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1

Rafi’ie, Muhammad, I. Wayan Pastika, and Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini. "Types of Indonesian Reduplication as The Translation Equivalence of English Lexicons." Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana 25, no. 1 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ling.2018.v25.i01.p03.

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This journal entitled Types of IndonesianReduplication as the Translation Equivalence of English Lexiconsinvestigates the types of Indonesian reduplications and how the English lexicons are translated in Indonesian reduplications. The data of the research is drawn from an English narrative textbook “The Magic” (Byrne, 2012) and its translation version in Indonesian “The Magic” (Purwoko, 2012). 
 
 This study reveals three types of reduplications with their own distinctive forms and varieties on meaning implications, namely: full reduplication, partial reduplication, and imitative reduplication. Full reduplication consists of four sub-categories, namely: reduplication of simple words, reduplication of complex words, reduplication of bases within a complex word, and reduplication without corresponding single bases. 
 
 The results of the research show that meaning is structured and therefore, it can be analyzed and represented into another language. English inflectional and derivational morphology can correspond productively to Indonesian reduplications. A menu of affixes of both English and Indonesian are the corresponding features of the morphological processes and the meaning components involvedin the translation equivalence analysis. The translation equivalence is then established by textual equivalence and formal correspondence or by contextual relations of the contextual meaning and relatable situational features of grammatical functions of the English lexicons into Indonesian reduplications.
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2

Schwaiger, Thomas. "The relation between prototypical and marginal morphology : the case of reduplicative constructions." Linguistica 51, no. 1 (2011): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.51.1.121-134.

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The article investigates a paradigm case of a borderline phenomenon in linguistic analysis: constructions in which linguistic material is meaningfully iterated (or repeated) and their relation to prototypical and marginal areas of morphology. The fuzzy state of affairs prevailing in this research area is described and a survey of relevant and irrelevant iteration phenomena is undertaken. The discussion finally narrowing in on morphological reduplication, the data dealt with (mostly) come from the typologically oriented Graz Database on Reduplication (gdr). In light of certain data encountered there (i.e. reduplicative imperatives and a pragmatically emphatic vowel copying construction), the morphological process of reduplication is further differentiated, the general term reduplicative construction (Moravcsik 1978) thereby being endowed with a special meaning subsuming both prototypical and marginal instances of the process under scrutiny, couching the investigation into a morphological framework along lines similar to those proposed by Zwicky/Pullum (1987) and Dressler (2000). The study concludes with a tentative general picture of repetition phenomena in language in which grammaticalization theory can comprehensively account for such constructions that linguistically range from discourse to morphology. Finally, the potential benefit of the present approach for any typological undertaking in the realm of the reduplication process is highlighted.
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3

Downing, Laura J. "Eric Raimy (2000). The phonology and morphology of reduplication. (Studies in Generative Grammar 52.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Pp. viii+200." Phonology 18, no. 3 (2001): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675701004146.

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The theory of reduplication developed in this book distinguishes itself from most recent work in reduplication in important ways. First of all, it adopts the Distributed Morphology framework (Halle & Marantz 1993, 1994, Noyer 1997) and a derivational, rule-based approach to reduplication (and to phonology in general). It explicitly argues against parallel, surface-based models of prosodic morphology, like Optimality Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1993, Prince & Smolensky 1993, etc.). Further, the analyses proposed in the book reject the proposal, current since McCarthy & Prince (1986), that the shape of reduplicative morphemes (like other fixed-shape morphemes) is constrained to be (roughly) equivalent to a prosodic constituent, syllable or foot. The book is organised as follows. After a brief introduction in Chapter 1 outlining the goals of the book, Chapter 2 introduces enough of the theory to show how backcopying in reduplication, argued since Wilbur (1973) to be impossible to account for without reference to reduplicative surface-identity effects, can be handled in a derivational framework. Chapter 3, the longest chapter, discusses the technical details of the theory in more detail and goes on to show how the fixed shape and unmarked featural and prosodic structure typical of reduplicative morphemes can be accounted for without reference to either prosodic structure or general markedness. The fourth and final chapter discusses in more detail theoretical issues raised in earlier chapters, like how this approach defines markedness of reduplication patterns and avoids reduplication-specific mechanisms. The review discusses each of these points in turn.
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4

Setyaningsih, Yuliana, and R. Kunjana Rahardi. "REDUPLICATION OF WORD CLASS OF INDONESIAN PROSEDIC MORPHOLOGY: TOWARDS A SEMANTICO-PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE." Jurnal Kata 4, no. 1 (2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/kata.v4i1.5249.

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<p><em>This research is meant to describe reduplication of word classes in prosedic morphology in the perspective of semantico-pragmatics. This research data is in the form of reduolication of closed class words in the use of language in the mass media. The substantive data source of this research is in the form of text in which there are data in the form of reduplicative forms. The locational data source is the national mass media, i.e. Net TV both print and electronic, which can be reached by the research team around the time of research. After the data is classified and properly verified, the next step is the analysis and interpretation of the data. The analytical method applied is a distributional method with techniques for direct elements. Finally, the results of the analysis and interpretation of the data are presented in an informal method. The results showed that the most dominant reduplication occurred in closed word classes in Indonesian in the mass media was adverb reduplication. In this study, adjective reduplication was also quite significant, even though it was not the case with adverb reduplication and verb reduplication. Reduplication of nouns occupies the least significant portion.</em> <em>In terms of meanings, research in a semantico-pragmatic perspective rather than semantic linguistics is purely necessary to continue to be pursued so that new perspectives can be born in researching language.</em></p>
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5

Mutaka, Ngessimo, and Larry M. Hyman. "Syllables and morpheme integrity in Kinande reduplication." Phonology 7, no. 1 (1990): 73–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001123.

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Within the expanding framework of non-linear morphology, no wordformation process has sparked more interest than reduplication. Once relegated to a secondary status with a few examples, reduplication has now arrived centre stage as a testing ground for alternative theories of multitiered morphology and phonology. The innovative work of McCarthy (1981) and Marantz (1982) on this subject has laid the groundwork for subsequent formal treatments of reduplication, including Levin (1983), Broselow & McCarthy (1984), Clements (1985), Odden & Odden (1985), Schlindwein (1986, 1988), McCarthy & Prince (forthcoming), Kiparsky (1986), Mester (1986) and Steriade (1988), among others. These varying accounts of reduplication have been tested against a large and growing body of data from most parts of the world. Surprising to us, however, since every Bantu language we are familiar with has one or more reduplicative processes, relatively little attention has been focused on this rather large linguistic group of several hundred languages coverin a major part of the African continent.
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6

Ayuningtias, Niza. "ANALISIS REDUPLIKASI KATA KERJA DALAM KALIMAT BAHASA MANDARIN." GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 4, no. 1 (2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47269/gb.v4i1.54.

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Morphology is part of linguistic study about morpheme and analysing structure and classification of words.There are two kinds of morphemes. They are free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is amorpheme that can stand alone as a word. While bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone as aword or needs other morphemes. The process discussing about words in morphology is called morphemicprocess or morphology process. Reduplication is a kind of morphemic process. There are one reduplications(reduplication of verb) discussed in this research. The purpose of this research is to describe patterns ofmorphemic reduplication in Mandarin sentences. The theory used in this research is structural morphologytheory from Ramlan an instrument to analyze the data. Structural morphology is a kind of linguistics discussabout the structure and the process of word formation. The method used in this research is qualitative researchmethod which describes about structures and patterns of morphemic reduplication in Mandarin. Based on theresults of the analysis can be seen that the reduplication of verbs there is repetition of the whole and there is alsoa repetition in combination with affix. The pattern of verb reduplication is the repetition of the monosilabelverb has AA pattern, the repetition of infected verbs has A N A pattern and the repetition of the verbs dislabikhas an ABAB pattern AbstrakMorfologi adalah bagian linguistik yang mempelajari morfem serta menganalisis struktur, bentuk,dan klasifikasi kata-kata. Ada dua jenis morfem, yaitu morfem bebas dan morfem terikat. Morfembebas secara morfemis adalah morfem yang dapat berdiri sendiri, sedangkan morfem terikat adalahmorfem yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri dan membutuhkan morfem lainnya. Proses morfemis salahsatu di antaranya adalah proses reduplikasi. Reduplikasi yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalahreduplikasi kata kerja. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis danpola-pola reduplikasi morfemis dalam kalimat bahasa Mandarin. Teori yang digunakan dalampenelitian adalah teori morfologi struktural oleh Ramlan sebagai alat untuk menganalisis datayang ada. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif yangbersifat deskriptif dengan memaparkan jenis-jenis dan pola-pola reduplikasi morfemis bahasaMandarin. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa pada reduplikasi kata kerja terdapatpengulangan seluruh dan ada juga yang mengalami pengulangan yang berkombinasi denganafiks. Pola reduplikasi kata kerja yaitu pengulangan kata kerja monosilabel memiliki pola AA,pengulangan kata kerja berinfiks memiliki pola ANA dan pengulangan kata kerja dislabik memilikipola ABABKata kunci : morfologi, morfem, reduplikasi kata kerja
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7

Yulsafli, Yulsafli. "REDUPLICATION IN THE LOCAL LANGUAGE PAK-PAK BOANG SUBULUSSALAM CITY, ACEH PROVINCE, INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun 4, no. 1 (2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v4i1.87.

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This paper examined the reduplication of Pak–Pak Boang language which consists of many reduplication, the speakers of the language are situated in the Rundeng, Subulussalam, Aceh Province. The research aspects to explore are types of reduplication and the forms produced through the reduplication of the language. The purpose of this paper is to describe the types and forms of Pak-Pak Boang language. The method applied in this research was qualitative descriptive, where the data gained through recording, documentary study, and introspection. The result of the findings showed that Pak-Pak Boang language reduplication consisted of four types: Phonology, syntaxes, semantics, and morphology reduplication. The second finding revealed that the reduplication forms were Dwilingga, Dwipurwa, Dwiwasana, and trilingga reduplication, while the process to form reduplication consisted of seven ways: Adjective, Verb, noun, Pronoun, Adverb, Interrogative, and Number reduplication.
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8

Kouwenberg, Silvia, and Darlene LaCharité. "The typology of Caribbean Creole reduplication." Creoles and Typology 26, no. 1 (2011): 194–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26.1.07kou.

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Although many aspects of Creole languages remain relatively unexplored, the morphology of Creole languages has been especially neglected. This is largely because it is still widely believed that Creoles have very little in the way of morphology, even compared to an inflection-poor language such as English. Moreover, the morphology that Creoles do have is often assumed to be quite similar from one Creole language to another and is further thought to be predictable and transparent. However, there is an emerging body of research on Pidgin and Creole morphology showing that the hypothesis of semantic transparency and regularity in Creole morphology does not stand up to scrutiny. The purpose of this paper is to explore the typological characteristics of morphological reduplication in Caribbean Creole (CC) languages, and to assess these characteristics against this background. To this purpose, we will examine reduplication in a sample of CC languages of different lexifiers (Dutch, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish), with respect to their form, semantics and distribution. Our research confirms that morphological reduplication is not uniform across these languages. Moreover, it shows that reduplication is surprisingly complex within a single language.
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9

Vajda, Edward J. "The Phonology and Morphology of Reduplication (review)." Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de linguistique 48, no. 1 (2003): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjl.2004.0015.

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10

Nevins, Andrew. "The Phonology and Morphology of Reduplication (review)." Language 78, no. 4 (2002): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0048.

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11

Spring, Cari. "Unordered Morphology: The Problem of Axininca Reduplication." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 16, no. 2 (1990): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v16i2.1675.

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12

Ziomek, Paweł. "Corpus-based Analysis of Verbal and Nominal Reduplication in Colloquial Singapore English." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 29/2 (2020): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.29.2.03.

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Reduplication has always been an important subject of morphology and language typology. Cross-linguistic studies have identified 45 functions of reduplication in 108 languages. Total reduplication is recognised as productive and systematic in Colloquial Singapore English (CSE), possibly due to language contact. The paper aims to present the cases of verbal and nominal reduplication in CSE described in the linguistic literature, and juxtapose them with the examples from the Singapore component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-SIN), which seem to be indicative of discrepancies in form and functions.
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13

Stonham, John. "Nuuchahnulth Double Reduplication and Stratal Optimality Theory." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 52, no. 1-2 (2007): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004217.

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AbstractMultiple reduplication is rare: the most often cited case is that of Salish double reduplication, which has been analyzed within the framework of Optimality Theory. For this reason, the simple and double reduplication processes found in Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) have theoretically interesting consequences for current models of morphology. This article demonstrates that Nuuchahnulth double reduplication challenges the standard, parallelist optimality theoretic account. An alternative analysis in terms of Stratal Optimality Theory is presented: the multistratal model is argued to be superior to the mono-stratal one, as the latter misses generalizations and fails to make correct predictions.
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14

Alderete, John, Jill Beckman, Laura Benua, Amalia Gnanadesikan, John McCarthy, and Suzanne Urbanczyk. "Reduplication with Fixed Segmentism." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 3 (1999): 327–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554101.

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Fixed segmentism is the phenomenon whereby a reduplicative morpheme contains segments that are invariant rather than copied. We investigate it within Optimality Theory, arguing that it falls into two distinct types, phonological and morphological. Phonological fixed segmentism is analyzed under the OT rubric of emergence of the unmarked. It therefore has significant connections to markedness theory, sharing properties with other domains where markedness is relevant and showing context-dependence. In contrast, morphological fixed segmentism is a kind of affixation, and so it resembles affixing morphology generally. The two types are contrasted, and claims about impossible patterns of fixed segmentism are developed.
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15

Ponsonnet, Maïa. "Expressive values of reduplication in Barunga Kriol (northern Australia)." Morphology and emotions across the world's languages 42, no. 1 (2018): 226–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.00009.pon.

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Abstract This article describes the semantic values of reduplication in Barunga Kriol – an English-based creole of northern Australia –, with a focus on its expressive functions. Barunga Kriol reduplication has two types of functions. Its most frequent meaning is aspectual atelicity. In addition, it has a number of expressive meanings and connotations: hypocoristic usages; descriptions of children’s games and imitations; and a softening role in imperatives and reprimands. Contrary to the aspectual value of reduplication which is iconically motivated, expressive values are motivated by the pragmatic association of reduplication with children. Expressive uses of reduplication in Borunge are rarer and less regular than the grammaticalized aspectual uses, which are very frequent. Aspectual reduplication is optional most of the time, so that explaining its actual distribution in discourse is a complicated matter. This article shows that this distribution can often be explained in the view of the expressive values of reduplication (some of them also conveyed by affixal evaluative morphology in the Australian languages that have been replaced by this creole). Thus, taking into account the expressive dimension of reduplication contributes significantly to the linguistic analysis of the grammaticalized aspectual function of reduplication.
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M. Al Tameem, P. H. D. Ibtihal. "Translating Reduplication in Some Selected Verses of the Glorious Qur’an into English." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 59, no. 3 (2020): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v59i3.1148.

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Reduplication can be defined as a morphological process where the root or stem of a word (or part of it) is repeated exactly or with a slight change. It can be found in many world languages with various types and uses. This paper investigates reduplication in terms of phonology, morphology, and semantics in some selected verses of the Glorious Qur’an concerning its kinds and its translation into English. The main problem of the present research is concerned with the way of translating reduplication concerning the Glorious Quran. Different interpretations of reduplication are adopted to show the efficiency and the rhetorical functions of these forms. More specifically, four translations of Pickthall, Yusuf Ali, Shakir, and Arberry are examined to find the strategies and methods used to translate reduplication accurately and appropriately. It is concluded that some translators succeeded in translating reduplication, whereas others could maintain neither the functions nor the impacts of such forms in English. However, it is challenging to render reduplication phonologically and morphologically into English due to the eloquence and inimitability of the Glorious Qur’an.
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17

Nagaya, Naonori. "Reduplication and repetition from a constructionist perspective." Belgian Journal of Linguistics, Volume 34 (2020) 34 (December 31, 2020): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00051.nag.

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Abstract In the typological literature, a distinction is often drawn between reduplication (as a morphological process) and repetition (as a syntactic process) (Gil 2005). This squib reconsiders this distinction from the perspective of Construction Morphology (Booij 2010, 2018; Masini and Audring 2019). Drawing upon previously understudied phenomena in Tagalog, an Austronesian language of the Philippines, this paper demonstrates that the Construction Morphology approach provides a suitable framework for analyzing reduplication and repetition. It makes it possible to account for both similarities and differences between reduplication and repetition: both processes create a lexical unit with an iterative form and a conventionalized meaning, although they differ in the size and complexity of the lexical unit they create. Furthermore, this paper makes a strong case for the basic tenets of constructionist approaches, including a hierarchical lexicon and a lexicon-grammar continuum.
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Hammond, Michael. "Heavy trochees in Choctaw morphology." Phonology 10, no. 2 (1993): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000087.

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The theory of prosodic morphology (McCarthy & Prince 1986, 1990, 1993) maintains that various operations in morphology can refer to only a fixed set of prosodic categories. These operations include reduplication, infixation and various templatic systems. The prosodic categories are exhaustively listed in (1):This is an extremely constrained theory, as it limits a wide variety of operations to just this list of eight types.
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Nurhayati, Iin, and Sutiono Mahdi. "REDUPLICATION IN SUNDANESE LANGUAGE." AICLL: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 1, no. 1 (2018): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/aicll.v1i1.32.

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Linguistically speaking, Sundanese has a wide range of reduplicated words and as well delivers different meaning in a different words form wherever it be added by suffixes, infixes, or prefixes. This research try to presents and classify kinds of reduplication in Sundanese, in which stage they belong and how they can be different or not semantically and morphologically, and how they can presumably be similiar or different from one another. The data collection will involve correspondence to be asked about some word that can be reduplicated, using semantics and morphology as the approach to see the occurrence. Based on the data that has been investigated and classified, Sundanese reduplication can be applicable to all semantics properties. Thus, if Augmentation can be expressed by Sudanese reduplication, so does Diminution. On the other hand, if intensification can also be expressed by means of reduplication in Sudanese, so attenuation can also be expressed by Sudanese reduplication. Also if Sudanese root word is bound by affixation whether it be in prefix, infix, or suffix, its lexical and grammatical meaning can changed.
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Siregar, Iskandarsyah. "Analysis of Betawi Language Interference on the Morphology of Adolescent Speech in Jakarta." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 3, no. 8 (2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2021.3.8.7.

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This research aims to identify the interference of Betawi language elements to the morphological variables of adolescent speech in Jakarta. The present study uses a qualitative method approach using descriptive analysis techniques. The subjects in the current study were adolescents who were in Jakarta. The data analyzed in this study are words in a sentence that interfered with the Betawi language, which contained aspects of affixation, reduplication, composition, and acronyms. The research findings indicate a Betawi language morphological interference to the morphological variables of speech from the aspects of affixation and reduplication. The results of other studies indicate that there is a Betawi language morphological interference to the morphological variables of speech from the affixation aspect, namely, words affixed with prefixes, suffixes, and confixes. The Betawi language morphological interference with the morphology of speech from the reduplication aspect, namely, dwilingga, can also be seen. The researcher did not find any Betawi language morphological interference to the morphology of speech from the aspects of composition and on the acronym teenagers speak in Jakarta.
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Garrett, Andrew. "Reduplication and Infixation in Yurok: Morphology, Semantics, and Diachrony." International Journal of American Linguistics 67, no. 3 (2001): 264–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/466460.

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22

Sun, Jingtao. "Progressive Reduplication in Old Chinese." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2008): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-90000046.

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On the basis of an extensive investigation into ancient texts, this paper analyzes the semantic motivation and the corresponding phonological alternation in the process of changing from a monosyllabic form to a disyllabic form, discovering that there is a progressive pattern of reduplication in Old Chinese, which mainly conveys either diminutive meaning or vivid description. This research has been carried out based on the following principles: 1) pay close attention to the interaction between phonology and morphology; 2) try to recover the particular semantic relationship between the base and the reduplication form; 3) seek both phonological and sematic conditions for the derivational liquid consonant as well as its variants; 4) make comparison with the parallel cases in modern dialects; 5) make use of achievements in the phonological research of Old Chinese.
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BOND, OLIVER. "Negation through reduplication and tone: implications for the Lexical Functional Grammar/Paradigm Function Morphology interface." Journal of Linguistics 52, no. 2 (2015): 277–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000134.

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Morphological marking of negation through verbal reduplication and tone is a typologically rare phenomenon attested in Eleme (Niger-Congo; Nigeria). Using Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) and Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM) to model first-hand data, I argue that reduplication is not a direct exponent of negation in Eleme, but an asemantic morphomic process, indirectly associated with the presence of a negative polarity feature in LFG’s m(orphological)-structure. While negative verb forms of this kind are typologically unusual, the data can be explained by independently motivated morphology-internal principles. The empirical facts thereby provide support for an m-structure, characterised by its own principles and rules, which interfaces with a bifurcated lexicon that separates content from form.
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Marfo, Charles Ofosu. "THE MORPHOPHONOLOGY OF THE AKAN REDUPLICATED VERB-FORM." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 6 (November 12, 2013): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v6i0.143.

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This paper discusses the interaction between constituent formation and alteration of sounds (i.e., morphophonology) in Akan reduplicated verb-forms. Specifically, we strive to look into two issues; the morphology of reduplicated verb stems and how the morphological manifestation(s) affect certain target sounds. With its morphology, we observe that reduplication of the Akan verb-stem is generally total and, through the Morphological Doubling Theory (Inkelas 2005; Inkelas and Zoll 2005), reduplication of Akan verb-stems is viewed as the double (or multiple) occurrence of a morphological constituent meeting a particular morpho-semantic description. That is to say, while there could be differences in structure between the reduplicant and the base, they are subject to a common phonology that determines a resulting shape of an output. With morphophonology, we observe that three issues are relevant in the discussion of the phonology of the reduplicated verbs in Akan. These are the application of vowel harmony, vowel shift in terms of height, and the realization of tonal semblance. Through thorough discussions, the paper finally explains that reduplication of verb-stems in Akan is morphophonologically driven.
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Ótott-Kovács, Eszter. "Double evidential morphology in Turkish." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (2021): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5011.

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Turkish and Bulgarian both have “double evidential” constructions, which seem to contain reiterated evidential morphemes. This paper, focusing on Turkish data, shows that despite the morphological similarity between the indirect evidential -mIş and the “second” -mIş, double evidentials are not an instance of reduplication. Instead, I propose based on morphological evidence (separability of suffixes, morphological spell-out of related Turkic languages) and semantic evidence (the “second” -mIş introduces a new indexical, the Evaluator) that the second -mIş is the spell-out of a distinct syntactic head, which I call Dubitative.
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최재훈. "Semantically Vacuous Semantic Reduplication in Korean: A Distributed Morphology Analysis." Korean Journal of Linguistics 44, no. 2 (2019): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2019.44.2.007.

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27

Arregi, Karlos, and Andrew Nevins. "Beware Occam’s Syntactic Razor: Morphotactic Analysis and Spanish Mesoclisis." Linguistic Inquiry 49, no. 4 (2018): 625–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00286.

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Harris and Halle (2005) present a framework (Generalized Reduplication) that unites the treatment of phonological reduplication and metathesis with similar phenomena in morphology, thereby accounting for the apparently spurious placement of the imperative plural - n in mesoclitic Spanish forms such as hága-lo-n ‘Do it!’, in which clitic lo is sandwiched between the verbal stem and the plural suffix. Kayne (2010) has challenged their analysis, arguing that such cases should be treated purely within the syntax. We reassess some of Kayne’s arguments, agreeing with his conclusion that the most important desideratum of any general analysis of such phenomena is restrictiveness. However, we contend that greater restrictiveness can be achieved through morphotactic constraints and repairs in the Generalized Reduplication formalism, triggered by a Noninitiality constraint on the positioning of the plural affix, and we develop constraints on these operations that situate interspeaker variation within the postsyntactic component.
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Bendjaballah, Sabrina, and Chris H. Reintges. "Ancient Egyptian verbal reduplication: typology, diachrony, and the morphology–syntax interface." Morphology 19, no. 2 (2009): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-009-9138-5.

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Nevins, Andrew Ira. "Overwriting Does Not Optimize in Nonconcatenative Morphology." Linguistic Inquiry 36, no. 2 (2005): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0024389053710693.

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Overwriting is modeled in Optimality Theory as a competition for a position within the derivational base (Alderete et al. 1999, Ussishkin 1997). Faithfulness constraints that are evaluated on the basis of segment counting predict a typology of languages in which (a) optimization dictates that the relative size of the affixal material determines whether it will win out and “overwrite” the base, and (b) optimization ensures that if both the affix and base material can surface without incurring phonotactic violations, this should be optimal. Both predictions are wrong. Hebrew denominal verb formation and Hindi echo reduplication demonstrate cases of nonconcatenative derivation in which overwriting is better understood as rule-induced change.
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30

Gonçalves, Carlos Alexandre. "Prosody and morphology." Journal of Speech Sciences 5, no. 2 (2021): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/joss.v5i2.15070.

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This text describes the lower units of the prosodic hierarchy (syllables, moraes and feet) to illustrate how these constituents are used by a branch of Morphology called Prosodic Morphology (McCarthy & Prince, 1986 et seq.). It seeks to present the theoretical principles of this type of approach, as well as the advantages of incorporating aspects of the prosodic structure into the morphological description. This paper focuses mainly on a variety of ways in which morphological systems can use this type of phonological structure and it shows the relevance of syllables, moraes and feet in the description of inflexion and word formation processes in natural languages. Finally, it shows that some Portuguese phenomena, such as clipping ('biju' for „bijuteria‟, “imitation jewelry”; „refri‟ for „refrigerante, “soft drink”) and reduplication ('chororô', “excessive crying”) can be satisfactorily described by this model. The idea of the paper is to show that the prosodymorphology "partnership" worked well, managing to solve a series of problems that had hitherto been unanswered or badly solved in morphological literature.
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Supadi, Supadi. "PENYUSUNAN TATA BAHASA MELAYU BENGKULU." Diksa : Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 1, no. 2 (2015): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/diksa.v1i2.3184.

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The purpose of this research is to arrange Bengkulu Malay Grammar. Research method used in this research was descriptive method. Observation, interview, recording and writing on data carts were techniques used in collecting data. Distributional analysis method was used in this research. The results of this research indicate that from the point of phonology, there is a minimum pair, for example: /c/ and /d/ in /capek/ ‘tired’ and /dapek/ ‘to get’ /m/ and /b/ on /male/ ‘lazy’ and /bale/ ‘revenge’ ; consonant distribution and vowel, for example: [p] on [pai] ‘go’ and [dapek] ‘to get’, [idup] ‘life’, [i] on [iko] ‘ini’, [bini] ‘istri’, [aRi] ‘day’; semivowel, for example duo [duwo] ‘two’, dia [diyo] ‘he/she’. From the point of morphology studied were reduplication, morphophonemic, and word cluster. Reduplication was grouped into two categories, firstly total reduplication, for example, cepek-cepek ‘in a rush’ and secondly part reduplication, for example, termenung-menung, and ‘meditate’. The studied morphophonemic is a phoneme change, for example, N- + baco mbaco ‘to read’ and phoneme adding, for example, N- + cat ngecat ‘ to paint’. Word cluster in this research covers nominal adjectival, adverbial, numerical, verb, pronominal, preposition, conjunction, interrogative, and interjection. From the point of syntax studied were clause, sentence. The studied sentences in this research include informational, interrogative, command, and negation, active and passive sentence.
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Kallergi, Haritini. "Total Reduplication as a category of expressives." Why and How of Total Reduplication: Current Issues and New Perspectives 39, no. 4 (2015): 873–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.4.04kal.

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Total Reduplication (henceforth TR) of the type exemplified by Modern Greek aspros aspros ‘white white’ “very white” and vima vima ‘step step’ “step by step” has an expressive dimension, mainly in that it is an optional strategy and it almost always has pragmatic connotations and effects (e.g. making a narration more vivid) (see, e.g., Zwicky & Pullum 1987; Beard & Volpe 2005). This paper poses the question whether TR can be viewed as a category of constructions that exclusively serve as expressive markers in Modern Greek (MG). I discuss the arguments and counterarguments to the idea that TR in MG can be described as a process of “expressive morphosyntax”, in parallel to Zwicky & Pullum’s (1987) notion of “expressive morphology” (which mainly refers to processes such as play languages, ideophones, and schm-reduplication). I also refer to a wide range of criteria of expressivity (involving functional as well as formal characteristics of expressives) in the relevant literature. The discussion points to an incomplete overlap between typical categories of expressives and TR. It also clarifies the senses in which TR is “expressive” and touches on issues of the status of TR in the grammar.
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Veysi, Elkhas, and Farangis Abbaszadeh. "The Templatic Syllable Patterns of Reduplication and Stem-affixing Inflections in the Classical Arabic Based on Prosodic Morphology Theory." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 11 (2016): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0611.18.

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A morpheme, is a set of feature matrices dominated by a single node. Reduplication or gemination is one of the productive morphological processes which have been studied inclusively in different languages and in the frame of different linguistic theories like Generative Grammar, Optimality Theory and Minimalist Program. McCarthy's prosodic theory is justified by an analysis of the formal properties of the system of verbal processes like reduplication are the primary or sole morphological operations. This theory of nonconcatenative morphology recognizing the root as a discontinuous constituent. Under the prosodic model, a morphological category which characteristically reduplicates simply stipulates an output template composed of vowel and consonant. Consonantal roots and vocalic melodies in Arabic, although they contain bundles of the same distinctive features, can nevertheless be represented on separate autosegmental tiers. This ensures that the association conventions for melodies can operate independently on these two tiers. Association of autosegments from different tiers to the same segments will be subject to the natural restriction that no segment receives multiple associations for the same nontonal feature.
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 , Prihantoro. "An evaluation of MorphInd's morphological annotation scheme for Indonesian." Corpora 16, no. 2 (2021): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0221.

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MorphInd 2 ( Larasati et al., 2011 ) is a state-of-the-art morphological analyser for Indonesian. To date, there has not been any comprehensive evaluation of the morphological annotation scheme which MorphInd implements. My evaluation of this annotation scheme reveals a number of significant drawbacks. Some analytical features encoded in MorphInd's tagset seem not to reflect features actually present in Indonesian morphology, while certain common features in the analysis of Indonesian are absent. Likewise, the Part of Speech (pos) hierarchy in the MorphInd tagset does not reflect the usual pos hierarchy used by Indonesian reference grammars. Moreover, the MorphInd output does not link morphological tags to the corresponding morpheme. Finally, a number of issues which might problematise text/corpus querying in the annotation's layout are observable, particularly relating to affixes, reduplication, and the affix–reduplication interface.
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Sari, Ayu Puspita Indah, and Midra Azrianti Harahap. "ANALISIS INTERFERENSI GRAMATIKAL DALAM TEKS BIOGRAFI SISWA." Jurnal Ilmiah Bina Edukasi 12, no. 01 (2019): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/jedukasi.v12i01.484.

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This research is motivated by the use of language in students' biographical texts. The problem in this research is how the form of grammatical interference in Indonesian language in the biographical text of class X students of SMA Negeri 1 Palembang and what factors are the causes of the grammatical interference of Indonesian in the biography of students. The results of this study indicate that the form of Indonesian grammatical interference in the biographical text of students in the level of morphology includes affixation, reduplication, and composition. In affixation, there is a form of interference with one word prefix, prefix 4 words, 1 word prefix, suffix + suffix 1 word, confix 4 words, confirm + suffix 1 word , confixing 1 word, confirming 1 word, clophyte 1 word, and clophyte in one word, while the reduplication and composition process is not found in the biographical text of the student. Factors that cause the occurrence of grammatical interference are the participant's bilingualism, the thinness of the recipient's language loyalty, and the practice of habits in the mother language.
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Lai, Yunfan, Xun Gong, Jesse P. Gates, and Guillaume Jacques. "Tangut as a West Gyalrongic language." Folia Linguistica 54, s41-s1 (2020): 171–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2020-0006.

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Abstract This paper proposes that Tangut should be classified as a West Gyalrongic language in the Sino-Tibetan/Trans-Himalayan family. We examine lexical commonalities, case marking, partial reduplication, and verbal morphology in Tangut and in modern West Gyalrongic languages, and point out nontrivial shared innovations between Tangut and modern West Gyalrongic languages. The analysis suggests a closer genetic relationship between Tangut and Modern West Gyalrongic than between Tangut and Modern East Gyalrongic. This paper is the first study that tackles the exact linguistic affiliation of the Tangut language based on the comparative method.
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Anggrisia, Nur Fitria. "Word Formation Process on Best Seller Food Brand Name in Grab and Go-Jek Application." JETLe (Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning) 1, no. 2 (2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jetle.v1i2.9154.

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This research aims at describing how bestseller food brand names in Grab and Go-Jek Application are created. To analyze the data found, the researchers applied English word formation in English morphology. The researchers used descriptive research. The data were bestseller food brands which found in Grab and Go-Jek Mobile Application. It is a kind of Application which provides delivery foods. The data were only taken from the 2019 period of those applications. The researcher found that the best seller food brand names in the Grab and Go-Jek application can be created by applying word formation such as compounding, borrowing, reduplication, abbreviation, acronym, and clipping.
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D.P.L Benany, Yohanes. "AN ANALYSIS SLANG LANGUAGE FOUND IN KELUARGA BESAR GROUP WHATSAPP." JURNAL ILMIAH BAHASA DAN SASTRA 6, no. 2 (2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jibs.v6i2.4269.

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This study was conducted to examine the types of slang words and the meaning of slang language used by members of Keluarga Besar group whatsapp. This research includes morphology and phonology. To find out types of slang in terms of phonology, Chrystal (1992) was employed to analyze the data. The researcher also used theory from Harimurti Kridaksana (1989) to analysis the tetun slang language in terms of morphology. From the analysis 17th September until 17th November 2019 used the theory from crystal (1992), it was found that from four types of slang languages in terms of phonology, there are three kinds of slang languages applied by the members of Keluarga Besar group whatsapp. 115 times of occurrence was found in their conversations, divided into: addition (15), replacement (2), sound transposition divided as: word reversal (80), PVB (14), insert one letter (2), sound change (2). While for morphology process,it was found that from four types of slang words in terms of morphology, there are two kinds of slang language applied by the members of Keluarga Besar group whatsapp. 13 times of occurrence was found in their conversations divided into: prefix (11), infix (1), and reduplication (2).
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RAIMY, ERIC. "Sharon Inkelas & Cheryl Zoll, Reduplication: doubling in morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. x+254." Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 2 (2006): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706284093.

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40

Syukur, Abdul. "RAGAM BAHASA GAUL DI PASAR DAN TERMINAL BOJONEGORO." EDU-KATA 5, no. 1 (2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/kata.v4i1.1009.

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This study aimed to describe the vocabulary based on change in the structure of the phonology, morphology, syntax and slang used bojonegoro society in the terminals and markets. Data collected by observation shaped tapping techniques, see, fishing rods and record. Method and data analysis is qualitative descriptive method and technique of distributional. The results of this study as follows. The first, phonological structure change slang. The second, the process of formation of morphologically vocabulary of slang include a) acronyms formed of two syllables beginning of the from the two words, two syllable the beginning of the two words, four syllables beginning of four words, b) affixation, c) reduplication d) inset –ok- e) suffix -ong and –ing vowel and consonant.
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41

Garrigues, Stephen L. "Mimetic Parallels in Korean and Japanese." Studies in Language 19, no. 2 (1995): 359–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19.2.03gar.

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Korean and Japanese are both known for their extensive utilization of mimetic adverbs. A comparative examination reveals the systematic nature of sound symbolism in the two languages and the striking parallels in their phonology and morphology. Similar mechanisms of symbolic sound alternation, suffixation and reduplication are utilized in both languages to extend the expressive range of mimetic words. The utilization of dark-bright vowel pairs in Korean mimesis is well known, and a comparison between the two languages shows that Japanese also makes use of similar patterns of mimetic volume pairs. Not only does a comparative approach help illuminate the full systematic nature of sound symbolism in each language, but it may also help further our understanding of the wider relationship between the two languages.
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Stolz, Thomas. "Sharon Inkelas & Cheryl Zoll,Reduplication. Doubling in morphology, (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 106), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005." Language Typology and Universals 60, no. 3 (2007): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/stuf.2007.60.3.266.

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43

Topintzi, Nina, and Andrew Nevins. "Moraic onsets in Arrernte." Phonology 34, no. 3 (2017): 615–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675717000306.

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The Australian language Arrernte has been argued by Breen & Pensalfini (1999) and Evans & Levinson (2009) to present a case of VC syllabification with coda maximisation, rather than CV syllabification with onset maximisation. In this paper we demonstrate that greater insights into a number of phenomena are achieved when they are analysed with CV syllabification and onset consonants that are moraic, a possibility independently proposed for a wide range of languages by Topintzi (2010). We review a range of evidence from phonetic studies, acquisition and musicology that points towards CV syllabification in Arrernte, and analyse allomorphy, stress assignment, reduplication and the transpositional language game ‘Rabbit Talk’ in terms of reference to moraic structure. The results lend themselves to new directions in the analysis of Arrernte, and provide further evidence for moraic onsets in prosodic morphology.
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Giyatmi, Giyatmi, Endang Dwi Hastuti, Ratih Wijayava, and Sihindun Arumi. "The Analysis of English Word Formations Used on Brand Names Found in Indonesian Products." Register Journal 7, no. 2 (2014): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v7i2.179-204.

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This research aims at describing how brand names with English inIndonesian products are created. To analyze the data found theresearchers applied English word formation in English morphology. Thisis a descriptive research. The data were brand names using English foundin Indonesian product which were taken from three supermarkets in Solonamely Hypermart Solo Grand Mall, Hypermart Gorro Assalam, andCarefur from February up to April 2010. The research found that thebrand names with English in Indonesian products can be created byapplying word formation such as compounding, blending, affixation,reduplication, onomatopoeia, abbreviation, acronym and clipping. Theprocess of compounding consists of pure compounding and modificationcompounding, The process of blending includes the first syllable of thefirst words and the first syllable of the second words, the first syllable ofthe first words and the second syllable from the front of the secondwords., the first words and the last syllables of the second words, the firstwords and two syllables from the front of the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the first syllable of thesecond words, the first words and the two last syllables from the back ofthe second words, and the first words and the first syllables of the second words. The affixation process covers prefixes pro-, -bio and suffixes –y, -er, -ness, -ish, and –s. The process of reduplication includes puremodification, modification with intensifier meaning and reduplicationwith sound change. The process of abbreviation found is pureabbreviation and acronym. The process of clipping includes the clippingof letter and syllables. Keywords: Brand names; English word formation
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Giyatmi, Giyatmi, Endang Dwi Hastuti, Ratih Wijayava, and Sihindun Arumi. "The Analysis of English Word Formations Used on Brand Names Found in Indonesian Products." Register Journal 7, no. 2 (2014): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v7i2.214.

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This research aims at describing how brand names with English inIndonesian products are created. To analyze the data found theresearchers applied English word formation in English morphology. Thisis a descriptive research. The data were brand names using English foundin Indonesian product which were taken from three supermarkets in Solonamely Hypermart Solo Grand Mall, Hypermart Gorro Assalam, andCarefur from February up to April 2010. The research found that thebrand names with English in Indonesian products can be created byapplying word formation such as compounding, blending, affixation,reduplication, onomatopoeia, abbreviation, acronym and clipping. Theprocess of compounding consists of pure compounding and modificationcompounding, The process of blending includes the first syllable of thefirst words and the first syllable of the second words, the first syllable ofthe first words and the second syllable from the front of the secondwords., the first words and the last syllables of the second words, the firstwords and two syllables from the front of the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the first syllable of thesecond words, the first words and the two last syllables from the back ofthe second words, and the first words and the first syllables of the second words. The affixation process covers prefixes pro-, -bio and suffixes –y, -er, -ness, -ish, and –s. The process of reduplication includes puremodification, modification with intensifier meaning and reduplicationwith sound change. The process of abbreviation found is pureabbreviation and acronym. The process of clipping includes the clippingof letter and syllables. Keywords: Brand names; English word formation
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Abdulrahman Almurashi, Wael. "A Simple Analysis and Critical Reflection of the Morphology and Syntax of Acehnese Language." Journal for the Study of English Linguistics 4, no. 1 (2016): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsel.v4i1.9249.

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<p>There are specific morphology and syntax rules that accompany every language and contribute to the uniqueness of each language. When people learn a new language, for example, they must apply the grammar rules associated with it if they want to be effective communicators. In Indonesia, within the province of Aceh, a good number of local languages are spoken. One such language, which the people living in the northern part of Sumatra, Indonesia, speak, is known as Acehnese. The major objective of this study is to conduct an evaluation and a critical reflection of Acehnese that will describe the language’s morphology and syntax in full detail. One native speaker studying for a Doctor of Philosophy at Adelaide University, by the name of Zulfadli Aziz, provided the data used for this research work. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols were utilised in identifying and transcribing all instances involved in the data. Regarding Acehnese morphology, several aspects have been explained in detail, namely, pronouns, tenses, plurality, reduplication, affixes, classifiers, and articles. This study also covers some aspects in term of syntax such as, word order, flexibility, and intonation. Many identifiable differences exist between Acehnese and Arabic, for instance, the word order in Arabic is verb-subject-object (VSO) whereas Acehnese has an SVO order. Furthermore, the paper makes recommendations that could easily be applied to make the experience of learning Acehnese easy.</p>
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Amalia, Dian Risky, Rizky Hidayatullah, Muhammad Saidun Anwar, and Irhamudin Irhamudin. "Interferensi Bahasa Indonesia ke dalam Bahasa Arab di Pondok Roudlatul Qur’an Metro Lampung." Attractive : Innovative Education Journal 1, no. 1 (2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51278/aj.v1i1.6.

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The aim of the study focuse on the interference of Indonesian into Arabic viewed from various aspects such as phonological aspects, morphology, syntax, lexicology, and the causes of such interference, namely about the first language interference of santri to their Arabic pronunciation in Rhoudhatul Qur'an Islamic Boarding School on in 2018. In essence, research is an attempt made to look deeply at the identity of the object of research. Because the object of language research cannot be present alone, without research. And the research that will be conducted is by describing the object of research. Using triangulation observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings obtained by the researcher are as follows: 1) Phonological interference occurs in the letters and letters of letters which results in deviations of meaning, Morphological interference occurs in reduplications that often occur in Indonesian, which results in reduplication in Arabic, in Arabic call it jama ', syntactic interference occurs when the word is decapitated freely in a sentence structure without knowing the elements of the language are standard or not in the rules of Indonesian, so that it adversely affects Arabic, lexicological interference occurs in compound words in Indonesian, whereas in Arabic not all words have compound words which consist of two words, semantic interference occurs in the use of language which deviates from its meaning due to differences between Indonesian and Arabic, Arabic has root words, whereas in Indonesian it does not all words have root words.2) The cause of interference is due to habits that have become cultural, tides ebb and control of language, lack of knowledge, and the difficulty of cultivating good language. Hopefully it can become a reference for further research.
 Key words: Interference, Indonesian, Arabic
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48

Iskandar, Ifan. "LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAMS STUDENTS’ TEXT MESSAGES TO THEIR LECTURERS." BAHTERA : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 19, no. 1 (2020): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bahtera.191.04.

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ABSTRACT
 This study aims to examine the linguistic features of English and Indonesian languages in students’ text messages sent to their lecturers. Content analysis is employed and the data are the linguistic features identified in 1,521 students’ text messages delivered to the lecturers. The findings confirm the results of the former studies in that the typographic features of emoticons, letter deletion, rebus writing, and phonetic spelling and morphological features of initialism, abbreviation, reduplication, truncation, and casual style of spoken dictions are employed—the features linguistically creating a special register called textese recognized by non-standard form or textisms. The mechanics of languages are featured by the lack of compliance with the conventional usage of full stops, commas, and capitals; even less than ten percent of spaces considered inevitably used are not conventionally emploed. Dominant uses of one-claused sentences feature the syntax of the languages. 
 
 Keywords: linguistic features, text messaging, typography, morphology, and syntax.
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49

Ariesta Cakadha Meganing, Ni Nyoman, I. Made Budiana, and I. Nyoman Rauh Artana. "Pembentukan dan Makna Gitaigo dalam Komik Handa Kun Karya Satsuki Yoshino." Jurnal SAKURA : Sastra, Bahasa, Kebudayaan dan Pranata Jepang 1, no. 2 (2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/js.2019.v01.i02.p05.

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The title of this research is “Formation and Meaning on Gitaigo of Handa Kun Comic by Satsuki Yoshino” that aimed to explain the forming process and meaning on gitaigo of Handa Kun comic 1-7 volume by Satsuki Yoshino. The problem in this research was analyzed by using formal method and informal technique. Gitaigo formation analysis used Japanese morphology theory by Tsujimura (1996) and characteristic of Japanese onomatopoeia by Akimoto (2002). While the gitaigo meaning analysis used semantic property theory by Chaer (2015a). The result of this research is on Handa Kun comic was found three types of gitaigo formation i.e. reduplication, affixation, and compounding. Furthermore, the characteristic of onomatopoeia that found are hanpuku, sokuon, choo’on, hatsuon, and -ri morpheme addition. Then, inheritance elements and additional elements was found in each gitaigo. Through additional elements found, there is an expansion meaning or constriction meaning can be known in the words that formed by gitaigo.
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Luo, Man, Li-Ke Jiang, Yao-Xiong Huang, Ming Xiao, Bo Li, and Guo-Lin Zou. "Effects of Citral on Aspergillus flavus Spores by Quasi-elastic Light Scattering and Multiplex Microanalysis Techniques." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 36, no. 4 (2004): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/36.4.277.

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Abstract Citral refined from Litsea cubeba oil has been found to have a strong influence on fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus. Multiplex microanalysis and quasi-elastic light scattering techniques were applied to study the effects of citral on Aspergillus flavus spores from the levels of membrane, organelle and intracellular macromolecule. It was found that citral injured the wall and the membrane of A. flavus spore, resulting in decrease of its elasticity. After entering the cell, citral not only influenced the genetic expression of mitochondrion reduplication and its morphology, but also changed the aggregation of protein-like macromolecules. As a result, cells, organelles and macromolecules lost their normal structures and functions, eventually leading to the loss of germination ability of A. flavus spores. Since Litsea cubeba oil as food additive and antifungal agent is safe and less poisonous, it is important to elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms of Litsea cubeba oil on the germination ability of A. flavus spore.
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