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Journal articles on the topic 'Reference term'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 12 July 2025

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1

Gouveia, Goncalo J., Amanda O. Shaver, Brianna M. Garcia, et al. "Long-Term Metabolomics Reference Material." Analytical Chemistry 93, no. 26 (2021): 9193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01294.

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2

Anaswah, Mohmad. "Importance of references’ science in information and library studies." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 49, no. 2 (2022): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i2.1786.

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The research aims to explore the value of reference terms and its added value, and this by identifying the reference term opposite to bibliography term that has been restored to its origins in Arabic language, and its approval by the councils of the Arabic language and its display in Arab intellectual production. The documentary approach was used to achieve the goals of this research, which was one of its most prominent results, to reach that there is a disparity in understanding what is the reference term and its awareness and definition. The research concluded that the reference term is the Arab equivalent of the term bibliography, and the term of references as opposed to bibliographies and proven sources as opposed to the term sources and references, However, the reference term has many and varied benefits that go into all areas of describing intellectual production, which proves that it has a basic value and added value that comes in the form of indispensable returns and guidance for workers in the library sector, publishing houses and publishers in all their spectrum.

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Tiedemann, Jörg. "Can bilingual word alignment improve monolingual phrasal term extraction?" Terminology 7, no. 2 (2001): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.7.2.05tie.

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This paper focuses on the improvement of statistically-extracted phrase lists by applying word alignment approaches to bitext. Such phrase lists serve several tasks such as the compilation of terminology or translation databases. Our investigations are based on the assumption that word alignment favors well-formed phrase structures rather than irregular text segments. If this is the case, word alignment will filter out irregular structures from automatically generated phrase lists. As a result, an improved phrase list, in terms of precision, may be compiled. Furthermore, word alignment approaches can be used to identify additional multi-word units, e.g. multi-word cognates. Our investigations are focused on a Swedish/English text corpus that has been aligned with the Uppsala Word Aligner (UWA). Finally, we describe and apply three approaches to evaluate the automatically generated phrase lists: an evaluation by comparing results with existing reference data (prior reference), an evaluation against given syntactic patterns (prior reference patterns), and a manual evaluation of sample data (posterior reference). The evaluations of the extraction of phrasal terms in English substantiate the assumption: precision has improved significantly with little loss in recall.

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4

Tomasik, P., A. Manda, and K. Sztefko. "Urine sediment — Reference ranges in term and pre-term newborns." Clinical Biochemistry 47, no. 9 (2014): 781–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.04.075.

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Elliott, Michael J., Jorrit H. Poelen, and José A. B. Fortes. "Toward reliable biodiversity dataset references." Ecological Informatics 59 (June 12, 2020): 101132. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13532251.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) No systematic approach has yet been adopted to reliably reference and provide access to digital biodiversity datasets. Based on accumulated evidence, we argue that location-based identifiers such as URLs are not sufficient to ensure long-term data access. We introduce a method that uses dedicated data observatories to evaluate long-term URL reliability. From March 2019 through May 2020, we took periodic inventories of the data provided to major biodiversity aggregators, including GBIF, iDigBio, DataONE, and BHL by accessing the URL-based dataset references from which the aggregators retrieve data. Over the period of observation, we found that, for the URL-based dataset references available in each of the aggregators' data provider registries, 5% to 70% of URLs were intermittently or consistently unresponsive, 0% to 66% produced unstable content, and 20% to 75% became either unresponsive or unstable. We propose the use of cryptographic hashing to generate content-based identifiers that can reliably reference datasets. We show that content-based identifiers facilitate decentralized archival and reliable distribution of biodiversity datasets to enable long-term accessibility of the referenced datasets.

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Elliott, Michael J., Jorrit H. Poelen, and José A. B. Fortes. "Toward reliable biodiversity dataset references." Ecological Informatics 59 (June 7, 2020): 101132. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13532251.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) No systematic approach has yet been adopted to reliably reference and provide access to digital biodiversity datasets. Based on accumulated evidence, we argue that location-based identifiers such as URLs are not sufficient to ensure long-term data access. We introduce a method that uses dedicated data observatories to evaluate long-term URL reliability. From March 2019 through May 2020, we took periodic inventories of the data provided to major biodiversity aggregators, including GBIF, iDigBio, DataONE, and BHL by accessing the URL-based dataset references from which the aggregators retrieve data. Over the period of observation, we found that, for the URL-based dataset references available in each of the aggregators' data provider registries, 5% to 70% of URLs were intermittently or consistently unresponsive, 0% to 66% produced unstable content, and 20% to 75% became either unresponsive or unstable. We propose the use of cryptographic hashing to generate content-based identifiers that can reliably reference datasets. We show that content-based identifiers facilitate decentralized archival and reliable distribution of biodiversity datasets to enable long-term accessibility of the referenced datasets.

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7

Goh, Jihoon, Giho Jeong, and Jangkoo Kang. "The reference dependency of short-term reversal." International Review of Economics & Finance 78 (March 2022): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2021.11.008.

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8

Emons, H., P. Ostapczuk, M. Rossbach, and J. D. Schladot. "Reference materials for long-term environmental programs." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 360, no. 3-4 (1998): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050721.

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9

Carlsonradvansky, L. A., and D. E. Irwin. "Reference Frame Activation during Spatial Term Assignment." Journal of Memory and Language 33, no. 5 (1994): 646–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1031.

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10

Geach, P. T. "Reference and Buridan's Law." Philosophy 62, no. 239 (1987): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100038547.

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‘Reference’ was the term Max Black and I chose to render Frege's term ‘Bedeutung’ when we published English translations of some selections from his works. We preferred ‘stand for’ as a translation of the verb ‘bedeuten’; but from ‘stand for’ we could not form a general term to render the corresponding German noun. Our renderings were chosen because, like the German words, they were in themselves colourless and untechnical, and on that very account could take on in context whatever special import Frege's way of thinking might give them. Black ! and I could not foresee how the English language was going to develop. T Like another familiar English word, the word ‘gay’, ‘reference’ has S become the badge or slogan of a certain set of people; those who do not belong to the set but go on using the word as they always have done may find themselves on occasion seriously misunderstood.

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11

L'Homme, Marie-Claude, and Patrick Leroyer. "Combining the semantics of collocations with situation-driven search paths in specialized dictionaries." Terminology 15, no. 2 (2009): 258–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.15.2.05lho.

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The systematic presentation of collocations is increasingly recognized as a very useful addition to specialized reference works. However, few dictionaries or terminological databases actually include this kind of data. More surprisingly still, no method has been designed yet to allow efficient access to and retrieval of specific specialized collocations from electronic reference tools. This article presents two new search paths for accessing and extracting collocations from an English-French specialized lexical database. The paths have been designed according to two specific user-defined situations: (1) translation from L1 to L2; and (2) text production in L2. We exploit a formal semantic encoding of collocations based on Lexical Functions (LFs). LFs allow us to establish an equivalence relationship between collocations that convey the same meaning in different languages without having to link the collocations formally. They also allow us to extract sets of collocations associated with specific meanings.

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Clouet, Elizaveta, Rima Harastani, Béatrice Daille, and Emmanuel Morin. "Compositional translation of single-word complex terms using multilingual splitting." Terminology 21, no. 2 (2015): 263–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.21.2.06clo.

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Multilingual terminology acquisition from comparable corpora has been attracting the interest of researchers for twenty years, but challenges still remain. Bilingual term alignment, a subtask of multilingual terminology acquisition, requires a pre-processing step, because term structure may differ according to the language. Morphologically constructed terms should be segmented in order to be aligned with their equivalents in other languages. This article addresses the translation of complex terms using a compositional approach. We focus on the pre-processing of such terms and introduce a domain-oriented splitting method that we apply to compound terms belonging to two domains and four languages. The segmentations are used as input to a translation step. We evaluate which percentage of segmentations can be correctly translated by a compositional approach, and which splitting strategy (precision or recall-oriented) performs better. The results are compared to those obtained with the reference segmentations and with a corpus-base splitting method. Our method is close to the reference segmentation and outperforms the corpus-based method.

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Altamimi, Z., C. Boucher, and D. Gambis. "Long-term stability of the terrestrial reference frame." Advances in Space Research 36, no. 3 (2005): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.068.

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14

L'Homme, Marie-Claude. "Processing word combinations in existing term banks." Terminology 2, no. 1 (1995): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.2.1.08pro.

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Word combinations (phraseological units, collocations, etc.) pose practical as well as theoretical problems in terminology and in linguistics in general. This paper examines how specific word combinations can be stored in computerized reference tools. The focus is on word lexical groups in special languages and their representation for translation purposes. Two scenarios concerning verb + noun combinations are analyzed. The first scenario consists of assigning a specific database to word groups. The second describes the implementation of an interface between a verbal database and existing mono referential databases (term banks) using hierarchical conceptual relationships.

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15

Madigan, Theresa, Darci R. Block, William A. Carey, Bethany D. Kaemingk, and Robin Patel. "Proposed Plasma Ammonia Reference Intervals in a Reference Group of Hospitalized Term and Preterm Neonates." Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 5, no. 2 (2020): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfz001.

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Abstract Background Plasma ammonia is commonly measured in the diagnostic evaluation of hospitalized newborns, but reference values are not well defined. Methods We prospectively enrolled newborns admitted to the level III/IV neonatal intensive care unit and level II intermediate special care nursery from January 2017 to January 2018. Infants with inborn errors of metabolism or liver disease were excluded. Plasma ammonia concentrations were measured once within the first week of life and evaluated by sex, gestational age, timing of the draw, blood collection method, and type of nutrition. Reference intervals were calculated. Results 127 neonates were included; one third (34%) were term infants born at ≥37 weeks gestation, and two thirds (66%) were born preterm at &lt;37 weeks gestation. Median plasma ammonia concentrations were 32 μmol/L (range &lt;10 to 86 μmol/L). Median ammonia concentrations were higher among preterm compared to term infants (35 vs. 28 μmol/L, p = 0.0119), and term female compared to term male infants (34 vs. 26 μmol/L, p = 0.0228). There was no difference in median ammonia concentrations between female and male preterm infants, based on gestational age within the preterm group, timing of the blood draw, presence of hyperbilirubinemia, blood collection method, or type of nutritional intake. Conclusions Plasma ammonia concentrations among newborns are higher than the expected adult concentrations and may vary by gestational age and sex. Blood collection method, type of nutrition, hyperbilirubinemia, and timing of the draw do not impact concentrations. We propose a reference limit of ≤82 μmol/L for newborns less than one week of age.

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16

Sager, Juan C. "In search of a foundation." Terminology 5, no. 1 (1998): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.5.1.05sag.

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The major objection to a purely linguistic theory of terms stems from the fact that formally terms are indistinguishable from words. For a justification of terms as a distinct category of lexical items we have to look in two areas: (1) the things terms refer to and (2) the nature of this reference. An examination of some philosophical writings on the subject will lead to an attempt to explain the different nature of terms.

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17

Pott, Richard. "Palaeoclimate and vegetation - long-term vegetation dynamics in central Europe with particular reference to beech." Phytocoenologia 30, no. 3-4 (2000): 285–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/30/2000/285.

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18

Aitio, A. "Reference limits in occupational toxicology." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 7 (1994): 1385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1385.

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Abstract Two categories of reference limits can be discerned in biological monitoring: The first category identifies individuals who have been exposed to a toxic agent at work, and is based on the distribution of the concentration of the agent or its metabolite in the population that has not been exposed to the agent at work. The second category, for which the term biological action level (BAL) is proposed, provides a guideline on the level of exposure that is acceptable. These levels may be either directly health-based or derived from good working practices. Thus BAL is a biological equivalent for the generic term occupational exposure limit. BAL should be independent of legal overtones, and implies that workers' exposure should be reduced.

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19

Terrill, Philip Ian, Carolyn Dakin, Ian Hughes, Maggie Yuill, and Chloe Parsley. "Nocturnal oxygen saturation profiles of healthy term infants." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, no. 1 (2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305708.

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ObjectivePulse oximetry is used extensively in hospital and home settings to measure arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2). Interpretation of the trend and range of SpO2values observed in infants is currently limited by a lack of reference ranges using current devices, and may be augmented by development of cumulative frequency (CF) reference-curves. This study aims to provide reference oxygen saturation values from a prospective longitudinal cohort of healthy infants.DesignProspective longitudinal cohort study.SettingSleep-laboratory.Patients34 healthy term infants were enrolled, and studied at 2 weeks, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of age (N=30, 25, 27, 26, 20, respectively).InterventionsFull overnight polysomnography, including 2 s averaging pulse oximetry (Masimo Radical).Main outcome measurementsSummary SpO2statistics (mean, median, 5th and 10th percentiles) and SpO2CF plots were calculated for each recording. CF reference-curves were then generated for each study age. Analyses were repeated with sleep-state stratifications and inclusion of manual artefact removal.ResultsMedian nocturnal SpO2values ranged between 98% and 99% over the first 2 years of life and the CF reference-curves shift right by 1% between 2 weeks and 3 months. CF reference-curves did not change with manual artefact removal during sleep and did not vary between rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. Manual artefact removal did significantly change summary statistics and CF reference-curves during wake.ConclusionsSpO2CF curves provide an intuitive visual tool for evaluating whether an individual's nocturnal SpO2distribution falls within the range of healthy age-matched infants, thereby complementing summary statistics in the interpretation of extended oximetry recordings in infants.

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20

Scrimgeour, Garry J., William M. Tonn, and Nicholas E. Jones. "Quantifying effective restoration: reassessing the productive capacity of a constructed stream 14 years after construction." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 4 (2014): 589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0354.

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Using natural streams as references against which ecosystem structure and function could be compared, we examined the short-term (1–3 years) and long-term (14 years) effectiveness of a 3.4 km constructed stream in the Northwest Territories, Canada. The constructed stream variously showed little to marked improvements 14 years after construction (2011), relative to 1998–2000 and to reference streams, depending on the stream attribute. Many attributes related to stocks of organic matter remained well below reference levels in the constructed stream after 14 years. Leaf matter processing rates increased in the constructed stream to the point of convergence with reference streams in 2011, but the latter still had superior leaf retention abilities. By Year 14, benthic invertebrate composition in the constructed stream showed some convergence with reference streams, although densities generally lagged, especially in riffles. In 2011, growth of young-of-the-year Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) from the constructed stream was substantially greater relative to 1998–2001, but remained well below contemporary reference levels. Our mixed results raise questions about the definition and time scale of successful restoration.

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Gade, Inger Lise, Sigrid Brækkan, Inger Anne Næss, et al. "Long-Term Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer: The Scandinavian Thrombosis and Cancer Cohort." TH Open 02, no. 02 (2018): e131-e138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641678.

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AbstractThe risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients who survive the first years after a cancer diagnosis after the acute effects of disease and treatment in comparison to a similar background population has been sparsely investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate if incidence rates (IRs) of VTE differed in patients who were alive at least 2 years after a cancer diagnosis without VTE compared with cancer-free references in a population-based cohort study. The study entry was 2 years after a first cancer diagnosis. For each cancer-exposed subject, five reference subjects were identified within the cohort. The IRs were calculated as number of VTEs per 1,000 person years (×10−3 p-y) in total and in distinct cancer types and corresponding reference subjects. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated by Poisson's regression. During a mean follow-up of 5.3 years, 110 VTEs occurred among the 7,288 cancer-exposed subjects and 321 VTEs occurred among the 36,297 identified reference subjects. The IR of VTE was higher for cancer-exposed subjects compared with reference subjects, IRs 3.7 × 10−3 p-y, 95% CI: 3.1 to 4.5 and 1.9 × 10−3 p-y, 95% CI: 1.7 to 2.2, respectively. IRs of VTE in most solid cancer types declined to almost the same level as in the reference subjects 2 years after cancer diagnosis, but remained higher in hematological cancers, IRR 4.0, 95% CI: 2.0 to 7.8.

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Latenko, V. I., I. A. Ornatsky, S. O. Fil, and Ie O. Zaitsev. "DIGITAL CONVERTERS METROLOGICAL SPECIFICATION FOR RESISTANT THERMAL THERMOSENSORS COMPARE." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2021, no. 1 (2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2021.01.084.

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In this paper presents comparative metrological analysis of two options for connecting Pt100 resistive temperature sensors to high-precision analog-to-digital converters is carried out: a proportional circuit in which the reference resistor serves to form the reference voltage, and a canonical 4-wire circuit where the resistance of the reference resistor is measured in the same way as the resistance of the temperature sensor are presented. It is shown that the error of the one-stroke proportional circuit is determined by the long-term instability of the gain, while the resulting error of the push-pull canonical circuit is determined by the short-term instability of several elements. The insignificant advantage of the canonical circuit with the accuracy of conversion and in the absence of additional requirements for the input of the reference voltage is affirmed, which gives recommendations for the practical application of the circuits considered in meters of temperature. References 10, figures 2, table 1.

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Fick, Steven E., and Thomas M. Proctor. "Long-term stability of the NIST Conical Reference Transducer." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 116, no. 6 (2011): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.116.024.

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LaPorte, Joe. "Chemical Kind Term Reference and the Discovery of Essence." Noûs 30, no. 1 (1996): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2216306.

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Theodoraki, Martha, Rozeta Sokou, Serena Valsami, et al. "Reference Values of Thrombolastometry Parameters in Healthy Term Neonates." Children 7, no. 12 (2020): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7120259.

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Background: Thromboelastometry (ROTEM), as a point of care test, is an attractive tool for rapid evaluation of hemostasis. Currently, no reference ranges exist for all ROTEM assays in neonates, limiting its use in this vulnerable population. The aim of the present study was: (1) to establish reference ranges for standard extrinsically activated (EXTEM), intrinsically activated (INTEM), and fibrinogen polymerization (FIBTEM) ROTEM assays in whole blood samples of healthy term neonates; (2) to determine the impact of gender, delivery mode, and hematocrit on ROTEM parameters. Methods: EXTEM, INTEM, and FIBTEM ROTEM assays were performed simultaneously with complete blood count in 215 healthy term neonates. Results: Reference ranges (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) were obtained for clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), α-angle, clot firmness at 10 min (A10), maximum clot firmness (MCF), and lysis index at 60 min (LI60, %). Reference ranges for EXTEM were CT 38–78 s, CFT 49–148 s, A10 40–65 mm, and MCF 47–69 mm, LI60 83–98%. For INTEM, CT 134–270 s, CFT 50–142 s, A10 41–63 mm, and MCF 48–67 mm, LI60 85–97%, and finally, for FIBTEM: CT 36–85 s, A10 9–25 mm and MCF 10–26 mm, LI60 92–100%. Hematocrit values were positively correlated with CT, CFT and negatively with A10, MCF values. Conclusion: This study provides, for the first time, reference ranges for ROTEM EXTEM/INTEM/FIBTEM values simultaneously in healthy term neonates. The combined evaluation of ROTEM tests increases its diagnostic accuracy, contributing to the expansion of ROTEM use in the neonatal population.

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van den Besselaar, A. M. H. P., J. Hermans, H. Beeser, and E. A. Loeliger. "Long-term stability of international reference preparations for thromboplastins." British Journal of Haematology 68, no. 3 (1988): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1988.tb04209.x.

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27

Ng, Yu-tze. "Correct Definition and Reference of the Term “Status Gelasticus”." Journal of Child Neurology 23, no. 9 (2008): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073808320622.

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Cole, TJ, AA Paul, and RG Whitehead. "Weight reference charts for British long-term breastfed infants." Acta Paediatrica 91, no. 12 (2007): 1296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02823.x.

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Shepherd, Martin J., and John Gilbert. "Long-term storage stability of deoxynivalenol standard reference solutions." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36, no. 2 (1988): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00080a016.

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Pityn, P. J., and J. J. Anderson. "Short-term Temporal Variations in Outdoor Mold Reference Samples." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (2010): AB16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.093.

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Jylkkä, Jussi Wiljami. "Theories of natural kind term reference and empirical psychology." Philosophical Studies 139, no. 2 (2007): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-007-9107-y.

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Moreira, E. G., M. B. A. Vasconcellos, M. G. M. Catharino, V. A. Maihara, and M. Saiki. "Perna perna mussel reference material: short term stability assessment." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 282, no. 3 (2009): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-009-0236-y.

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Mummert, L., and M. Satyanarayanan. "Long Term Distributed File Reference Tracing: Implementation and Experience." Software: Practice and Experience 26, no. 6 (1996): 705–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-024x(199606)26:6<705::aid-spe29>3.0.co;2-o.

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Byron, Michael. "Right-Making, Reference, and Reduction." Disputatio 6, no. 39 (2014): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2014-0010.

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Abstract The causal theory of reference (CTR) provides a well-articulated and widely-accepted account of the reference relation. On CTR the reference of a term is fixed by whatever property causally regulates the competent use of that term. CTR poses a metaethical challenge to realists by demanding an account of the properties that regulate the competent use of normative predicates. CTR might pose a challenge to ethical theorists as well. Long (2012) argues that CTR entails the falsity of any normative ethical theory. First-order theory attempts to specify what purely descriptive property is a fundamental right-making property (FRM). Long contends that the notion that the FRM causally regulates competent use of the predicate ‘right’ leads to a reductio. The failure of this argument is nevertheless instructive concerning a point at which ethics and metaethics overlap.

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Argue, A. N. "Hipparcos – Link with Extragalactic Reference Frames." Highlights of Astronomy 7 (1986): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600007188.

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AbstractThe link of the Hipparcos Catalogue to an extragalactic reference system will be carried out on two time-scales: the first, coinciding with the duration of the mission, to provide data for immediate use by the data reduction consortia, and the second over a longer term to provide for subsequent reappraisal of the final Hipparcos catalogue. The first will be based on radio stars and on an indirect link to extragalactic objects by means of observations with the Hubble Space Telescope; for the second we hope for longer term programmes with the Hubble Space Telescope, together with a variety of ground-based links.

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Castets, Sarah, Kim-An Nguyen, Franck Plaisant, et al. "Reference values for the external genitalia of full-term and pre-term female neonates." Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 106, no. 1 (2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-318090.

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Background and objectivesIdentifying virilisation of the genitalia in female newborns early during the neonatal period is important to diagnose pathologies. However, there is no clear threshold for clitoromegaly or for the anogenital ratio. The objective of this study was to define reference values for the external genitalia of full-term and pre-term female neonates.DesignThis was a prospective study of all females born in the study centre between May 2014 and July 2016. Clitoral length and anogenital ratio were measured in 619 newborns with a gestational age of 24+2 to 41+3 weeks during their first 3 days of life. Associations between the values at day 3 and gestational age, birth weight and other newborn characteristics were examined by linear regression.ResultsThe mean clitoral length at day 3 of life was 3.69±1.53 mm (n=551; 95th percentile, 6.5 mm; maximum, 8 mm), and the mean anogenital ratio was 0.42±0.09 (95th percentile, 0.58). There was no significant variation with gestational age or birth weight, and no significant difference between the results at day 0 and day 3.ConclusionThese results suggest that clitoromegaly can be defined as a clitoral length >6.5 mm. Values ≥8 mm should prompt further investigations. An anogenital ratio >0.6 should be considered a sign of virilisation. Since clitoral size does not vary with gestational age or birth weight, clitoromegaly should not be attributed to prematurity.

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Stupakova, G. A., E. E. Ignatyeva, S. A. Dengina, et al. "Study of long-term stability of reference materials of soils." Measurement Standards. Reference Materials 17, no. 4 (2022): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20915/2687-0886-2021-17-4-47-63.

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The author’s article presents information on the study of the stability of main indicators of fertility (mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, organic matter) in different types of soil. Experiments were carried out on state reference materials selected in different soil-climatic zones, within 12-30 years since the date of reference material certification. It has been established that different types of soil preserve sufficient stability of the content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, organic matter in reference material provided that reference materials were kept in storage in dry room in removal from the installations that create vibration, with the lack of vapor steams and the relative humidity of the air not higher than 70 %.The results of the studies of stability of main characteristics of soil fertility (mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, organic matter) allow us to recommend a guaranteed storage period of reference materials of soils certified for these indicators during 10 years.

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Fiorini, Franco, P. A. González, and Yerko Vásquez. "Reference frames and black hole thermodynamics." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2023, no. 12 (2023): 033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/12/033.

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Abstract In the context of the absolute parallelism formulation of General Relativity, and because of the fact that the scalar curvature can be written in purely torsional terms, it was known for a long time that a surface term based solely on the torsion tensor appears in the action. It was subsequently suggested that this term might play the role of the Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary term which, in turn, is associated to the free energy in the path integral approach, and then, to the black hole entropy by standard thermodynamic arguments. We show that the identification of the two boundary terms is rather incomplete, and that it strongly depends on the choice of the tetrad (frame) field used to reproduce a given metric. By considering variations of the tetrad field not necessarily subjected to Dirichlet-like conditions on the boundary surface, we find a class of frames adapted to the Schwarzschild spacetime in which the Gibbons-Hawking-York/torsion link is actually established, and conducing to the right black hole entropy without the need of any background subtraction. Remarkably, these frames are also responsible for the correct value of the gravitational energy as computed from the teleparallel energy-momentum pseudo-current.

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van den Besselaar, Anton M. H. P., Armando Tripodi, and Thomas P. J. Linsinger. "Long-term stability of relationships between reference materials for thromboplastins." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 96, no. 08 (2006): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th06-03-0152.

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SummaryReference materials for thromboplastins are available from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Commission (EC). The long-term stability of the reference materials is an essential requirement and must be monitored. The relationship between two reference materials for rabbit thromboplastin, i. e. ERM-AD149 (EC) and RBT/90 (WHO), has been monitored in the period 1996–2002. No significant trend with time was detected. In addition,the relationship between ERM-AD149 and the reference material for bovine thromboplastin (i. e. OBT/79) has been determined in 1994 and in 2005 in multicentre studies (n = 11 and n = 9, respectively). No significant changes were observed in the relationships between these reference materials when all results were included (5% significance level).

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40

Gibson, Martha I. "Reference and Unity in Kant's Theory of Judgment." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 25, no. 2 (1995): 229–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1995.10717414.

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An account of judgment ought to explain the fact that a judgment is, or may be, about some object. A judgment may be about some object if it contains some part, or term, which is related to the object, on the one hand, and related to- ‘combined with’ — the other parts of the judgment, on the other, in such a way that the whole judgment is consequently about that object. The relation of that term to the object may be called ‘reference.’ (If the judgment is analyzed into intuition and concept, then it is the relation whereby the intuition is of whatever it may be of.) It is the relation of ‘reference’ that might make a judgment ‘objective,’ and make it be about one or another particular object; and it is the relation combining the referring term (perception, intuition) with another term (concept, predicate) that makes the whole thing a judgment; that is, that makes the whole thing represent something as being true of the object referred to.

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Sager, Juan C. "The structure of the linguistic world of concepts and its representation in dictionaries." Terminology 10, no. 2 (2004): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.10.2.08sag.

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An essential feature of all languages is that, through their agency, the universe of human experience is being disintegrated (= resolved into elements) and transformed into concepts. There are, consequently, as many universal systems as languages exist. The logical and ontological relations prevailing among concepts may be considered to be relevant criteria for translation. With a view to this and other applications it is desirable that concepts and their relationships be studied and that they be accessible for reference in the form of systematized dictionaries and vocabularies. Technical Committee 37 “Terminology” of ISO is concerned with either aspect and this paper discusses the theoretical and practical issues involved.

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Gillam, Lee, Mariam Tariq, and Khurshid Ahmad. "Terminology and the construction of ontology." Terminology 11, no. 1 (2005): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.11.1.04gil.

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This paper discusses a method for corpus-driven ontology design: extracting conceptual hierarchies from arbitrary domain-specific collections of texts. These hierarchies can form the basis for a concept-oriented (onomasiological) terminology collection, and hence may be used as the basis for developing knowledge-based systems using ontology editors. This reference to ontology is explored in the context of collections of terms. The method presented is a hybrid of statistical and linguistic techniques, employing statistical techniques initially to elicit a conceptual hierarchy, which is then augmented through linguistic analysis. The result of such an extraction may be useful in information retrieval, knowledge management, or in the discipline of terminology science itself.

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Bouveret, Myriam. "Fonctions lexicales pour le typage de relations syntagmatiques et paradigmatiques." Terminology 12, no. 2 (2006): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.12.2.05mor.

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In this paper, we present the conversion of a specialized dictionary of bioindustries by means of Lexical Functions (Mel’čuk et al. 1984, 1988, 1992, 1999 ; Mel’čuk et al. 1995). The dictionary is based on semantic derivation as described in Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology, and explores compatibilities with lexico-syntactic descriptions as in Fillmore (1977, 2003) and Levin (1993) in order to assign circumstantial Lexical Functions. We first describe semantic relations such as hyperonymy, hyponymy, synonymy, antonymy and several cases of meronymy ; subsequently, we discuss verbs and predicative relations with reference to arguments and adjuncts. Finally, we explore the possibility of pursuing the research with an additional entry for definitions.

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Kemp, Madonna, Sue Walker, and Peter Scott. "Coding of Thoughts, Words and Things." Health Information Management 34, no. 2 (2005): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335830503400207.

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This short paper highlights some new work being performed at the National Centre for Classification in Health (NCCH), relating newly created term sets developed for specific purposes to existing reference terminologies and classifications such as SNOMED CT and ICD-10-AM. It describes some of the inherent difficulties experienced by the NCCH team in interpreting terms in the term set and therefore in locating equivalent concepts in reference terminologies and classifications, in the absence of a context with which to associate each term. Also examined is the effect that a person's background and past experience has on their understanding and interpretation of clinical terms and how this results in inconsistent ‘world views’.

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Rees, Emily Rose, Andrew R. Wade, Andrew J. Sutton, and Kirk McKenzie. "Absolute Frequency Readout of Cavity against Atomic Reference." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (2022): 2689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112689.

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Future space-based geodesy missions such as the Mass Change Mission and the Next Generation Gravity Mission are expected to rely on laser ranging as their primary instrument. Short-term laser frequency stability has previously been achieved on the GRACE Follow On mission by stabilizing the lasers to an optical cavity. The development of a technique to provide long-term laser frequency stability is expected to be required. We have previously demonstrated a technique to track long-term frequency changes by using measurements of the optical cavity’s free spectral range. In this paper, we calibrate this technique to absolute frequency by using an atomic reference. We have also validated an approach for on-ground calibration to allow the absolute frequency to be determined whilst in orbit.

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Jennings, Simon, and Nicholas K. Dulvy. "Reference points and reference directions for size-based indicators of community structure." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 3 (2005): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.030.

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Abstract Size-based community and ecosystem metrics, such as mean body mass and the slopes of size spectra, have been proposed as indicators to support the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM). These metrics show relatively consistent responses to size-selective exploitation, and “unexploited” indicator reference points may be predicted with models of size-structured foodwebs. Whereas unexploited reference points provide a baseline for assessing the relative magnitude of fishing impacts, target or limit reference points are needed to guide management. Values for target or limit reference points are difficult to justify on scientific grounds. However, given that fishing impacts in most ecosystems need to be reduced to meet the objectives of the EAFM, we argue that reference directions provide alternative medium-term management targets. We show that the power of surveys to detect trends consistent with reference directions depends on the range of body size classes included in the analysis. Selection of different size ranges will weight metrics to respond to the release of small fish from predation, the depletion of larger individuals as a consequence of exploitation, or both. Such weightings may not be consistent over time, because the differential vulnerability of larger species, within-population changes, predator–prey relationships, and the effects of competition depend on contemporary rates of fishing mortality and the history of exploitation. The power of the surveys investigated is poor on time scales of less than 5–10 years. Therefore, size-based indicators provide better support for medium-term, rather than year-on-year, management decision making.

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Calberg-Challot, Marie, Danielle Candel, Didier Bourigault, Xavier Dumont, John Humbley, and Jacques Joseph. "Une analyse méthodique pour l’extraction terminologique dans le domaine du nucléaire." Terminology 14, no. 2 (2008): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.14.2.04cal.

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This article describes an evaluation of the Syntex tool used to define a terminology reference frame base for building a new dictionary. This tool is then used in an experiment in which technical terms are extracted from different corpora. These terms belong to the sub-domains “Fuel” and “Reactors” in the nuclear engineering field. The strategy used to exploit the results is explained and the terms extracted are analyzed. This method consists in submitting the results to nuclear field experts and combining their conclusions with terminological assessments. This article illustrates how these kinds of specialized contributions can be effectively employed. It is also shown how this orginal procedure can be generalized to other sub-domains in nuclear engineering.

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Kageura, Kyo. "Theories 'of' terminology." Terminology 5, no. 1 (1998): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.5.1.04kag.

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Traditional "theory " of terminology, as far as I understand it, has two shortcomings. The first, which is now pointed out by many researchers, is that the way in which the study of terms is viewed is too restricted, and the descriptive means such as "concepts" are not rich enough. This becomes clear if one faces actual terms as empirical objects. The second shortcoming is that there is no guarantee in the "theoretical" framework itself that the resultant description can logically be claimed to be about terms and/or terminology. This shortcoming seems to have been overlooked by most researchers. This paper is devoted to an examination of this second problem, with special reference to the study of term formation.

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Eluzai, Gaddam Zion, and K. Poojitha. "Study of glucose levels in newborn with reference to hypoglycemia." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 6 (2019): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20194750.

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Background: Hypoglycemia is one of the common metabolic problems in neonatal medicine. Early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia is important as many studies found that, hypoglycaemic episodes in neonates lead to neurodevelopmental and physical growth deficits. In this study, blood glucose levels at different time points were assessed and the influence of maternal blood glucose, mode of delivery, gestational age on neonatal blood glucose levels were studied.Methods: Blood glucose levels were low at 0 and 6th hour and maximum at 24th hour. The blood glucose levels ranged from 27 mg/dl to 140 mg/dl. Neonates with high maternal blood glucose were hypoglycaemic, showing a negative correlation.Results: The mean blood glucose levels were low in pre-term and post term babies compared to term and the range was wide in pre-term and term babies compared to post-term. The mean blood glucose levels were high and range was wide in babies delivered vaginally at all the time points compared to the babies delivered by LSCS. 17% babies were hypoglycaemic at birth but none of them had signs. The major signs noted were jitteriness (88%), high cry (88%), lethargy (55%), tremors (55%), limpness (22%), apathy (22%), weak cry (11%) and poor feeding (11%).Conclusions: 0 and 6th hour are the vulnerable time points for hypoglycaemia. Neonates with high maternal blood glucose, pre-term, post-term and babies delivered by LSCS were more prone for hypoglycaemia requiring blood glucose monitoring. There is a wide variation in signs of hypoglycaemia and babies showing signs require monitoring.

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Sankar, S., and Kisshore R. "Short term vs long term effects of interest rate adjustments with reference to central bank." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Trends 6, no. 12 (2024): 127–31. https://doi.org/10.22271/multi.2024.v6.i12b.547.

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