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Journal articles on the topic 'Reduction (Chemistry) Toxicity testing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bhanushali, M., V. Bagale, A. Shirode, Y. Joshi, and V. Kadam. "An in-vitro toxicity testing - a reliable alternative to toxicity testing by reduction, replacement and refinement of animals." International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1, no. 1 (2010): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5138/ijaps.2010.0976.1055.01002.

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Ferreira, Mónica V., Wilhelm Jahnen-Dechent, and Sabine Neuss. "Standardization of Automated Cell-Based Protocols for Toxicity Testing of Biomaterials." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 16, no. 6 (2011): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057111405380.

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Advances in high-throughput screening (HTS) instrumentation have led to enormous reduction of costs (e.g., of pipetting stations) and to the development of smaller instruments for automation of day-to-day routines in small research laboratories. In the biomaterials community, there has been an increasing interest for standardized screening protocols to identify cell type–specific cytocompatible biomaterials suitable for tissue engineering (TE) applications. In this study, the authors established a multiplexed assay protocol for toxicity screening of biomaterials using a low- to medium-throughp

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3

Yankova, I., E. Ivanova, K. Todorova, et al. "Assessment of the toxicity and antiproliferative activity of hemocyanins from Helix lucorum, Helix aspersa and Rapana venosa." Bulgarian Chemical Communications Volume 53, Special Issue A (2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34049//bcc.53.a.0003.

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Hemocyanins (Hcs) are respiratory, oxygen-carrying metalloproteins that are freely dissolved in the hemolymph of many molluscs and arthropods. The interest in hemocyanins has grown significantly since it was found that they can be successfully used in immunotherapy of neoplastic diseases as non-specific or active stimulators of the immune system. The present study aims to assess the cytotoxicity, in vivo toxicity and antiproliferative activity of hemocyanins isolated from marine snail Rapana venosa (RvH), garden snails Helix lucorum (HlH) and Helix aspersa (HaH). For in vitro safety testing, 3

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Balogun, Fatai Oladunni, and Anofi Omotayo Tom Ashafa. "Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Aqueous Root Extract ofDicoma anomalaSond. in Wistar Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3509323.

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The present study evaluated the safety of aqueous root extract ofDicoma anomala(AQRED) through acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Single oral dose of AQRED at the concentration of 0, 5, 300, and 2000 mg/kg as well as 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day was administered to rats for 14-day acute and 90-day subchronic oral toxicity studies. The results revealed no mortalities or observed clinical signs of toxicity in all the rats during both investigation periods. In subchronic toxicity testing, administration of AQRED also did not cause any changes in body weight as well as food and water consumptio

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Zavisic, Gordana, Sasa Petricevic, Slavica Ristic, et al. "Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus fermentum G-4 originating from the meconium of newborns." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 84, no. 4 (2019): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc181105015z.

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The present study was dedicated to determining probiotic potential of a human isolate G-4, originated from meconium. The isolate was identified using morphological, physiological and biochemical assays and molecular method based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In order to evaluate its probiotic properties in vitro tests were performed: the survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, adhesion to hexadecane, and antimicrobial activity. Safety aspects of the isolate were examined by testing toxicity, gastrointestinal tolerance and bacterial translocation in vivo, as well as hemolytic activity

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Huang, Hung-Jin, Yu-Hsuan Lee, Yung-Ho Hsu, Chia-Te Liao, Yuh-Feng Lin, and Hui-Wen Chiu. "Current Strategies in Assessment of Nanotoxicity: Alternatives to In Vivo Animal Testing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (2021): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084216.

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Millions of experimental animals are widely used in the assessment of toxicological or biological effects of manufactured nanomaterials in medical technology. However, the animal consciousness has increased and become an issue for debate in recent years. Currently, the principle of the 3Rs (i.e., reduction, refinement, and replacement) is applied to ensure the more ethical application of humane animal research. In order to avoid unethical procedures, the strategy of alternatives to animal testing has been employed to overcome the drawbacks of animal experiments. This article provides current a

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Scognamiglio, Valentina, Dario Di Giuseppe, Magdalena Lassinantti Gualtieri, Laura Tomassetti, and Alessandro F. Gualtieri. "A Systematic Study of the Cryogenic Milling of Chrysotile Asbestos." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (2021): 4826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114826.

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For more than 40 years, intensive research has been devoted to shedding light on the mechanisms of asbestos toxicity. Given the key role of fibre length in the mechanisms of asbestos toxicity, much work has been devoted to finding suitable comminution routes to produce fibres in desired size intervals. A promising method is cryogenic milling that, unlike other mechanical size reduction techniques, preserves the crystal–chemical properties of materials. In this study, the effect of cryogenic milling on the physical–chemical properties of commercial Russian chrysotile was studied in order to pro

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Jonitz-Heincke, Anika, Jenny Tillmann, Melanie Ostermann, et al. "Label-Free Monitoring of Uptake and Toxicity of Endoprosthetic Wear Particles in Human Cell Cultures." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (2018): 3486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113486.

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The evaluation of the biological effects of endoprosthetic wear particles on cells in vitro relies on a variety of test assays. However, most of these methods are susceptible to particle-induced interferences; therefore, label-free testing approaches emerge as more reliable alternatives. In this study, impedance-based real-time monitoring of cellular viability and metabolic activity were performed following exposure to metallic and ceramic wear particles. Moreover, label-free imaging of particle-exposed cells was done by high-resolution darkfield microscopy (HR-ODM) and field emission scanning

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Westlund, Karin N., та Morgan Zhang. "Building and Testing PPARγ Therapeutic ELB00824 with an Improved Therapeutic Window for Neuropathic Pain". Molecules 25, № 5 (2020): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051120.

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Effective, non-addictive therapeutics for chronic pain remain a critical need. While there are several potential therapeutics that stimulate anti-inflammatory mechanisms to restore homeostasis in the spinal dorsal horn microenvironment, the effectiveness of drugs for neuropathic pain are still inadequate. The convergence of increasing knowledge about the multi-factorial mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain and the mechanisms of drug action from preclinical studies are providing the ability to create pharmaceuticals with better clinical effectiveness. By targeting and activating the peroxisom

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10

Handral, Harish K., C. Ashajyothi, Gopu Sriram, Chandrakanth R. Kelmani, Nileshkumar Dubey, and Tong Cao. "Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Fibroblasts." Coatings 11, no. 1 (2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010107.

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Advances in the use of nanoparticles (NPs) has created promising progress in biotechnology and consumer-care based industry. This has created an increasing need for testing their safety and toxicity profiles. Hence, efforts to understand the cellular responses towards nanomaterials are needed. However, current methods using animal and cancer-derived cell lines raise questions on physiological relevance. In this aspect, in the current study, we investigated the use of pluripotent human embryonic stem cell- (hESCs) derived fibroblasts (hESC-Fib) as a closer representative of the in vivo response

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11

Tsipa, Argyro, Konstantina Stylianou, Maria Papalli, et al. "Iron-Stimulated Production and Antimicrobial Potential of a Novel Biosurfactant Produced by a Drilling Waste-Degrading Pseudomonas citronellolis Strain." Processes 9, no. 4 (2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040686.

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A Pseudomonas citronellolis strain was isolated from drilling waste (DW). This strain utilizes DW as the sole energy and carbon source to produce biosurfactants (BSs). The BS produced was thermally stable, amorphous and includes a peptide structure. FeSO4, FeCl3 and Fe(NO3)3 were supplemented at various concentration levels to assess possible enhancement of BS production and DW biodegradation. The limit concentration of Fe compounds between the increase in BS formation and microbial toxicity was 0.1 mM. FeCl3 enhanced DW biodegradation and more than doubled the BS formation yield, determining

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12

Spinnen, Jacob, Lennard K. Shopperly, Carsten Rendenbach, et al. "A Novel Method Facilitating the Simple and Low-Cost Preparation of Human Osteochondral Slice Explants for Large-Scale Native Tissue Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (2021): 6394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126394.

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For in vitro modeling of human joints, osteochondral explants represent an acceptable compromise between conventional cell culture and animal models. However, the scarcity of native human joint tissue poses a challenge for experiments requiring high numbers of samples and makes the method rather unsuitable for toxicity analyses and dosing studies. To scale their application, we developed a novel method that allows the preparation of up to 100 explant cultures from a single human sample with a simple setup. Explants were cultured for 21 days, stimulated with TNF-α or TGF-β3, and analyzed for ce

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13

Kariuki, Stephen, Philippe Babady-Bila, and Breanna Duquette. "N,N-Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine effectiveness in analysis of polysulfides and polythionates in water." Environmental Chemistry 5, no. 3 (2008): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en08020.

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Environmental context. The importance of hydrogen sulfide as well as some of the reduced sulfur species such as polysulfides as environmental pollutants is a result of their toxicity, unpleasant odour, and their reactivity with metals and metallic ions found in various environmental samples. Although known to be popular, the effectiveness of N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine and other related compounds in the spectrophotometric analysis of such sulfur compounds in water as well as in other environmental samples has not been fully investigated. Our results show that although the quantification of

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14

Ruoß, Marc, Georg Damm, Massoud Vosough, et al. "Epigenetic Modifications of the Liver Tumor Cell Line HepG2 Increase Their Drug Metabolic Capacity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 2 (2019): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020347.

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Although human liver tumor cells have reduced metabolic functions as compared to primary human hepatocytes (PHH) they are widely used for pre-screening tests of drug metabolism and toxicity. The aim of the present study was to modify liver cancer cell lines in order to improve their drug-metabolizing activities towards PHH. It is well-known that epigenetics is strongly modified in tumor cells and that epigenetic regulators influence the expression and function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes through altering crucial transcription factors responsible for drug-metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, w

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15

Mothes-Wagner, Ursula, Harald K. Reitze, and Karl-August Seitz. "Terrestrial multispecies toxicity testing." Chemosphere 24, no. 11 (1992): 1653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90408-j.

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16

Whitehead, Anne, and Nigel Stallard. "Opportunities for Reduction in Acute Toxicity Testing via Improved Design." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32, no. 2_suppl (2004): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290403202s15.

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17

Chapman, Peter M. "Toxicity Measurement and Reduction Procedures (Biomonitoring and TRE Programs)." Water Quality Research Journal 24, no. 3 (1989): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1989.026.

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Abstract Toxicity measurements (i.e., determining adverse effects of environmental samples on test organisms or systems) have evolved from simple acute lethality measurements with fish to more subtle measurements and are being used not just reactively (e.g., for assessment and remediation) but also proactively (e.g., in toxicity reduction and evaluation [TRE] programs). This paper outlines some of the current trends in toxicity testing and presents a phased program for TRE application to an effluent discharge. Certain limitations to toxicity testing related to regulation and an appropriate lev

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18

Fry, Jeffrey R., Alison H. Hammond, Mukadder Atmaca, Perminder Dhanjal, and David J. Wilkinson. "Toxicity Testing with Hepatocytes: Some Methodological Aspects." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 1 (1995): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300112.

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Two conventional systems — freshly-isolated hepatocytes and hepatocytes in culture — are now widely used for toxicity testing, each possessing advantages and disadvantages. More-recently. developed alternative strategies, which try to minimise the disadvantages apparent in the conventional systems, are described. Results obtained from these alternative strategies are presented, and the importance of culture as a determinant of toxic response is emphasised. Evidence is presented that reduction of the tetrazolium dye, MTT, is a measure of nucleotide redox balance in hepatocytes, rather than of m

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19

Šestinová, Oľga, Lenka Findoráková, and Jozef Hančuľák. "Toxicity Testing of Sediments." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 11, no. 2 (2012): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10296-012-0012-1.

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Abstract This study presents the results of the testing toxicity of the contaminated sediments from the water reservoir of Ružín No.I deposit (Slovak Republic) by using Phytotoxkit tests (MicroBioTests Inc., Belgium). The Phytotoxkit system is a screening tool used for a variety of toxicity testing applications. The advantages of this toxicity bioassay are its speed, relative simplicity and low cost compared to chemical analysis and many other biotests. Evaluation of sediments phytotoxicity was based on the testing of seed germination and the assesment of the root growth decrease of the plant

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Yang, J. J., A. J. Krueger, T. A. Roy, and M. H. Feuston. "Serum chemistry assays in reproduction toxicity testing." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 1 (1988): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.1.181a.

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21

Vital, Marcelo, and Patricia Esperón. "Testing for Ultraviolet Toxicity Using Fungi." Journal of Chemical Education 82, no. 6 (2005): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed082p926.

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22

Clark, Jeremy, Lisa S. Ortego, and Anne Fairbrother. "Sources of variability in plant toxicity testing." Chemosphere 57, no. 11 (2004): 1599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.044.

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23

Erhirhie, Earnest Oghenesuvwe, Chibueze Peter Ihekwereme, and Emmanuel Emeka Ilodigwe. "Advances in acute toxicity testing: strengths, weaknesses and regulatory acceptance." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 11, no. 1 (2018): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0001.

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Abstract Safety assessment of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and food ingredients, cosmetics, industrial products is very crucial prior to their approval for human uses. Since the commencement of toxicity testing (about 500 years ago, since 1520), significant advances have been made with respect to the 3Rs (reduction, refinement and replacement) alternative approaches. This review is focused on the update in acute systemic toxicity testing of chemicals. Merits and demerits of these advances were also highlighted. Traditional LD50 test methods are being suspended while new methods are develop

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Nelson, Steven K., John C. Wataha, and Petra E. Lockwoodc. "Accelerated toxicity testing of casting alloys and reduction of intraoral release of elements." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 81, no. 6 (1999): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3913(99)70112-5.

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Neustadt, B., I. L. Marr, and H. W. Zwanziger. "Toxicity testing of oil-contaminated drilling cuttings." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 351, no. 7 (1995): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00323338.

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Schultz, Aaron G., David Boyle, Danuta Chamot, et al. "Aquatic toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials: challenges and recommendations for future toxicity testing." Environmental Chemistry 11, no. 3 (2014): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13221.

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Environmental context The increased use of nanomaterials in industrial and consumer products requires robust strategies to identify risks when they are released into the environment. Aquatic toxicologists are beginning to possess a clearer understanding of the chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials in solution, and which of the properties potentially affect the health of aquatic organisms. This review highlights the main challenges encountered in aquatic nanotoxicity testing, provides recommendations for overcoming these challenges, and discusses recent studies that have advanced ou

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Trompeta, Aikaterini-Flora A., Iris Preiss, Frida Ben-Ami, Yehuda Benayahu, and Costas A. Charitidis. "Toxicity testing of MWCNTs to aquatic organisms." RSC Advances 9, no. 63 (2019): 36707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06672a.

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28

Ostroumov, S. A. "Toxicity testing of chemicals without use of animals." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 86, no. 13 (2016): 2933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363216130028.

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Girling, A. E., R. K. Markarian, and D. Bennett. "Aquatic toxicity testing of oil products - some recommendations." Chemosphere 24, no. 10 (1992): 1469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90268-v.

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Wong, J., P. Maroney, P. Diepolder, K. Chiang, and A. Benedict. "Petroleum Effluent Toxicity Reduction – From Pilot to Full-Scale Plant." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (1992): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0096.

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A petroleum refining complex was required to upgrade its wastewater treatment system to meet newly adopted toxicity requirements and to handle increased flows. A four-phase investigation led to the design and construction of a full-scale PACT® system. The first phase, waste stream characterization, indicated that the effluent toxicity was organic in nature. The second phase, bench-scale screening, indicated that the toxicity was removable by activated carbon adsorption. The third phase, comparative pilot testing, indicated that although both extended aeration and PACT® processes were effective

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Shukla, Rakesh, Qin Wang, Florence Fulk, Chunqin Deng, and Debra Denton. "Bioequivalence approach for whole effluent toxicity testing." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, no. 1 (2000): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190120.

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32

Murdoch, Mary H., Peter M. Chapman, Don M. Norman, and Victor M. Quintino. "Spiking sediment with organochlorines for toxicity testing." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, no. 7 (1997): 1504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160725.

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Tyagi, V. K., A. K. Chopra, N. C. Durgapal, and A. A. Kazmi. "Bioassay evaluation of toxicity reduction in common effluent treatment plant." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1, no. 1 (2009): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v1i1.23.

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This paper investigates the utility and validity of bioassay toxicity testing using Daphnia magna straus as test organism for monitoring the common effluent treatment plant (CETP) receiving both industrial as well as domestic effluent. The average daphnia toxicity (Gd) at inlet, after primary settling tank (PST), secondary settling tank (SST) and tertiary treatment unit were reported as Gd-16, Gd-12, Gd-4 and Gd-1 respectively. However, a cumulative percentage removal in toxicity after PST, SST and tertiary treatment units was observed as 25%, 75% and 100%, respectively, during entire study pe

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Ziegler, P., K. S. Sree, and K. J. Appenroth. "Duckweeds for water remediation and toxicity testing." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 98, no. 10 (2016): 1127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2015.1094701.

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Fritzsche, Michael, and Carl-Fredrik Mandenius. "Fluorescent cell-based sensing approaches for toxicity testing." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 398, no. 1 (2010): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3651-6.

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36

Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts, and John F. Garrod. "Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Environmental Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, no. 1_suppl (2008): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803601s04.

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Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME recently conducted a research project sponsored by Defra on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for using alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) for environmental (aquatic) toxicity testing. The manuscript reviews tests based on fish cells and cell lines, f

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Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts, and John F. Garrod. "Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, no. 1 (2008): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803600108.

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Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for the use of alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) in developmental and reproductive toxicity testing. It considers many tests based on primary cells and cell li

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Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts, and John F. Garrod. "Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, no. 1_suppl (2008): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803601s10.

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Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for the use of alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) in developmental and reproductive toxicity testing. It considers many tests based on primary cells and cell li

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Brandelli, A., M. L. Baldasso, and E. P. Goettems. "Toxicity Identification and Reduction Evaluation in Petrochemical Effluents – SITEL Case." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (1992): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0079.

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SITEL, Integrated Wastewater Treatment System of South Petrochemical Complex,has been processing liquid waste from this industrial area since November, 1982. The complex consists of an olefins plant and some second-generation plants that produce mainly thermoplastic resins. The raw industrial effluent is segregated in the plants in two main streams: organic and inorganic. The organic treatment consists of water-oil separator, equalization basin and dissolved air flotation (primary treatment), activated sludge and multi-media filters (secondary treatment) and stabilization ponds (tertiary treat

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Velemínský, J. "Jameson, C. W.,Walters, D. B.:CHemistry for TOxicity TEsting." Biologia Plantarum 27, no. 4-5 (1985): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02879879.

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41

Pieters, Moniek N., Hester J. Kramer, and Wout Slob. "A No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level of 1000 Mg/Kg in A 28-Day Repeated-Dose Study as a Limit Value for Acute Toxicity Testing." International Journal of Toxicology 17, no. 1 (1998): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158198226738.

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Following the guidelines of the European Community (EC), chemicals are not classified according to acute toxicity if the estimated LD50 exceeds 2000 mg kg-1. Instead of an LD50 test, a limit test is often performed for relatively nontoxic chemicals. Since a short-term repeated-dose study is required in addition to an acute toxicity test, our investigation was aimed at finding out if acute toxicity testing could be omitted under certain circumstances. The latter would contribute to the reduction of (unnecessary) animal use. Data on LD50 and the no-observed-adverse-effect level values of 28-day

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van de Sandt, J. J. M., A. A. J. J. L. Rutten, and H. B. W. M. Koëter. "Cutaneous toxicity testing in organ culture: Neutral red uptake and reduction of tetrazolium salt (MTT)." Toxicology in Vitro 7, no. 1 (1993): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(93)90115-l.

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Frazier, John M., and Alan M. Goldberg. "Alternatives to and Reduction of Animal Use in Biomedical Research, Education and Testing." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 18, no. 1_part_1 (1990): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299001800110.1.

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Biomedical endeavours can be divided into three major categories: research, education, and testing. Within the context of each of these categories, activities involving whole animals have made major contributions and will continue to do so in the future. However, with technological developments in the areas of biotechnology and computers, new methods are already reducing the use of whole animals in certain areas. This article discusses the general issues of alternatives and then focuses on the development of new approaches to toxicity testing.

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Broadhead, Caren L., and Robert D. Combes. "FRAME Recommendations for the Application of the Three Rs to the Regulatory Toxicity Testing of Food Additives." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 24, no. 4 (1996): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299602400407.

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Direct food additives are tested for genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. International guidelines differ in the types of tests required, the duration of the tests, the species of animals to be used, the number of animals recommended and the method of housing experimental animals. This lack of harmonisation is wasteful in terms of animal use and creates additional and, perhaps, unnecessary work for the food industry. In addition, unlike other chemicals, food additives pose a special problem for toxicity testing due to repeated low-dose, life-time hum

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Williams, Phillip L., and David B. Dusenbery. "AQUATIC TOXICITY TESTING USING THE NEMATODE, CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9, no. 10 (1990): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1552-8618(1990)9[1285:attutn]2.0.co;2.

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deBruyn, Adrian M. H., and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Freeze concentration of ambient waters for toxicity testing." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, no. 8 (2001): 1733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620200816.

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Crovetto, Sara I., Elena Moreno, Amira L. Dib, Miguel Espigares, and Elena Espigares. "Bacterial toxicity testing and antibacterial activity of parabens." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 99, no. 5-6 (2017): 858–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2017.1300905.

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Rojíčková, Renata, and Blahoslav Maršálek. "Selection and sensitivity comparisons of algal species for toxicity testing." Chemosphere 38, no. 14 (1999): 3329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00566-9.

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Battersby, N. S. "The biodegradability and microbial toxicity testing of lubricants – some recommendations." Chemosphere 41, no. 7 (2000): 1011–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00517-2.

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Reddy, Heather L., Anthony D. Dayan, Joy Cavagnaro, Shayne Gad, Junzhi Li, and Raymond P. Goodrich. "Toxicity Testing of a Novel Riboflavin-Based Technology for Pathogen Reduction and White Blood Cell Inactivation." Transfusion Medicine Reviews 22, no. 2 (2008): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmrv.2007.12.003.

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