Academic literature on the topic 'Reel mower'
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Journal articles on the topic "Reel mower"
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Pirchio, Michel, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Luisa Martelloni, Michele Raffaelli, Andrea Peruzzi, Lisa Caturegli, et al. "Autonomous Rotary Mower versus Ordinary Reel Mower—Effects of Cutting Height and Nitrogen Rate on Manila Grass Turf Quality." HortTechnology 28, no. 4 (August 2018): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04064-18.
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High-quality sports turfs often require low mowing and frequent maintenance. Sports turfs often consist of hard-to-mow warm season turfgrasses, such as zoysiagrass (Zoysia sp.) or bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.). Although autonomous mowers have several advantages over manually operated mowers, they are not designed to mow lower than 2.0 cm and are consequently not used on high-quality sports turfs. All autonomous mowers are only equipped with rotary mowing devices and do not perform clipping removal. An ordinary autonomous mower was modified to obtain a prototype autonomous mower cutting at a low height. The prototype autonomous mower was tested on a manila grass (Zoysia matrella) turf and compared its performance in terms of turf quality and energy consumption with an ordinary autonomous mower and with a gasoline reel mower. A three-way factor experimental design with three replications was adopted. Factor A consisted of four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg·ha−1), factor B consisted of two mowing systems (autonomous mower vs. walk-behind gasoline reel mower with no clipping removal), and factor C consisted of two mowing heights (1.2 and 3.6 cm). Prototype autonomous mower performed mowing at 1.2-cm mowing height whereas ordinary autonomous mower mowed at 3.6-cm mowing height. The interaction between the mowing system and mowing height showed that the turf quality was higher when the turf was mowed by the autonomous mower and at 1.2 cm than at 3.6 cm. Autonomous mowing not only reduced the mowing quality, but also reduced the leaf width. Lower mowing height induced thinner leaves. Nitrogen fertilization not only increased the overall turf quality, reduced weed cover percentage, but also reduced mowing quality. Autonomous mowers also had a lower energy consumption if compared with the reel mower (1.86 vs. 5.37 kWh/week at 1.2-cm mowing height and 1.79 vs. 2.32 kWh/week at 3.6-cm mowing height, respectively). These results show that autonomous mowers can perform low mowing even on tough-to-mow turfgrass species. They could also be used on high-quality sports turfs, thus saving time as well as reducing noise and pollution.
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Pirchio, Michel, Marco Fontanelli, Fabio Labanca, Mino Sportelli, Christian Frasconi, Luisa Martelloni, Michele Raffaelli, et al. "Energetic Aspects of Turfgrass Mowing: Comparison of Different Rotary Mowing Systems." Agriculture 9, no. 8 (August 11, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9080178.
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Turfgrass mowing is one of the most important operations concerning turfgrass maintenance. Over time, different mowing machines have been developed, such as reel mowers, rotary mowers, and flail mowers. Rotary mowers have become the most widespread mowers for their great versatility and easy maintenance. Modern rotary mowers can be equipped with battery-powered electric motors and precise settings, such as blade rpm. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the differences in power consumption of a gasoline-powered rotary mower and a battery-powered rotary mower. Each mower worked on two different turfgrass species (bermudagrass and tall fescue) fertilized with two different nitrogen rates (100 and 200 kg ha−1). The battery-powered mower was set at its lowest and highest blade rpm value, while the gasoline-powered mower was set at full throttle. From the data acquired, it was possible to see that the gasoline-powered mower had a much higher primary energy requirement, independent of the turf species. Moreover, comparing the electricity consumption of the battery-powered mower over time, it was possible to see that the power consumption varied according to the growth rate of both turf species. These results show that there is a partial waste of energy when using a gasoline-powered mower compared to a battery-powered mower.
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Smith, N. "Classic Project: Cylinder 'reel' lawn mower." Engineering & Technology 13, no. 4 (May 1, 2018): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2018.0434.
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Timmerman, John Edwin, and Al Lovvorn. "Rapid Reel Lawn Master Company: cutting the target down to size." CASE Journal 14, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-03-2018-0039.
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Synopsis Paula Hendricks, Director of Marketing for Rapid Reel Lawn Master Company (RRLMC), tasked with developing a plan to exploit the current trend in lawn mower purchasing patterns must craft a strategic proposal for the executive planning committee. RRLMC, a manufacturer of reel mowers, experienced an increase in sales due to a confluence of factors: high gasoline prices, increased concern with the environment, the trend toward smaller yards and a focus on health and exercise. Paula needed to develop a plan for the company to sustain the bonanza and determine whether this trend offered new opportunities for marketing. Research methodology The data for the case were collected through examination of a major reel lawn mower manufacturer in the USA, through experience teaching and using the market segmentation process, as well as personal interviews and secondary research on the history of firms within the industry. The results of a literature review have been incorporated to flesh out the discussion. Relevant courses and levels This case is targeted primarily at undergraduate students in upper-level marketing classes, e.g., Relationship Marketing, Marketing Management and Strategic Marketing. Additionally, it can be used in management classes (e.g. Strategic Management) where industry segmentation is discussed. It would also benefit introductory MBA marketing courses as this case directs students’ attention to the role of products’ perceived benefits and how markets may be segmented in order to assess and select prime segments of the market for targeting.
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Tan, Chung Ming, and Gin Yei Lin. "Study on Roll Forming of Reel Mower Helical Blades." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.39.
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This research is focused on the helical blades used in the reel mower machine which uses 5 to 10 helical blades. These blades are normally manufactured using the roll forming process which has certain tolerance. This research is to develop an iterative methodology to optimize the manufacture of blades using roll forming. To save cost, time and waste of material the computerized simulation process is being used. The design of the blade and the die for the roll forming and modification are done using software SolidWorks. Simulation is performed using software DEFORM-3D. The simulation result and the actual design are compared using software Geomagic. This study also shows the potential applications of computer aided engineering and its benefits in verifying and reinventing the part manufacturing process.
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Luo, Ya Lan, and Chun Hua Zhao. "Design and Experimental Study of a Mower Conditioner Drive System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1169.
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According to the forage of mountain region harvesting requirements, a transmission of montanic mower conditioner was designed. The drive system was combined with automatic tension sprocket and double chain wheel of upper and lower crushers, firstly, to realize the automatic regulation and relative motion of two flattening roller, secondly, the power was passed to reel device and achieved forage feeding function; the off-center slider crank mechanism drove the horizontal header to realize the grass cutting function. Through the theoretical analysis and experimental study of the system working performance, applied comprehensive scoring method to obtain the optimal combination of working parameters: the cutting ration was3, the press roller circumferential speed was 4.5m/s, the reel speed ratio was 3. Measured with the optimal combination of operational parameters, the results showed that: the working stubble was 40mm, the recutting rate was 0.8%, the flattening ratio was 42.8% and the crushed grass loss rate was 2.3%, which could meet the demand of forage harvest operation.
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Tan, Chung Ming, and Gin Yei Lin. "An Innovative Compression Mold Design for Manufacture of Reel Mower Helical Blades." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.255.
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This research is focused on the helical blades used in the reel mower machine which uses 5 to 10 helical blades. These blades are normally manufactured using the roll forming process which has certain demerits. This research is done to develop a new process known as compression process for the manufacture of blades using computer aided engineering. To save cost, time as well as waste of material the computerized simulation process is being used. The design of the blade and the die for the compression and modification are done using software SolidWorks. Simulation is performed using software DEFORM-3D. The simulation result and the actual design are compared using software Geomagic. This study also shows the potential applications of computer aided engineering and its benefits in verifying and reinventing the part manufacturing process.
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Grossi, Nicola, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Luisa Martelloni, Michele Raffaelli, Andrea Peruzzi, Monica Gaetani, et al. "Effects of close cutting on ground cover and quality of a polystand of Manilagrass and cool season turfgrasses." Italian Journal of Agronomy 14, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2019.1378.
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Warm season turfgrasses can be grown successfully in the transition zone, but dormancy occurs to some extent during the winter. Overseeding with cool-season turfgrasses is necessary if winter dormancy of warm season turfgrasses is not tolerated. The increasing availability of zoysiagrass cultivars has enabled this genus to be considered suitable for low-maintenance golf courses, especially for golf tees and golf fairways. On the other hand, zoysiagrasses have the most rigid leaves of all turfgrass species, followed by bermudagrasses and by the other warm season turf species. Thus, to have a high mowing quality, mowers working constantly on zoysiagrasses require more sharpening than mowers working on other grasses. Rotary mowers are not suitable for mowing at low heights and often result in scalping, while reel mowers perform optimal mowing at a short height (below 2.5 cm) but require accurate management and frequent sharpening. Autonomous mowers have proven to produce a superior turf quality compared with traditional walk-behind rotary mowers, but no autonomous mower has ever been tested at a low mowing height on an overseeded warm season turfgrass. Because of this, the trial was carried out to simulate a golf tee overseeded with cool season turfgrasses, with low input fertilisation rates and with one of the most difficult turf species to mow; i.e. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. The trial was carried out in San Piero a Grado (Pisa, Italy) from October 2016 to October 2018. After a two-year period the best turf quality was achieved with Festuca rubra L. ssp. cultivars among the overseeded species, especially during fall. In many cases turf quality increased after manila grass green up since the combination of both cool season and warm season species gave a higher quality to the turfgrass, due to the finer leaf texture and higher shoot density of some cool season species. Moreover, recovery of manila grass ground cover was satisficing. In conclusion, a polystand of manila grass and Festuca rubra ssp. could be suitable for golf tees with low-input management.
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Bolland, MDA. "Response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover and yellow serradella to superphosphate applications." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 6 (1991): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910777.
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The effect of superphosphate applications (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg P/ha to the soil surface) on the dry matter (DM) herbage production of dense swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Junee) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Tauro) was measured in a field experiment on deep, sandy soil in south-western Australia. The swards were defoliated with a reel mower at weekly intervals from 88 to 158 days after sowing, to a height of 2 cm for the first 9 cuts, 4 cm for the tenth cut and 5 cm for the eleventh cut. Yellow serradella was more productive than subterranean clover. Consequently, for the relationship between yield and the level of phosphorus (P) applied, yellow serradella supported larger maximum yields and required less P than subterranean clover, to produce the same DM herbage yield. Maximum yields of yellow serradella were 12-40% larger. To produce 70% of the maximum yield for yellow serradella at each harvest, yellow serradella required about 50% less P than subterranean clover. However, when yields were expressed as a percentage of the maximum yield measured for each species at each harvest, the relationship between yield and the level of P applied was similar for both species, and they had similar P requirements.
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Martelloni, Luisa, Marco Fontanelli, Stefano Pieri, Christian Frasconi, Lisa Caturegli, Monica Gaetani, Nicola Grossi, et al. "Assessment of the Cutting Performance of a Robot Mower Using Custom Built Software." Agronomy 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050230.
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Before the introduction of positioning technologies in agriculture practices such as global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), data collection and management were time-consuming and labor-intensive tasks. Today, due to the introduction of advanced technologies, precise information on the performance of agricultural machines, and smaller autonomous vehicles such as robot mowers, can be collected in a relatively short time. The aim of this work was to track the performance of a robot mower in various turfgrass areas of an equal number of square meters but with four different shapes by using real-time kinematic (RTK)-GNSS devices, and to easily extract data by a custom built software capable of calculating the distance travelled by the robot mower, the forward speed, the cutting area, and the number of intersections of the trajectories. These data were then analyzed in order to provide useful functioning information for manufacturers, entrepreneurs, and practitioners. The path planning of the robot mower was random and the turfgrass area for each of the four shapes was 135 m2 without obstacles. The distance travelled by the robot mower, the mean forward speed, and the intersections of the trajectories were affected by the interaction between the time of cutting and the shape of the turfgrass. For all the different shapes, the whole turfgrass area was completely cut after two hours of mowing. The cutting efficiency decreased by increasing the time, as a consequence of the increase in overlaps. After 75 minutes of cutting, the efficiency was about 35% in all the turfgrass areas shapes, thus indicating a high level of overlapping.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reel mower"
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Mrověc, Jan. "Design samojízdné vřetenové sekačky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232070.
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In this diploma thesis is documented an analysis and an approach of designing a self-propelled mobile reel mower with respect of general assumptions of industrial design. Thesis takes aim on a comparison of technologies of present manufacturers of garden equipment and proper choice and following application of technical solution and shape solution on a new product.
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Kopec, David, and Kai Umeda. "Mowing Turfgrasses in the Desert." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579500.
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Lindefelt, Louise. "Den nya anti-missbruksbestämmelsen i moder- och dotterbolagsdirektivet : Konkret eller kontraproduktiv?" Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-44504.
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For some time now, the EU has worked on managing the tax issues that have spawned from companies establishing subsidiaries in various Member States. These tax issues have concerned that of double taxation leading to the conception of the Parent-Subsidiary Directive (2011/96/EU, the PSD). One of the main purposes of the PSD is to prevent double taxation. The PSD aimed to create a mutual taxation system for parent companies, with subsidiaries in other Member States, as it was deemed essential. However, it was a mutual taxation system with regards to dividends paid from subsidiaries to parent companies, which meant there were still discrepancies to be found – and, as it turned out, exploited by companies seeking to gain an illegitimate tax advantage. Consequently, the EU announced the ‘de minimis’ anti-abuse rule in the PSD, whereby adoption was mandatory, for all Member States, so long as a Member State’s current tax legislation does not meet the requirements set forth by the anti-abuse rule. One of the main purposes of the anti-abuse rule was to ensure an improved legal clarity and security as well as preventing the abuse of the provisions as established in the PSD. The idea behind the anti-abuse rule is, thereby, perceived as well meaning although remarks have been made, by various authorities, regarding the prevalent flaws the anti-abuse rule is plagued by. There have been remarks against the anti-abuse rule’s conception to begin with, as it goes against the general principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. Furthermore, there have been remarks regarding the vagueness of the prerequisites and wording in the anti-abuse rule, contrary to the main purposes of the anti-abuse rule as established by the EU. In this study, the author will examine whether or not the criticism is justified, primarily by focusing on the possibilities of concretising the wording in the anti-abuse rule. This will be achieved by examining six Member States to determine how their respective adoption has fared. Also, the anti-abuse rule’s contribution to legal clarity and security will be determined, to discern whether or not the anti-abuse rule functions in accordance with its main purpose. The author has found that the anti-abuse rule is indeed in accordance with the general principles of subsidiarity and proportionality given the proven inability of the individual Member States to devise a common solution to the aforementioned tax issues, as well as the fact that the extent of the measure is appropriate, considering the issue at hand. Furthermore, six Member States have been examined, to determine how their respective adoption of the anti-abuse rule have fared. Three Member States have chosen to adopt the anti-abuse rule whereas the remaining three have chosen to refrain on the grounds that it has been deemed superfluous, seeing as their current legislation already meets the minimum requirements as established in the provisions of the anti-abuse rule. The Member States that have chosen to implement the anti-abuse rule have done so by adopting the vague wording verbatim, giving credence to the notion that they refrained from interpreting and/or rephrasing the wording as it is perceived as not only vague but also occasionally abstract, thus difficult to concretise. Not only does this mean that the anti-abuse rule should be regarded as that of inferior standard, as far as legal clarity and security go, but also that it lacks transparency and should thereby be regarded as nigh counterproductive.EU har sedan länge arbetat med att hantera de beskattningsfrågor som uppkommer i takt med att bolag etablerar dotterbolag i en annan medlemsstat. Dessa frågor berör exempelvis dubbelbeskattning varpå EU upprättade Moder- och Dotterbolagsdirektivet (2011/96/EU, nedan benämnt PSD) som avsåg hjälpa bolag undslippa denna problematik. Direktivet tog sikte på att skapa gemensamt beskattningssystem för moderbolag och dotterbolag hemmahörande i olika medlemsstater – då det ansågs viktigt med enhetliga beskattningsregler inom EU. Det ska observeras att denna enhetlighet enbart sträcker sig till vinstutdelning som lämnas från dotterbolag till moderbolag i en annan medlemsstat, vilket innebar att olikheter fortfarande förelåg i övriga beskattningsfrågor. Detta ledde sedermera till att multinationella bolag kunde utnyttja medlemsstaternas olikheter genom att företa arrangemang som resulterade i en otillbörlig skattefördel. Företagandet av sådana arrangemang ledde till att EU valde att upprätta en de minimis-bestämmelse i PSD som var obligatorisk för samtliga medlemsstater att implementera, givet att deras nationella lagstiftningar inte redan uppfyllde bestämmelsens minimikrav. Denna bestämmelse kom sedermera att benämnas anti-missbruksbestämmelsen och ämnade tillföra en högre grad klarhet och säkerhet för att tydligare belysa de arrangemang som anses godtagbara och som inte ämnade missbruka PSD:s bestämmelser, där syftet bakom missbruket av PSD var att anskaffa skattefördelar. Tanken bakom anti-missbruksbestämmelsen är således godartad men likväl är bestämmelsen inte utan brister, samtidigt som den ifrågasätts från olika instanser. Det har påpekats att bestämmelsen inte bör ha upprättats, till att börja med, då den strider mot subsidiaritets- och proportionalitetsprincipen, som är fördragsstadgade. Vidare har det påpekats att rekvisiten i anti-missbruksbestämmelsen är otydliga och tillför således inte den klarhet och säkerhet enligt EU:s syfte. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida den nya anti-missbruksbestämmelsens ordalydelse kan konkretiseras, vilket görs efter att ha klarlagt hur sex utvalda medlemsstater gått till väga med implementeringen av nämnd bestämmelse. Slutligen utreds huruvida anti-missbruksbestämmelsens bidrag till klarhet och säkerhet görs i enlighet med dess syfte. Författaren har i denna uppsats kommit fram till att anti-missbruksbestämmelsen är förenlig med såväl subsidiaritetsprincipen som proportionalitetsprincipen, då medlemsstaterna, till dags dato, inte förmått hitta en lösning utan EU:s involverande samtidigt som EU:s ingripande står i proportion till målet med åtgärden. Det har funnits att medlemsstaterna som implementerat anti-missbruksbestämmelsen har avstått från att tolka och anpassa anti-missbruksbestämmelsen varför bestämmelsens vaga ordalydelse återfinns i respektive lands lagbestämmelser. Anledningen bakom varför de avstått från att tolka bestämmelsen anser författaren bero på att bestämmelsen är vag, stundtals abstrakt, med anledning av de rekvisit som begagnas. Detta medför att bestämmelsen blir svår att konkretisera, varför det kan anses att en av EU:s målsättningar – att bidra till ökad klarhet och säkerhet – inte kan anses uppfyllt. Vidare har anti-missbruksbestämmelsen lett till en minskad förutsebarhet och rättssäkerhet, varför bestämmelsen inte bara bör anses undermålig utan även nära inpå kontraproduktiv.
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HSIEH, MENG-FEN, and 謝孟芬. "Study on the Roll Forming Process of Reel Mower Helical Blade." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05241653915633284257.
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碩士吳鳳科技大學
光機電暨材料研究所
104
Abstract The main purpose of this thesis is to design a real mower machine by using Reverse Engineering process. The DEFORM software is used for finite element analysis. It simulates the output data in the blade manufacturing process parameters under different the conditions blade and software is to be simulated in the actual machining process.For laser scanner software COMET L3D is used to measure spiral blade profile coordinate. Through its software package COMET plus can construct surfaces, edite, modify files and output.For CAD designing we used SolidWork 2013. In this software we convert 2D drawing into the 3D drawing.We used Geomagic software for doing the comparison between Solidwork design and in COMET L3D which is measure spiral blade. Keyword: COMET L3D, Geomagic, SolidWork 2013 and DEFORM，Spiral blade
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LIN, CHING-YU, and 林靜瑜. "An Innovative Compression Mold Design for Manufacture of Reel Mower Helical Blades." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34272758088116343064.
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碩士吳鳳科技大學
光機電暨材料研究所
104
This research is focused on the helical blades used in the reel mower machine which uses 5 to 10 helical blades. These blades are normally manufactured using the roll forming process which has certain demerits. This research is done to develop a new process known as Compression process for the manufacture of blades using inverse engineering. To save cost of research, time as well as waste of material the computerized simulation process is being used. The design of the blade as well as the die for the compression and modification are done using software Solidworks. Simulation is performed using software Deform 3D. The simulation result and the actual design are compared using software GEOMAGIC. This study also shows the potential applications of inverse engineering and its benefits in verifying and reinventing the part manufacturing process.
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Lu, Yu-Ching, and 盧又菁. "First-Mover Advantage and Performance of Electronic Industry: Theory and Empirical of Real Option Analysis." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85148010072074274868.
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碩士東吳大學
國際經營與貿易學系
100
There is distinct discrepancy in operations between first or second mover of different industries based on variabilities of characteristics, resources, core competences and market types. As Technology industry has been important to Taiwan because of its increasingly raising proportion of exports since 1980s, it is meaningful for enterprises to find out whether “first-mover advantages” exist or not in the industry. In addition, policies or regulations made by government will have effect on corporations’ investment, such as wage level, interest rate, foreign exchange rate, taxes and trade policies. Therefore, besides first-mover advantages, policy uncertainties created by government is also be discussed. Besides 1981 to 1985, the regression on first-mover advantages shows that the latter the firms setup, the better the profitability. Additionally, policy uncertainties indicate that the most firms setup during 1996 to 2000 with the lowest policy uncertainties within the sample period and firms setup during the period display the highest profitability showed from the regression on first-mover advantages.
Books on the topic "Reel mower"
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The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Commercial Turf and Grounds Riding Reel-Type Turf Mowers and Greens Mowers. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Commercial Turf and Grounds Riding Reel-Type Turf Mowers and Greens Mowers in the United States. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
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Bátiz-Lazo, Bernardo. The British Are Coming! Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782810.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 (‘The British Are Coming!’) explains the origins of the technology in the United Kingdom. It is widely assumed that the operation of a machine in the Enfield branch of Barclays was the ‘prime mover’ in this industry. However, the historical record fails to identify a hero inventor; rather multiple independent versions of the cash machine were launched at more or less the same time in different countries. Yet in spite of the great fanfare, there was no real race to market. There is no evidence the engineers responsible for them knew of each other’s existence before this launch (but many bankers did). Four years later, very few members of the public knew the cash machine existed, even less had used them and only a handful found them convenient.
Book chapters on the topic "Reel mower"
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Grushevsky, Samuel, and Igor Krichever. "Real-Normalized Differentials and the Elliptic Calogero-Moser System." In Complex Geometry and Dynamics, 123–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20337-9_6.
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Wei, Shih Yung, Xiu-Wen Ye, Cheng-yong Liu, and Chih-Chun Hou. "Heterogeneous Goods, Strategic Investment, and First Mover Advantages: Real Options Theory and Empirical Study." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 277–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06158-6_28.
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Shiraishi, Yoichi, Haohao Zhang, and Kazuhiro Motegi. "AI-Based Approach for Lawn Length Estimation in Robotic Lawn Mowers." In Robotics Software Design and Engineering. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97530.
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This chapter describes a part of autonomous driving of work vehicles. This type of autonomous driving consists of work sensing and mobility control. Particularly, this chapter focuses on autonomous work sensing and mobility control of a commercial electric robotic lawn mower, and proposes an AI-based approach for work vehicles such as a robotic lawn mower. These two functions, work sensing and mobililty control, have a close correlation. In terms of efficiency, the traveling speed of a lawn mower, for example, should be reduced when the workload is high, and vice versa. At the same time, it is important to conserve the battery that is used for both work execution and mobility. Based on these requirements, this chapter is focused on developing an estimation system for estimating lawn grass lengths or ground conditions in a robotic lawn mower. To this end, two AI algorithms, namely, random forest (RF) and shallow neural network (SNN), are developed and evaluated on observation data obtained by a fusion of ten types of sensor data. The RF algorithm evaluated on data from the fusion of sensors achieved 92.3% correct estimation ratio in several experiments on real-world lawn grass areas, while the SNN achieved 95.0%. Furthermore, the accuracy of the SNN is 94.0% in experiments where sensor data are continuously obtained while the robotic lawn mower is operating. Presently, the proposed estimation system is being developed by integrating two motor control systems into a robotic lawn mower, one for lawn grass cutting and the other for the robot’s mobility.
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"Close encounters of the third kind: Hamo Thornycroft’s The Mower and Matthew Arnold’s ‘Thyrsis’." In Ekphrastic encounters, edited by Jane Thomas, 165–80. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526125798.003.0009.
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This chapter applies the idea of a non-hierarchical, creative exchange of meaning to Hamo Thornycroft’s 1884 sculpture of The Mower, and its accompanying epigraph from Matthew Arnold’s 1866 elegy for the poet Arthur Hugh Clough: ‘Thyrsis’. The chapter argues that sculpture and epigraph, taken together, constitute a third inter-medial artwork in which the compromised relationship between the aesthetic act and the desire to apprehend the ‘real’ is manifested through a complex series of textual and, more importantly, genre citations – including classicism, naturalism, realism, pastoral elegy and Romantic lyric. These coalesce and interrogate each other in this most ‘realistic’ and ‘democratic’ of Thornycroft’s sculptures to date, establishing a competitive and a co-relational dialogue that is enacted on and by the body of the artwork. Placed in the context of social, industrial and political developments in the later decades of the nineteenth century, sculpture and epigraph combine to reveal ethical, ideological and moral dimensions that might otherwise remain hidden in what Stephen Cheeke has described as ‘the sensuous field of the visual’ and the logocentric pretensions of the verbal.
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Rajesh, V., and P. Rajesh Kumar. "SEMG for Human Computer Interface Using Ann to Navigate Wheel Chair." In Advancing Technologies and Intelligence in Healthcare and Clinical Environments Breakthroughs, 180–87. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1755-1.ch012.
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This paper presents an approach to identify hand gestures with muscle activity separated from electromyogram (EMG) using Back Propagation analysis with the goal of using hand gestures for human-computer interaction. While there are a number of previous reported works where EMG has been used to identify movement, the limitation of these works is that the systems are suitable for gross actions and when there is one prime-mover muscle involved. This paper reports overcoming the difficulty by using independent component analysis to separate muscle activity from different muscles and classified using back propagation neural networks. The experimental results show that the system was accurately able to identify the hand gesture using this technique (95%). The advantage of this system is that it is easy to train one to use it and can easily be implemented in real time.
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Tung, Tony, and Takashi Matsuyama. "Visual Tracking Using Multimodal Particle Filter." In Computer Vision, 1072–90. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5204-8.ch044.
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Visual tracking of humans or objects in motion is a challenging problem when observed data undergo appearance changes (e.g., due to illumination variations, occlusion, cluttered background, etc.). Moreover, tracking systems are usually initialized with predefined target templates, or trained beforehand using known datasets. Hence, they are not always efficient to detect and track objects whose appearance changes over time. In this paper, we propose a multimodal framework based on particle filtering for visual tracking of objects under challenging conditions (e.g., tracking various human body parts from multiple views). Particularly, the authors integrate various cues such as color, motion and depth in a global formulation. The Earth Mover distance is used to compare color models in a global fashion, and constraints on motion flow features prevent common drifting effects due to error propagation. In addition, the model features an online mechanism that adaptively updates a subspace of multimodal templates to cope with appearance changes. Furthermore, the proposed model is integrated in a practical detection and tracking process, and multiple instances can run in real-time. Experimental results are obtained on challenging real-world videos with poorly textured models and arbitrary non-linear motions.
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Pool, Robert. "Control." In Beyond Engineering. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195107722.003.0012.
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Texas Utilities is a big company. Through its subsidiary, TU Electric, it provides electric service to a large chunk of Texas, including the Dallas- Fort Worth metropolitan area. It employs some 10,000 people. Its sales are around $5 billion a year. It has assets near $20 billion. Yet this corporate Goliath was brought to its knees by a single determined woman, a former church secretary named Juanita Ellis. For nearly a decade, Ellis fought Texas Utilities to a standstill in its battle to build the Comanche Peak nuclear power plant. During that time the cost of the plant zoomed from an original estimate of $779 million to nearly $11 billion, with much of the increase attributable, at least indirectly, to Ellis. Company executives, who had at first laughed at the thought of a housewife married to a lawn-mower repairman standing up to their covey of high-priced lawyers and consultants, eventually realized they could go neither around her nor through her. In the end, it took a negotiated one-on-one settlement between Ellis and a TU Electric executive vice president to remove the roadblocks to Comanche Peak and allow it to begin operation. No one was really happy with the outcome. Antinuclear groups denounced the settlement as a sellout and Ellis as a traitor. Texas Utilities bemoaned the years of discord as time wasted on regulatory nit-picking with no real improvement in safety. And the utility’s customers were the most unhappy of all, for they had to pay for the $11 billion plant with large increases in their electric bills. So it was natural to look for someone to blame. The antinuclear groups pointed to the utility. TU Electric, they said, had ignored basic safety precautions and had built a plant that was a threat to public health, and it had misled the public and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The utility, in turn, blamed the antinuclear groups that had intervened in the approval process and a judge who seemed determined to make TU Electric jump through every hoop he could imagine. The ratepayers didn’t know what to believe.
Conference papers on the topic "Reel mower"
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Bakens, Jessie, and Gwilym Pryce. "Ethnic Mover Flows and Neighborhood Change in Scotland." In 22nd Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2015_184.
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Hameed, Ibrahim A. "Coverage path planning software for autonomous robotic lawn mower using Dubins' curve." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics (RCAR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rcar.2017.8311915.
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Guo, Huiwen, Xinyu Wu, Jianquan Sun, Yongsheng Ou, and Wei Feng. "Robust grass boundary detection for lawn mower with a novel design of detection device." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics (RCAR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rcar.2017.8311863.
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Li, Jie, Huan Liu, Zhenglong Sun, and Rui Huang. "Real Time Obstacle Estimation Based on Dense Stereo Vision for Robotic Lawn Mowers*." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio49542.2019.8961557.
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Bell, Savannah B., Andrew C. Blair, Lauren N. Wagner, Vincent Zou, Ali R. Buendia, and Farhad Ashrafzadeh. "Survey of Computational Fluid Dynamics Software for Rotational Purposes." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11447.
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Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software has become an essential modeling tool to study and validate flow problems in engineered systems. Many computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs for CFD are available with different capabilities, making it difficult to select the best program for a specific application. This problem compounds in fields with static and rotational regions due to varying approaches for developing the computational mesh and performing flow rotation operations. Three different CFD programs were reviewed and evaluated by analyzing a real-world problem: flow field analysis and power requirements of a spinning lawnmower blade. Simulations with SolidWorks, SimScale, and ANSYS Fluent were performed to study viscous and pressure forces on a lawnmower blade and compare quantitative and qualitative aspects of each software. The programs’ features, drawbacks, usability, and outputs were recorded and compared. Accuracy of the programs’ output torque was compared using torque data based on the differential power consumption of the electric lawn mower motor unloaded and loaded with the blade. The verification of methodology and results was approached with an analytical model based on drag relations around simplified geometry. Based on these analyses, Fluent provided more consistent solution accuracy with low computational costs and more versatile visualization capabilities.
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Campanari, Stefano, Giampaolo Manzolini, and Paolo Silva. "A Multi-Step Optimization Approach to Distributed Cogeneration Systems With Heat Storage." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51227.
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Distributed cogeneration systems typically face variable electrical and heating demands, especially when applied to civil loads (e.g. residential, tertiary and commercial loads), often showing significant variations during the day of the heat to electricity load ratio. In these cases, application of heat storage gives the possibility of significantly improving the energetic and economic performance of the system. This paper discusses the development and testing of an optimization model for the selection of the best operating strategy and component sizing for cogeneration systems with heat storage, based on the code DCOGEN already presented in a previous work. The model employs a multiple-step optimization approach, discussed in detail in the paper, aiming to select the best hourly operating schedule on a daily basis. Optimization allows to (i) minimize or eliminate the waste of useful heat of the cogeneration prime mover (e.g. a microturbine or a reciprocating engine) and (ii) maximize the economic benefit of running the prime mover at high load, selling excess electricity to the grid when convenient. Results show that an optimized system with heat storage can reduce the thermal power produced by the auxiliary boiler and substantially increases the primary energy savings of the cogeneration unit. The model is tested towards a real application, with time-variable loads and several day-types profiles. The discussion compares different size cogeneration systems, based on micro gas turbine and internal combustion engines. Test case specifications also include tariffs, regulatory and climate data, provided that performance of the main components are corrected as a function of load and ambient conditions. Detailed results are presented, in terms of annual energy balances, energy savings and economic analysis.
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Attix, Randall M., and D. M. Chamberlin. "Understanding the Reactive Power Problem and a Mechanical Solution Using Peaking or Retired Generators." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32101.
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Reactive power is an unwanted but unavoidable part of alternating current electric power delivery systems. Governed by the laws of physics, it occurs due to the inherent nature of the components of these systems. This article develops an understanding of reactive power and the control of it to reduce its adverse effects and to improve the efficiency of an electric power delivery system. The article begins by identifying and representing electric power circuit components, real power, and reactive power. These are then mathematically shown how they interact and affect the power delivery system. Control and mitigation of the effects of reactive power are then developed with emphasis on mechanical solutions using rotating machines. In particular, peaking or retired generators are identified for use as rotating condensers as well as new installations. A description of the gear type synchronous self-synchronizing (SSS) overrunning clutches used to connect and dis-connect a generator from the peaking prime mover or the retired generator from a starting system is included.
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Xiros, Nikolaos I. "Simulation of Electric Propulsion Drive With Surface Piercing Propeller for Planing-Hull Watercraft." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53057.
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A simulation model for planing-hull watercraft propulsion consisting of a 3ph induction motor as prime mover, direct shaft drive, surface piercing propeller as thruster and speed controller was developed, tested, and operated demonstrating the ability to analyze the entire system numerically. The modularity of the model allows for the user to easily substitute different or more advanced modules, or add additional ones to obtain greater level of detail or simulate more complex interactions. Trends indicate an interest in all electric ship design as well as the use of surface piercing propellers for small craft. All-electric drive plants offer distinct advantages due to their flexibility in arrangements, ability to eliminate reduction gears in many cases, and wide range of available sizes. Of particular interest is the ability to apply electric drive to small craft with planing-hull, which achieve significantly higher velocities and where arrangements and maneuverability are of high concern. The accurate control of speed combined with the ability to output fairly constant torque across a wide range of speeds allows application of non-conventional thrusters such as surface piercing propellers to small craft. Due to the availability of towing tank data from a surface piercing propeller, a methodology to translate measured performance data for non-conventional thrusters as a computer simulation block needed to be developed. The derived modeling block of the surface piercing propeller, which took the form of a neural net, was integrated with an AC induction motor prime mover module, detailed dynamic propulsion shaft module and Proportional-Integral (PI) control module. The modules were finally augmented with a block implementing Savitsky’s method for planing-hull modeling. Simulations were conducted using full-scale real-world conditions for a hull Bayliner 170 Bowrider boat the hull of which can be adjusted to accommodate for a 50HP electric motor and a surface-piercing propeller. The runs conducted demonstrated the model functionality and level of detail.
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Rowlands, David Olusina, and Mark Savill. "Gas Turbine Engine Price Estimation Using Artificial Neural Network." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7141.
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Gas turbine engine prices vary widely. Any organisation planning to invest in a project involving the use of gas turbine engines, as prime mover, must perform a robust economic analysis to guide the organisations investment decisions. One major element that could greatly influence the outcome of an economic analysis, and eventual organisational decisions and planning, is gas turbine engine acquisition price. This study applies artificial neural networks to estimate gas turbine engine price. A supervised network learning strategy has been adopted to train the network from a dataset of historical records of gas turbine engine performance parameters and engine price. Numerical gradient checking has been performed to validate the computed cost function with quantified similarity obtained in the order of 10−9. The challenge of neural network overfitting has been minimized by applying a regularization technique. As such, the developed network closes reflects real world observations. To validate the network predictions, the developed neural network has been used to estimate the price of known gas turbine engine units with 95% to 99.9% accuracy.
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Agrawal, Rajendra K., and Richard E. Paris. "The Design and Development of the Rolls-Royce/Westinghouse Trent Econopac Control System." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-206.
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This paper describes the evolution of the control system for the 50 MW Rolls-Royce/Westinghouse TRENT Econopac Power Generation Unit. The prime mover for this power plant is derived from the Rolls-Royce TRENT 800 Aero gas turbine and incorporates the new staged Dry Low Emission combustion system. The generator is standard air cooled design and is procured and integrated into the compact Econopac unit by Westinghouse. The paper discusses the design objectives for the control system and the resulting hardware and software requirements. The design objectives include conformance to applicable safety and hazardous standards, efficient emission and fuel control for dual fuel (gas and liquid) operation, high reliability and availability and extensive fault diagnostic and condition monitoring for ease of plant operation and maintenance. The control system design and development relies heavily on the use of real time simulator (RTS) incorporating non linear real time models of the engine and the many sub systems such as the gas fuel distribution system, liquid fuel/water system, vibration system etc. which are controlled by the control system. The paper covers the development of these models and their use in the RTS in the dry and wet hardware in the loop testing. The paper concludes with a review of the planned engine/econopac development testing leading up to full control system validation and certification to the Rolls-Royce/Westinghouse internal and applicable external acceptance standards.
Reports on the topic "Reel mower"
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Edtmayer, Hermann, Alexander Trattner, Stephan Schmidt, Roland Kirchberger, Jakob Trentini, and Johann Weiglhofer. Real World Operation of a Standard Lawn Mower Engine from a Scientific Perspective. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9124.
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