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Journal articles on the topic 'Reference spur'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "Rootstock Effects on the Flowering of `Delicious' Apple. II. Nutritional Effects with Specific Reference to Phosphorus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (November 1995): 1018–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.1018.

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In each of 3 years, vegetative spurs were sampled from l-year-old wood of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) growing on B.9, M.26 EMLA, M.7 EMLA, P.18, and seedling rootstocks. Mineral concentrations of spur leaves and bud apical meristems were determined, and related to spur bud development. The spur leaf P concentration decreased during the growing season each year, hut was unaffected by rootstock. Spur leaves of trees on B.9 rootstock had 30% higher Ca concentrations than trees on M.26 EMLA or seedling rootstocks. In each year, trees growing on M.26 EMLA rootstocks had the highest leaf Mg concentrations. Mineral concentrations were generally unrelated to spur leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, or specific leaf weight. Phosphorus concentrations in spur bud apical meristems declined during two of the three growing seasons of the study and were unaffected by rootstock. Bud P concentration was weakly negatively related to bud diameter and bud appendage number in one year of the study. More vigorous spurs (as indicated by higher spur leaf number, leaf area, and leaf dry weight) had higher bud K levels during each year. No relationships between bud development and either spur leaf mineral concentration or bud apical meristem mineral levels were evident, suggesting that a direct role of mineral nutrition influenced by rootstock at the site of flower formation was unlikely.

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2

Jahangirzadeh, Sakineh, Amir Amirabadi, and Ali Farrokhi. "Low spur frequency synthesiser using randomly shifted reference spur to higher frequencies." International Journal of Electronics 107, no. 12 (May 27, 2020): 2044–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2020.1756448.

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3

Mandal, Debashis, Pradip Mandal, and Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya. "Prediction of reference spur in frequency synthesisers." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 9, no. 2 (March 2015): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2014.0019.

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4

Wang, Xin Jie, and Tadeusz Kwasniewski. "A reduced reference spur multiplying delay-locked loop." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 44, no. 8 (November 20, 2015): 1620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2176.

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5

Choi, Hyun-Woo, and Young-Shig Choi. "A Reference Spur Suppressed PLL with Two-Symmetrical Loops." Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers 51, no. 5 (May 25, 2014): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieie.2014.51.5.099.

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6

Ko, Han-Gon, Woorham Bae, Gyu-Seob Jeong, and Deog-Kyoon Jeong. "Reference Spur Reduction Techniques for a Phase-Locked Loop." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 38035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2905767.

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7

Kamal, N., S. F. Al‐Sarawi, and D. Abbott. "Reference spur suppression technique using ratioed current charge pump." Electronics Letters 49, no. 12 (June 2013): 746–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.1010.

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8

Yu, Tao, Ping Yi Wang, Cheng Yu Yang, Gui Jing Gao, and Ji Sheng Zhang. "Experimental Study of Water Force Acting on Spur Dike." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3558.

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The water forces acting on spur dike were systematically analyzed under the different influenced factors (flow discharge, water depth, bottom slope, length of spur dike). The results indicate that : ①the total pressure decreases with increasing flow, increases along with the water depth basically assumes the linearity to increase; ②the fluctuation pressure decreases along with the water depth and dike length increases, increases along with the discharge increases on each sampling points. The research results may not only be of great significance in understanding spur dike scour and destruction mechanism, but also provide a valuable reference for the design of spur dike.

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9

Elsayed, Mohamed M., Mohammed Abdul-Latif, and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio. "A Spur-Frequency-Boosting PLL With a −74 dBc Reference-Spur Suppression in 90 nm Digital CMOS." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 48, no. 9 (September 2013): 2104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2013.2266865.

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10

Li, Qian, Yi Bian, Zhi Ping Zhong, Gui Hua Liu, and Ying Chen. "Study on the Large Module Spur Gear Cold Forming Process by Means of Numerical Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2642.

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The cold forging process of large module spur gear with four modules and 59mm breadth is performed by means of numerical simulation method. Two processes to forming such spur gears were compared by the simulation method, one is with the closed-die performing and extrusion in the finish-forging, the other is with divided-flow method in the finish-forging. Especially, the divided-flow method is analyzed in detail. The necessary reference and basis to realize practical cold precision forging process of spur gear with large modulus is provided eventually.

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11

Liu, Gui Hua, Zhi Ping Zhong, Yi Bian, and Qian Li. "Numerical Simulation on Precision Forging Process for Spur-Gear with Large Module." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.927.

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The whole precision forging process of spur-gear with large module (module: 4) including warm forging, cold extrusion and cold sizing is analyzed. By using finite element method, cold sizing step of spur-gear basing on hollow-divided-flow method is simulated, the influenc of hollow diameter on the forging force and material flow is discussed in detail. Futher research shows that appropriate different tooth reduction is benefit to forming tooth profile without mechaning after forging. According to the research, to form such spur gear with module 4 and breadth 59mm studied in this paper, the hollow diameter should be 18mm and the tooth reduction should be 1.2mm. The necessary reference and basis to realize practical precision forging process of spur gear with large module is provided eventually.

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12

Fu, Haipeng, Deyun Cai, Junyan Ren, Wei Li, and Ning Li. "A low reference spur quadrature phase-locked loop for UWB systems." Journal of Semiconductors 32, no. 11 (November 2011): 115012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/32/11/115012.

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13

Ho, Cheng-Ru, and Mike Shuo-Wei Chen. "A Digital PLL With Feedforward Multi-Tone Spur Cancellation Scheme Achieving <–73 dBc Fractional Spur and <–110 dBc Reference Spur in 65 nm CMOS." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 51, no. 12 (December 2016): 3216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2596770.

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14

Zhao, Xin Hai, Dan Dan Liu, Xing Hui Wang, and Xiang Hong Wu. "Optimization of the Isothermal Forging Process of a Spur Bevel Gear." Materials Science Forum 878 (November 2016): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.878.28.

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In this paper, the optimization of the parameters of the isothermal forging technology to form spur bevel gear was studied. The goal of the optimization is to decrease the forming load during the process. Then, some factors included the ratio of height to diameter of billet, thickness and position of punching recess, deformation temperature and velocity were taken as the optimization values and the orthogonal experimental method was employed to carried out the optimization. After the optimization, a set of optimum technology parameters were obtained. The result demonstrates that the precise spur bevel gear can be formed with less forming load and without causing under-filling and folding defect by using the isothermal forging and choosing suitable parameter, which provides reference to form the spur bevel gear.

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15

Li, Zheng Min Qing, Qing Bin Zhao, and Xiao Zhen Li. "Prediction of Spur Gear Mesh Stiffness Associated with the Tooth Corrosion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.570.

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In this study, a mesh stiffness model of spur gear drives considering the tooth corrosion effect, which is based on Ishikawa model, is proposed. The fidelity of mesh stiffness based on the proposed model is checked by comparing the result with a benchmark result from the reference and the effect of the tooth corrosion on mesh stiffness is analyzed. The prediction indicates mesh stiffness is insensitive to the tooth corrosion, but this conclusion has a signification for assessing the stability of inherent properties of a spur gear drive when the tooth corrosion is produced.

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16

Biswas, Debdut, and Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya. "Charge pump with reduced current mismatch for reference spur minimization in PLLs." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 95, no. 2 (March 17, 2018): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-018-1163-z.

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17

Lee, Eojin, Seung-Myeong Yu, Yunha Kang, and Junyoung Song. "Phase-locked Loop with True Random Number Generator for Reference Spur Reduction." IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieiespc.2021.10.2.146.

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18

Ma, Jianfeng, Chao Li, and Lingli Cui. "Transmission Error Analysis and Disturbance Optimization of Two-Stage Spur Gear Space Driven Mechanism with Large Inertia Load." Shock and Vibration 2018 (June 13, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6863176.

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For the nonlinear disturbance actual issues of the model space drive mechanism two-stage spur gear system, a nonlinear dynamic model of 14-DOF (degree of freedom) two-stage spur gear with time-varying stiffness and damping was established. This model has been developed previously by the authors to access the large inertia on the dynamic response of spur gear space driving mechanism, and its effectiveness was proved by a motion simulation experiment. In this paper, the profile error (PE) and the index error (IE) were enhanced in the dynamic model. The effects of profile error, index error, and variable load torque on transmission error (TE) were analyzed, while the optimization was proposed according to the analyzed result. The peak-to-peak value of the optimized load transmission error (LTE) was reduced by 60.7%, which improved the transmission accuracy and reduced the phenomenon of disturbance. The research of nonlinear dynamical model of two-stage spur gear and the TE of the large inertia load were enriched, which provided an important reference for the actual design of the gear system.

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19

Yousef, Samy, T. A. Osman, M. Khattab, Ahmed A. Bahr, and Ahmed M. Youssef. "A New Design of the Universal Test Rig to Measure the Wear Characterizations of Polymer Acetal Gears (Spur, Helical, Bevel, and Worm)." Advances in Tribology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/926918.

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This work aims to study the wear characterization of common types of acetal polymer gears (spur, helical, bevel, and worm) using a new TS universal test rig, in order to obtain reliable results and as a reference when compared with acetal nanocomposite gears later. The TS universal test rig consists of three different units that are connected by a main driver shaft and a pair of constantly meshing metal spur gears, which transfer power to the bevel and worm test units. The first unit is used to test the bevel gears, the second unit is used to test the spur and helical gears, and the third unit is used to test the worm gears. The loading mechanism is similarly designed to block the brake mechanism. Hobbing and milling machines were used to machine an injection-moulded polymer flanges and produce the tested gears. All gear pairs, except the worm gear, have identical gear ratios. The experiments were performed at speed 1420 rpm and the torque was 4 Nm. The results showed that the wear rates (in the form of weight loss) of spur gears were consistent with the previous results and the other gear types had larger wear rates.

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20

Su,, Xiaogen, Chia-Hsiang Menq,, and Donald R. Houser. "Estimation of Reference Misalignment of a Spur Gear and its Application to Profile and Lead Measurement." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 124, no. 2 (April 29, 2002): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1455029.

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In this paper, the effect of the reference misalignment on the tooth measurements of an involute spur gear is examined. Analytical relations between the profile/lead traces and the reference misalignment parameters are derived. These relations can be employed to estimate the misalignment parameters when three or more profile and lead traces are available. The estimated parameters may be subsequently used to remove the effect of the reference misalignment on the profile and lead traces. Experiments are conducted to verify the proposed method and to illustrate the applications of the developed approach.

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21

Tkach, Pavlo, Pavlo Nosko, Ol'ha Revyakina, Oleksandr Bashta, Anatoly Kornienko, Оlexandr Tisov, and Yuri Tsybri. "Mathematical model for formation of spur gear teeth by a hyperbolic reference profile." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD, no. 25(1301) (December 7, 2018): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2018.25.26.

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22

Charles, C. T., and D. J. Allstot. "A Calibrated Phase/Frequency Detector for Reference Spur Reduction in Charge-Pump PLLs." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 53, no. 9 (September 2006): 822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2006.880030.

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23

Li, Chao, and Jigang Wang. "Dynamic Response Analysis of Spur Gear System with Backlash." E3S Web of Conferences 276 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127601012.

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There are few studies on space-driven gear systems in the existing literature. In this paper, a spacedriven two-stage spur gear system is taken as the research object, and a 10 DOF dynamic model is established. A nonlinear dynamic response analysis was performed. The backlash was introduced into the dynamic model, and the time-varying stiffness was corrected to make the theoretical model closer to reality. By comparing two kinds of dynamic response curves with and without return difference, it was illustrated that the influence of return difference on dynamic transmission error in a gear system. The results obtained in this paper provide a reference and basis for subsequent research.

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24

Nouri, Mohamed T., Daniel P. Lawrence, Mohammad A. Yaghmour, Themis J. Michailides, and Florent P. Trouillas. "Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Causing Canker, Shoot Blight and Fruit Rot of Almond in California." Plant Disease 102, no. 8 (August 2018): 1638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-17-1967-re.

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Almond trees with trunk and branch cankers were observed in several orchards across almond-producing counties in California. Symptoms of cankers included bark lesions, discoloration of xylem tissues, longitudinal wood necrosis, and extensive gumming. Spur and shoot blight associated with rotted fruit were detected in two orchards in Kern County. The fungus Neoscytalidium dimidiatum was consistently recovered from the various cankers, infected fruit, and blighted shoots and its identity was confirmed based on phylogenetic and morphological studies. Phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-α, and β-tubulin genes comparing 47 strains from California with reference specimens within the family Botryosphaeriaceae and coupled with detailed morphological observations validated the identity of the pathogenic fungus. Pathogenicity tests conducted in the field using 1- to 2-year-old branches inoculated with mycelium plugs or conidial suspensions and attached fruit inoculated with conidial suspensions fulfilled Koch’s postulates. N. dimidiatum appeared highly virulent in almond-producing cankers of up to 22 cm in length within 4 weeks using mycelium plug inoculations as well as severe fruit rot combined with spur blight on the fruit-bearing spurs. This study reports, for the first time, the fungus N. dimidiatum as a pathogen of almond in California causing canker, shoot blight, and fruit rot. Disease symptoms are described and illustrated.

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25

Xu, Man Man, Yu Li, Sai Nan Xie, and Qing Hua Chen. "Finite Element Analysis on Rack and Pinion of Roadheader." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.718.

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To analyse the road-header rack and pinion by using the finite element analysis software COSMOS/WORKS. Compared to the traditional analytic calculation and numerical analysis method, it is more intuitively get 28 ° pressure angle spur gear rack meshing stress and strain distribution, which can rack and pinion improvements designed to provide scientific reference.

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26

Xi, Na. "A low reference spur phase-locked loop realized with dynamic current injection charge pump." IEICE Electronics Express 16, no. 8 (2019): 20190095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.16.20190095.

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27

Manikandan, R. R., and Bharadwaj Amrutur. "A zero charge-pump mismatch current tracking loop for reference spur reduction in PLLs." Microelectronics Journal 46, no. 6 (June 2015): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2015.03.004.

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28

Wang, Minghua, Xiaosong Wang, Yu Liu, and Haiying Zhang. "A 6.6 GHZ QUADRATURE FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER WITH -78 DBC REFERENCE SPUR FOR UWB APPLICATION." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 76 (2017): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc17032301.

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29

Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen Anh My, Le Quang Phu Vinh, and Vo Thanh Binh. "Optimal weight design problem of spur gears." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 6, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v4i1.792.

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Gear is one of the most common and important components in machinery. Evaluation on durability of gears plays crucial role in the assessment of the whole system reliability and service life. For other parts like shafts, the gears also act as loads. Therefore, dimensions and weight of the gears should be reduced as much as possible, contributing the size and weight reduction of the whole systems, which is essential to be cost-effectiveness. The current research focuses on optimal weight design problem of spur gears, such that the weight is minimized under the constraints taken from working conditions. The weight is a function of six variables, i.e. face width, shaft diameter of pinion, shaft diameter of gear, number of teeth on pinion, module and hardness. Constraints are derived based on AGMA standard and engineering handbooks, including the bending strength, the surface fatigue strength, the interference condition, the condition for uniform load distribution, the torsional strength of shaft on pinion and gear, and the center distance. The set of optimum design variables is determined by the heuristic algorithm Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). The accuracy and efficiency of the GWO in the optimal weight design problem of spur gears are assessed based on comparison with other popular methods, such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simulated Annealing (SA). It is noted that in previous works, some of the constraints are still violated. Therefore, a penalty term is taken into the objective function, such that any set of design variables that violates constraints will be considered as ``unfit'' by the algorithm. It is demonstrated that using the proposed approach by current work, the optimal weight and the corresponding set of design variable are very close to reference data. Yet the advantage of the proposed approach is exhibited in the fact that all of the constraints are satisfied.

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30

Lee, Sang-yeop, Hiroyuki Ito, Shuhei Amakawa, Noboru Ishihara, and Kazuya Masu. "An Inductorless Cascaded Phase-Locked Loop with Pulse Injection Locking Technique in 90 nm CMOS." International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology 2013 (March 4, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/584341.

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An inductorless phase-locked loop with subharmonic pulse injection locking was realized (PLL area: 0.11 mm2) by adopting 90 nm Si CMOS technology. The proposed circuit is configured with two cascaded PLLs; one of them is a reference PLL that generates reference signals to the other one from low-frequency external reference signals. The other is a main PLL that generates high-frequency output signals. A high-frequency half-integral subharmonic locking technique was used to decrease the phase noise characteristics. For a 50 MHz input reference signal, without injection locking, the 1 MHz offset phase noise was −88 dBc/Hz at a PLL output frequency of 7.2 GHz (= 144 × 50 MHz); with injection locking, the noise was −101 dBc/Hz (spur level: −31 dBc; power consumption from a 1.0 V power supply: 25 mW).

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31

Li, Xiaoqiang, Jingwei Zhang, Yuanzhi Zhang, Wenshen Wang, Huimin Liu, and Chao Lu. "A 5.7–6.0 GHz CMOS PLL with low phase noise and −68 dBc reference spur." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 85 (February 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2017.12.025.

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32

Vouaillat, Guillaume, Jean-Philippe Noyel, Fabrice Ville, Xavier Kleber, and Sylvain Rathery. "From Hertzian contact to spur gears: analyses of stresses and rolling contact fatigue." Mechanics & Industry 20, no. 6 (2019): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019064.

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The study of rolling contact fatigue in spur gears requires a good comprehension of all the phenomena occurring at the material scale. On a numerical point of view, a realistic representation of the material and of the load repartition function of the local micro-geometries is needed. However the resulting models are often complex and time-consuming. So, this work aims at developing a model meeting these specificities. Thus, different sections of the spur gear material granular geometry are simulated first. Secondly, the contact pressure fields are computed accurately relatively to the simulated surface microgeometry. Then, the influence of several parameters on their rolling contact fatigue life is highlighted. Among friction, sliding coefficient, load variation and roughness, these individual or combined parameters are taken into account in the model, tested and their impact stressed out. Finally, a fatigue criteria based on rolling contact fatigue micro-cracks nucleation at grain boundaries is proposed in order to compare simulations and influencing parameters to the reference.

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33

Jonšta, Petr, Petr Maršálek, Jiří Havlík, Zdenĕk Jonšta, and Jan Valíček. "Influence of Spur Gears Hardened Method to Allowable Stress Numbers for Bending." Key Engineering Materials 607 (April 2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.607.11.

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The presented paper deals with comparison of spur gears classical and modern hardening process of the bending fatigue properties. It concerned particularly the hardened surface of the tooth flank using optical source of electromagnetic radiation. The results of fatigue tests were obtained on a servo-hydraulic testing machine LFV 100 kN made by walter+bai ag. These tests were defined by the standard ISO 6336 as method B, when testing is carried out under reference conditions close to the real operation. Comparison of test samples is also carried out on the basic of the achieved local hardness and hardened layer thickness in the tooth root, which is an initiation of fatigue crack.

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34

Song, Junyoung, Sewook Hwang, Tae-Chan Kim, and Chulwoo Kim. "A 400 MHz–1.5 GHz all digital integer-N PLL with a reference spur reduction technique." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 79, no. 1 (February 8, 2014): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-014-0258-4.

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35

Maulik, P. C., and D. A. Mercer. "A DLL-Based Programmable Clock Multiplier in 0.18-$\mu$m CMOS With ${-}$70 dBc Reference Spur." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 42, no. 8 (August 2007): 1642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2007.900300.

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36

Zhao, Hui, and You Qiang Wang. "Finite Element Analysis of Gear under the Pressure of Different Oil Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 1613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.1613.

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The 3-D model of spur gear is created in SolidWorks software, the finite element analysis of gear under the EHL of different oil condition is made in ANSYS. During the finite element analysis, the numerical gear EHL film pressure is added, we can get this tooth loading stress and the impact of pressure on the gear is smaller under the starved oil condition. The results of the research will modify gear work environment and improve productivity with a certain reference value.

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37

KARUNAGARAN, A. "GLOBAL CRISIS AND THE DEMAND FOR GOLD BY CENTRAL BANKS: A REVIEW ESSAY WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 04, no. 01 (January 27, 2013): 1350006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993313500063.

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When India purchased 200 tons of gold in October 2009, it was perceived, inter alia that it may spur the demand for gold by many central banks and the price may further escalate. This paper examines the general trend among the central banks' demand for gold in the wake of the recent global financial crisis. In that context, the paper focuses on whether India's purchase of gold was an appropriate reserve management strategy and if it affected the gold price trends. Related issues such as optimum size of gold in foreign reserves and the rationale of central banks buying gold with special reference to the global crisis are also addressed.

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38

Bobzin, Kirsten, Tobias Brögelmann, Christian Kalscheuer, Matthias Thiex, Andreas Schwarz, Martin Ebner, Thomas Lohner, and Karsten Stahl. "DLC coated spur gears – Part II: coating properties and potential for industrial use." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 73, no. 4 (May 12, 2021): 621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2020-0256.

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Purpose This paper aims to address the coating and compound analysis of diamond-like carbon (DLC) on steel, to understand the frictional behavior in tribological gear systems presented in paper Part I. Here, the Ti and Zr modified DLC coating architectures are analyzed regarding their chemical, mechanical and thermophysical properties. The results represent a systematic analysis of the thermal insulating effect in tribological contact of DLC coated gears. Design/methodology/approach The approach was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of Zr through Ti at the reference coating ZrCg to TiCg and the effect on thermophysical properties. Furthermore, the influence of different carbon and hydrogen contents on the coating and compound properties was analyzed. Therefore, different discrete Ti or Zr containing DLC coatings were deposited on an industrial coating machine. Thereby the understanding of the microstructure and chemical composition of the reference coatings is increased. Findings Results prove comparable mechanical properties of metal modified DLC independent of differences in chemical compositions. Moreover, the compound adhesion between TiCg/16MnCr5E was improved compared to ZrCg/16MnCr5E. The effect of hydrogen content Ψ and carbon content xc on the thermophysical properties is limited by Ψ = 18 at.% and xc = 90 at.%. Practical implications The findings of the combined papers Part I and II show a high potential for industrial application of DLC on gears. Based on the results DLC coatings and gears can be tailored to each other. Originality/value Systematic analysis of DLC coatings were conducted to evaluate the effect of titanium, carbon and hydrogen on thermophysical properties.

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39

Veneranda, Marco, Ilaria Costantini, Silvia Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo, Laura Garcia, Iñaki García, Kepa Castro, Agustín Azkarate, and Juan Manuel Madariaga. "Study of corrosion in archaeological gilded irons by Raman imaging and a coupled scanning electron microscope–Raman system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2082 (December 13, 2016): 20160046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0046.

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In this work, analytical and chemical imaging tools have been applied to the study of a gilded spur found in the medieval necropolis of Erenozar (Bizkaia, Spain). As a first step, a lot of portable equipment has been used to study the object in a non-invasive way. The hand-held energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence equipment allowed us to characterize the artefact as a rare example of an iron matrix item decorated by means of a fire gilding technique. On the other hand, the use of a portable Raman system helped us to detect the main degradation compounds affecting the spur. Afterwards, further information was acquired in the laboratory by analysing detached fragments. The molecular images obtained using confocal Raman microscopy permitted us to characterize the stratigraphic succession of iron corrosions. Furthermore, the combined use of this technique with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was achieved owing to the use of a structural and chemical analyser interface. In this way, the molecular characterization, enhanced by the magnification feature of the SEM, allowed us to identify several micrometric degradation compounds. Finally, the effectiveness of one of the most used desalination baths (NaOH) was evaluated by comparing its effects with those provided by a reference bath (MilliQ). The comparison proved that basic treatment avoided any side effects on the spur decorated by fire gilding, compensating for the lack of bibliographic documentation in this field. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology’.

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Liu, Jie, She Liu, Weiqiang Zhao, and Lei Zhang. "Dynamic Characteristics of Spur Gear Pair with Dynamic Center Distance and Backlash." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2019 (April 11, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2040637.

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Effect of dynamic backlash and rotational speed is investigated on the six-degree-of-freedom model of the gear-bearing system with the time-varying meshing stiffness. The relationship between dynamic backlash and center distance can be defined clearly. The nonlinear differential equations of the model are solved by the Newmark-β method. The results show that system amplitude increases in the wake of increasing rotational speed. After reaching a certain rotational speed, the system jumps from periodic motion to chaos motion, and the effective amplitude is changed violently. Comparing the dynamic backlash with fixed backlash, the amplitude of the dynamic backlash is augmented and the frequency components are diversified. The vibration displacement is enlarged by the dynamic backlash and the chaotic behavior of the system becomes complex with increasing rotational speed. The numerical results provide a useful reference source for engineers to select rotational speed section for steady running.

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Liu, You Yu, Gou Zheng Zhang, and Jiang Han. "Graphic Simulation of Hobbing Process for Higher-Order Elliptic Gear." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.466.

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To solve higher-order elliptic gear manufacturing problems, this paper builds the model of hobbing process based on higher-order elliptic gear equation, and researches the graphic simulation technology of hobbing process by using tools (inclined) rack. Four higher-order elliptic spur gears and helical gears with different parameters are simulated by Matlab, to verify the processing model built and the condition of hobbing process can be applied. This work provided the theory foundation for the manufacturing modular of higher-order elliptic gear in CNC System and the reference for its manufacture.

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Kuppalath, Abdul Majeed Kottampara, and Binsu J. Kailath. "Nonlinear PFD free of glitches and blind zone for a fast locking PLL with reduced reference spur." IEICE Electronics Express 13, no. 10 (2016): 20160328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.13.20160328.

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Xiao Pu, A. Kumar, and K. Nagaraj. "Area-Efficient Low-Noise Low-Spur Architecture for an Analog PLL Working From a Low Frequency Reference." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 59, no. 6 (June 2012): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2012.2195064.

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Sharma, Jahnavi, and Harish Krishnaswamy. "A 2.4-GHz Reference-Sampling Phase-Locked Loop That Simultaneously Achieves Low-Noise and Low-Spur Performance." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 54, no. 5 (May 2019): 1407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2889690.

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Chen, Yu-Cheng, and Fan-Ren Chang. "An LMI-Based Method for Reference Spur Reduction in Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops Containing Loop Delay." Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing 31, no. 5 (April 10, 2012): 1615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00034-012-9409-y.

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Abdul Majeed, K. K., and Binsu J. Kailath. "Low power PLL with reduced reference spur realized with glitch-free linear PFD and current splitting CP." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 93, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-017-1013-4.

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Liao, Chung-Ta, Keh-Chia Yeh, Yin-Chi Lan, Ren-Kai Jhong, and Yafei Jia. "Improving the 2D Numerical Simulations on Local Scour Hole around Spur Dikes." Water 13, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111462.

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Local scour is a common threat to structures such as bridge piers, abutments, and dikes that are constructed on natural rivers. To reduce the risk of foundation failure, the understanding of local scour phenomenon around hydraulic structures is important. The well-predicted scour depth can be used as a reference for structural foundation design and river management. Numerical simulation is relatively efficient at studying these issues. Currently, two-dimensional (2D) mobile-bed models are widely used for river engineering. However, a common 2D model is inadequate for solving the three-dimensional (3D) flow field and local scour phenomenon because of the depth-averaged hypothesis. This causes the predicted scour depth to often be underestimated. In this study, a repose angle formula and bed geometry adjustment mechanism are integrated into a 2D mobile-bed model to improve the numerical simulation of local scour holes around structures. Comparison of the calculated and measured bed variation data reveals that a numerical model involving the improvement technique can predict the geometry of a local scour hole around spur dikes with reasonable accuracy and reliability.

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Galak, Jeff, Julian Givi, and Elanor F. Williams. "Why Certain Gifts Are Great to Give but Not to Get." Current Directions in Psychological Science 25, no. 6 (December 2016): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721416656937.

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We propose that many giver-recipient discrepancies in the gift-giving literature can be explained, at least partially, by the notion that when evaluating the quality of a gift, givers primarily focus on the moment of exchange, whereas recipients primarily focus on how valuable a gift will be once owned. In this review, we summarize the variety of errors givers make and, more critically, position these errors within our newly developed framework. We hope this framework will provide a single point of reference for those interested in gift giving and spur novel predictions about the causes and consequences of miscalibrated gift choice.

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Abu-Hamdeh, Nidal H., and Mohammad Alharthy. "Application of Finite Element to Spur Gear Stress Reduction Using Stress Relieving Feature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.296.

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The aim of this study was to create stress relieving features to reduce the root fillet stress in spur gear. A pilot model was established to predict von Mises stress at the root fillet of the gear without holes and was used as a reference model. Finite element modeling was adopted using Abaqus® package. The predicted stresses were compared with stresses obtained by AGMA analytical solution. A good agreement was found in the comparison between the calculated and predicted stresses. Then, another model, namely hole model, was built to investigate the effect of various hole parameters (number, diameter, location, angle). The hole model was performed by creating hole/holes in the gear body. The results obtained showed that increasing the diameter size of hole/holes resulted in higher percentage of stress reductions compared to the pilot case. Furthermore, increasing the number of holes resulted in higher percentage of stress reductions compared to the pilot case, but gear rigidity in this case was highly affected.

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Huang, Yunbo, Yong Chen, Hailong Jiao, Pui-In Mak, and Rui P. Martins. "A 3.36-GHz Locking-Tuned Type-I Sampling PLL With −78.6-dBc Reference Spur Merging Single-Path Reference-Feedthrough-Suppression and Narrow-Pulse-Shielding Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 68, no. 9 (September 2021): 3093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3094934.

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