consecuencias que sobre los derechos, libertades y deberes tendrá la crisis provocada por la pandemia de COVID-19, ya sea para las personas, empresas, movimientos sociales, estado o cualquier otro estamento sobre el cual se pueda enfocar el análisis. Sabemos que ya abundan las editoriales, columnas, artículos, incluso libros enteros de análisis de las consecuencias que la COVID-19 tendrá sobre el orden político, la movilidad en las ciudades, la economía y miles de aspectos más. Este solo será uno más de esos tantos escritos publicados en medio de esta crisis. Lo cierto es que no sabemos cómo saldremos de esto, y probablemente el derecho y la sociología jurídica revelan parte de su inutilidad ante estas crisis. Haberlo escrito probablemente obedezca más a la necesidad, casi a la compulsión, que tenemos quienes nos dedicamos al trabajo académico de opinar, de escribir, incluso de no quedarnos por fuera del debate. Esto resulta bastante irónico, dado que este confinamiento ha generado la prolongación de nuestras jornadas. Quizás escribir sea una forma de que el alma viaje a donde el cuerpo no puede ir. Los ensayos que hemos reunido en este volumen ofrecen un conjunto amplio y diverso de aproximaciones socio jurídicas a la pandemia, por lo que fue necesario dividirlos en cuatro apartados. El primero “(DES) UBICADOS EN EL CONFINAMIENTO” reúne cuatro capítulos a través de los cuales se ofrece una lectura amplia del contexto en el que se desarrolla la crisis actual. Comenzamos con un ensayo que se apoya en las teorías de género para presentar una mirada sobre las relaciones entre el tema de los roles y estereotipos y su impacto como elementos generadores de violencia en el marco de la contingencia generada por el COVID-19; en él se enfatiza en la condición de mayor vulnerabilidad de las mujeres y de las comunidades LGBTIQ frente a la crisis socioeconómica de la pandemia. El segundo ensayo nos ofrece un análisis de los símbolos y el lenguaje provocado por la crisis, mientras que el tercero ofrece una reflexión por la manera como la tecnología adquiere una dimensión más amplia e indispensable para la realización de las tareas cotidianas y la manera como este nuevo “leviatán tecnológico” genera riesgos para los derechos civiles. La segunda parte se titula GOBIERNO Y POLÍTICAS DE LA VIDA y se dedica a pensar en los efectos políticos que ha generado la crisis en diferentes ámbitos. Este apartado lo abre un ensayo que muestra cómo las decisiones de diferentes instancias de autoridad y las circunstancias que nuestras sociedades han tenido que asumir como respuesta a la pandemia generada por el SARS-CoV-2, ha evidenciado las pocas virtudes y los excesivos vicios de nuestra época y comunidades; no obstante lo cual resulta gratificante el valioso tiempo hoy a nuestra disposición para dedicarnos a hacer reflexiones sobre nuestras actitudes, deberes y responsabilidades ciudadanas, las cuales nos habilitan, o no, para cuestionar a la ciencia o a los gobernantes en sus recomendaciones e imposiciones. El segundo ensayo analiza la forma como la inalcanzada descentralización del país se reedita a través de los desencuentros entre mandatarios locales y gobierno nacional. El tercer ensayo analiza la declaratoria del estado de excepción de emergencia social y ecológica realizada por el Gobierno nacional mediante el Decreto Legislativo 417 de 2020 a la luz de los presupuestos formales y materiales que debe tener en cuenta la Corte Constitucional al realizar el juicio de constitucionalidad de la norma. La tercera parte se titula DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES EN TIEMPOS DE PANDEMIA y reúne los capítulos que se ocupan de analizar los efectos que ha tenido la COVID-19 sobre los derechos fundamentales y la respuesta que ha dado el gobierno colombiano a través de la legislación de estado de excepción. En el primero de los aquí reunidos se reflexiona sobre los derechos de las personas en situación de discapacidad durante la crisis. Luego, el lector encontrará dos capítulos sobre los efectos de la pandemia en el derecho a la educación, dos más sobre las consecuencias en el trabajo y uno sobre la consulta previa y los derechos de los pueblos indígenas durante la cuarentena. Este apartado lo cierra un ensayo sobre el derecho de acceso a la información en estos tiempos, junto con las implicaciones de entender este derecho en una dimensión distinta en la cual su protección incida en el ejercicio de otros derechos humanos. En ¿HAY LUZ AL FINAL DEL TÚNEL?, el cuarto apartado, el lector encontrará propuestas de salidas ante la crisis desde perspectivas jurídicas. El primero de los ensayos reunidos en este cierre apela a las posibilidades que ofrece el derecho constitucional sancionador para reflexionar a propósito de la ineficacia, ineficiencia, falta de operatividad, impunidad e irresponsabilidad en el ejercicio de la función pública de parte de algunos servidores estatales y particulares en ejercicio de funciones públicas en pleno momento de crisis sanitaria global originada por la pandemia. El segundo capítulo de este apartado propone identificar si debido a la crisis será necesario el diseño de un modelo judicial encaminado a construir mecanismos de reparación para las víctimas de la pandemia de la SARSCoV- 2, dada la ineficiencia estatal en diversos aspectos que ha quedado al descubierto en la gran mayoría de Estados del sistema internacional, las condiciones propias de expansión del virus y su afectación a unos sectores sociales más que a otros. El último capítulo presenta alternativas para las personas usuarias de los consultorios jurídicos que brindan sus servicios gratuitos y que se ven afectadas por causa de la parálisis de la justicia, desde los escenarios que han conformado la red de consultorios jurídicos y centros de conciliación de universidades públicas y privadas en Bogotá.