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Journal articles on the topic 'Reference temperature'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Souza, Gladis Aparecida Galindo Reisemberger de, Marcos Leal Brioschi, José Viriato Coelho Vargas, Keli Cristiane Correia Morais, Carlos Dalmaso Neto, and Eduardo Borba Neves. "Reference breast temperature: proposal of an equation." Einstein (São Paulo) 13, no. 4 (December 2015): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082015ao3392.

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ABSTRACT Objective To develop an equation to estimate the breast reference temperature according to the variation of room and core body temperatures. Methods Four asymptomatic women were evaluated for three consecutive menstrual cycles. Using thermography, the temperature of breasts and eyes was measured as indirect reference of core body and room temperatures. To analyze the thermal behavior of the breasts during the cycle, the core body and room temperatures were normalized by means of a mathematical equation. Results We performed 180 observations and the core temperature had the highest correlation with the breast temperature, followed by room temperature. The proposed prediction model could explain 45.3% of the breast temperature variation, with variable room temperature variable; it can be accepted as a way to estimate the reference breast temperature at different room temperatures. Conclusion The average breast temperature in healthy women had a direct relation with the core and room temperature and can be estimated mathematically. It is suggested that an equation could be used in clinical practice to estimate the normal breast reference temperature in young women, regardless of the day of the cycle, therefore assisting in evaluation of anatomical studies.

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2

George H. Hargreaves and Zohrab A. Samani. "Reference Crop Evapotranspiration from Temperature." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 1, no. 2 (1985): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26773.

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3

Deval, Y., S. G. Ducouret, and J. P. Dom. "Ratiometric temperature stable current reference." Electronics Letters 29, no. 14 (1993): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19930857.

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4

Candela, G. A., R. J. Soulen, V. M. Browning, and J. F. Schooley. "Temperature reference points using cuprate superconductors." Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications 162-164 (December 1989): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(89)91085-x.

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5

Sansen, W. M., F. Op't Eynde, and M. Steyaert. "A CMOS temperature-compensated current reference." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 23, no. 3 (June 1988): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4.324.

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6

Valipour, Mohammad. "Temperature analysis of reference evapotranspiration models." Meteorological Applications 22, no. 3 (July 14, 2014): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1465.

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7

Fiori, F., and P. S. Crovetti. "Compact temperature-compensated CMOS current reference." Electronics Letters 39, no. 1 (2003): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20030087.

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8

Zhe, Zhao, Zhou Feng, and Huang Shengzhuan. "All-CMOS temperature compensated current reference." Journal of Semiconductors 31, no. 6 (June 2010): 065016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/31/6/065016.

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9

Lee, C. H., and H. J. Park. "All-CMOS temperature independent current reference." Electronics Letters 32, no. 14 (1996): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19960827.

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10

Aleksandrov, Yu I., A. G. Ivanova, and A. I. Pokhodun. "Reference point temperature and its determination." Measurement Techniques 35, no. 5 (May 1992): 584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00977590.

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11

Jeon, Ho Sik, Seung Hyun Cho, Yang Wook Heo, and Byung Seong Bae. "Novel Temperature Sensor Fabricated with Oxide and Metal." Materials Science Forum 674 (February 2011): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.674.201.

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Resistance of metal depends on temperature. Therefore, the metal can be used as a temperature sensor with a reference resistor. The reference resistor is connected serially and the voltages of the sensor metal are measured after applying DC voltage. However, it is not easy to keep the reference resistance constant while measuring temperatures. We studied the temperature dependence of resistance of oxide material to apply it to the bridge type temperature sensor which is insensitive to the environmental temperature. We made bridge type temperature sensor with oxide material and metal. The novel temperature sensor does not need a reference resistor, and composed of oxide and metal. Therefore, we could remove error induced by environmental temperature variation. Moreover, the novel bridge type temperature sensor provides higher sensitivity than conventional sensor structure. By different thermal coefficient of the oxide material, it was possible to remove an external reference resistance. The proposed bridge type temperature sensor is a self-reference temperature sensor which is insensitive to the environmental temperature.

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12

Ma, Xin, Fang Ju, Jun Chang, Weijie Wang, and Zongliang Wang. "Dual reference point temperature interrogating method for distributed temperature sensor." Laser Physics Letters 10, no. 10 (August 14, 2013): 105102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/10/10/105102.

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13

Brown, Shannon, Shailen Desai, Stephen Keihm, and Wenwen Lu. "Microwave Radiometer Calibration on Decadal Time Scales Using On-Earth Brightness Temperature References: Application to the TOPEX Microwave Radiometer." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 2579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1305.1.

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Abstract A method is described to calibrate a satellite microwave radiometer operating near 18–37 GHz on decadal time scales for the purposes of climate studies. The method uses stable on-earth brightness temperature references over the full dynamic range of on-earth brightness temperatures to stabilize the radiometer calibration and is applied to the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX) Microwave Radiometer (TMR). These references are a vicarious cold reference, which is a statistical lower bound on ocean surface brightness temperature, and heavily vegetated, pseudoblackbody regions in the Amazon rain forest. The sensitivity of the on-earth references to climate variability is assessed. No significant climate sensitivity is found in the cold reference, as it is not sensitive to a climate minimum (e.g., coldest sea surface temperature or driest atmosphere) but arises because of a minimum in the sea surface radio brightness that occurs in the middle of the climatic distribution of sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The hot reference is observed to have a small climate dependency, which is most evident during the 1997/98 El Niño event. A time-dependent model for the hot reference region is constructed using meteorological fields from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis product. This model is shown to accurately account for the small climate variations in this reference. In addition to the long-term stabilization of the brightness temperatures, an improvement to the TMR antenna pattern correction is described that removes residual geographically correlated errors, in particular errors correlated with distance to land or sea ice. The recalibrated TMR climate data record is cross-validated with the climate data record produced from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). It is shown that the intersensor drift is small, providing realistic error bars for the climate trends generated from the instrument pair, as well as validating both the methodology described in this paper and the SSM/I climate data record.

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14

Banu, Viorel, Pierre Brosselard, Xavier Jordá, Phillippe Godignon, and José Millan. "Demonstration of High Temperature Bandgap Voltage Reference Feasibility on SiC Material." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 1131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.1131.

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This work demonstrates that a stable voltage reference with temperature, in the 25°C-300°C range is possible with SiC. This paper reports the simulated and experimental results as well and a practical and simplified vision on the principles of thermally compensated voltage reference circuits, usually named bandgap references. For our demonstration, we have used SiC Schottky diodes. The influence of the barrier height and the ideality factor on the voltage reference and a comparison between simulated and experimental results are also presented.

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15

Zhang, ZiHao, Jebreel M. Salem, and Dong Sam Ha. "A High Temperature 4H-SiC Voltage Reference for Depletion Mode GaN-Based Circuits." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, HiTEN (July 1, 2017): 000118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491.2017.hiten.118.

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Abstract High temperature electronics are highly demanded for many applications such as automotive, space, and oil and gas exploration. Electronic circuits for those applications are required to operate reliably without using bulky cooling systems. Circuits based on silicon (Si) suffer from high leakage currents at high temperatures. Silicon Carbide (SiC) circuits, on the other hand, are suitable for high temperature applications due to the wide bandgap and offer high breakdown voltage and low leakage current. This paper presents a negative voltage reference for high temperature applications using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) 4H-SiC transistors. The proposed voltage reference adopts Widlar bandgap reference topology, and it aims to provide a negative reference voltage for Gallium Nitride (GaN) circuits operating at high temperatures. Measurement results indicate that the proposed circuit provides a negative reference voltage with a low temperature coefficient of 42 ppm/°C for temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 250 °C. The proposed circuit also operates reliably for a wide supply voltage range of −7.5 V to −15 V for the temperature range.

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16

Chen, Xi, Liang Li, Xing Fa Huang, Xiao Feng Shen, and Ming Yuan Xu. "A CMOS Bandgap Reference with Temperature Compensation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 667 (October 2014): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.667.401.

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This paper has presented a bandgap reference circuit with high-order temperature compensation. The compensation technique is achieved by using MOS transistor operating in sub-threshold region for reducing high-order TC of Vbe. The circuit is designed in 0.18¦Ìm CMOS process. Simulation results show that the proposed circuit achieves 4.2 ppm/¡æ with temperature from-55 to 125 ¡æ, which is only a third than that of first-order compensated bandgap reference.

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17

Kostyrko, K., and M. Skoczylas. "Temperature standard reference materials for thermal analysis." Journal of Thermal Analysis 38, no. 9 (September 1992): 2181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01979632.

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18

Trajkovic, Slavisa. "Temperature-Based Approaches for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 131, no. 4 (August 2005): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2005)131:4(316).

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19

Osipov, Dmitry, and Steffen Paul. "Temperature-Compensated $\beta$ -Multiplier Current Reference Circuit." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 64, no. 10 (October 2017): 1162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2016.2634779.

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20

Brandt, Ruediger, Colin Bird, and Guenther Neuer. "Emissivity reference paints for high temperature applications." Measurement 41, no. 7 (August 2008): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2007.10.007.

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21

Frounchi, J., and S. J. Harrold. "Process and temperature insensitive GaAs voltage reference." Electronics Letters 34, no. 4 (1998): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19980201.

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22

Bukun, N., L. Leonova, S. Ermolaeva, N. Tkacheva, and Yu Dobrovolsky. "Reference electrodes for low-temperature gas sensors." Ionics 1, no. 3 (May 1995): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02426029.

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23

Sohn, Hoon. "Reference-free crack detection under varying temperature." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 8 (November 2011): 1395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-011-1271-0.

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24

Rousseau, B., J. F. Brun, D. De Sousa Meneses, and P. Echegut. "Temperature Measurement: Christiansen Wavelength and Blackbody Reference." International Journal of Thermophysics 26, no. 4 (July 2005): 1277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-005-6726-4.

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25

Lee, Dong, and Myoung Choi. "Standard Reference Materials for Cement Paste: Part III—Analysis of the Flow Characteristics for the Developed Standard Reference Material According to Temperature Change." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102001.

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For the general quantitative evaluation of the flow characteristics of a material, various factors that affect the flow should be examined. Notably, cement paste shows multi-dimensional flow characteristics owing to not only its inherent features such as its various particle sizes and hydration reaction, but also due to environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and pressure. Therefore, an analysis of those environmental factors is important for the quantitative evaluation of the flow characteristics of cement paste. In this study, we analyzed the flow characteristics of cement paste and a newly developed standard reference material (SRM) that has similar flow characteristics to cement paste at different temperatures. For the analysis, the flow characteristics of each cement paste mixture at five different temperatures (5 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C) were examined, in consideration of variations in construction environments. Then, the flow characteristics of the developed SRM at different temperatures were also analyzed. The result of the analysis demonstrated a decrease in the rheology constant value following a rise in the temperature. Notably, the degree of variation in the flow characteristics was larger at a lower temperature, while flow characteristics remained nearly constant at higher temperatures. The result of the analysis also confirmed that cement paste and the newly developed SRM displayed similar tendencies for the change in flow characteristics following a change in temperature. In conclusion, the newly developed SRM is thought to be useful for consistently representing the flow characteristics of cement paste under various construction environments in consideration of temperature change.

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26

Wang, Geng, Yuhang Wang, Hu Sun, Bingrong Miao, and Yishou Wang. "A Reference Matching-Based Temperature Compensation Method for Ultrasonic Guided Wave Signals." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 5174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235174.

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The ultrasonic guided wave-based structural damage diagnosis method has broad application prospects in different fields. However, some environmental factors such as temperature and loads will significantly affect the monitoring results. In this paper, a reference matching-based temperature compensation for ultrasonic guided wave signals is proposed to eliminate the effect of temperature. Firstly, the guided wave signals measured at different temperatures are used as reference signals to establish the relationship between the features of the reference signals and temperature. Then the matching algorithm based on Gabor function is used to establish the relationship between the amplitude influence coefficient obtained by the reference signal and the corresponding temperature. Finally, through these two relationships, the values of the phase and amplitude influence coefficients of the guided wave signals at other temperatures are obtained in a way of interpolation in order to reconstruct the compensation signals at the temperature. The effect of temperature on the amplitude and phase of the guided wave signal is eliminated. The proposed temperature compensation method is featured such that the compensation performance can be improved by multiple iteration compensation of the residual signal. The ultrasonic guided wave test results at different temperatures show that the first iterative compensation of the proposed method can achieve compensation within the temperature range greater than 7 °C, and the compensation within the temperature range greater than 18 °C can be achieved after three iterations.

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27

Banu, Viorel, Phillippe Godignon, Xavier Jordá, Mihaela Alexandru, and José Millan. "Study on the Feasibility of SiC Bandgap Voltage Reference for High Temperature Applications." Materials Science Forum 679-680 (March 2011): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.679-680.754.

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This work demonstrates that a stable voltage reference with temperature, in the 25°C-300°C range is possible using SiC bipolar diodes. In a previous work, we have been demonstrated both theoretical and experimentally, the feasibility of SiC bandgap voltage reference using SiC Schottky diodes [1]. The present work completes the investigation on SiC bandgap reference by the using of SiC bipolar diodes. Simulated and experimental results for two different SiC devices: Schottky and bipolar diodes showed that the principles that govern the bandgap voltage references for Si are also valid for the SiC. A comparison between the output voltage levels of the two types of bandgap reference is also presented.

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28

Li, Lin An, Ming Tang, Wen Ou, and Yang Hong. "An All CMOS Current Reference." Applied Mechanics and Materials 135-136 (October 2011): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.135-136.192.

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In this paper, an all CMOS current reference circuit which generates a reference current independent of PVT (Process, supply Voltage, and Temperature) variations is presented. The circuit consists of a self-biased current source (SBCS) and two nested connected transistors which supply a voltage with positive temperature coefficient and the resulting reference circuit has low temperature coefficient. It is based on CSMC 0.5um mixed-signal process with the supply voltage of 5V. The precision of reference current is about ±3.05% when considering the process, supply voltage and temperature variation at the same time.

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29

Levy, Julie K., Kelly R. Nutt, and Sylvia J. Tucker. "Reference interval for rectal temperature in healthy confined adult cats." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 17, no. 11 (October 20, 2015): 950–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x15582081.

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Objectives: Despite the common use of rectal temperature for assessing health and identifying infectious diseases in cats, there is little evidence to support frequently cited feline reference intervals for rectal temperature. Body temperature measurements are most commonly performed indoors in animal shelters and veterinary clinics. In these facilities, cats are often inactive and housed in small enclosures in a climate-controlled environment. The purpose of this study was to establish a new reference interval for rectal temperature in healthy confined adult cats. Methods: Rectal temperatures were measured in 200 healthy adult indoor cats in animal shelters, veterinary clinics and private homes. The reference interval was established using the method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: The reference interval for healthy adult cat rectal temperature was determined to range from 36.7°C (confidence interval [CI] = 36.6–36.8°C; 98.1°F [CI = 97.9–98.3°F]) at the lower limit to 38.9°C (CI = 38.8–39.1°C; 102.1°F [CI = 101.9–102.3°F]) at the upper limit. The ambient temperature ranged from 20.3–30.8°C (68.5–87.5°F). Rectal temperature was not significantly correlated with ambient temperature. Conclusions and relevance: A range of 36.7–38.9°C (98.1–102.1°F) should be considered the new reference interval for healthy adult cats for rectal temperature measured indoors in climate-controlled conditions. This range is lower than commonly reported. Use of previously published ranges could lead to overdiagnosis of hypothermia or underdiagnosis of mild pyrexia.

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30

Tian, XingGuo, XiaoNing Xin, and DongYang Han. "A high precision bandgap voltage reference." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 04072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823204072.

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In order to meet the market demand for wide temperature range and high precision bandgap voltage reference, this paper designs a bandgap reference with wide temperature range and low temperature coefficient. In this paper, the basic implementation principle of the bandgap reference is analyzed.On the basis of the traditional bandgap reference circuit structure,this design adds a trimming network and a temperature compensation network. A new Gaussian bell curve compensation technique is adopted to compensate the low temperature section, and the normal temperature section and the high temperature section respectively. Compared with the existing compensation technology, the versatility and the compensation effect is better. The designed circuit is designed and manufactured based on the Huahong HHNECGE0.35um process. The results show that the output voltage is 2.5V at 2.7V supply voltage and temperature range of -40-125°C.at typical process angle ,the temperature coefficient is 0.54618 PPm/°C,and is within 1PPm/°C at other process angles.

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31

King, Bradely A., Krista C. Shellie, David D. Tarkalson, Alexander D. Levin, Vivek Sharma, and David L. Bjorneberg. "Data-Driven Models for Canopy Temperature-Based Irrigation Scheduling." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13901.

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HighlightsArtificial neural network modeling was used to predict crop water stress index lower reference canopy temperature.Root mean square error of predicted lower reference temperatures was <1.1°C for sugarbeet and Pinot noir wine grape.Energy balance model was used to dynamically predict crop water stress index upper reference canopy temperature.Crop water stress index for sugarbeet was well correlated with irrigation and soil water status.Crop water stress idex was well correlated with midday leaf water potential of wine grape.Abstract. Normalized crop canopy temperature, termed crop water stress index (CWSI), was proposed over 40 years ago as an irrigation management tool but has experienced limited adoption in production agriculture. Development of generalized crop-specific upper and lower reference temperatures is critical for implementation of CWSI-based irrigation scheduling. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate data-driven models for predicting the reference canopy temperatures needed to compute CWSI for sugarbeet and wine grape. Reference canopy temperatures for sugarbeet and wine grape were predicted using machine learning and regression models developed from measured canopy temperatures of sugarbeet, grown in Idaho and Wyoming, and wine grape, grown in Idaho and Oregon, over five years under full and severe deficit irrigation. Lower reference temperatures (TLL) were estimated using neural network models with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiencies exceeding 0.88 and root mean square error less than 1.1°C. The relationship between TLL minus ambient air temperature and vapor pressure deficit was represented with a linear model that maximized the regression coefficient rather than minimized the sum of squared error. The linear models were used to estimate upper reference temperatures that were nearly double the values reported in previous studies. A daily CWSI, calculated as the average of 15 min CWSI values between 13:00 and 16:00 MDT for sugarbeet and between 13:00 and 15:00 local time for wine grape, were well correlated with irrigation events and amounts. There was a significant (p < 0.001) linear relationship between the daily CWSI and midday leaf water potential of Malbec and Syrah wine grapes, with an R2 of 0.53. The data-driven models developed in this study to estimate reference temperatures enable automated calculation of the CWSI for effective assessment of crop water stress. However, measurements taken under conditions of wet canopy or low solar radiation should be disregarded as they can result in irrational values of the CWSI. Keywords: Canopy temperature, Crop water stress index, Irrigation scheduling, Leaf water potential, Sugarbeet, Wine grape.

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32

Ye, Rong Ke, and Rong Bin Hu. "A Bandgap Reference with High Order Temperature Compensation." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.649.

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A kind of CMOS bandgap reference circuit with high order temperature compensation is introduced [1]. Compared to the traditional circuit, the bandgap reference proposed here has several advantages such as better temperature stability, smaller chip area, lower power consumption, self-power-on, and so on. Our design can be used in analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog converters, where high performance bandgap reference is required.

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33

Varotsos, C. "Quasi-stationary planetary waves and temperature reference atmosphere." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 37, no. 4 (1987): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01031049.

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34

Chu, Brian, and Graham Machin. "A low-temperature blackbody reference source to C." Measurement Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/10/1/004.

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35

Fiori, F., and P. S. Crovetti. "A new compact temperature-compensated CMOS current reference." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 52, no. 11 (November 2005): 724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2005.852529.

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36

De Vita, Giuseppe, and Giuseppe Iannaccone. "Ultra-low-power temperature compensated voltage reference generator." Microelectronics Journal 37, no. 10 (October 2006): 1072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2006.04.011.

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37

Albano, Domenico, Felice Crupi, Francesca Cucchi, and Giuseppe Iannaccone. "A picopower temperature-compensated, subthreshold CMOS voltage reference." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 42, no. 12 (June 10, 2013): 1306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.1925.

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38

Yoo, C., and J. Park. "CMOS current reference with supply and temperature compensation." Electronics Letters 43, no. 25 (2007): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20072528.

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39

Yan, Wei, Xin Tian, Wenhong Li, and Ran Liu. "A resistorless CMOS current reference with temperature compensation." Journal of Semiconductors 32, no. 3 (March 2011): 035006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/32/3/035006.

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40

Crovetti, P. S., and F. Fiori. "Compact, very low voltage, temperature-independent reference circuit." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 1, no. 1 (2007): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds:20050373.

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41

Deschamps, Frédéric, and Jeannot Trampert. "Towards a lower mantle reference temperature and composition." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 222, no. 1 (May 2004): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.024.

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42

Mittal, V., K. S. Kasana, and N. S. Thakur. "Modelling and simulation of a solar absorption cooling system for India." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i3a3290.

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This paper presents modelling and simulation of a solar absorption cooling system. In this paper, the modelling of a solar-powered, single stage, absorption cooling system, using a flat plate collector and water–lithium bromide solution, is done. A computer program has been developed for the absorption system to simulate various cycle configurations with the help of various weather data for the village Bahal, District Bhiwani, Haryana, India. The effects of hot water inlet temperatures on the coefficient of performance (COP) and the surface area of the absorption cooling component are studied. The hot water inlet temperature is found to affect the surface area of some of the system components. Moreover the effect of the reference temperature which is the minimum allowable hot water inlet temperature on the fraction of total load met by non-purchased energy (FNP) and coefficient of performance (COP) is studied and it is found that high reference temperature increases the system COP and decreases the surface area of system components but lower reference temperature gives better results for FNP than high reference temperatures.

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43

Lambert, Alyn, and Michelle L. Santee. "Accuracy and precision of polar lower stratospheric temperatures from reanalyses evaluated from A-Train CALIOP and MLS, COSMIC GPS RO, and the equilibrium thermodynamics of supercooled ternary solutions and ice clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 3 (February 12, 2018): 1945–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1945-2018.

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Abstract. We investigate the accuracy and precision of polar lower stratospheric temperatures (100–10 hPa during 2008–2013) reported in several contemporary reanalysis datasets comprising two versions of the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA and MERRA-2), the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-I), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (NCEP-CFSR). We also include the Goddard Earth Observing System model version 5.9.1 near-real-time analysis (GEOS-5.9.1). Comparisons of these datasets are made with respect to retrieved temperatures from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) temperatures, and independent absolute temperature references defined by the equilibrium thermodynamics of supercooled ternary solutions (STSs) and ice clouds. Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations of polar stratospheric clouds are used to determine the cloud particle types within the Aura MLS geometric field of view. The thermodynamic calculations for STS and the ice frost point use the colocated MLS gas-phase measurements of HNO3 and H2O. The estimated bias and precision for the STS temperature reference, over the 68 to 21 hPa pressure range, are 0.6–1.5 and 0.3–0.6 K, respectively; for the ice temperature reference, they are 0.4 and 0.3 K, respectively. These uncertainties are smaller than those estimated for the retrieved MLS temperatures and also comparable to GPS RO uncertainties (bias < 0.2 K, precision > 0.7 K) in the same pressure range. We examine a case study of the time-varying temperature structure associated with layered ice clouds formed by orographic gravity waves forced by flow over the Palmer Peninsula and compare how the wave amplitudes are reproduced by each reanalysis dataset. We find that the spatial and temporal distribution of temperatures below the ice frost point, and hence the potential to form ice polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in model studies driven by the reanalyses, varies significantly because of the underlying differences in the representation of mountain wave activity. High-accuracy COSMIC temperatures are used as a common reference to intercompare the reanalysis temperatures. Over the 68–21 hPa pressure range, the biases of the reanalyses with respect to COSMIC temperatures for both polar regions fall within the narrow range of −0.6 K to +0.5 K. GEOS-5.9.1, MERRA, MERRA-2, and JRA-55 have predominantly cold biases, whereas ERA-I has a predominantly warm bias. NCEP-CFSR has a warm bias in the Arctic but becomes substantially colder in the Antarctic. Reanalysis temperatures are also compared with the PSC reference temperatures. Over the 68–21 hPa pressure range, the reanalysis temperature biases are in the range −1.6 to −0.3 K with standard deviations ∼ 0.6 K for the CALIOP STS reference, and in the range −0.9 to +0.1 K with standard deviations ∼ 0.7 K for the CALIOP ice reference. Comparisons of MLS temperatures with the PSC reference temperatures reveal vertical oscillations in the MLS temperatures and a significant low bias in MLS temperatures of up to 3 K.

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Gallo, Kevin P. "Evaluation of Temperature Differences for Paired Stations of the U.S. Climate Reference Network." Journal of Climate 18, no. 10 (May 15, 2005): 1629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3358.1.

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Abstract Adjustments to data observed at pairs of climate stations have been recommended to remove the biases introduced by differences between the stations in time of observation, temperature instrumentation, latitude, and elevation. A new network of climate stations, located in rural settings, permits comparisons of temperatures for several pairs of stations without two of the biases (time of observation and instrumentation). The daily, monthly, and annual minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures were compared for five pairs of stations included in the U.S. Climate Reference Network. Significant differences were found between the paired stations in the annual minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures for all five pairs of stations. Adjustments for latitude and elevation differences contributed to greater differences in mean annual temperature for four of the five stations. Lapse rates computed from the mean annual temperature differences between station pairs differed from a constant value, whether or not latitude adjustments were made to the data. The results suggest that microclimate influences on temperatures observed at nearby (horizontally and vertically) stations are potentially much greater than influences that might be due to latitude or elevation differences between the stations.

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Shakya, S. K., E. M. Goss, N. S. Dufault, and A. H. C. van Bruggen. "Potential Effects of Diurnal Temperature Oscillations on Potato Late Blight with Special Reference to Climate Change." Phytopathology® 105, no. 2 (February 2015): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-14-0132-r.

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Global climate change will have effects on diurnal temperature oscillations as well as on average temperatures. Studies on potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) development have not considered daily temperature oscillations. We hypothesize that growth and development rates of P. infestans would be less influenced by change in average temperature as the magnitude of fluctuations in daily temperatures increases. We investigated the effects of seven constant (10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 23, and 27°C) and diurnally oscillating (±5 and ±10°C) temperatures around the same means on number of lesions, incubation period, latent period, radial lesion growth rate, and sporulation intensity on detached potato leaves inoculated with two P. infestans isolates from clonal lineages US-8 and US-23. A four-parameter thermodynamic model was used to describe relationships between temperature and disease development measurements. Incubation and latency progression accelerated with increasing oscillations at low mean temperatures but slowed down with increasing oscillations at high mean temperatures (P < 0.005), as hypothesized. Infection efficiency, lesion growth rate, and sporulation increased under small temperature oscillations compared with constant temperatures but decreased when temperature oscillations were large. Thus, diurnal amplitude in temperature should be considered in models of potato late blight, particularly when predicting effects of global climate change on disease development.

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Lee, Elmer, Paula Valdivia, Winston Fan, and Sanjay E. Sarma. "The Process Window for Reference Free Part Encapsulation." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 124, no. 2 (April 29, 2002): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1414126.

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Reference Free Part Encapsulation (RFPE) is an automatic, universal workholding process developed by the authors and by researchers at Berkeley. In RFPE, a block of filler material encapsulates the workpiece and provides a fixturing surface, and after each machining operation, the filler block is re-filled with material to restore it to a perfect block. The objective of this research is to compute the process parameter window for RFPE. We examine the effect of process parameters such as the injection temperature, the preheating temperature, the cooling rate and the pressure on the effectiveness of the process. We show that when the temperatures are too low, or if the mold is cooled too much or too rapidly, the newly added material does not weld properly to the original encapsulation. If the temperatures are too great, then the entire encapsulation is likely to melt and lose location. The injection pressure, meanwhile, affects the surface finish of the process, and therefore the accuracy. We develop models to understand the effects of these parameters on process performance and design experiments to verify these predictions. Using these techniques, we determine the acceptable parameter windows for the process.

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Likens, Gene E., Brian K. Dresser, and Donald C. Buso. "Short-Term Temperature Response in Forest Floor and Soil to Ice Storm Disturbance in a Northern Hardwood Forest." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/21.4.209.

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Abstract Significant changes in the temperature of forest floor and soil of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest occurred as a result of canopy damage caused by a major ice storm in Jan. 1998. The summertime patterns among open, brush-pile, and reference sites were clear and repeatable: (1) air temperatures at all sites peaked at about the same time each day although the average open-site values were 1 to 4°C higher; (2) the pattern at 2- and 15-cm [0.8- and 5.9-in.] depths was similar to air; (3) the open value was 5 to 9 and 6 to 10°C higher than that in the reference site and brush-pile sites, respectively; (4) there was a lag of ∼0.3 hours for daily peak temperatures between the air and 2-cm depth, and ∼3.3 hours between the daily maximum temperature at 2- and 15-cm depth for the open sites; (5) the open site temperature at both 2- and 15-cm depth was ∼2°C higher than reference and brush-pile temperatures (average daily temperature for the brush-pile site rose to be roughly equal to that in the open site in Aug. 1999 and Aug. 2000, while the reference site remained about 2°C lower); (6) small, but not statistically significant, changes were observed at the 50-cm [19.7-in.] depth where the open site was ∼1°C higher than the brush-pile or reference sites; and (7) regrowth of vegetation in the canopy gaps during the first 3 years reduced forest floor temperatures to or below the temperature at the 2-cm depth in the reference site. These results have potential ecological importance to the northern hardwood forest ecosystem. North. J. Appl. For. 21(4):209 –219.

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Lyman, CS, TA Perfetti, DM Riggs, and WT Morgan. "Thermal Emissivity and Cigarette Coal Temperature During Smolder." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 6 (July 1, 2003): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0755.

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AbstractCoal temperatures affect the burn properties of cigarettes. Thermal imaging was used to determine the average maximum surface coal temperatures during smolder of cigarettes of different tobacco types. The thermal imaging camera was calibrated against a reference blackbody. An emissivity correction was necessary since the set point temperatures of the reference blackbody did not correspond to the measured temperatures of the reference blackbody. A 0.87 camera emissivity was applied to provide accurate coal temperatures at a corrected emissivity of approximately 1. The average maximum surface coal temperatures during smolder of unfiltered single-tobacco-type cigarettes and a commercial blend cigarette were determined (with the camera lens focused parallel to the cigarette), and no discernible differences among them were found. The calculated average maximum surface coal temperature during smolder for all cigarettes was 584 AA± 15 °C. During smolder, thermocouples were used to measure the temperature of the gas phase (along the central axis of coal), and the thermal imaging camera was used to measure the temperature of the solid phase of the coal's surface. Using thermocouples, the peak coal temperatures in the center of the coal during smolder for three filtered single-tobacco-type cigarettes were 736-744 °C. Peak coal temperatures, measured by thermal imaging, on the surface of the coal (with the camera lens focused coaxially with the coal and the ash removed) for the same three single-tobacco-type cigarettes had a range of 721-748 °C. There was good correspondence between the two techniques. These results confirm that during smolder the gas-phase temperature inside the coal (as measured with the thermocouple) and the solid-phase temperatures beneath the ash (as measured with the camera) are in near thermal equilibrium. With proper calibration, a thermal imaging system is a good alternative to thermocouples for measuring cigarette coal temperatures.

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Doan, Tan N., Daniel Wilson, Stephen Rashford, and Emma Bosley. "Ambient temperatures, heatwaves and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Brisbane, Australia." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 78, no. 5 (January 12, 2021): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-107018.

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BackgroundThe health impacts of temperatures are gaining attention in Australia and worldwide. While a number of studies have investigated the association of temperatures with the risk of cardiovascular diseases, few examined out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and none have done so in Australia. This study examined the exposure–response relationship between temperatures, including heatwaves and OHCA in Brisbane, Australia.MethodsA quasi-Poisson regression model coupled with a distributed lag non-linear model was employed, using OHCA and meteorological data between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2019. Reference temperature was chosen to be the temperature of minimum risk (21.4°C). Heatwaves were defined as daily average temperatures at or above a heat threshold (90th, 95th, 98th, 99th percentile of the yearly temperature distribution) for at least two consecutive days.ResultsThe effect of any temperature above the reference temperature was not statistically significant; whereas low temperatures (below reference temperature) increased OHCA risk. The effect of low temperatures was delayed for 1 day, sustained up to 3 days, peaking at 2 days following exposures. Heatwaves significantly increased OHCA risk across the operational definitions. When a threshold of 95th percentile of yearly temperature distribution was used to define heatwaves, OHCA risk increased 1.25 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.50) times. When the heat threshold for defining heatwaves increased to 99th percentile, the relative risk increased to 1.48 (1.11 to 1.96).ConclusionsLow temperatures and defined heatwaves increase OHCA risk. The findings of this study have important public health implications for mitigating strategies aimed at minimising temperature-related OHCA.

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Hawkins, Ed, and Rowan Sutton. "Connecting Climate Model Projections of Global Temperature Change with the Real World." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 963–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00154.1.

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Abstract Current state-of-the-art global climate models produce different values for Earth’s mean temperature. When comparing simulations with each other and with observations, it is standard practice to compare temperature anomalies with respect to a reference period. It is not always appreciated that the choice of reference period can affect conclusions, both about the skill of simulations of past climate and about the magnitude of expected future changes in climate. For example, observed global temperatures over the past decade are toward the lower end of the range of the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) simulations irrespective of what reference period is used, but exactly where they lie in the model distribution varies with the choice of reference period. Additionally, we demonstrate that projections of when particular temperature levels are reached, for example, 2 K above “preindustrial,” change by up to a decade depending on the choice of reference period. In this article, we discuss some of the key issues that arise when using anomalies relative to a reference period to generate climate projections. We highlight that there is no perfect choice of reference period. When evaluating models against observations, a long reference period should generally be used, but how long depends on the quality of the observations available. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) choice to use a 1986–2005 reference period for future global temperature projections was reasonable, but a case-by-case approach is needed for different purposes and when assessing projections of different climate variables. Finally, we recommend that any studies that involve the use of a reference period should explicitly examine the robustness of the conclusions to alternative choices.

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