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Academic literature on the topic 'Reference to entities'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Reference to entities"

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Modiri, N. "The ISO reference model entities." IEEE Network 5, no. 4 (1991): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/65.93182.

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Rosenkrantz, Gary. "Reference, intentionality, and nonexistent entities." Philosophical Studies 58, no. 1-2 (1990): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00374493.

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Hegarty, Michael. "Reference to Abstract Entities within Clausal Complements." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 26, no. 1 (2000): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v26i1.3412.

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Schubert, Lenhart. "Implicit Skolemization: efficient reference to dependent entities." Research on Language and Computation 5, no. 1 (2007): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11168-006-9015-x.

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Liszkowski, Ulf, Marie Schäfer, Malinda Carpenter, and Michael Tomasello. "Prelinguistic Infants, but Not Chimpanzees, Communicate About Absent Entities." Psychological Science 20, no. 5 (2009): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02346.x.

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One of the defining features of human language is displacement, the ability to make reference to absent entities. Here we show that prelinguistic, 12-month-old infants already can use a nonverbal pointing gesture to make reference to absent entities. We also show that chimpanzees—who can point for things they want humans to give them—do not point to refer to absent entities in the same way. These results demonstrate that the ability to communicate about absent but mutually known entities depends not on language, but rather on deeper social-cognitive skills that make acts of linguistic reference possible in the first place. These nonlinguistic skills for displaced reference emerged apparently only after humans' divergence from great apes some 6 million years ago.

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Bohn, Manuel, Luise Zimmermann, Josep Call, and Michael Tomasello. "The social-cognitive basis of infants’ reference to absent entities." Cognition 177 (August 2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.024.

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WIEBE, PHILLIP H. "Finite spirits as theoretical entities." Religious Studies 40, no. 3 (2004): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412504007073.

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Finite spirits can be plausibly viewed as entities postulated by a theory, comparable to the position on mental states and processes developed in the latter part of the twentieth century. This position is developed here by reference to the account in the synoptic gospels of the exorcism of the Gadarene demoniacs. The role played by specifying causal relationships between postulated entities and objects whose existence is not in doubt is examined. Also, various features of theories are discussed in relation to this example, viz. theory-laden description, classifying theories as naturalistic or supernaturalistic, kinds of evidence, and the importance of the method of hypothesis (or abduction) in critically scrutinizing the claims of religion.

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Mackenzie, J. Lachlan. "Anaphoric Reference to Entities and Places in Literal and Metaphorical Contexts." Journal of English Studies 5 (May 29, 2008): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.128.

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This article reports on corpus research into the occurrence of from + anaphor. Developing distinctions derived from the typology of entities and qualities in Functional Grammar as well as the notion of metaphoricality found in the work of Lakoff, we find that in the syntactic context chosen for analysis the anaphor there is applied when the language-user conceives of the antecedent as a metaphorical place, whereas the occurrence of anaphoric it indicates a nonmetaphorical conceptualization. The suggestion is advanced that choice of anaphor could be used as a test for metaphoricality where the source domain is location or movement in space.

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Li, XuPing. "A Note on Reference to Kinds in Mandarin: the N-leikind Compound." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 38, no. 1 (2017): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scl-2017-0002.

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Abstract This squib examines a special kind-referring expression in Mandarin Chinese, the N-leikind compound. We show that like Mandarin bare nouns, N-leikind compounds also denote kinds, but they can only be instantiated by sets of (sub) kind entities at type <k, t>, and not sets of individuals at type <e, t>. Specifically, those kind entities belong to basic-level categories in some folk taxonomy. We claim that N-lei is the nominalization counterpart of the classifier phrase lei-N, and it denotes superkinds, which are instantiated by sets of subkind entities. Accordingly, Mandarin bare nouns are comparable to bare plurals in English, whereas N-lei is comparable to definite singulars in English.

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García-Carpintero, Manuel. "Singular Reference in Fictional Discourse?" Disputatio 11, no. 54 (2019): 143–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2019-0015.

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Abstract Singular terms used in fictions for fictional characters raise well-known philosophical issues, explored in depth in the literature. But philosophers typically assume that names already in use to refer to “moderatesized specimens of dry goods” cause no special problem when occurring in fictions, behaving there as they ordinarily do in straightforward assertions. In this paper I continue a debate with Stacie Friend, arguing against this for the exceptionalist view that names of real entities in fictional discourse don’t work there as they do in simple-sentence assertions, but rather as fictional names do.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reference to entities"

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Long, Kai Ryan. "A cognition-based account of the Korean discourse deictic Ku in the reference of unshared entities." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953516.

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Hussain, Anwaar. "Status of non-governmental entities and dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO : an analysis with special reference to amicus brief controversy." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80930.

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A central feature of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is its Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM). Access to the DSM is presently limited to member governments; other entities such as NGOs are not eligible to be WTO Members and, consequently, are denied formal participation in the dispute settlement process. However, non-governmental entities have been afforded a limited opportunity to express their views through the submission of amicus briefs in dispute settlement proceedings. There are concerns, in particular on the part of Developing Countries, over the Appellate Body's authority to confer such a role to these entities. This paper aims to analyze the issues surrounding the status of non-governmental entities at the WTO level with respect to the DSM, how its Appellate Body is interpreting the law of the WTO, and how far the criticism of Developing Countries towards the Appellate Body's interpretation of WTO law is justified.

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Gatt, Albert. "Generating coherent references to multiple entities." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445144.

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Despite intensive research on the Generation of Referring Expressions (GRE), many GRE algorithms either lack empirical backing, or are motivated by concerns which arguably shift their focus away from the crucial problem, which is to generate natural descriptions, much as a person would generate them in a comparable situation. This problem becomes more acute in the case of plural reference. This thesis focuses on the generation of plurals, with particular attention to the semantic heart of the problem, that is, content determination. The first part presents an in-depth theoretical and empirical evaluation of the state of the art of GRE, and makes three main contributions. The main contributions are: a) The construction of a semantically transparent corpus of singular and plural descriptions; b) An empirical investigation into reference by human authors in this corpus; and c) An evaluation study on various existing algorithms, the first to explicitly address plurals. The second part of the thesis focuses directly on plurals. It begins with a test of the similarity hypothesis on corpus data, leading to the development of a new algorithm which addresses the issues of similarity and conceptual categorisation. This work is generalised to pluralities in discourse, starting from the hypothesis that pluralities should be conceptually coherent, that is, should conceptualise entities from the same perspective. The investigation of this hypothesis, through five psycholinguistic experiments leads to an integrated framework for content determination in GRE. Among the contributions of this second part of the thesis are: a) The use of an experimental psycholinguistic methodology to test hypothesis that are relevant to generation; b) The development of a novel approach to content determination that seeks to satisfy conceptual coherence through the use of corpus-derived similarity metrics.

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Papadopoulou, Zafeiroula. "Acquisition de la référence aux entités et au temps chez des apprenants héllénophones de français deuxième langue (FL2), troisième langue (FL3) et quatrième langue (FL4) : effets translinguistiques." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030118/document.

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Cette recherche traite de l’influence translinguistique qu’exercent des langues apprises antérieurement sur l’apprentissage du français L2, L3 et L4 par des apprenants hellénophones. Une étude comparative a été menée auprès de 13 apprenants de français de niveaux linguistiques différents. La référence aux entités et l’expression de la temporalité ont été analysées dans les productions orales et écrites de ces sujets<br>This work presents a study of the cross-linguistic influence of previously learned languages in second, third and fourth language acquisition, as it is the case for Greekspeaking learners of French as foreign language (FLE). A comparative study is conducted among 13 learners of English who have different linguistic background and proficiency. Reference to entities and the expression of temporality have been analyzed in the oral and the written data provided by the participants to the study

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"An intelligent co-reference resolver for Winograd schema sentences containing resolved semantic entities." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.20798.

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abstract: There has been a lot of research in the field of artificial intelligence about thinking machines. Alan Turing proposed a test to observe a machine's intelligent behaviour with respect to natural language conversation. The Winograd schema challenge is suggested as an alternative, to the Turing test. It needs inferencing capabilities, reasoning abilities and background knowledge to get the answer right. It involves a coreference resolution task in which a machine is given a sentence containing a situation which involves two entities, one pronoun and some more information about the situation and the machine has to come up with the right resolution of a pronoun to one of the entities. The complexity of the task is increased with the fact that the Winograd sentences are not constrained by one domain or specific sentence structure and it also contains a lot of human proper names. This modification makes the task of association of entities, to one particular word in the sentence, to derive the answer, difficult. I have developed a pronoun resolver system for the confined domain Winograd sentences. I have developed a classifier or filter which takes input sentences and decides to accept or reject them based on a particular criteria. Once the sentence is accepted. I run parsers on it to obtain the detailed analysis. Furthermore I have developed four answering modules which use world knowledge and inferencing mechanisms to try and resolve the pronoun. The four techniques I use are : ConceptNet knowledgebase, Search engine pattern counts,Narrative event chains and sentiment analysis. I have developed a particular aggregation mechanism for the answers from these modules to arrive at a final answer. I have used caching technique for the association relations that I obtain for different modules, so as to boost the performance. I run my system on the standard ‘nyu dataset’ of Winograd sentences and questions. This dataset is then restricted, by my classifier, to 90 sentences. I evaluate my system on this 90 sentence dataset. When I compare my results against the state of the art system on the same dataset, I get nearly 4.5 % improvement in the restricted domain.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>M.S. Computer Science 2013

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Moloi, Makgala Alina. "The usefulness of the annual report for public entities in South Africa with specific reference to the Africa Institute of South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19047.

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Public entities are faced with the problem of increasing the interest of stakeholders in their annual reports. The aim of this study was to identify the stakeholders of AISA who use the annual report, to investigate their perceptions of the AISA annual report and to determine whether it is used for decision making or accountability purposes. Data was collected by using questionnaires sent to a representative sample of the stakeholders and minutes of meetings and audio recordings of the interrogation of the annual report by the parliamentary accountability and oversight body over DST. The study found that the AISA stakeholders use the annual report for accountability purposes and not for decision making and it has a small readership as it is read mainly by internal stakeholders. The study recommends that public entities need to do much to inform the stakeholders of the availability of their annual reports.<br>Business Management<br>M. Com. (Accounting)

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Pitacas, João. "Modelo Operacional dos Corpos de Bombeiros à Escala Intermunicipal." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/35505.

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Os Corpos de Bombeiros (CB) contam com uma rede de quartéis implantada em todo o território nacional, atualmente organizada por um modelo baseado nos limites territoriais das NUTS (Nomenclatura das Unidades Territoriais para Fins Estatísticos). Será, portanto, possível rentabilizar a rede de CB no patamar sub-regional, através da implementação de critérios de desempenho dos CB, entre eles, a população abrangida dentro dos tempos de resposta convencionados. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma reorganização operacional da rede de quartéis já implantada nas Sub-Regiões da Lezíria do Tejo e Médio Tejo, tendo como base um modelo da Rede Principal dos Serviços Operacionais dos Corpos de Bombeiros em Portugal Continental. Para tal, definiram-se critérios com vista à constituição de Agrupamentos de CB, que partilhando entre si áreas de atuação, permite priorizar o despacho de meios baseado no tempo de resposta dentro dos limites dos Agrupamentos. A aplicação dos critérios contemplando a rede viária existente e a distribuição da população residente, permitiu, recorrendo ao software QGIS®, aferir as zonas com necessidade de reforço da rede de quartéis. Aplicado o modelo à área de estudo, verificou-se um aumento de 18,4% (1.401 km2) de área e de 6,1% da população (30.524 habitantes) abrangidas dentro dos tempos de referência (10 e 20 minutos). Para garantir a atividade operacional nos 24 municípios abrangidos, a rede de CB contaria 24 quartéis sede e 22 postos avançados (reforço da atual rede com 8), guarnecidos no mínimo por um efetivo total de 1.897 bombeiros profissionais. O facto da rede de quartéis já se encontrar implantada no território alvo de estudo e apenas necessitar de reforços pontuais, deveria ser atualmente um fator desencadeador de interesse na sua rentabilização por parte das várias entidades envolvidas.<br>Fire Departments (CB) have a network of barracks deployed throughout the national territory, currently organized by a model based on the territorial limits of the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistical Purposes). Therefore, it will be possible to improve the fire department network at the sub-regional level, through the implementation of fire departments performance criteria, including the population coverage within the settled response times. The objective of this work is to propose an operational reorganization of the barracks network already implemented in the Sub-Regions of Lezíria do Tejo and Médio Tejo, based on a model of the Main Network of Operational Services for Fire Brigades in Mainland Portugal. To this end, criteria were defined with a view to the constitution of CB Groups, which sharing areas of activity among themselves, allows prioritizing the dispatch of means based on the response time within the limits of the Groups. The application of the criteria covering the existing road network and the distribution of the resident population, allowed, using the QGIS® software, to assess the areas in need of reinforcement of the barracks network. Applying the model to the Lezíria do Tejo and Médio Tejo sub-regions, there was an increase of 18,4% (1.401 km2) in area and 6,1% of the population (30.524 inhabitants) covered within the reference times (10 and 20 minutes). In order to guarantee operational activity in the 24 municipalities covered, the fire departments network would consist of a total of 24 headquarters and 22 outposts with a minimum of 1.897 professional firefighters. The fact that the barracks network is already implanted in the study target territory and only needs occasional reinforcements, should be a triggering factor of interest in its profitability by the various entities involved.

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Books on the topic "Reference to entities"

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Cases and materials on business entities. Aspen Publishers, 2006.

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Chiappinelli, Eric A. Cases and materials on business entities. Aspen Publishers, 2006.

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Chiappinelli, Eric A. Cases and materials on business entities. Aspen Publishers, 2006.

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Staudinger, Jeff. The environmental guidebook: A selective reference guide to environmental organizations and related entities. Environmental Frontliners, 2002.

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Jack, Wilson. Biological individuality: The identity and persistence of living entities. Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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Staff, Open Petrotechnical. Properties, Reference Entities, and DataTy. Pearson Education, Limited, 1994.

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TM: Business Entities. Aspen Publishers, 2006.

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Chiappinelli, Eric A. Cases and Materials on Business Entities. Kluwer Law International, 2015.

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Shapira, Amos. New Political Entities in Public and Private International Law:With Special Reference to the Palestinian Entity. Springer, 1999.

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Longmore, Murray, Ian B. Wilkinson, Andrew Baldwin, and Elizabeth Wallin. Reference intervals, etc. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609628.003.0018.

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The Gaussian (‘Normal’) distributionDrug therapeutic ranges in plasmaGentamicinSome important drug interactionsHaematology reference intervalsBiochemistry reference intervalsOnce upon a time, in a famous hospital named R— in the middle of England, there lived a crusty old surgeon and a brilliant young house officer. The surgeon issued infallible and peremptory edicts such as “All my patients with a haemoglobin less than 100 must be transfused.” Everyone did as the surgeon said (this was a long time ago) except for the wily house officer who understood statistics, sampling error, and the play of chance. One day she was rung up by the haematologist who asked her “Why have you requested 3 blood counts on Mrs Wells today? One is enough. You are wasting our resources!” “Not so,” said the house officer. “The first Hb was 98, the second was 97 and the third was 101g/L. I knew if I was persistent, I stood a good chance of preventing an unnecessary transfusion. She is a patient of Mr X.” The two conspirators smiled at each other down the telephone, and no more was said. Of course the right way of dealing with this problem is through clinical governance and dialogue with the surgeon. But the point remains: numbers are elastic, despite, on occasion, being given to 3 decimal places. Don’t believe in them as absolute entities, and don’t believe that the normal range is anything other than arbitrary; think before you act: think statistically. ...

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Book chapters on the topic "Reference to entities"

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Cao, Tru H., Thao M. Tang, and Cuong K. Chau. "Text Clustering with Named Entities: A Model, Experimentation and Realization." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23166-7_10.

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Culp, Christopher L., Andria van der Merwe, and Bettina J. Stärkle. "Implications of CDS Listings for Reference Entities and Creditors." In Palgrave Studies in Risk and Insurance. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93076-3_10.

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Aleksandrova, Tatiana. "26. Reference to Entities in Fictional Narratives of Russian/French Quasi-Bilinguals." In Comparative Perspectives on Language Acquisition, edited by Marzena Watorek, Sandra Benazzo, and Maya Hickmann. Multilingual Matters, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847696045-028.

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Gundel, Jeanette K., Kaja Borthen, and Thorstein Fretheim. "The Role of Context in Pronominal Reference to Higher Order Entities in English and Norwegian." In Modeling and Using Context. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48315-2_42.

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Romer, Michael. "References Between Entities." In PHP Persistence. Apress, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2559-2_6.

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Nouvel, Damien, Maud Ehrmann, and Sophie Rosset. "Linking Named Entities to References." In Named Entities for Computational Linguistics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119268567.ch5.

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Koho, Mikko, Petri Leskinen, and Eero Hyvönen. "Integrating Historical Person Registers as Linked Open Data in the WarSampo Knowledge Graph." In Semantic Systems. In the Era of Knowledge Graphs. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59833-4_8.

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Abstract Semantic data integration from heterogeneous, distributed data silos enables Digital Humanities research and application development employing a larger, mutually enriched and interlinked knowledge graph. However, data integration is challenging, involving aligning the data models and reconciling the concepts and named entities, such as persons and places. This paper presents a record linkage process to reconcile person references in different military historical person registers with structured metadata. The information about persons is aggregated into a single knowledge graph. The process was applied to reconcile three person registers of the popular semantic portal “WarSampo – Finnish World War 2 on the Semantic Web”. The registers contain detailed information about some 100 000 people and are individually maintained by domain experts. Thus, the integration process needs to be automatic and adaptable to changes in the registers. An evaluation of the record linkage results is promising and provides some insight into military person register reconciliation in general.

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Minguez, Rikardo, Erlantz Lizundia, Maider Iturrondobeitia, Ortzi Akizu-Gardoki, and Estibaliz Saez-de-Camara. "Education in Circular Economy: Focusing on Life Cycle Thinking at the University of the Basque Country." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_57.

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AbstractSince 2002, the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) has supported several teaching experiences related to the so-called Life Cycle Thinking or Ecodesign in collaboration with local Institutions. The kick off was the Ecodesign Learning Center aiming to promote environmental education at the Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao. In this framework, the last effort has been the implementation of a Master’s Degree entitled Circular Economy: Business Application. This course has been successfully implemented in the 2019–2020 academic year and has been specifically designed to provide training in circular economy for people with backgrounds as varied as product manufacturing engineering, environmental engineering or economics. These studies are aimed to become a European reference in its goal of promoting circular economy, life cycle thinking, ecodesign and sustainable development. This paper analyzes the learning issues and characteristics of this Master's degree placing a special emphasis on its novel competencies and learning outcomes for our society. It can be concluded that the Master's degree is a pioneering teaching experience, being the forefront of Circular Economy Education in Southwestern Europe.

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Abell, Catharine. "Fictional Entities." In Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831525.003.0005.

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This chapter addresses the existence and nature of fictional entities. It identifies two distinct conditions sufficient for the existence of fictional entities, each of which is grounded by a reference-fixing rule of fiction institutions. One of these rules describes conditions sufficient for the existence of fictional entities that are not constituted by anything, while the other describes conditions sufficient for the existence of fictional entities that are constituted by other things. It identifies the metaphysical dependence base for the existence of fictional entities and argues that this does not include anything metaphysically mysterious. It then describes the nature of fictional entities and their identity and individuation conditions. Finally, it compares the account fictional entities provided with that of Amie Thomasson and argues that, despite obvious similarities, there are fundamental differences between the accounts.

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Duerr, Renate. "The Reference of Theoretical Terms." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia199832535.

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A popular explanation of the success of theories of science is that of scientific realism. It maintains, besides that the theories of a mature science are typically approximately true, that observational terms and theoretical terms refer to or denote entities. Therefore it is part of the realistic claim that "reference" explains "success." But if the realist is not able to clarify "reference" and a fortiori the reference on theoretical objects, the realist comes to a vicious circle, for there is no further criterion as the success of the theory to show that the term is referential. So it is necessary to clarify the notion "reference." Needless to say, "reference" is a relational term; but it easily becomes a problem that we are not only habituated to imagine the elation but we are convinced that a relation is just a relation between entities in a strict (viz., Quinian) sense. There are different kinds of references. For example, one is usually called "intentionality." If we, considering the traditional separation between reference and meaning, analyze meaning, we will find at least one referential component (intentional object). Such a referential process is not a meaningless aspect of linguistic reference, but now and then is the subject of the kind of relation called "denotation." The notion of meaning and the concept of reference are nonsubstantial constructions of interpretation. Nevertheless, I argue for a reference-theoretical approach.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reference to entities"

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Byron, Donna K. "Resolving pronominal reference to abstract entities." In the 40th Annual Meeting. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1073083.1073099.

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Hardmeier, Christian, Luca Bevacqua, Sharid Loáiciga, and Hannah Rohde. "Forms of Anaphoric Reference to Organisational Named Entities: Hoping to widen appeal, they diversified." In Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-2406.

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Makino, Takuya. "Automatic Selection of Reference Pages in Wikipedia for Improving Targeted Entities Disambiguation." In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-4021.

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Natarajan, R., and N. G. Naganathan. "A Reference Point Algorithm for Planar Path Planning Strategies." In ASME 1989 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1989-0059.

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Abstract This paper presents a simple and efficient algorithm to find a collision free path for a convex polygonal object moving amidst fixed convex polygonal obstacles. Given the initial and the final positions and orientations of the object, the positions and the orientations of the obstacles, the algorithm traces a collision free path. The algorithm identifies reference points at the centroids of these polygonal entities, configures potential candidate obstacles for collision, analyzes the type of collision, and devises a simple method to avoid the obstacles. The reference points help in locating potential obstacles for collision in an environment where large number of obstacles affect computational efficiency and real time implementation. In addition, the computational complexity is found to vary linearly as the number of obstacles increases in the environment. This algorithm is capable of running in real time.

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Dias, Florbela A., and Carlos J. Costa. "Evaluation of Homogeneity in Certified Reference Materials (CRM)." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201920001.

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The production of Certified Reference Materials (CRM), according to the international standard ISO 17034:2016, has been playing an increasingly role in measurements and accreditation activities of entities/laboratories, with special focus on the field of chemical, biological and clinical tests and physical properties. The IPQ LGR is responsible for the production of various types of CRM, namely gas mixture standards of ethanol in nitrogen (C2H5OH/N2), by gravimetric method according to the international standard ISO 6142-1:2015, and certification by non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR) in accordance with ISO 6143:2001. According to ISO 17034:2016, these mixtures have to be evaluated regarding the homogeneity, which is one of the fundamental requirements for the production of CRM. In this communication, the results of the homogeneity study of standards gas mixtures of ethanol in nitrogen are presented, according to a validated measurement procedure, in order to guarantee the traceability to SI units and also to meet the requirements of ISO 17034:2016. The statistical treatment of the data is presented through analysis of variance ANOVA.

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Shen, Yadong, Jami J. Shah, and Joseph K. Davidson. "Feature Cluster Algebra for Geometric Tolerancing." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47937.

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The ASME Y14.5.1 companion to the Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) standard gives an exhaustive tabulation of active and invariant degrees of freedom (DOF) for Datum Reference Frames (DRF). These DRFs are entity clusters of points, lines, and planes with different geometric relations to each other (coincident, parallel, perpendicular etc.). This paper investigates the systematic derivation of DRF & target clusters’ DOFs and associates them with tolerance classes. A vector representation of geometric entities and Boolean operations are proposed. This algebra was validated by applying it to all cases in the Y14.5.1 tabulation; the results were identical to those in the standard. Only translational and rotational DOFs were considered since size dimensions are independent of this analysis. Of course, only a handful of DRF cases in the standard have practical use. Based on the algebraic calculation of DOF in each DRF cluster, the general rules regarding how target entities are constrained by diverse DRF clusters are discussed in this paper. Target entities are associated with specific DRF and tolerance or composite tolerances.

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Kandikjan, Tatjana, and Jami J. Shah. "A Computational Model for Geometric Dimensions and Tolerances Consistent With Engineering Practice." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/cie-5710.

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Abstract Dimensioning and tolerancing (D&T) are inter-related tasks; the validity of the tolerance representation model is dependent on the dimension model. Geometric tolerances are used to refine dimension tolerances and control some aspects of form, orientation and position of part features. This paper presents a computable model for the representation of dimensions and tolerances, compatible with D&T practice. The model is implemented as a dimension and tolerance graph (DTG). Constrained entities are combined into progressively expanding clusters which can be used to represent datum references/ frames, features, patterns, or the entire part. Validation of all D&T relations is performed in a uniform way using the concept of degrees of freedom and Control Frames. The tolerance specification method proposed here supports all tolerance classes defined in the ANSI standard, as well as datum reference frames and special pattern clusters.

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Zhu, Bo, YanHua Yang, Wenzheng Chen, and Shiting Li. "Analysis of Steady State Temperature Field of Rod-Shaped Fuel Element Based on Virtual Reality." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29298.

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Based on the reactor physics and heat transfer parameter of rod-shaped fuel element, the steady state distribution and variation for rod-shaped assembly are analyzed and computed; using the virtual reality technology, 3D geometric entities of fuel element is constructed and divided into grid according to different condition; Through the normalized treatment for numerical results, the VR simulation environment for temperature field of fuel element is constructed. The research for field visualization has some reference value for core thermal design and operational safety analysis.

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Rospocher, Marco, and Francesco Corcoglioniti. "Joint Posterior Revision of NLP Annotations via Ontological Knowledge." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/600.

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Different well-established NLP tasks contribute to elicit the semantics of entities mentioned in natural language text, such as Named Entity Recognition and Classification (NERC) and Entity Linking (EL). However, combining the outcomes of these tasks may result in NLP annotations --- such as a NERC organization linked by EL to a person --- that are unlikely or contradictory when interpreted in the light of common world knowledge about the entities these annotations refer to. We thus propose a general probabilistic model that explicitly captures the relations between multiple NLP annotations for an entity mention, the ontological entity classes implied by those annotations, and the background ontological knowledge those classes may be consistent with. We use the model to estimate the posterior probability of NLP annotations given their confidences (prior probabilities) and the ontological knowledge, and consequently revise the best annotation choice performed by the NLP tools. In a concrete scenario with two state-of-the-art tools for NERC and EL, we experimentally show on three reference datasets that for these tasks, the joint annotation revision performed by the model consistently improves on the original results of the tools.

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Saridakis, K. M., and A. J. Dentsoras. "Resolving the Complexity of Functional Representation in Design: A Transition From Computational Relationships to Performance Hierarchical Trees." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58164.

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In the present paper, a method is presented based on the exploitation of the computational relationships among design entities in order to obtain valuable design knowledge concerning the performance and the function of the designed object (artifact, product, machine, etc.). The approach is applicable for most of the design problems and may be used in the design cases where the design problem under consideration can be formally decomposed and expressed in terms of design entities and associative relationships among them. The design knowledge is represented through different hierarchical tree types corresponding to the physical, computational and performance domains. The representation of the design knowledge in terms of computational relationships instead of terms of functional relationships is more convenient and flexible. Design modeling becomes simpler and more direct by assigning values to generic performance variables instead of defining and quantifying functional requirements, the design analysis resolution is adjustable and both the establishment and the categorization of computational operators into classes of sensitivity provide the ability of efficiently surveying and manipulating the relationships in case of value variations. The proposed method is applied to an example case of a conveyor’s design. Some remarks and a reference to future work conclude the paper.

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Reports on the topic "Reference to entities"

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Idris, Iffat. Promotion of Freedom of Religion or Belief. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.036.

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Freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) is a fundamental human right. However, the general global trend in recent years is towards increased FoRB violations by both government and non-government actors. Notable exceptions are Sudan and Uzbekistan, which have shown significant improvement in promoting FoRB, while smaller-scale positive developments have been seen in a number of other countries. The international community is increasingly focusing on FoRB. External actors can help promote FoRB through monitoring and reporting, applying external pressure on governments (and to a lesser extent non-government entities), and through constructive engagement with both government and non-government actors. The literature gives recommendations for how each of these approaches can be effectively applied. This review is largely based on grey (and some academic) literature as well as recent media reports. The evidence base was limited by the fact that so few countries have shown FoRB improvements, but there was wider literature on the role that external actors can play. The available literature was often gender blind (typically only referring to women and girls in relation to FoRB violations) and made negligible reference to persons with disabilities.

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