Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reference term

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Reference term'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 25 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Reference term"

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Gouveia, Goncalo J., Amanda O. Shaver, Brianna M. Garcia, et al. "Long-Term Metabolomics Reference Material." Analytical Chemistry 93, no. 26 (2021): 9193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01294.

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Anaswah, Mohmad. "Importance of references’ science in information and library studies." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 49, no. 2 (2022): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i2.1786.

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The research aims to explore the value of reference terms and its added value, and this by identifying the reference term opposite to bibliography term that has been restored to its origins in Arabic language, and its approval by the councils of the Arabic language and its display in Arab intellectual production. The documentary approach was used to achieve the goals of this research, which was one of its most prominent results, to reach that there is a disparity in understanding what is the reference term and its awareness and definition. The research concluded that the reference term is the Arab equivalent of the term bibliography, and the term of references as opposed to bibliographies and proven sources as opposed to the term sources and references, However, the reference term has many and varied benefits that go into all areas of describing intellectual production, which proves that it has a basic value and added value that comes in the form of indispensable returns and guidance for workers in the library sector, publishing houses and publishers in all their spectrum.
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Tiedemann, Jörg. "Can bilingual word alignment improve monolingual phrasal term extraction?" Terminology 7, no. 2 (2001): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.7.2.05tie.

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This paper focuses on the improvement of statistically-extracted phrase lists by applying word alignment approaches to bitext. Such phrase lists serve several tasks such as the compilation of terminology or translation databases. Our investigations are based on the assumption that word alignment favors well-formed phrase structures rather than irregular text segments. If this is the case, word alignment will filter out irregular structures from automatically generated phrase lists. As a result, an improved phrase list, in terms of precision, may be compiled. Furthermore, word alignment approaches can be used to identify additional multi-word units, e.g. multi-word cognates. Our investigations are focused on a Swedish/English text corpus that has been aligned with the Uppsala Word Aligner (UWA). Finally, we describe and apply three approaches to evaluate the automatically generated phrase lists: an evaluation by comparing results with existing reference data (prior reference), an evaluation against given syntactic patterns (prior reference patterns), and a manual evaluation of sample data (posterior reference). The evaluations of the extraction of phrasal terms in English substantiate the assumption: precision has improved significantly with little loss in recall.
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Tomasik, P., A. Manda, and K. Sztefko. "Urine sediment — Reference ranges in term and pre-term newborns." Clinical Biochemistry 47, no. 9 (2014): 781–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.04.075.

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Elliott, Michael J., Jorrit H. Poelen, and José A. B. Fortes. "Toward reliable biodiversity dataset references." Ecological Informatics 59 (June 12, 2020): 101132. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13532251.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) No systematic approach has yet been adopted to reliably reference and provide access to digital biodiversity datasets. Based on accumulated evidence, we argue that location-based identifiers such as URLs are not sufficient to ensure long-term data access. We introduce a method that uses dedicated data observatories to evaluate long-term URL reliability. From March 2019 through May 2020, we took periodic inventories of the data provided to major biodiversity aggregators, including GBIF, iDigBio, DataONE, and BHL by accessing the URL-based dataset references from which the aggregators retrieve data. Over the period of observation, we found that, for the URL-based dataset references available in each of the aggregators' data provider registries, 5% to 70% of URLs were intermittently or consistently unresponsive, 0% to 66% produced unstable content, and 20% to 75% became either unresponsive or unstable. We propose the use of cryptographic hashing to generate content-based identifiers that can reliably reference datasets. We show that content-based identifiers facilitate decentralized archival and reliable distribution of biodiversity datasets to enable long-term accessibility of the referenced datasets.
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Elliott, Michael J., Jorrit H. Poelen, and José A. B. Fortes. "Toward reliable biodiversity dataset references." Ecological Informatics 59 (June 7, 2020): 101132. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13532251.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) No systematic approach has yet been adopted to reliably reference and provide access to digital biodiversity datasets. Based on accumulated evidence, we argue that location-based identifiers such as URLs are not sufficient to ensure long-term data access. We introduce a method that uses dedicated data observatories to evaluate long-term URL reliability. From March 2019 through May 2020, we took periodic inventories of the data provided to major biodiversity aggregators, including GBIF, iDigBio, DataONE, and BHL by accessing the URL-based dataset references from which the aggregators retrieve data. Over the period of observation, we found that, for the URL-based dataset references available in each of the aggregators' data provider registries, 5% to 70% of URLs were intermittently or consistently unresponsive, 0% to 66% produced unstable content, and 20% to 75% became either unresponsive or unstable. We propose the use of cryptographic hashing to generate content-based identifiers that can reliably reference datasets. We show that content-based identifiers facilitate decentralized archival and reliable distribution of biodiversity datasets to enable long-term accessibility of the referenced datasets.
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Goh, Jihoon, Giho Jeong, and Jangkoo Kang. "The reference dependency of short-term reversal." International Review of Economics & Finance 78 (March 2022): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2021.11.008.

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Emons, H., P. Ostapczuk, M. Rossbach, and J. D. Schladot. "Reference materials for long-term environmental programs." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 360, no. 3-4 (1998): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050721.

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Carlsonradvansky, L. A., and D. E. Irwin. "Reference Frame Activation during Spatial Term Assignment." Journal of Memory and Language 33, no. 5 (1994): 646–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1031.

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Geach, P. T. "Reference and Buridan's Law." Philosophy 62, no. 239 (1987): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100038547.

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‘Reference’ was the term Max Black and I chose to render Frege's term ‘Bedeutung’ when we published English translations of some selections from his works. We preferred ‘stand for’ as a translation of the verb ‘bedeuten’; but from ‘stand for’ we could not form a general term to render the corresponding German noun. Our renderings were chosen because, like the German words, they were in themselves colourless and untechnical, and on that very account could take on in context whatever special import Frege's way of thinking might give them. Black ! and I could not foresee how the English language was going to develop. T Like another familiar English word, the word ‘gay’, ‘reference’ has S become the badge or slogan of a certain set of people; those who do not belong to the set but go on using the word as they always have done may find themselves on occasion seriously misunderstood.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reference term"

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Grohoľ, Stanislav. "Napěťová reference s LTZ1000." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-242056.

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The thesis deals with the issue of stability of voltage reference based on LTZ1000(A) integrated circuit. At the beginning are specified main parameters of voltage references in terms of stability. The work presents distribution references by architecture and by method of connection to the circuit. Work compares some references of Analog Devices and Linear Technology companies. In work is described voltage reference LTZ1000(A) and its circuits from datasheet. Listed are the main factor that influence the stability of reference, such as temperature, PCB design, Zener diode bias current, airflow and choice of circuit components. Given the description of a design module with the 7 V, 5 V and 10 V output. Made was three samples of PCB. Listed are results from long-term drift and temperature drift measures.
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Kersting, Lee Michael. "Do Changing Reference Levels affect the Long-Term Effectiveness of Incentive Contracts?" Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4347.

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This study examines whether reference levels change over time and the impact on individuals' risk-taking behavior. I apply expectations-based reference-dependent preferences theory to analyze whether individuals' reference levels change over time in an economic setting. The theory suggests that individuals develop reference levels based on expectations of future outcomes (Koszegi and Rabin 2006). Therefore, this study examines whether individuals' expectations affect the setting of their reference level and how possible changes in reference levels affect subsequent risk-taking behavior. This study also provides evidence on how budget-based contracts impact individual risk taking behavior in a single period setting. Prior research has used multiple theories in an attempt to explain contradictory results relating to budget target difficulty and risk-taking behaviors. This study provides more evidence to the literature by further examining the impact of budget-based contracts on individuals' risk-taking behavior. A 1 x 2 between subjects experiment was conducted over five periods. Budget target was the manipulated factor at two levels: easy and moderate. Results suggest that individuals under easy budget targets make riskier decisions. Additionally, individuals' reference levels change over time and the change in reference level is greater for those individuals who continually attain their budget target, suggesting that expectations do increase the reference level. Lastly, in the current study, changes in reference level do not have a significant impact on risky decision making.
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Ohta, Tatsuro. "Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders : A Brief Review with Special Reference to Long-term Follow-up." 名古屋大学医学部, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6175.

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Weiss, Helen Anne. "Cancer epidemiology : with special reference to the long-term effects of exposure to ionizing radiation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239233.

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Iivonen, Mirja, and Diane H. Sonnenwald. "From Translation to Navigation of Different Discourses: A Model of Search Term Selection during the Pre-Online Stage of the Search Process." John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106512.

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We propose a model of search term selection process based on our empirical study of professional searchers during the pre-online stage of the search process. The model characterizes the selection of search terms as the navigation of different discourses. Discourse refers to the way of talking and thinking about a certain topic; there often exists multiple, diverse discourses on the same topic. When selecting search terms, searchers appear to navigate a variety of discourses, i.e., they view the topic of a client's search request from the perspective of multiple discourse communities, and evaluate and synthesize differences and similarities among those discourses when selecting search terms. Six discourses emerged as sources of search terms in our study. These discourses are controlled vocabularies, documents and domains, the practice of indexing, clients' search requests, databases and the searchers' own search experience. Data further suggest that searchers navigate these discourses dynamically and have preferences for certain discourses. Conceptualizing the selection of search terms as a meeting place of different discourses provides new insights into the complex nature of the search term selection process. It emphasizes the multiplicity and complexity of the sources of search terms, the dynamic nature of the search term selection process, and the complex analysis and synthesis of differences and similarities among sources of search terms. It suggests that searchers may need to understand fundamental aspects of multiple discourses in order to select search terms.
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Mates, Andrea W. "What talking about them reveals about us the organization of person reference in conversations about family photographs /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1930285341&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Saaristo, Rauni. "Long-term results of thyroid surgery with special reference to ultrasonography findings in the thyroid remnant." Helsinki : Societas scientiarum Fennica, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/58500470.html.

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Vánky, Farkas. "Surgery for aortic stenosis : with special reference to myocardial metabolism, postoperative heart failure and long-term outcome." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Thoraxkirurgi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7471.

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Postoperative heart failure (PHF) remains a major determinant of the outcome after cardiac surgery. However, characteristics of and risk factors for PHF after valve surgery have received little attention. Post-ischaemic disturbances of myocardial metabolism that may contribute to PHF and are amenable to metabolic treatment have been identified early after coronary surgery (CABG). Knowledge derived from these studies may not be applicable to other patient groups. We therefore studied myocardial energy metabolism in 20 elective patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) for isolated aortic stenosis (AS). The metabolic studies indicated that myocardial oxidative metabolism had not fully recovered when the procedure was completed. Free fatty acids were the only major substrates taken up by the heart. Signs of preoperative and postoperative metabolic adaptation with substantial uptake of glutamate, previously demonstrated in patients with coronary artery disease, were found. Postoperative infusion of glutamate, (2 mL/kg body weight and hour of 0.125 M solution) based on assessment of myocardial glutamate requirements in CABG patients, resulted in a two-fold increase in myocardial glutamate uptake and a seven-fold increase in AV differences across the leg. This was associated with a significant myocardial uptake of lactate and metabolic changes in the leg suggesting mitigation of net amino acid loss and peripheral tissue lipolysis. Characteristics of and risk factors for PHF were evaluated in 398 patients undergoing isolated AVR for AS from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2000. These were compared with 398 patients, matched for age and sex, undergoing on-pump isolated CABG. Forty-five AVR and 47 CABG patients fulfilled criteria for PHF and these were studied in detail. PHF usually presented at weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. After CABG it was closely associated with preoperative ischaemic events and intraoperatively acquired myocardial infarction. Potential causes and eliciting events of PHF after AVR for AS were obvious only in one-third of the patients. Risk factors for PHF after AVR for AS indicated either pre-existing myocardial dysfunction, increased right or left ventricular after-load, or intraoperatively acquired myocardial injury. PHF was associated with high early mortality after CABG, whereas the consequences of PHF after AVR for AS became evident only with time, resulting in a 42% five-year mortality. Although PHF had a different temporal impact on late mortality after CABG and AVR for AS, it emerged as the statistically most significant risk factor for mortality occurring within 5 years from surgery both after AVR for AS and after CABG. Potential implications of our findings include needs for greater focus on preoperative surveillance of patients with AS for optimal timing of surgery, mitigation of intraoperatively acquired myocardial injury and tailoring of treatment for PHF. Furthermore, the findings have implications for long-term follow up of AS patients after surgery.
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Vánky, Farkas. "Surgery for aortic stenosis : with special reference to myocardial metabolism, postoperative heart failure and long-term outcome /." Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7471.

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Björnådal, Lena. "Long-term outcome of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus with special reference to cardiovascular disease /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-787-8/.

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Books on the topic "Reference term"

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Corporation, RNact, ed. Psych reference library with short term goals. RNact Corp., 1986.

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Corporation, RNact, ed. Medical reference library with short term goals. RNact Corp., 1986.

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Corporation, RNact, ed. Surgical reference library with short-term goals. RNact Corp., 1986.

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Inc, BarCharts, ed. QuickStudy - Essays & Term Papers. BarCharts, Inc., 2003.

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Dulberger, Michael D. Agent's reference for long-term care in Connecticut. CarePlans Connecticut, 1994.

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Corporation, RNact, ed. Substance abuse reference library with short term goals. RNact Corp., 1985.

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Corporation, RNact, ed. Alcohol abuse reference library with short term goals. RNact Corp., 1986.

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Corporation, RNact, ed. Obstetrics & newborn nursery reference library with short term goals. RNact Corp., 1986.

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Needham, Joan Fritsch. Pocket reference for the long-term care nursing assistant. Delmar Publishers, 1992.

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S, Boulter Cleo, ed. Minimum data set + reference manual. Eliot Press, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reference term"

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Peter, Helga. "Short term insomnia." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54672-3_890-1.

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Peter, Helga. "Short term insomnia." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65186-5_890.

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Love, Robert, and Vijay Nangia. "Uplink Reference Signals." In LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470978504.ch15.

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Ancora, Andrea, Stefania Sesia, and Alex Gorokhov. "Reference Signals and Channel Estimation." In LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470978504.ch8.

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Ribeiro, Andre S., and Jason Lloyd-Price. "Information Propagation in the Long-Term Behavior of Gene Regulatory Networks." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19621-8_9.

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Mago, Vijay Kumar, Ryan Woolrych, Stephen N. Robinovitch, and Andrew Sixsmith. "Determining the ‘Fault Zone’ of Fall Events in Long Term Care." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01285-8_5.

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Nester, James M., Chiang-Mei Chen, Jian-Liang Liu, and Gang Sun. "A Reference for the Covariant Hamiltonian Boundary Term." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06761-2_22.

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Roychowdhury, Dipasree, Mihir Halder, and Sumita Jha. "Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation in Medicinal Plants: Genetic Stability in Long-Term Culture." In Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_8.

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Nielsen, Fran. "Correction to: Art Therapy." In Longer-Term Psychiatric Inpatient Care for Adolescents. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1950-3_21.

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Hefty, J., L. Gerhatova, M. Becker, et al. "Long-Term Densification of Terrestrial Reference Frame in Central Europe as the Result of Central Europe Regional Geodynamic Project 1994-2006." In Geodetic Reference Frames. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00860-3_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reference term"

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Arup, Hans, Oskar Klinghoffer, and Jürgen Mietz. "Long Term Performance of MnO2-Reference Electrodes in Concrete." In CORROSION 1997. NACE International, 1997. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1997-97243.

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Abstract The embeddable MnO2-electrode for use in concrete has been tested and used in the field since 1986. The present paper supplements earlier publications and presents new data on short and long term stability, temperature response, polarization behaviour and performance in concrete with cathodically protected steel subjected to climatic cycling. Results compare favorably with published data for other embeddable electrodes.
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Ansuini, Frank J., and James R. Dimond. "Long-Term Stability Testing of Reference Electrodes for Reinforced Concrete." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94295.

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Abstract This paper presents the results from three years of stability testing of commercial silver/silver chloride, manganese oxide and graphite embedded reference electrodes used in reinforced concrete structures. Tests were performed in chloride-free and chloride-contaminated slabs exposed to the weather in the northeastern United States. Also included is the effect on potential readings of IR drops caused by corrosion of an embedded rebar.
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Leon, Taylor, and Wayne Geyer. "The Buried Reference Electrode: A Critical Long Term Performance Study." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98673.

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Abstract Accurate monitoring of cathodic protection relies upon the proficiency of the test personnel and the proper operation of the required equipment. The equipment consists of properly insulated test leads, an electronic voltmeter with a known internal circuit resistance, and a reference electrode. The proper operation of each piece of equipment is critical to the accuracy of the cathodic protection test results. However, the reference electrode is not often suspected of being responsible for unexpected cathodic protection readings. This paper will provide background on the use of portable reference electrodes and data used to evaluate the performance of buried reference electrodes installed adjacent to a single, cathodically protected, underground storage tank. Data accumulated at the test site clearly indicates that not all buried reference electrodes provide identical results.
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Ansuini, Frank J., and James R. Dimond. "Long-Term Field Tests of Reference Electrodes for Concrete - Ten Year Results." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01296.

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Abstract This paper presents the results from ten years of stability testing of commercial silver/silver chloride, manganese oxide and graphite embedded reference electrodes used in reinforced concrete structures. Tests were performed in chloride-free and chloride-contaminated slabs exposed to the weather in the northeastern United States. Also included is the effect on potential readings of IR drops caused by corrosion of an embedded rebar.
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Goncharov, Andrey V., Andrey V. Valyushok, Nikolay N. Skuridin, and Anton V. Zamyatin. "Long-Term Field Testing of Cathodic Protection Equipment in Soil and Marine Environment." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11057.

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Abstract Corrosion protection in soil and marine environments involves protective coatings and cathodic protection devices (anodes and referfence electrodes). In order to select proper technical solutions for cathodic protection of steel structure facilities, long-term field testing of reference electrodes and anodes are carried out. The experimental set-up was constructed and commissioned on port facilities in Kozmino (marine conditions) and in Ural region (in soils). The testing includes multiple models of anodes and reference electrodes. The types of anodes under investigation are silicon-iron, magnetite, conductive polymer, and titanium-based anodes (with platinum (Pt) and mixed-metal oxide (MMO) coatings). The tested reference electrodes are copper-sulphate (Cu/CuSO4), silver-silver chloride (Ag/AGCl), zinc (Zn), and bi-metallic reference electrodes. The basic parameters of reference electrodes and anodes will be evaluated. The remote monitoring system is applied for control of currents and potentials. The duration of testing is more than 1.5 year. The paper presents experimental procedures and some observations made in course of the testing.
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Lucas, K. E., E. A. Hogan, P. Slebodnick, and E. D. Thomas. "Long-Term Stability and Environmental Effects of Silver/Silver Chloride Reference Cells in Natural Seawater." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01300.

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Abstract Six commercially available Ag/AgCl reference cells were tested under various environmental conditions to ascertain the stability and drift of the half-cells when exposed to changes in seawater temperature, conductivity and flow. Results showed there can be a large variability within reference cell vendor batches and the offset between different reference cells can be greater that ± 10mV. Generally, the half-cells responded in a similar manner to the environmental changes, but there were differences in response time and reversibility under some conditions.
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Arup, Hans, and Birgit Sørensen. "A New Embeddable Reference Electrode for Use in Concrete." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92208.

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Abstract A new type of reference electrode, based on MnO2, has been developed for use in concrete. It is designed to have long-term stability and during 5 years of field use it has shown repeatable and stable behaviour. General problems in connection with potential measurements of steel in concrete are discussed.
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Menendez, Carlos M. "Reference Electrodes for High Pressure and High Temperature Electrochemical Testing." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01305.

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Abstract Current developments and progress in design of high temperature reference electrodes are reviewed. The basic principles required to design reference electrodes are described focusing on the main issues that should be addressed for high temperature applications. Various high temperature electrode designs are classified by the thermal state of the cell (external, internal), their performance based on long term stability and the potential determination reaction.
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Bennett, J. E., and T. A. Mitchell. "Reference Electrodes for Use with Reinforced Concrete Structures." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92191.

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Abstract Reference electrodes are commonly used to determine the electrochemical potential of steel embedded in concrete. This potential is characteristic of the state of corrosion of the steel, and, when cathodic protection current is being applied, is used to determine the extent of the protection afforded. Reference electrodes may be either applied to the surface of the structure, or may be embedded within the concrete for longer term monitoring. The important characteristics of reference electrodes are reviewed. This paper reports on the electrochemical properties of reference electrodes commonly used in or on reinforced concrete structures. These electrodes include copper/copper sulfate (CSE), silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), graphite, and mixed metal oxide (MMO). The saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is also included as a standard reference. Properties reported include reproducibility, micro-polarizability, electrochemical hysteresis, and temperature response. Experimental results of potential measurements conducted on concrete are also presented. Liquid junction potential error, which may be significant, is discussed, and recommendations are made for minimizing measurement error.
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Chawla, Sandeep, Ken Evans, Kathleen Sherer, et al. "Reference-Electrode Evaluations and Potential-Distribution Modelling for Nuclear Waste Tanks." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14905.

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Abstract Reference electrodes are included in the corrosion-monitoring probes that are installed in some of the Double-Shell Tanks (DSTs) used for nuclear waste storage at Hanford. The electrodes are utilized for monitoring in-tank corrosion potentials. They provide a method for assessing the impacts of evolving waste chemistries and the effectiveness of chemical controls to ensure that the tank environments do not reach corrosion potentials capable of inducing localized corrosion or stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The corrosion probes of several tanks have suffered reference-electrode failures in recent years. This paper discusses the results of (1) a laboratory testing regime that was developed to evaluate reference electrodes and better predict their long-term field performance in the waste environments, and (2) finite element modeling studies to assess potential distributions along the tank walls with the reference electrode positioned in the center of the tank. The laboratory study evaluated the long-term electrode-potential stability and impedance of the electrodes in non-radioactive simulants of various Hanford waste types. Finite element modeling of tank potential distributions was conducted using a commercial software. The potential drop between the center and tank wall was computed as a function of waste resistivity and assumed heterogeneity in the tank waste.
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Reports on the topic "Reference term"

1

Radulescu, Georgeta, Brandon Grogan, and Kaushik Banerjee. Fuel Assembly Reference Information for SNF Radiation Source Term Calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819561.

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2

Johra, Hicham. Long-Term Stability and Calibration of the Reference Thermometer ASL F200. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau328894425.

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The aim of this technical report is to provide detailed information about the long-term stability of the thermometer ASL F200 (WIKA Instruments Limited [1]) that is used as temperature reference to calibrate other temperature sensors in the Laboratory of Building Energy and Indoor Environment at Aalborg University – Department of the Built Environment [2]. This ASL F200 thermometer is regularly sent for recalibration at the “Temperature Laboratory” of the Danish Technological Institute, which is a National Reference Laboratory [3]. In this report, the stability of the thermometer is assessed as the difference in the temperature reading of the instrument at a specific temperature over time. The latter is calculated as the yearly deviation (or stability) in between consecutive recalibrations, which is equivalent to the difference in the calibration correction term in between two consecutive recalibrations divided by the elapsed time in between these two consecutive recalibrations. The long-term stability of the ASL F200 thermometer is only assessed here for the first channel “Chan 1” of the instrument. All calculations of this technical report are based on calibrations reports from the National Reference Laboratory of the Danish Technological Institute [3]. The main results of those calibration reports can be found in the Appendix at the end of this document.
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3

Adams, Mary Beth, Brian Simpson, Charlene Kelly, Jamie L. Schuler, and John Juracko. Stand dynamics of reference plots in the West Virginia long-term soil productivity studies. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-192.

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4

Chepeliev, Maksym, Thomas Hertel, and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe. Cutting Russia’s Fossil Fuel Exports: Short-Term Pain for Long-Term Gain. GTAP Working Paper, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp91.

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In response to the invasion of Ukraine, most OECD countries have announced punishing sanctions against Russia. In addition to targeting financial markets and service sectors, some countries have begun to impose restrictions on exports of Russia’s fossil fuels. In this paper, we analyze a scenario whereby most OECD countries put major restrictions on Russia’s energy exports. Results suggest that the short-term implications are likely to be non-trivial for EU – Russia’s largest energy export destination. Households’ real income could drop by 0.7-1.7 percent (relative to the reference case) with energy prices growing by as much as 11 percent. But after the initial adjustment period, the cost of such restrictions for the EU is expected to be more modest over the longer run (0.04 percent slowdown in the annual growth rate of real income over the 2022-2030 period), even as they lead to substantial environmental co-benefits through reductions in CO2 (6.6 percent in 2030) and air pollutant emissions (2.8-5.9 percent in 2030). Such emission reductions would take the EU more than halfway to its Green Deal mitigation target, reducing the necessary carbon price by around 40 EUR per tCO2. Adverse impacts on the Russian economy would be overwhelming and, in relative terms, 10 time larger than that for EU. By 2030 the cumulative reduction in Russian real income would exceed 1.1 trillion USD, while lost revenue from fossil fuel exports would be almost 1.4 trillion USD. Key words: Russia; Fossil fuel export restrictions; Economic impacts; European Union; Climate mitigation; Environmental co-benefits; Computable general equilibrium. JEL codes: C68, O13, Q43, F17, F18
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Johra, Hicham. Long-Term Stability and Calibration of the Reference Thermometer ASL F200: 20 Years of Calibration History – 2025 Update. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54337/aau765309538.

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The aim of this technical report is to provide detailed information about the long-term stability of the thermometer ASL F200 (WIKA Instruments Limited) that is used as temperature reference to calibrate other temperature sensors in the Laboratory of Building Energy and Indoor Environment at Aalborg University – Department of the Built Environment. This ASL F200 thermometer is regularly sent for recalibration at the “Temperature Laboratory” of the Danish Technological Institute, which is a National Reference Laboratory. In this report, the stability of the thermometer is assessed as the difference in the temperature reading of the instrument at a specific temperature over time. The latter is calculated as the yearly deviation (or stability) in between consecutive recalibrations, which is equivalent to the difference in the calibration correction term in between two consecutive recalibrations divided by the elapsed time in between these two consecutive recalibrations. The long-term stability of the ASL F200 thermometer is only assessed here for the first channel “Chan 1” of the instrument. All calculations of this technical report are based on calibrations reports from the National Reference Laboratory of the Danish Technological Institute. The main results of those calibration reports can be found in the Appendix at the end of this document.
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6

Soares, Tatiana Fontes, Marco Velarde, and Alejandro Soriano. Approach Paper: OVE Mid-Term Evaluation of IDB-9 Commitments. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010430.

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This approach paper describes OVE's approach to evaluating the implementation of the commitments contained in the Ninth General Increase in the Resources of the IDB (IDB-9). OVE's core objective for this evaluation will be to document the progress and effectiveness of implementation to date of the IDB-9 reforms. A variety of tools, tailored to each thematic area, will be used to gather evidence. OVE will review the background discussions on each one of the themes to identify and assess the assumptions underlying the design of the respective actions. OVE will also look at lessons learned from past and ongoing evaluations in the respective themes, as well as best practices in other development institutions, if relevant. For most of the actions it will be necessary to carry out structured interviews, and in a few cases stakeholder surveys will shed light on progress to date. OVE will also review relevant data on implementation and, where available, on preliminary or final results. The assessment of each thematic area will be preceded by specific terms of reference, detailing the approach, evaluation questions, and evaluation methodology.
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7

Davis, W. J., T. Pestaj, N. Rayner, and V. M. McNicoll. Long-term reproducibility of 207Pb/206Pb age at the GSC SHRIMP lab based on the GSC Archean reference zircon z1242. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321203.

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8

Berkowitz, Jacob, Nathan Beane, Kevin Philley, Nia Hurst, and Jacob Jung. An assessment of long-term, multipurpose ecosystem functions and engineering benefits derived from historical dredged sediment beneficial use projects. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41382.

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The beneficial use of dredged materials improves environmental outcomes while maximizing navigation benefits and minimizing costs, in accordance with the principles of the Engineering With Nature® (EWN) initiative. Yet, few studies document the long-term benefits of innovative dredged material management strategies or conduct comprehensive life-cycle analysis because of a combination of (1) short monitoring time frames and (2) the paucity of constructed projects that have reached ecological maturity. In response, we conducted an ecological functional and engineering benefit assessment of six historic (>40 years old) dredged material–supported habitat improvement projects where initial postconstruction beneficial use monitoring data was available. Conditions at natural reference locations were also documented to facilitate a comparison between natural and engineered landscape features. Results indicate the projects examined provide valuable habitat for a variety of species in addition to yielding a number of engineering (for example, shoreline protection) and other (for example, carbon storage) benefits. Our findings also suggest establishment of ecological success criteria should not overemphasize replicating reference conditions but remain focused on achieving specific ecological functions (that is, habitat and biogeochemical cycling) and engineering benefits (that is, storm surge reduction, navigation channel maintenance) achievable through project design and operational management.
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9

Cialone, Mary, Jessamin Straub, Britt Raubenheimer, et al. A large-scale community storm processes field experiment : the During Nearshore Event Experiment (DUNEX) overview reference report. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46548.

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The DUring Nearshore Event EXperiment (DUNEX) was a series of large-scale nearshore coastal field experiments focused on during-storm, nearshore coastal processes. The experiments were conducted on the North Carolina coast by a multidisciplinary group of over 30 research scientists from 2019 to 2021. The overarching goal of DUNEX was to collaboratively gather information to improve understanding of the interactions of coastal water levels, waves, and flows, beach and dune evolution, soil behavior, vegetation, and groundwater during major coastal storms that affect infrastructure, habitats, and communities. In the short term, these high-quality field measurements will lead to better understanding of during-storm processes, impacts and post-storm recovery and will enhance US academic coastal research programs. Longer-term, DUNEX data and outcomes will improve understanding and prediction of extreme event physical processes and impacts, validate coastal processes numerical models, and improve coastal resilience strategies and communication methods for coastal communities impacted by storms. This report focuses on the planning and preparation required to conduct a large-scale field experiment, the collaboration amongst researchers, and lessons learned. The value of a large-scale experiment focused on storm processes and impacts begins with the scientific gains from the data collected, which will be available and used for decades to come.
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10

Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Edited by Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström, and Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.
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