Journal articles on the topic 'Reduta Institute'

The article presents the history and principles of theatre education at Reduta in its successive forms: from Koło Adeptów [The Apprentice Circle], established in 1921, through the Reduta Institute, to Okop [The Trench], which was the last pre-war incarnation of the school. Based on documents and memoirs, the article discusses Reduta’s comprehensive and holistic model of education, in which regular theoretical classes were accompanied by practical and physical exercises. A crucial part of the education process was student participation in the theatre’s daily operations: rehearsals, preparation of stage productions, and tours. The aim of the school was to offer future artists comprehensive preparation for various theatre functions, as well as to produce ideologically engaged social activists, who consider serving the society through art as their primary task and mission. A comparison between Reduta’s schools and other educational initiatives confirms that in terms of scope, curriculum, work methods, practices, as well as atmosphere, the former were indeed pioneering and stood out from traditional pre-war drama teaching. Published as an appendix to the article is its source material: Juliusz Osterwa, Okop, edited and with an introduction by the author of the article. (Transl. Z. Ziemann)

The paper describes M. Demkovych-Dobrianskyi’s views on Ukrainian-Polish and Ukrainian-Jewish relations in historical perspective and his efforts to reach reconciliation between three nations after World War II. Mykhaylo Demkovych-Dobrianskyi, well-known Ukrainian publicist and historian, edited a few Ukrainian periodicals both in Lviv and during his immigration afterwards. Early in 1930s he published articles in different Western Ukrainian newspapers, in which he underlined the necessity for a constructive dialog with Poles. As a “Problemy” magazine editor in late 1940s, M. Dobrianskyi gave a start to the Ukrainian-Polish discussion in European media. During 1950–1970 he was the editor-in-charge of Ukrainian section of Radio Liberty (Munich). In 1950s he began showing his scientific interest toward the Jewish problematic. M. Dobriansky prepared a manuscript of a monograph research entitled “Jews in Ukraine. 14‒18 century”. The manuscript has never been published. Also the author presented a few articles dedicated to the Jewish-Ukrainian relations and the State of Israel. The interest in the Jewish question and Jewish history was a rare phenomenon among Ukrainian diaspora after World War II and many of M. Dobriansky’s thoughts were confronted by other foreign Ukrainians. During his stay in London M. Dobrianskyi was in contact with famous activists from Poland (A. Hermaszewski, J. Giedroyc, J. Iranek-Ośmiecki etc.) and Polish organizations established in postwar Europe (Eastern Institute “Reduta”, Polish-Ukrainian Society for Promotion of Friendship and Understanding, “Kultura” (Paris-based) magazine etc.). He is also the author of two monograph researches dedicated to Polish-Ukrainian relations “Ukraina i Polska”, “Potocki i Bobrzyński”. In his works M. Dobrianskyi always raised important issues, some of which are still presented in public agenda, especially an idea of Ukrainian-Polish alliance against Russian imperialism.

Esse artigo é um recorte do trabalho monográfico apresentado para a conclusão do Curso de Pós-Graduação Lato Senso em Educação Profissional e Técnica Integrada à Educação Básica na Modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos do Instituto Federal de Educação do Espírito Santo. Objetiva analisar a participação da mulher no Curso Técnico Integrado de Segurança do Trabalho do Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo Campus Vitória. Empreendeu-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho exploratório, com apresentação de estudo de caso. Foi utilizada para a produção dos dados a entrevista semi-estruturada aplicadas a oito (8) alunas, do 8º (oitavo) módulo do curso. Constatou-se que gradativamente, as mulheres estão vencendo barreiras e buscando inserirse no mercado de trabalho, em profissão que até pouco tempo era reduto masculino: atividades na área industrial. Também se averiguou que enfrentam condições adversas no seu cotidiano, persistindo ainda a desigualdade sexista nas relações escolares e familiares, que se traduzem ainda na subordinação da mulher ao homem. Foi comprovado, que as mesmas enfrentam dificuldades, em relação à família para estudarem e exercerem sua profissão, causadas pelo preconceito e por não terem assistência pública de apoio à infância.

La denominación, carácter y configuración de los estudios correspondientes a lo que hoy entendemos como enseñanza media, experimentaron numerosas transformaciones en los siglos XIX y XX. En este trabajo se presta atención a una de las materias incluidas en el currículo de estos estudios, de forma estable, en el primer tercio del siglo XX. Para ello, se toma como referencia su estudio en el Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de Logroño en ese mismo período.

In comparison with other regions, dementia prevalence in Latin America is growing rapidly, along with the consequent clinical, social, and economic burden upon patients and their families. The combination of fragile health care systems, large social inequalities, and isolated clinical and research initiatives makes the coordination of efforts imperative. The Latin America and the Caribbean Consortium on Dementia (LAC-CD) is a regional organization overseeing and promoting clinical and research activities on dementia. Here, we first provide an overview of the consortium, highlighting the antecedents and current mission. Then, we present the consortium’s regional research, including the multi-partner consortium to expand dementia research in Latin America (ReDLat), which aims to identify the unique genetic, social, and economic factors that drive Alzheimer’s and frontotemporal dementia presentation in LAC relative to the US. We describe an extension of ReDLat which aims to develop affordable markers of disease subtype and severity using high density EEG. We introduce current initiatives promoting regional diagnosis, visibility, and capacity, including the forthcoming launch of the Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat). We discuss LAC-CD-led advances in brain health diplomacy, including an assessment of responses to the impact of COVID-19 on people with dementia and examining the knowledge of public policies among experts in the region. Finally, we present the current knowledge-to-action framework, which paves the way for a future regional action plan. Coordinated actions are crucial to forging strong regional bonds, supporting the implementation of regional dementia plans, improving health systems, and expanding research collaborations across Latin America.

Este artículo da cuenta de algunos de los resultados obtenidos del Proyecto de Investigación DI-U. Chile MULT 04129-2 (2005-2006). En esta oportunidad, se analizan los cambios experimentados en el patrón de asentamiento de la población rural en tres comunas de la Región del Maule, como consecuencia delproceso de reasentamiento y concentración de la población rural en villorrios agrícolas surgidos en el contexto de la globalización de la economía con el apoyo del Estado a través de su política de vivienda social. Como información base se utilizan los datos censales de 1992 y 2002 a través del Programa Redatam; la cartografía regular del Instituto Geográfico Militar; el listado de Villorrios proporcionado por la Dirección de Obras, de cada Municipio y su constatación en terreno, además de la información levantada a través de entrevistas y encuestas.

El objetivo en la Dirección Provincial del IESS Cañar es implementar estrategias de marketing no convencionales para potenciar la afiliación de voluntarios e independientes a la luz de las nuevas condiciones epidemiológicas. Se basó en un tipo descriptivo con diseño no experimental transversal, se trabajó con una muestra poblacional de 73 personas que se han afiliado voluntariamente al IEES – Ecuador. El mercado del IESS en la provincia del Cañar se beneficiará con la implementación de campañas de marketing de guerrilla siempre con la mentalidad de seguir innovando y potencializando esfuerzos para determinar las necesidades presentes y futuras de los consumidores, permitiendo así brindar un alto nivel de satisfacción y comodidad; y, como institución el beneficio de incrementar el número de afiliados dentro de la provincia y además el redito de generar un nivel de sostenibilidad y fortalecimiento del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social a nivel nacional.

<p>El ICE de la Universidad de Murcia apoya el EEES. Desde hace varios años planifica la formación docente de su profesorado para acercarse a los objetivos del EEES de innovación de la enseñanza y de mejora de los aprendizajes de los estudiantes. En este documento, hacemos una presentación de las actividades formativas que actualmente desarrolla el ICE. También analizamos los aciertos y los aspectos que han de ser mejorados para lograr los objetivos de mejora docente.</p><strong></strong>

En Costa Rica fue aprobada la Ley 9406 en noviembre de 2016, conocida como «Ley de relaciones impropias»; estas son definidas por un vínculo de pareja marcado por las diferencias amplias de edades entre sus miembros. Mediante el análisis de los datos disponibles para el periodo 2000-2018, se llevó a cabo una revisión de fuentes de información, como las estadísticas de nacimientos y matrimonios, obtenidas en el sistema de consulta de indicadores del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC), mediante REDATAM 7. Este artículo aborda este fenómeno desde dos aristas: las uniones mediante el matrimonio y los embarazos adolescentes; en ambos casos, al filtrar la información disponible a partir de la identificación de una relación impropia, permitió caracterizar el comportamiento durante el periodo de estudio, lo que muestra que, una vez aplicadas medidas políticas, es posible incidir en las estadísticas de población. Sin embargo, se debe destacar que las estadísticas podrían tener limitaciones en tanto la cobertura de recolección de datos sobre este fenómeno podría estar siendo ocultada, u omitida, como una medida de protección por las adolescentes al momento de su declaración.

Los gobiernos locales en el Perú, están pasando por cambios basados en la modernización del estado, frente a ese proceso de adaptación, el escenario de la pandemia ha impactado y desvestido la realidad local. En ese sentido, el estudio abordo la forma cómo se desempeñaron las gestiones municipales frente a la pandemia por el COVID 19 en las municipalidades de Incahuasi, Cañarís de la zona alto andina, departamento de Lambayeque, año 2020. La metodología utilizada fue el enfoque socio crítico, con el tipo de investigación descriptiva, se tomó en cuenta los reportes diarios que brinda la plataforma consulta amigable del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, se utilizaron los reportes de la Defensoría del Pueblo, el REDATAM-2017 del Instituto de Estadística e Informática, la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar y artículos periodísticos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejaron la falta de estrategias para brindar servicios públicos en la emergencia, la incapacidad para ejecutar el presupuesto, la débil articulación intergubernamental, trascendiendo en la calidad de vida de la población, por tanto los tres niveles de gobierno deben tomar en cuenta las diferentes realidades territoriales, siendo indispensable para obtener mejores resultados en la implementación de las políticas públicas y la generación de valor público en los diferentes escenarios que puedan afrontar las municipalidades mencionadas.

<p>Actualmente existen una cantidad muy vasta de trabajos relacionados con nuevos modelos y estilos de aprendizaje e instrucción matemática. En el caso del área que abarca la instrucción matemática – aplicada, existe menos información de éxito y trabajo al respecto. Esto ocurre en la carrera de Ingeniería en Computación, que se imparte en el Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), México. Debido a su naturaleza la Teoría de Autómatas (TA) y los Compiladores (Cs), presentan dificultades en la comprensión de los conceptos y aplicaciones por parte del alumno, por lo que, consideramos que mediante la estrategia de enseñanza utilizando mapas conceptuales desarrollados por J. Novak habrá un resultado favorable en dinamismo, comprensión y un aprendizaje significativo a largo plazo que le proporcione elementos sólidos para asignaturas consecuentes, los cuales, son necesarios e indispensables. Se presenta la propuesta elaborada por la Academia de profesores, que imparten la asignatura, la metodología de implementación, así como, ejercicios desarrollados por alumnos durante su evolución, ésta, al llevarse a cabo producto de una invitación al éxito, deriva en una mejora para comprender las dos materias, gracias a los resultados aprobatorios y las calificaciones mayores resultantes.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-2fbc692f-10ae-78e8-3f1d-d73a51d0e5bb">Encarar la formación sistemática de docentes en ejercicio cuya ocupación central no es la enseñanza presenta desafíos. En este trabajo se describe un Programa de formación en docencia universitaria en ciencias de la salud que propone afrontarlos. En este participan anualmente alrededor de 40 profesionales que ejercen como docentes de carreras de grado y posgrado del Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Con la finalidad de explicar cómo este Programa enfrenta los desafíos que se reconocen, se realiza una caracterización pedagógico-didáctica de algunos de sus dispositivos de formación. Este análisis se inserta en un proceso de investigación de diseño didáctico encarado por las autoras y docentes responsables de esta propuesta y recoge tanto el registro sistemático de la experiencia en aula como las producciones escritas y reflexiones personales de sus participantes. Como resultado encontramos que estos dispositivos pueden agruparse en tres tipos: para movilizar la reflexión sobre las propias concepciones, para producir alternativas de acción y para jugar el juego completo de la docencia. Desde la voz de sus participantes, estos dispositivos, de forma complementaria y a lo largo de los dos años del programa, logran problematizar prácticas que se reproducen acríticamente, modificar concepciones y mejorar el ejercicio de la enseñanza. Así, el presente análisis aporta conceptualizaciones y propuestas de formación que podrían nutrir no sólo la actividad de quienes tienen la responsabilidad de concebir y llevar adelante propuestas semejantes, sino también a la producción de conocimiento en el campo de la formación en docencia universitaria.</span></p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><span>Systematic training for in-service teachers whose main occupation is not teaching presents challenges. This paper describes a teaching training program at a university of health sciences that deals with them. Around 40 professionals who teach in undergraduate and graduate courses of the Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires take part annually in this program. In order to explain how this program faces those challenges, we perform a pedagogical-didactic characterization of some of its “training devices”. This analysis is part of didactical design research undertaken by the authors and teachers responsible for this proposal and includes both systematic record of experience in the classroom, participants written work and their personal reflections. As a result we find that these devices can be grouped into three types: to mobilize the reflection on their own conceptions, to produce alternative courses of actions and to play the whole game of teaching. From the voice of the participants, these devices, complementary and throughout the two years of the program, problematize practices uncritically reproduce, modify conceptions and improve the practice of teaching. Thus, this analysis provides conceptualizations and training proposals that could support not only the activity of those who are responsible for designing and conducting such projects, but also to the production of knowledge in the field of teacher training in university teaching.</span></p>

<p>En los estudios superiores, al igual que en los demás contextos educativos, no basta con adquirir una serie de conocimientos, es indispensable reflexionar sobre los propios procesos cognitivos para tomar decisiones autónomas y fundamentadas respecto de los aprendizajes. Aprender va mucho más allá de las cuestiones cognitivas, las emociones puestas en juego y las posibilidades de reflexionar respecto de los aprendizajes resultan decisivas en los complejos procesos de construcción de conocimientos. El objetivo del estudio es analizar aspectos metacognitivos vinculados al aprendizaje académico de estudiantes de primer año del Profesorado en Educación Inicial de la Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto y del Instituto Superior María Inmaculada (Argentina). En la primera parte de la investigación, los estudiantes respondieron a un cuestionario general referido a prácticas y hábitos de estudio y a un inventario de patrones de aprendizaje: ILS (Vermunt, 1998). Luego, se realizaron entrevistas grupales con los estudiantes con el propósito de conocer diferentes puntos de vista respecto de las prácticas de estudio, aprendizaje y enseñanza en la educación superior. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los participantes requieren de regulaciones externas para desarrollar los procesos de aprendizaje. Se observan ciertas dificultades en la autorregulación de los procesos de lectura, escritura y en el estudio en general. Se propone desarrollar estrategias innovadoras que promuevan en los estudiantes prácticas reflexivas y metacognitivas respecto de los aprendizajes en contextos académicos. </p>

<p>La transición de los estudios de secundaria a la Universidad ha sido y es un reto para la orientación. El estudiante se enfrenta a un contexto nuevo, tanto en el ámbito personal como en los ámbitos social y académico. Las universidades tienen un papel relevante en todo el proceso de inserción de los estudiantes de bachillerato y de ciclos formativos en los estudios universitarios. En los últimos años han sido numerosos los recursos invertidos por las universidades con el fin de desarrollar acciones encaminadas a facilitar una información amplia y clara a los futuros alumnos.<br />En este trabajo se presenta el proyecto de transición de la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), atendiendo a dos momentos: orientación preuniversitaria y primer año en la universidad. Los objetivos primordiales del proyecto son facilitar la transición de los estudiantes a la universidad, planteando acciones informativas y prácticas sobre los estudios ofertados para ayudar al futuro alumno en su toma de decisiones; y establecer distintas vías de apoyo a través de la tutoría que favorezcan la adaptación del estudiante al entorno universitario y su desarrollo integral.<br />El proyecto institucional de transición de educación secundaria a la universidad de la UPV está coordinado por el Área de Comunicación y el Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación (ICE-UPV) de esta universidad. Éste es un proyecto vivo y abierto que permite adaptaciones según las necesidades que se plantean por parte de los orientadores, tutores y de alumnos preuniversitarios y universitarios.</p><p><br /><br /></p>

<p>Los procesos de internacionalizaci&oacute;n y de b&uacute;squeda de la excelencia, que se vienen produciendo en las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas en la Universidad de Granada, han tenido distintos personajes clave entre los que destaca, por su vinculaci&oacute;n a la gesti&oacute;n universitaria, el profesor Francisco Gonz&aacute;lez Lodeiro, actual Rector de la instituci&oacute;n. Adem&aacute;s de un amplia experiencia como docente e investigador ha sido Director del Departamento de Geodin&aacute;mica, Delegado del Rector para la implantaci&oacute;n de las ense&ntilde;anzas propias, Vicerrector de Planificaci&oacute;n Docente y Vicerrector de Investigaci&oacute;n y Relaciones Internacionales. Por todo ello el relato de su trayectoria formativa, docente-investigadora y de gesti&oacute;n nos permite obtener una visi&oacute;n clara de ciertos elementos clave de los procesos antes mencionados, reconstruidos con los datos obtenidos a trav&eacute;s de una entrevista semiestructurada realizada en junio de 2012, ya durante su segundo mandato como Rector. Tambi&eacute;n nos acerca sin duda al reto actual de las universidades espa&ntilde;olas, cargadas de siglos de historia pero en proceso vertiginoso de adaptaci&oacute;n y mejora.</p>

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Presentamos una experiencia formativa implementada en el área de computación en la Escuela de Ingeniería ESIME, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México. El motivo de este trabajo fue valorar la efectividad del empleo de la herramienta metacognitiva denominada V de Gowin, para la resolución de problemas de computación, con un alumno con altas capacidades. 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The geospatial industry is forecasted to have an enormous growth in the forthcoming years and an extended need for well-educated workforce. Hence ongoing education and training play an important role in the professional life. Parallel, in the geospatial and IT arena as well in the political discussion and legislation Open Source solutions, open data proliferation, and the use of open standards have an increasing significance. Based on the Memorandum of Understanding between International Cartographic Association, OSGeo Foundation, and ISPRS this development led to the implementation of the ICA-OSGeo-Lab imitative with its mission “Making geospatial education and opportunities accessible to all”. Discussions in this initiative and the growth and maturity of geospatial Open Source software initiated the idea to develop a framework for a worldwide applicable Open Source certification approach. <br><br> Generic and geospatial certification approaches are already offered by numerous organisations, i.e., GIS Certification Institute, GeoAcademy, ASPRS, and software vendors, i. e., Esri, Oracle, and RedHat. They focus different fields of expertise and have different levels and ways of examination which are offered for a wide range of fees. <br><br> The development of the certification framework presented here is based on the analysis of diverse bodies of knowledge concepts, i.e., NCGIA Core Curriculum, URISA Body Of Knowledge, USGIF Essential Body Of Knowledge, the “Geographic Information: Need to Know", currently under development, and the Geospatial Technology Competency Model (GTCM). The latter provides a US American oriented list of the knowledge, skills, and abilities required of workers in the geospatial technology industry and influenced essentially the framework of certification. <br><br> In addition to the theoretical analysis of existing resources the geospatial community was integrated twofold. An online survey about the relevance of Open Source was performed and evaluated with 105 respondents worldwide. 15 interviews (face-to-face or by telephone) with experts in different countries provided additional insights into Open Source usage and certification. <br><br> The findings led to the development of a certification framework of three main categories with in total eleven sub-categories, i.e., “Certified Open Source Geospatial Data Associate / Professional”, “Certified Open Source Geospatial Analyst Remote Sensing & GIS”, “Certified Open Source Geospatial Cartographer”, “Certified Open Source Geospatial Expert”, “Certified Open Source Geospatial Associate Developer / Professional Developer”, “Certified Open Source Geospatial Architect”. Each certification is described by pre-conditions, scope and objectives, course content, recommended software packages, target group, expected benefits, and the methods of examination. Examinations can be flanked by proofs of professional career paths and achievements which need a peer qualification evaluation. After a couple of years a recertification is required. <br><br> The concept seeks the accreditation by the OSGeo Foundation (and other bodies) and international support by a group of geospatial scientific institutions to achieve wide and international acceptance for this Open Source geospatial certification model. <br><br> A business case for Open Source certification and a corresponding SWOT model is examined to support the goals of the Geo-For-All initiative of the ICA-OSGeo pact.

100 anos da Rede Federal A Secretaria de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica do MEC – SETEC/MEC, junto com o Conselho da Rede Federal de Educação Profissional,científica e Tecnologia – CONIF, este representado pelo Fórum de Pró-Reitores de Pesquisa, apresentam o 2º número da Revista Brasileira da Educação Profissional e Tecnológica. Nesta edição,optou-se por uma publicação temática com destaque para o centenário da Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica, comemorado no dia 23 de setembro, data da publicação, no ano de 1909, do Decreto nº 7.566, assinado pelo Presidente Nilo Peçanha quando da criação de dezenove Escolas de Aprendizes Artífices em nosso país. Autores ligados a essas instituições federais nos presenteiam com cinco belíssimos artigos: Nádia Cuiabano Kunze, com “O surgimento da Rede Federal de Educação Profissional nos Primórdios do Regime Republicano Brasileiro”, provoca nos leitores uma reflexão sobre o processo de criação das instituições federais a partir de sua pesquisa de mestrado que investigou a trajetória da Escola de Aprendizes Artífices de Mato Grosso, no período de 1909 a 1941; em “Da Escola de Aprendizes ao Instituto Federal de Sergipe: 1909-2009”, Amâncio Cardoso dos Santos Neto traz-nos os aspectos históricos da instituição sergipana tratados sob a ótica político-pedagógica e administrativa; Wilson Conciani e Luis Carlos de Figueiredo, com “A Produção de Ciência e Tecnologia nos Institutos Federais, 100 anos de Aprendizagem” contribuem para a superação de equívocos - neste caso, posições que desconsideram a educação profissional e tecnológica enquanto lugar de produção e difusão de saber – ao defenderem, com notável propriedade, que o crescimento institucional da Rede Federal também é fruto da produção e difusão do saber gerado nos 100 anos, em atividades de produção acadêmica em que o suporte dos laboratórios bem equipados e a profícuarelação com a comunidade são elementos geradores destacáveis; Marisa Brandão, no artigo “O Curso de Engenharia Operacional (anos 1960/1970) e sua relação histórica com a criação dos Cefet’s”, demonstra que os cursos superiores, com características mais direcionadas à aplicação, tem intrínseca relação com o surgimento e a natureza das instituições de educação tecnológicas dedicadas à oferta da formação em nível superior e, neste sentido, o seu fortalecimento é essencial à consolidação de um conceito institucional; Francisco JoséMontório Sobral, com “Retrospectiva Histórica do Ensino Agrícola no Brasil”, alerta-nos sobre a importância da difusão e apreensão do conhecimento das dinâmicas da natureza e do desenvolvimento das técnicas agrícolas para a fixação do homem em espaços geográficos específicos, as ambiguidades e as contradições das políticas de formação profissional agrícola, desde o início do Século XX.Esta publicação, ao acrescentar alguns tons e ângulos à luz da história da Rede Federal de Educação Profissional Científica e Tecnológica, constituise em mais uma contribuição para as elaborações necessáriasaos enfrentamentos e desafios do presente e do futuro de um conjunto de instituições que ganha a cada dia maior consciência de sua função social de importância estratégica para a construção de uma nova nação, menos desigual e mais inclusiva. A importância dessa publicação se eleva à medida que, ao divulgar conquistas da ciência e da tecnologia, o faz com a preocupação de buscar iniciativas que cada vez mais chancelem reais possibilidades de um desenvolvimento que reconheça a precedência do ser humano e da vida do planeta e o quanto isto implica a produção e a difusão de um conhecimento que não reduza a sua função apenas ao fomento do econômico.Para finalizar, cabe um destaque à criação do Caderno Técnico da revista Brasileira da Educação Profissional e Tecnológica, organizado por eixos tecnológicos que sairá como anexo a esta publicação, em que o primeiro número vem dedicado ao eixo Meio Ambiente, Saúde e Segurança.Esses Cadernos Técnicos têm por objetivo difundir o conhecimento científico e tecnológico desenvolvido nas instituições de ensino e pesquisa tecnológica sob uma ótica mais técnica e específica, e com isto contribuir com professores, profissionais e especialistas dedicados a esse campo de estudos.Ao final, formalizamos mais uma vez o convite para que outros profissionais que se dedicam à Educação Profissional e Tecnológica submetam seus estudos e pesquisas para as próximas publicações. Prof Moisés Domingos Sobrinho

Para iniciar uma atividade de extensão, é necessário olhar o entorno, observar os costumes da comunidade, as atividades ali realizadas e a sua cultura. Desse modo, percebe-se a riqueza envolvida nesse reduto. Alguns aspectos foram considerados para a execução deste projeto, como a aquisição de conhecimento nas próprias experiências, nas atividades aperfeiçoadas pela prática do dia a dia, reforçando a necessidade de se ouvir cada indivíduo para aprender, como também para compartilhar todo o saber adquirido. O projeto de extensão “IFES Pescador de Saberes” objetivou aproximar a Instituição e a comunidade do entorno do Campus Piúma para compartilhar saberes diversos contidos nos conhecimentos dessa comunidade, a fim de promover educação, respeito pelos saberes populares, formação diversificada, valorização da cultura local e bom relacionamento interpessoal, discutir valores e práticas, além de desenvolver conhecimentos em várias áreas advindas das vivências das pessoas da comunidade externa do Instituto e da própria prática educacional da Instituição.

It is the same spectacle all over the Western world: whenever delegates gather to discuss the development and consequences of new media technologies, a handful of people among them will stand out from the crowd, and somehow seem not quite to fit in with the remaining assortment of techno-evangelists, Internet ethnographers, multimedia project leaders, and online culture critics. At some point in the proceedings, they'll get to the podium and hold a talk on their ideas for the future of copyright protection and intellectual property (IP) rights in the information age; when they are finished, the reactions of the audience typically range from mild "what was that all about?" amusement to sheer "they haven't got a clue" disbelief. Spare a thought for copyright lawyers; they're valiantly fighting a losing battle. Ever since the digitalisation and networking of our interpersonal and mass media made information transmission and duplication effortless and instantaneous, they've been trying to come up with ways to uphold and enforce concepts of copyright which are fundamentally linked to information as bound to physical objects (artifacts, books, CDs, etc.), as Barlow has demonstrated so clearly in "Selling Wine without Bottles". He writes that "copyright worked well because, Gutenberg notwithstanding, it was hard to make a book. ... Books had material surfaces to which one could attach copyright notices, publisher's marques, and price tags". If you could control the physical media which were used to transmit information (paper, books, audio and video tapes, as well as radio and TV sets, or access to cable systems), you could control who made copies when and where, and at what price. This only worked as long as the technology to make copies was similarly scarce, though: as soon as most people learnt to write, or as faxes and photocopiers became cheaper, the only real copyright protection books had was the effort that would have to be spent to copy them. With technology continuously advancing (perhaps even at accellerating pace), copyright is soon becoming a legal fiction that is losing its link to reality. Indeed, we are now at a point where we have the opportunity -- the necessity, even -- to shift the fictional paradigm, to replace the industrial-age fiction of protective individual copyright with an information-age fiction of widespread intellectual cooperation. As it becomes ever easier to bypass and ignore copyright rules, and as copyright thus becomes ever more illusionary, this new fiction will correspondingly come ever closer to being realised. To Protect and to ... Lose Today, the lawyers' (and their corporate employers') favourite weapon in their fight against electronic copyright piracy are increasingly elaborate protection mechanisms -- hidden electronic signatures to mark intellectual property, electronic keys to unlock copyrighted products only for legitimate users (and sometimes only for a fixed amount of time or after certain licence payments), encryption of sensitive information, or of entire products to prevent electronic duplication. While the encryption of information exchanges between individuals has been proven to be a useful deterrent against all but the most determined of hackers, it's interesting to note that practically no electronic copyright protection mechanism of mass market products has ever been seen to work. However good and elaborate the protection efforts, it seems that as long as there is a sufficient number of interested consumers unwilling to pay for legitimate access, copy protections will be cracked eventually: the rampant software piracy is the best example. On the other hand, where copy protections become too elaborate and cumbersome, they end up killing the product they are meant to protect: this is currently happening in the case of some of the pay-per-view or limited-plays protection schemes forced upon the U.S. market for Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs). The eventual failure of such mechanisms isn't a particularly recent observation, even. When broadcast radio was first introduced in Australia in 1923, it was proposed that programme content should be protected (and stations financed) by fixing radio receivers to a particular station's frequency -- by buying such a 'sealed set' receiver you would in effect subscribe to a station and acquire the right to receive the content it provided. Never known as uninventive, those Australians who this overprotectiveness didn't completely put off buying a receiver (radio was far from being a proven mass medium at the time, after all) did of course soon break the seal, and learnt to adjust the frequency to try out different stations -- or they built their own radios from scratch. The 'sealed set' scheme was abandoned after only nine months. Even with the development of copy protection schemes since the 1920s, a full (or at least sufficiently comprehensive) protection of intellectual property seems as unattainable a fiction as it was then. Protection and copying technology are never far apart in development anyway, but even more fundamentally, the protected products are eventually meant to be used, after all. No matter how elaborately protected a CD, a video, or a computer programme is, it will still have to be converted into sound waves, image information, or executable code, and at that level copying will still remain possible. In the absence of workable copy protection, however, copies will be made in large amounts -- even more so since information is now being spread and multiplied around the globe virtually at the speed of light. Against this tide of copies, any attempts to use legislation to at least force the payment of royalties from illegitimate users are also becoming increasingly futile. While there may be a few highly publicised court cases, the multitude of small transgressions will remain unanswered. This in turn undermines the equality before the law that is a basic human right: increasingly, the few that are punished will be able to argue that, if "everybody does it", to single them out is highly unfair. At the same time, corporate efforts to uphold the law may be counterproductive: as Barlow writes, "against the swift tide of custom, the Software Publishers' current practice of hanging a few visible scapegoats is so obviously capricious as to only further diminish respect for the law". Quite simply, their legal costs may not be justified by the results anymore. Abandoning Copyright Law If copyright has become a fiction, however -- one that is still, despite all evidence, posited as reality by the legal system --, and if the makeup of today's electronic media, particularly the Internet, allow that fiction to be widely ignored and circumvented in daily practice -- despite all corporate legal efforts --, how is this disparity between law and reality to be solved? Barlow offers a clear answer: "whenever there is such profound divergence between the law and social practice, it is not society that adapts". He goes on to state that it may well be that when the current system of intellectual property law has collapsed, as seems inevitable, that no new legal structure will arise in its place. But something will happen. After all, people do business. When a currency becomes meaningless, business is done in barter. When societies develop outside the law, they develop their own unwritten codes, practices, and ethical systems. While technology may undo law, technology offers methods for restoring creative rights. When William Gibson invented the term 'cyberspace', he described it as a "consensual hallucination" (67). As the removal of copyright to the realm of the fictional has been driven largely by the Internet and its 'freedom of information' ethics, perhaps it is apt to speak of a new approach to intellectual property (or, with Barlow, to 'creative rights') as one of consensual, collaborative use of such property. This approach is far from being fully realised yet, and must so for now remain fiction, too, but it is no mere utopian vision -- in various places, attempts are made to put into place consensual schemes of dealing with intellectual property. They also represent a move from IP hoarding to IP use. Raymond speaks of the schemes competing here as the 'cathedral' and the 'bazaar' system. In the cathedral system, knowledge is tightly controlled, and only the finished product, "carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation" (1), is ever released. This corresponds to traditional copyright approaches, where company secrets are hoarded and locked away (sometimes only in order to keep competitors from using them), and breaches punished severely. The bazaar system, on the other hand, includes the entire community of producers and users early on in the creative process, up to the point of removing the producer/user dichotomy altogether: "no quiet, reverent cathedral-building here -- rather, ... a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches ... out of which a coherent and stable system could seemingly emerge only by a succession of miracles", as Raymond admits (1). The Linux 'Miracle' Raymond writes about one such bazaar-system project which provides impressive proof that the approach can work, however: the highly acclaimed Unix-based operating system Linux. Instigated and organised by Finnish programmer Linus Torvalds, this enthusiast-driven, Internet-based development project has achieved more in less than a decade than what many corporate developers (Microsoft being the obvious example) can do in thrice that time, and with little financial incentive or institutional support at that. As Raymond describes, "the Linux world behaves in many respects like a free market or an ecology, a collection of selfish agents attempting to maximise utility which in the process produces a self-correcting spontaneous order more elaborate and efficient than any amount of central planning could achieve" (10). Thus, while there is no doubt that individual participants will eventually always also be driven by selfish reasons, there is collaboration towards the achievement of communal goals, and a consensus about what those goals are: "while coding remains an essentially solitary activity, the really great hacks come from harnessing the attention and brainpower of entire communities. The developer who uses only his or her own brain in a closed project is going to fall behind the developer who knows how to create an open, evolutionary context in which bug-spotting and improvements get done by hundreds of people" (Raymond 10). It is obvious that such collaborative projects need a structure that allows for the immediate participation of a large community, and so in the same way that the Internet has been instrumental in dismantling traditional copyright systems, it is also a driving factor in making these new approaches possible: "Linux was the first project to make a conscious and successful effort to use the entire world as its talent pool. I don't think it's a coincidence that the gestation period of Linux coincided with the birth of the World Wide Web, and that Linux left its infancy during the same period in 1993-1994 that saw the takeoff of the ISP industry and the explosion of mainstream interest in the Internet. Linus was the first person who learned how to play by the new rules that pervasive Internet made possible" (Raymond 10). While some previous collaborative efforts exist (such as shareware schemes, which have existed ever since the advent of programmable home computers), their comparatively limited successes underline the importance of a suitable communication medium. The success of Linux has now begun to affect corporate structures, too: informational material for the Mozilla project, in fact, makes direct reference to the Linux experience. On the Net, Mozilla is as big as it gets -- instituted to continue development of Netscape Communicator-based Web browsers following Netscape's publication of the Communicator source code, it poses a serious threat to Microsoft's push (the legality of which is currently under investigation in the U.S.) to increase marketshare for its Internet Explorer browser. Much like Linux, Mozilla will be a collaborative effort: "we intend to delegate authority over the various modules to the people most qualified to make decisions about them. We intend to operate as a meritocracy: the more good code you contribute, the more responsibility you will be given. We believe that to be the only way to continue to remain relevant, and to do the greatest good for the greatest number" ("Who Is Mozilla.org?"), with the Netscape corporation only one among that number, and a contributor amongst many. Netscape itself intends to release browsers based on the Mozilla source code, with some individual proprietary additions and the benefits corporate structures allow (printed manuals, helplines, and the like), but -- so it seems -- it is giving up its unlimited hold over the course of development of the browser. Such actions afford an almost prophetic quality to Barlow's observation that "familiarity is an important asset in the world of information. It may often be the case that the best thing you can do to raise the demand for your product is to give it away". The use of examples from the computer world should not be seen to mean that the consensual, collaborative use of intellectual property suggested here is limited only to software -- it is, however, no surprise that a computer-based medium would first be put to use to support computer-based development projects. Producers and artists from other fields can profit from networking with their peers and clients just as much: artists can stay in touch with their audience and one another, working on collaborative projects such as the brilliant Djam Karet CD Collaborator (see Taylor's review in Gibraltar), professional interest groups can exchange information about the latest developments in their field as well as link with the users of their products to find out about their needs or problems, and the use of the Net as a medium of communication for academic researchers was one of its first applications, of course. In many such cases, consensual collaboration would even speed up the development process and help iron out remaining glitches, beating the efforts of traditional institutions with their severely guarded intellectual property rights. As Raymond sees it, for example, "no commercial developer can match the pool of talent the Linux community can bring to bear on a problem", and so "perhaps in the end the free-software culture will triumph not because cooperation is morally right or software 'hoarding' is morally wrong ... , but simply because the commercial world cannot win an evolutionary arms race with free-software communities that can put orders of magnitude more skilled time into a problem" (10). Realising the Fiction There remains the problem that even the members of such development communities must make a living somehow -- a need to which their efforts in the community not only don't contribute, but the pursuit of which even limits the time available for the community efforts. The apparent impossibility of reconciling these two goals has made the consensual collaborative approach appear little more than a utopian fiction so far, individual successes like Linux or (potentially) Mozilla notwithstanding. However, there are ways of making money from the communal work even if due to the abolition of copyright laws mere royalty payments are impossible -- as the example of Netscape's relation to the Mozilla project shows, the added benefits that corporate support can bring will still seem worth paying for, for many users. Similarly, while music and artwork may be freely available on the Net, many music fans will still prefer to get the entire CD package from a store rather than having to burn the CD and print the booklet themselves. The changes to producer/user relations suggested here do have severe implications for corporate and legal structures, however, and that is the central reason why particularly the major corporate intellectual property holders (or, hoarders) and their armies of lawyers are engaged in such a fierce defensive battle. Needless to say, the changeover from the still-powerful fiction of enforcible intellectual property copyrights to the new vision of open, consensual collaboration that gives credit for individual contributions, but has no concept of an exclusive ownership of ideas, will not take place overnight. Intellectual property will continue to be guarded, trade secrets will keep being kept, for some time yet, but -- just as is the case with the established practice of patenting particular ideas just so competitors can't use them, but without ever putting them to use in one's own work -- eventually such efforts will prove to be self-defeating. Shutting one's creative talents off in a quiet cathedral will come to be seen as less productive than engaging in the creative cooperation occuring in the global bazaar, and solitary directives of central executives will be replaced by consensual decisions of the community of producers and users. As Raymond points out, "this is not to say that individual vision and brilliance will no longer matter; rather, ... the cutting edge ... will belong to people who start from individual vision and brilliance, then amplify it through the effective construction of voluntary communities of interest" (10). Such communal approaches may to some seem much like communism, but this, too, is a misconception. In fact, in this new system there is much more exchange, much more give and take going on than in the traditional process of an exchange of money for product between user and producer -- only the currency has changed. "This explains much of the collective 'volunteer' work which fills the archives, newsgroups, and databases of the Internet. Its denizens are not working for 'nothing,' as is widely believed. Rather they are getting paid in something besides money. It is an economy which consists almost entirely of information" (Barlow). And with the removal of the many barriers to the free flow of information and obstacles to scientific and artistic development that traditional copyright has created, the progress of human endeavour itself is likely to be sped up. In the end, then, it all comes down to what fictions we choose to believe or reject. In the light of recent developments, and considering the evidence that suggests the viability, even superiority of alternative approaches, it is becoming increasingly hard to believe that traditional copyright can, and much less, should be sustained. Other than the few major copyright holders, few stand to gain from upholding these rights. On the other hand, were we to lift copyright restrictions and use the ideas and information thus made available freely in a cooperative, consensual, and most of all productive way, we all might profit. As various projects have shown, that fiction is already in the process of being realised. References Barlow, John Perry. "Selling Wine without Bottles: The Economy of Mind on the Global Net." 1993. 26 Jan. 1999 <www.eff.org/pub/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/HTML/idea_economy_article.php>. Gibson, William. Neuromancer. London: HarperCollins, 1984. Raymond, Eric S. "The Cathedral and the Bazaar." 1998. 26 Jan. 1999 <http://www.redhat.com/redhat/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar.php>. Taylor, Mike. "Djam Karet, Jeff Greinke, Tim Song Jones, Nick Peck, Kit Watkins." Gibraltar 5.12 (22 Apr. 1995). 10 Feb. 1999 <http://www.progrock.net/gibraltar/issues/Vol5.Iss12.htm>. "Who Is Mozilla.org?" Mozilla.org Website. 1998. 26 Jan. 1999 <http://www.mozilla.org/about.php>. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Axel Bruns. "The Fiction of Copyright: Towards a Consensual Use of Intellectual Property." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.1 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9902/copy.php>. Chicago style: Axel Bruns, "The Fiction of Copyright: Towards a Consensual Use of Intellectual Property," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 1 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9902/copy.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Axel Bruns. (1999) The fiction of copyright: towards a consensual use of intellectual property. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(1). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9902/copy.php> ([your date of access]).