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Journal articles on the topic 'Reduced word'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

van de Ven, Marco, and Mirjam Ernestus. "The role of segmental and durational cues in the processing of reduced words." Language and Speech 61, no. 3 (2017): 358–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830917727774.

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In natural conversations, words are generally shorter and they often lack segments. It is unclear to what extent such durational and segmental reductions affect word recognition. The present study investigates to what extent reduction in the initial syllable hinders word comprehension, which types of segments listeners mostly rely on, and whether listeners use word duration as a cue in word recognition. We conducted three experiments in Dutch, in which we adapted the gating paradigm to study the comprehension of spontaneously uttered conversational speech by aligning the gates with the edges o

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Tenner, Bridget Eileen. "Reduced word manipulation: patterns and enumeration." Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 46, no. 1 (2017): 189–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10801-017-0752-8.

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Ernestus, Mirjam, Harald Baayen, and Rob Schreuder. "The Recognition of Reduced Word Forms." Brain and Language 81, no. 1-3 (2002): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.2001.2514.

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Rodriguez-Cuadrado, Sara, Cristina Baus, and Albert Costa. "On the Nature of the Word-Reduction Phenomenon: The Contribution of Bilingualism." Brain Sciences 9, no. 11 (2019): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9110294.

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Word reduction refers to how predictable words are shortened in features such as duration, intensity, or pitch. However, its origin is still unclear: Are words reduced because it is the second time that conceptual representations are activated, or because words are articulated twice? If word reduction is conceptually driven, it would be irrelevant whether the same referent is mentioned twice but using different words. However, if is articulatory, using different words for the same referent could prevent word reduction. In the present work, we use bilingualism to explore the conceptual or artic

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Paul, Ileana. "Reduced structure in Malagasy headlines." Linguistic Variation 17, no. 2 (2017): 292–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.14018.pau.

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Abstract This paper examines the register associated with headlines in Malagasy. While in many languages headlines appear to have reduced structure as evidenced by the absence of certain grammatical markers (determiners, copulas, tense), Malagasy headlines show a change in word order from VOS to SVO. It is argued that like English, Malagasy headlines involve a truncated syntactic structure and that the absence of certain functional projections accounts for the change in word order.

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Ellis, Andrew W., Roberto Ferreira, Polly Cathles-Hagan, Kathryn Holt, Lisa Jarvis, and Laura Barca. "Word learning and the cerebral hemispheres: from serial to parallel processing of written words." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1536 (2009): 3675–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0187.

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Reading familiar words differs from reading unfamiliar non-words in two ways. First, word reading is faster and more accurate than reading of unfamiliar non-words. Second, effects of letter length are reduced for words, particularly when they are presented in the right visual field in familiar formats. Two experiments are reported in which right-handed participants read aloud non-words presented briefly in their left and right visual fields before and after training on those items. The non-words were interleaved with familiar words in the naming tests. Before training, naming was slow and erro

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Dagar, Erica. "Phonetic imitation of a reduced voice onset time on word-initial voiceless stops by native English speakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 156, no. 4_Supplement (2024): A52. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0035078.

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This paper investigated whether native English speakers with exposure to a true voicing language (Spanish) would imitate a reduced voice onset time (VOT) on word-initial voiceless stops in English. Nielsen (2011) indicates native English speakers will not imitate a reduced VOT on word-initial voiceless stops since it is approaching the phonological boundary with voiced stops. However, there have been several studies that have found imitation toward a phonological boundary (Mitterer and Enertus 2008, Podlipsky and Simackova 2015). There were nine Native English speakers, some with Spanish langu

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MACROY-HIGGINS, MICHELLE, and ELIZABETH A. MONTEMARANO. "Attention and word learning in toddlers who are late talkers." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 5 (2015): 1020–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000379.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine attention allocation in toddlers who were late talkers and toddlers with typical language development while they were engaged in a word-learning task in order to determine if differences exist. Two-year-olds who were late talkers (11) and typically developing toddlers (11) were taught twelve novel pseudo-words for unfamiliar objects over ten training sessions. The toddlers' attention allocation during the word-learning sessions was measured as well as their comprehension of the newly learned words. Late talkers showed reduced attention allocatio

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BROUWER, SUSANNE, HOLGER MITTERER, and FALK HUETTIG. "Discourse context and the recognition of reduced and canonical spoken words." Applied Psycholinguistics 34, no. 3 (2012): 519–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716411000853.

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ABSTRACTIn two eye-tracking experiments we examined whether wider discourse information helps the recognition of reduced pronunciations (e.g., “puter”) more than the recognition of canonical pronunciations of spoken words (e.g., “computer”). Dutch participants listened to sentences from a casual speech corpus containing canonical and reduced target words. Target word recognition was assessed by measuring eye fixation proportions to four printed words on a visual display: the target, a “reduced form” competitor, a “canonical form” competitor, and an unrelated distractor. Target sentences were p

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Brouwer, Susanne, Holger Mitterer, and Falk Huettig. "Can hearing puter activate pupil? Phonological competition and the processing of reduced spoken words in spontaneous conversations." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 11 (2012): 2193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.693109.

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In listeners' daily communicative exchanges, they most often hear casual speech, in which words are often produced with fewer segments, rather than the careful speech used in most psycholinguistic experiments. Three experiments examined phonological competition during the recognition of reduced forms such as [pjutər] for computer using a target-absent variant of the visual world paradigm. Listeners' eye movements were tracked upon hearing canonical and reduced forms as they looked at displays of four printed words. One of the words was phonologically similar to the canonical pronunciation of t

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Parkes, Duncan W., and Richard M. Thomas. "GROUPS WITH CONTEXT-FREE REDUCED WORD PROBLEM." Communications in Algebra 30, no. 7 (2002): 3143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/agb-120004481.

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Roark, Brian, Kristy Hollingshead, and Nathan Bodenstab. "Finite-State Chart Constraints for Reduced Complexity Context-Free Parsing Pipelines." Computational Linguistics 38, no. 4 (2012): 719–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00109.

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We present methods for reducing the worst-case and typical-case complexity of a context-free parsing pipeline via hard constraints derived from finite-state pre-processing. We perform O(n) predictions to determine if each word in the input sentence may begin or end a multi-word constituent in chart cells spanning two or more words, or allow single-word constituents in chart cells spanning the word itself. These pre-processing constraints prune the search space for any chart-based parsing algorithm and significantly decrease decoding time. In many cases cell population is reduced to zero, which

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Stein, Timo, Jan Zwickel, Maria Kitzmantel, Johanna Ritter, and Werner X. Schneider. "Irrelevant Words Trigger an Attentional Blink." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 4 (2010): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000035.

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It has been argued that salient distractor items displayed during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) trigger an attentional blink (AB) when they share features with the target item. Here we demonstrate that salient distractor words induce an AB independently of feature overlap with the target. In two experiments a color-highlighted irrelevant word preceded a target by a variable lag in an RSVP series of false font strings. Target identification was reduced at short relative to long temporal lags between the distractor word and the target, irrespective of feature sharing with the distracto

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Gerson, Ira A. "Word recognition in a speech recognition system using data reduced word templates." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, no. 5 (1991): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.400848.

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Viebahn, Malte C., James M. McQueen, Mirjam Ernestus, Ulrich H. Frauenfelder, and Audrey Bürki. "How much does orthography influence the processing of reduced word forms? Evidence from novel-word learning about French schwa deletion." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (2018): 2378–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817741859.

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This study examines the influence of orthography on the processing of reduced word forms. For this purpose, we compared the impact of phonological variation with the impact of spelling-sound consistency on the processing of words that may be produced with or without the vowel schwa. Participants learnt novel French words in which the vowel schwa was present or absent in the first syllable. In Experiment 1, the words were consistently produced without schwa or produced in a variable manner (i.e., sometimes produced with and sometimes produced without schwa). In Experiment 2, words were always p

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Bors, Alexander. "Fibers of word maps and the multiplicities of non-abelian composition factors." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 27, no. 08 (2017): 1121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196717500539.

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We call a reduced word [Formula: see text] multiplicity-bounding if and only if a finite group on which the word map of [Formula: see text] has a fiber of positive proportion [Formula: see text] can only contain each non-abelian finite simple group [Formula: see text] as a composition factor with multiplicity bounded in terms of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. In this paper, based on recent work of Nikolov, we present methods to show that a given reduced word is multiplicity-bounding and apply them to give some nontrivial examples of multiplicity-bounding words, such as words of t

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Gallo, David A., Elizabeth A. Kensinger, and Daniel L. Schacter. "Prefrontal Activity and Diagnostic Monitoring of Memory Retrieval: fMRI of the Criterial Recollection Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 1 (2006): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892906775250049.

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According to the distinctiveness heuristic, subjects rely more on detailed recollections (and less on familiarity) when memory is tested for pictures relative to words, leading to reduced false recognition. If so, then neural regions that have been implicated in effortful postretrieval monitoring (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) might be recruited less heavily when trying to remember pictures. We tested this prediction with the criterial recollection task. Subjects studied black words, paired with either the same word in red font or a corresponding colored picture. Red words were repeate

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TAKAC, MARTIN, ALISTAIR KNOTT, and STEPHANIE STOKES. "What can Neighbourhood Density effects tell us about word learning? Insights from a connectionist model of vocabulary development." Journal of Child Language 44, no. 2 (2016): 346–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000916000052.

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AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the effect of neighbourhood density (ND) on vocabulary size in a computational model of vocabulary development. A word has a high ND if there are many words phonologically similar to it. High ND words are more easily learned by infants of all abilities (e.g. Storkel, 2009; Stokes, 2014). We present a neural network model that learns general phonotactic patterns in the exposure language, as well as specific word forms and, crucially, mappings between word meanings and word forms. The network is faster at learning frequent words, and words containing high-pr

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Primativo, Silvia, Danila Rusich, Marialuisa Martelli, and Lisa S. Arduino. "The Timing of Semantic Processing in the Parafovea: Evidence from a Rapid Parallel Visual Presentation Study." Brain Sciences 12, no. 11 (2022): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111535.

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In the present investigation we adopted the Rapid Parallel Visual Presentation Paradigm with the aim of studying the timing of parafoveal semantic processing. The paradigm consisted in the simultaneous presentation of couple of words, one in fovea (W1) and one in parafovea (W2). In three experiments, we manipulated word frequency, semantic relatedness between the two words and the effect of stimulus duration (150, 100, 50 ms). Accuracy on W2 was higher when W1 and W2 were both of high-frequency and when they were semantically related. W1 reading times were faster when both words were highly-fr

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GOR, KIRA. "Phonological priming and the role of phonology in nonnative word recognition." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 3 (2018): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000056.

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Research on nonnative auditory word recognition makes use of a lexical decision task with phonological priming to explore the role of phonological form in nonnative lexical access. In a medium-lag lexical decision task with phonological priming, nonnative speakers treat minimal pairs of words differentiated by a difficult phonological contrast as a repetition of the same word. While native speakers show facilitation in medium-lag priming only for identical word pairs, nonnative speakers also show facilitation for minimal pairs. In short-lag phonological priming, when the prime and the target h

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Cortese, Michael J., Sean Toppi, Maya M. Khanna, and Jonathan B. Santo. "AoA effects in reading aloud and lexical decision: Locating the (semantic) locus in terms of the number of backward semantic associations." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 11 (2020): 2036–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820940302.

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In the present study, we analyse data from the English Lexicon Project to assess the extent to which age of acquisition (AoA) effects on word processing stem from the number of semantic associations tied to a word. We show that the backward number of associates (bNoA; that is, the log transformed number of words that produce the target word in free association) is an important predictor of both lexical decision and reading aloud performance, and reduces the typical AoA effect as represented by subject ratings in both tasks. Although the AoA effect is reduced, it remains a significant predictor

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Meierkord, Hartmut, Thilo Kellermann, Michael Pfeiffer, and Hennric Jokeitt. "Reduced hippocampal BOLD-signal during word pair recognition." NeuroImage 13, no. 6 (2001): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(01)92053-1.

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Kemps, Rachèl, Mirjam Ernestus, Robert Schreuder, and Harald Baayen. "Processing reduced word forms: The suffix restoration effect." Brain and Language 90, no. 1-3 (2004): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00425-5.

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Billey, Sara C., Alexander E. Holroyd, and Benjamin J. Young. "A bijective proof of Macdonald’s reduced word formula." Algebraic Combinatorics 2, no. 2 (2019): 217–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/alco.23.

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Mavaddat, F., and S. K. S. Cheng. "Word recognition in a reduced linear prediction space." Pattern Recognition Letters 3, no. 3 (1985): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(85)90051-0.

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Nashwan, Farhan, Mohsen Rashwan, Sherif Abdou, and Hassanin Al-Barhamtoshy. "Using Word Based Features for Word Clustering." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 8, no. 1.11 (2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i1.11.28085.

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In the holistic technique (HT) the whole information of the Arabic word is calculated using many possible features. In this paper, this approach is used to test the possible uses of the HT in the Arabic OCR systems. The HT is used to reduce the possible candidates for each word. We succeeded to reduce the candidates to around 115 with accuracy over 99%, given a single font and a single size from a large lexicon of more than 356K words. This vocabulary size has a good coverage for the Arabic Language. This means that the problem facing the OCR classifier is tremendously reduced, and much higher

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Zarfsaz, Elham, and Parisa Yeganehpour. "The Impact of Different Context Levels on Vocabulary Learning and Retention." Shanlax International Journal of Education 9, no. 4 (2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v9i4.4049.

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According to research on new vocabulary development by text, frequent experiences with foreign words, as well as the context in which these words appear, facilitate word learning and retention. The aim of this analysis was to see how context levels, word occurrence rates, and the combination of these variables affected the understanding and retention of unfamiliar words. Both zero, reduced, and high contexts were included in the study. The research included 60 Turkish EFL university students, with 20 in each of the three situations. The target words were the same for all learners in each condi

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Jiang, Yang, Victoria Vagnini, Jessica Clark, and Qin Zhang. "Reduced Sensitivity of Older Adults to Affective Mismatches." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.115.

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The present study investigated age-related differences in emotional processing by using a paradigm of affective priming. Eighteen, right-handed, younger (mean age 22) and 15 older (mean age 68) subjects pressed buttons to indicate pleasantness of target words. The valence of each prime-target pair was congruent (e.g., win-love), incongruent (e.g., love-loss), or neutral (time-flower). Two sets of 720 prime-target pairs used either affective words or pictures as primes, and affect words as targets. We included well-matched positive and negative valence pairs in all congruent, neutral, and incon

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Allison, Kristen M., Lucas Annear, Marisa Policicchio, and Katherine C. Hustad. "Range and Precision of Formant Movement in Pediatric Dysarthria." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 7 (2017): 1864–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-15-0438.

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Purpose This study aimed to improve understanding of speech characteristics associated with dysarthria in children with cerebral palsy by analyzing segmental and global formant measures in single-word and sentence contexts. Method Ten 5-year-old children with cerebral palsy and dysarthria and 10 age-matched, typically developing children participated in this study. Vowel space area and second formant interquartile range were measured from children's elicited productions of single words and sentences. Results Results showed that the children with dysarthria had significantly smaller vowel space

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ILIE, LUCIAN, SHENG YU, and KAIZHONG ZHANG. "WORD COMPLEXITY AND REPETITIONS IN WORDS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 15, no. 01 (2004): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054104002297.

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With ideas from data compression and combinatorics on words, we introduce a complexity measure for words, called repetition complexity, which quantifies the amount of repetition in a word. The repetition complexity of w, R (w), is defined as the smallest amount of space needed to store w when reduced by repeatedly applying the following procedure: n consecutive occurrences uu…u of the same subword u of w are stored as (u,n). The repetition complexity has interesting relations with well-known complexity measures, such as subword complexity, SUB , and Lempel-Ziv complexity, LZ . We have always R

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Ye, Na, Xin Qin, Lili Dong, Xiang Zhang, and Kangkang Sun. "Chinese Named Entity Recognition Based on Character-Word Vector Fusion." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (July 4, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8866540.

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Due to the lack of explicit markers in Chinese text to define the boundaries of words, it is often more difficult to identify named entities in Chinese than in English. At present, the pretreatment of the character or word vector models is adopted in the training of the Chinese named entity recognition model. Aimed at the problems that taking character vector as an input of the neural network cannot use the words’ semantic meanings and give up the words’ explicit boundary information, and taking the word vector as an input of the neural network relies on the accuracy of the segmentation algori

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HU, CHIEH-FANG. "Resolving referential ambiguity across ambiguous situations in young foreign language learners." Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no. 3 (2016): 633–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000357.

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ABSTRACTFirst language learners can track word-referent co-occurrence information across situations and evaluate co-occurrence probabilities across situations to determine the best-of-fit mappings. However, cross-situational word learning can be difficult to foreign language learners, because in addition to aggregating information across situations, they have to build robust representations for foreign-sounding words. In Experiment 1, third-grade Mandarin-speaking children learned four English word-referent pairs in two conditions, varying in within-trial ambiguity. In one condition, informati

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Calvo, Manuel G., and Michael W. Eysenck. "Affective significance enhances covert attention: Roles of anxiety and word familiarity." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 61, no. 11 (2008): 1669–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210701743700.

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To investigate the processing of emotional words by covert attention, threat-related, positive, and neutral word primes were presented parafoveally (2.2° away from fixation) for 150 ms, under gaze-contingent foveal masking, to prevent eye fixations. The primes were followed by a probe word in a lexical-decision task. In Experiment 1, results showed a parafoveal threat–anxiety superiority: Parafoveal prime threat words facilitated responses to probe threat words for high-anxiety individuals, in comparison with neutral and positive words, and relative to low-anxiety individuals. This reveals an

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Sireesha, Kakumanu Lakshmi. "WORD WISE PREDICTION USING DEEP LEARNING." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem31940.

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Word wise prediction is an input technology that simplifies the process of typing by suggesting the next word for a user to select, as typing in a conversation consumes time. You might be using it daily when you write texts or emails without realizing it. Most of the keyboards in smart phones suggest next word prediction features. Google also uses next word prediction based on our browsing history. So, preloaded data is also stored in the keyboard function of our smart phones to predict the next word correctly. By predicting the next word in a sequence, the number of keystrokes of the user can

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Raduege, Tracy A., and Frederick M. Schwantes. "Effects of Rapid Word Recognition Training on Sentence Context Effects in Children." Journal of Reading Behavior 19, no. 4 (1987): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862968709547613.

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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the degree to which practice in isolated word recognition would affect children's speed of recognizing words presented within a sentence context. In the first experiment, it was found that both isolation and context methods of word recognition practice, relative to a control group, increased the speed with which second and third graders read words presented within a sentence context. In the second experiment, isolation practice was used to increase the speed of word recognition and the effect of this practice on developmental differences in the mag

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Minkina, Irene, Nadine Martin, Kristie A. Spencer, and Diane L. Kendall. "Links Between Short-Term Memory and Word Retrieval in Aphasia." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 1S (2018): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0194.

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Purpose This study explored the relationship between anomia and verbal short-term memory (STM) in the context of an interactive activation language processing model. Method Twenty-four individuals with aphasia and reduced STM spans (i.e., impaired immediate serial recall of words) completed a picture-naming task and a word pair repetition task (a measure of verbal STM). Correlations between verbal STM and word retrieval errors made on the picture-naming task were examined. Results A significant positive correlation between naming accuracy and verbal span length was found. More intricate verbal

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Yun, Gwanhi. "English Native and Nonnative Speakers’ Perception of English Reduced Word Forms with Reduced Vowels." Journal of AsiaTEFL 17, no. 1 (2020): 194–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2020.17.1.12.194.

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Kehoe, Margaret M. "Prosodic Patterns in Children’s Multisyllabic Word Productions." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 32, no. 4 (2001): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2001/025).

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This paper reviews results from a series of studies that examined the influence of metrical and segmental effects on English-speaking children’s multisyllabic word productions. Three different approaches (prosodic structure, trochaic template, and perceptual salience) that have been proposed in the literature to account for children’s prosodic patterns are presented and evaluated. An analysis of children’s truncation or syllable deletion patterns revealed the following robust findings: (a) Stressed and word-final unstressed syllables are preserved more frequently than nonfinal unstressed sylla

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Poellmann, Katja, James M. McQueen, and Holger Mitterer. "How talker-adaptation helps listeners recognize reduced word-forms." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132, no. 3 (2012): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4755555.

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YAMADA, T., M. KUMAKURA, and N. KITAWAKI. "Objective Estimation of Word Intelligibility for Noise-Reduced Speech." IEICE Transactions on Communications E91-B, no. 12 (2008): 4075–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e91-b.12.4075.

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Hunter, Cynthia R. "Dual-Task Accuracy and Response Time Index Effects of Spoken Sentence Predictability and Cognitive Load on Listening Effort." Trends in Hearing 25 (January 2021): 233121652110180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165211018092.

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A sequential dual-task design was used to assess the impacts of spoken sentence context and cognitive load on listening effort. Young adults with normal hearing listened to sentences masked by multitalker babble in which sentence-final words were either predictable or unpredictable. Each trial began with visual presentation of a short (low-load) or long (high-load) sequence of to-be-remembered digits. Words were identified more quickly and accurately in predictable than unpredictable sentence contexts. In addition, digits were recalled more quickly and accurately on trials on which the sentenc

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HAN, Min Kyung, Holly STORKEL, and Daniel E. BONTEMPO. "The effect of neighborhood density on children's word learning in noise." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 1 (2018): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000918000284.

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AbstractMany studies have addressed the effect of neighborhood density (phonological similarity among words) on word learning in quiet listening conditions. We explored how noise influences the effect of neighborhood density on children's word learning. One-hundred-and-two preschoolers learned nonwords varied in neighborhood density in one of four listening conditions: quiet, +15 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), +6 dB SNR, and 0 dB SNR. Results showed that a high-density advantage for children under quiet listening condition was significantly reduced as noise increased. This finding implies an

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Amer, Tarek, K. W. Joan Ngo, Jennifer C. Weeks, and Lynn Hasher. "Spontaneous Distractor Reactivation With Age: Evidence for Bound Target-Distractor Representations in Memory." Psychological Science 31, no. 10 (2020): 1315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620951125.

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Reduced attentional control with age is associated with the processing and maintenance of task-irrelevant information in memory. Yet the nature of these memory representations remains unclear. We present evidence that, relative to younger adults ( n = 48), older adults ( n = 48) both (a) store simultaneously presented target and irrelevant information as rich, bound memory representations and (b) spontaneously reactivate irrelevant information when presented with previously associated targets. In a three-stage implicit reactivation paradigm, re-presenting a target picture that was previously p

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White, Alex L., John Palmer, Geoffrey M. Boynton, and Jason D. Yeatman. "Parallel spatial channels converge at a bottleneck in anterior word-selective cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 20 (2019): 10087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1822137116.

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In most environments, the visual system is confronted with many relevant objects simultaneously. That is especially true during reading. However, behavioral data demonstrate that a serial bottleneck prevents recognition of more than one word at a time. We used fMRI to investigate how parallel spatial channels of visual processing converge into a serial bottleneck for word recognition. Participants viewed pairs of words presented simultaneously. We found that retinotopic cortex processed the two words in parallel spatial channels, one in each contralateral hemisphere. Responses were higher for

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Janse, Esther, and Sible J. Andringa. "The roles of cognitive abilities and hearing acuity in older adults’ recognition of words taken from fast and spectrally reduced speech." Applied Psycholinguistics 42, no. 3 (2021): 763–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716421000047.

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AbstractPrevious literature has identified several cognitive abilities as predictors of individual differences in speech perception. Working memory was chief among them, but effects have also been found for processing speed. Most research has been conducted on speech in noise, but fast and unclear articulation also makes listening challenging, particularly for older listeners. As a first step toward specifying the cognitive mechanisms underlying spoken word recognition, we set up this study to determine which factors explain unique variation in word identification accuracy in fast speech, and

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Warrington, Kayleigh L., Sarah J. White, and Kevin B. Paterson. "Ageing and the misperception of words: Evidence from eye movements during reading." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (2018): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1251471.

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Research with lexical neighbours (words that differ by a single letter while the number and order of letters are preserved) indicates that readers frequently misperceive a word as its higher frequency neighbour (HFN) even during normal reading. But how this lexical influence on word identification changes across the adult lifespan is largely unknown, although slower lexical processing and reduced visual abilities in later adulthood may lead to an increased incidence of word misperception errors. In particular, older adults may be more likely than younger adults to misidentify a word as its HFN

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Arnon, Inbal, and Uriel Cohen Priva. "Time and again." Mental Lexicon 9, no. 3 (2014): 377–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.3.01arn.

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There is growing evidence that multiword information affects processing. In this paper, we look at the effect of word and multiword frequency on the phonetic duration of words in spontaneous speech to (a) extend previous findings and (b) ask whether the relation between word and multiword information changes across the frequency continuum. If highly frequent sequences are stored holistically, then the effect of word frequency should disappear. If alternatively, increased sequence usage causes a change in the prominence of word and multiword information, we should see reduced effects of word fr

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Gianakas, Steven P., and Matthew B. Winn. "The impact of prior topic awareness on listening effort during speech perception." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (2022): A258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011254.

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Most standard speech perception tests use unrelated sentences where the topic changes for each stimulus. This unrealistic paradigm is expedient but might overlook an important aspect of speech processing and effort, which is how listeners use expectations and topic awareness to enable easier repair of misperceived words. We hypothesize that the effort of mentally repairing misperceived words will be reduced when individuals have advance topic awareness of upcoming sentences. In this study, individuals with normal hearing and hearing loss heard sentences with a masked target word that required

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Raymond, William D., Esther L. Brown, and Alice F. Healy. "Cumulative context effects and variant lexical representations: Word use and English final t/d deletion." Language Variation and Change 28, no. 2 (2016): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394516000041.

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AbstractWord production variability is widespread in speech, and rates of variant production correlate with many factors. Recent research suggests mental representation of both canonical word forms and distinct reduced variants, and that production and processing are sensitive to variant frequency. What factors lead to frequency-weighted variant representations? An experiment manipulated following context and word repetition for final t/d words in read, narrative English speech. Modeling the experimentally generated data statistically showed higher final-segment deletion in tokens followed by

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Jones, Samuel David. "Accuracy and variability in early spontaneous word production: The effects of age, frequency and neighbourhood density." First Language 40, no. 2 (2019): 128–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723719894768.

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High rates of error and variability in early word production may signal speech sound disorder. However, there is little consensus regarding the degree of error and variability that may be expected in the typical range. Relatedly, while variables including child age, word frequency and word phonological neighbourhood density are associated with variance in word production accuracy and variability, such effects remain under-examined in spontaneous speech. This study measured the accuracy and variability of 234,551 spontaneous word productions from five typically developing children in the Provid

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