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1

Bangura, Yusuf, ed. Developmental Pathways to Poverty Reduction. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137482549.

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2

Caroline, Ashley, ed. Tourism and poverty reduction: Pathways to prosperity. Earthscan, 2010.

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Mitchell, Jonathan. Tourism and poverty reduction: Pathways to prosperity. Earthscan, 2010.

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4

Tropp, Linda R., and Robyn K. Mallett, eds. Moving beyond prejudice reduction: Pathways to positive intergroup relations. American Psychological Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12319-000.

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5

Moving beyond prejudice reduction: Pathways to positive intergroup relations. American Psychological Association, 2011.

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6

Wang, Tammy, Jocelyn Wong, and Anita Honkanen. Glycogen Storage Diseases. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0048.

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Glycogen storage diseases result from deficiencies of various enzymes or proteins in the pathways of glycogen metabolism. The reduction in effective glucose storage and/or mobilization results in hypoglycemia and accumulation of glycogen in tissues. Diagnosis can occur at any age, from infancy to adulthood, depending on the pathway affected and the degree of enzyme deficiency. The clinical presentation varies, but the most commonly affected organ systems include the heart, liver, and skeletal muscles. In addition to the morbidity that can occur from dysfunction of these organs, important anest
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7

Bangura, Y. Developmental Pathways to Poverty Reduction. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

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8

Wan, Wilfred, Ankit Panda, John Borrie, et al. Nuclear Risk Reduction: Closing Pathways to Use. Edited by Wilfred Wan. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/20/nrr/01.

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9

Cozza, Cynthia L. A model for the prediction of biologically mediated reductive dechlorination pathways. 1990.

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10

Ict Pathways To Poverty Reduction Empirical Evidence From East And Southern Africa. Practical Action Publishing, 2014.

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11

Mascarenhas, Ophelia, Julian May, Timothy M. Waema, Kathleen Diga, and Edith Ofwona Adera. ICT Pathways to Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from East and Southern Africa. Practical Action Publishing, 2014.

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12

Leaver, Susannah, and Timothy Evans. Hypoxaemia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0085.

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Hypoxaemia is a reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood below 8 kPa/60 mmHg. Hypoxaemia results from one, or several, or a combination of causes. Calculating the alveolar–arterial gradient can help to delineate the cause. Acute respiratory failure manifests in a number of ways, the most sensitive indicator being an increased respiratory rate. Diagnosis is dependent on a comprehensive history, examination in combination with appropriate blood tests, and imaging. Hypoxaemia is the final common pathway of a number of conditions and the exact cause may not be immediately apparent.
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13

Pathways out of extreme poverty: Findings from round I survey of CFPR phase II. BRAC, 2009.

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14

Kassiri, Zamaneh. Reduction of transient outward K+ current and hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes: Role of calcium-dependent signaling pathways. 2002.

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15

Noordenbos, Troy, and Dominique Baeten. Immune mechanisms: innate immunity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0007.

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Innate immune mechanisms are strongly implied in the pathophysiology of spondyloarthritis (SpA). This chapter discusses available data on the role of the innate immune system in relation to HLA-B27, genetic associations, and the cellular and molecular characteristics of disease target tissue. Regarding the linkage with MCH-class I molecule HLA-B27, the chapter discusses the arthritogenic peptide hypothesis and three popular antigen-independent theories. The genetic architecture of the disease argues against a role for the adaptive immune system and identifies cytokine pathways, such as IL-1, T
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16

Foley, John Miles. Disclaimer. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037184.003.0004.

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This chapter argues against reductive claims that oral tradition and internet technology are the same. It emphasizes that, while the Pathways Project is devoted to exploring the homology between oral tradition and internet technology, homology itself describes a relationship of similarity, but not of identity. Related to this argument is the fact that the oral tradition–internet technology homology at the basis of the Pathways Project resists reductionism and makes room for the innate complexity of media-worlds—the oAgora and eAgora are hardly identical or superimposable, in other words. Hence
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17

Baldi, Cindi, Caroline Bartel, and Janet Dukerich. Fostering Stakeholder Identification Through Expressed Organizational Identities. Edited by Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth, and Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.1.

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A vital task for organizations is to communicate their organizational identity in ways that generate organizational images that are attractive to external stakeholders. Such favorable evaluations may generate stakeholder identification—a perception of belonging such that an organization becomes important to stakeholders’ sense of self. This chapter reviews and integrates prior research to elaborate how organizational communications via mass communication channels (e.g., company websites) can generate stakeholder identification. Several motivational pathways are outlined involving stakeholders’
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18

Chang, Daniel, Mia Castro, Vineetha S. Ratnamma, Alessandra Verzelloni, Dionne Rudison, and Nalini Vadivelu. Preemptive, Preventive, and Multimodal Analgesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0004.

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Preemptive analgesia focuses on postoperative pain control and the prevention of central sensitization and chronic neuropathic pain by providing analgesia administered preoperatively. Preventive analgesia reduces postoperative pain and consumption of analgesics, and this appears to be the most effective means of decreasing postoperative pain. Preventive analgesia, which includes multimodal preoperative and postoperative analgesic therapies, results in decreased postoperative pain and less postoperative consumption of analgesics. Several advances have been made in our understanding of pain sign
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19

Cohen, Aly. Proactive Approaches to Reduce Environmental Exposures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0014.

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This chapter gives healthcare providers recommendations and tools to help patients mitigate exposure to harmful environmental chemicals, radiation, and other stressors; limiting contact and maximizing innate biological detoxification pathways through the safe use of exercise, diet, and appropriate supplements. Of particular concern are the vulnerable periods of biological development, when harmful chemicals can have the most deleterious effects. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the care of young children and pregnant women. Whether chemical exposure comes from food additives and food
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20

Berrill, Andrew, Will Jones, and David Pegg. Regional anaesthesia of the trunk. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0053.

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Analgesia of the thorax and abdomen can be challenging. Surgical incisions are commonly associated with severe postoperative pain. Whilst continuous epidural analgesia remains the ‘gold standard’ in terms of postoperative pain relief after major surgery, there remain concerns regarding rare serious side effects. It has been difficult to demonstrate conclusive evidence of improvement in outcomes when epidural analgesia is used. Superior pain relief and a reduction in postoperative respiratory morbidity are, however, clear advantages of regional anaesthesia. Interest has increased in techniques
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21

Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Dermatology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0004.

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Over the past 50 years, there have been great advances in our understanding of skin biology and the aetiopathogenesis of skin diseases, and in the development of treatments for these. Immunosuppression for use in cutaneous infection, the use of antibiotics and corticosteroids in the reduction of morbidities in skin conditions, and an increasing understanding of molecular pathways, among a range of other developments, have allowed for rapid progression in the treatment of dermatological conditions. Carefully designed studies have been vital in the development of treatment; however, clinical obs
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22

Weil, Andrew. Integrative Environmental Medicine. Edited by Aly Cohen and Frederick S. vom Saal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.001.0001.

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Integrative Environmental Medicine looks at the history and changing landscape of environmental issues in the United States, including water supply, air quality, extensive plastic pollution, harmful chemicals in cleaning and personal care products, radiofrequency radiation, food additives, pesticides, and medications. The unique properties of compounds such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals are explored along with their ability to disturb the body’s normal signaling pathways, genetic profile, and gut microbiome. Resulting molecular derangements promote thyroid and other autoimmune diseases, di
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23

Goligorsky, Michael S., Julien Maizel, Radovan Vasko, May M. Rabadi, and Brian B. Ratliff. Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0221.

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In the intricate maze of proposed mechanisms, modifiers, modulators, and sensitizers for acute kidney injury (AKI) and diverse causes inducing it, this chapter focuses on several common and undisputable strands which do exist.Structurally, the loss of the brush border, desquamation of tubular epithelial cells, and obstruction of the tubular lumen are commonly observed, albeit to various degrees. These morphologic hallmarks of AKI are accompanied by functional defects, most consistently reflected in the decreased glomerular filtration rate and variable degree of reduction in renal blood flow, a
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24

Jaramillo, Marcela, and Valentina Saavedra. NDC Invest: Supporting Transformational Climate Policy and Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003340.

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The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that meeting the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting the global temperature rise from pre-industrial levels to between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius requires reaching net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) between 2050 and 2070, as well as deep reductions in the emissions of other greenhouse gases by around mid-century (GHGs) (IPCC, 2018). At the same time countries need to build resilience to face the changes that cannot be avoided. NDC Invest was created as the one-stop-shop of the IDB Group providing technical and financial supp
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25

Scadding, John. Neuropathic pain. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0386.

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Pain signalled by a normal sensory system, nociceptive pain, serves a vital protective function. The peripheral and central nervous somatosensory systems permit rapid localization and identification of the nature of painful stimuli, prior to appropriate action to minimize or avoid potentially tissue damaging events. A reduction or absence of pain resulting from neurological disease emphasizes the importance of this normal protective function of pain. For example, tissue destruction occurs frequently in peripheral nerve diseases which cause severe sensory loss such as leprosy, and in central di
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