Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'References integrity'

Há 16 anos, com a promulgação da Constituição de 1988, o Governo Federal assumiu a responsabilidade de garantir saúde a todos os cidadãos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), de modo a ser universal, integral e equânime. Para efetivar tais premissas foram criadas Leis Orgânicas e Normas Operacionais Básicas. Uma delas é o sistema de referência e contra-referência, objeto deste estudo, com o qual se pretendeu reconhecer a funcionalidade deste sistema como determinante da integralidade da assistência através de sua rede de serviços, a partir dos objetivos: identificar os momentos restritivos no atendimento e agendamento de referências externas, através da construção de fluxogramas destes processos; reconhecer as características das referência externas emitidas quanto a tipo, fontes de registro, prazos de agendamento, perfil dos usuários e das equipes profissionais; discutir o princípio da integralidade sob a vertente da rede de serviços, correlacionando as condições de operacionalidade do acesso dos usuários às referências externas. Tratou-se de um estudo exploratório e descritivo, realizado em uma UBS do Distrito de Saúde de Guaianases, na Zona Leste de São Paulo, que atua sob a estratégia da Saúde da Família e que contempla os critérios organizativos do SUS como: descentralização da gestão através dos Distritos de Saúde, territorialização e hierarquização da rede. A nível da UBS, determinação da área de abrangência e adscrição da clientela. Nos resultados, os fluxogramas construídos possibilitaram o reconhecimento de vários momentos restritivos de acesso dos usuários nos processos internos de trabalho que geram as referências, bem como, do seu fluxo de agendamento para outros níveis de atendimento. Os dados obtidos também permitem inferir que, embora sob os critérios organizativos do SUS e a existência do sistema de referência e contra-referência, o acesso não é garantido para a maioria dos usuários nem ao nível básico nem aos níveis de maior complexidade e, dentre aqueles acessados, há um longo tempo de espera para agendamento, principalmente para exames diagnósticos. Observou-se também enorme diferença entre a quantidade de referências emitidas e registradas entre as equipes de profissionais, concorrendo para a discrepância entre as fontes de registro (SIAB e Ficha de Notificação/Planilha Eletrônica). Tal fato dificulta o planejamento de oferta destas referências, de acordo com a demanda real. É possível concluir, com esses resultados, que a atual forma de atendimento na UBS do estudo não garante a integralidade da assistência a partir do nível básico, a qual, ainda, pautada eminentemente na prática clínica e diagnóstica e associada à adscrição territorial, dificulta a autonomia do usuário, protagonista de suas necessidades de saúde
Sixteen years ago, when the Constitution of 1988 was promulgated, the Federal Government took charge of guaranteeing health to all citizens by Sistema Único de Saúde (Single Health System) - (SUS), so that would be universal, integral and equanimous. To do this premises, Organic Laws and Basic Operational Norms. One of them is the reference and contra reference, object of this study, with which it´s supposed to recognize the functionality of this system as determinant of assistance integrality through its services network, based on these objectives: identify the restrictive moments in attendance and appointment of extern references, by fluxgrams construction of these processes; recognize the extern reference characteristics related to type, register source, appointment deadline, users profile and professionals staff; discuss the integrality principle under network services support, correlating the operational conditions of users access to extern references. It refers to an exploratory and descriptive study, done in a UBS of Health District of Guaianases, East Zone of São Paulo, that act under the strategy of Family Health and that contemplate the organizing criterions of SUS such as: decentralization of management through Health Districts, territorization and hierarchy of network. At UBS level, the determination of area involved and registration of clients. In these results, with the fluxgrams built was possible the recognition of several restrictive moments of access of users in intern work processes that originate the references, as well, its appointment fux for others attendance level. The gotten information also permit infer that, although under the organizing criterions of SUS and the existence of reference system and contra reference, the access is not guaranteed to the majority of users neither basic level nor the level with more complexity and, among those accessed , there is a long time to wait for the appointment, mainly for diagnostic exams. It was also observed a big difference between the quantity of emitted and registered references among the professional staff, competing with the discrepancy between the register sources (SIAB and Notification Card /Electronic Plan). This fact makes difficult the offering plan of these references, according to the real demand. It´s possible to conclude, with these results, that the current way of attendance at UBS of this study doesn´t guarantee the integrity of assistance from basic level, with, still moderated highly in clinic practice and diagnostic and related to territorial registration, makes difficult the autonomy of the users, protagonists of their necessities in health

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Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o acesso em saúde através do sistema de referência e contra-referência no município de Juiz de Fora, considerando as dimensões: disponibilidade, aceitabilidade, acessibilidade, adequação funcional, fundamentado na perspectiva do processo de consolidação do princípio da integralidade no cuidado nos três níveis de atenção à saúde. Inicialmente e apresentada uma breve retrospectiva da Política de Saúde no Brasil, tomando como ponto de partida a década de 1970. Em seguida são discutidos os conceitos que embasaram o estudo, tendo como eixo central a integralidade e a contextualização da referencia e contra-referência. Para desenvolvimento deste trabalho fez-se a opção pela metodologia qualitativa, utilizando como técnica a ser utilizada junto aos profissionais de saúde a entrevista semi estruturada, e a narrativa, técnica a ser aplicada junto aos usuários, possibilita a recapitulação da experiência através da combinação da seqüência verbal de sentenças com a sequência de eventos que de fato ocorreram. Os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa foram os profissionais de saúde (médicos, assistentes sociais, enfermeiros) e principalmente, os usuários destes serviços de saúde. As convergências permitiram vislumbrar que embora o sistema de referencia e contra-referência no município de Juiz de Fora apresente problemas estruturais em sua organização, ocultando dificuldades de integração entre os níveis de atenção, existem reais possibilidades de melhoria do mesmo, que serão abordados no interior deste estudo.
The aim of this study was to analyze the access in health through the reference and against-reference system in the city of Juiz de Fora, considering the dimensions: availability, acceptability, accessibility, functional adequacy, based on the perspective of the process of consolidation of the integrality principle in care of three levels of attention to health. At first, a brief retrospective of the Politics of Health in Brazil is presented, taking as starting point the decade of 1970. Afterwards, the concepts that supported the study were discussed, having as central pivot the integrality and the contextualization of the reference and against-reference. For the development of this study, the qualitative methodology was picked up, using as a technique to be used to the health professionals the half-structuralized interview, and the narrative, technique to be applied to the users that makes it possible the recapitulation of the experience through the combination of the verbal sequence of sentences with the sequence of events that in fact had occurred. Not only health professionals (social doctors, assistants, nurses) took part in this research but, mainly, the users of these health services. The convergences allowed to glimpse that despite the system of reference and against-reference in the city of Juiz de Fora presents structural problems as precarious organization, concealing difficulties of integration among the attention levels, there are real possibilities of improvement, that will be dealth with in this study.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The association of haloperidol (HP) with polymeric nanocapsules causes a significant improve in therapeutic efficacy prolongs the drug time of action and reduces motor side effects in rats. However, in view of the HP toxicity on organs such as liver and kidney and besides due the lack of knowledge about the toxicity of polymeric nanocapsules, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of formulation containing haloperidol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules on biochemical parameters and oxidative stress (OS) markers in the same tissues, besides DNA damage in blood. For this study, 28 rats were divided in four groups (n = 7) and treated with aqueous solution containing 5% polysorbate 80 (v/v) (C group), free haloperidol suspension (FH group), blank nanocapsules suspension (B-Nc group) and haloperidol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules suspension (H-Nc group). All suspensions were administered in the animals (0,5 mg/kg-ip) once a day, for 28 days. The results showed that a subchronic treatment with FH increased oxidative damage evidenced by the elevation in lipid peroxidation levels and diminution in antioxidant defenses like vitamin C and superoxide dismutase enzyme, decreased cell integrity and increased plasma levels of AST and ALT enzymes. FH also caused damage to kidney, but to a lesser extent, and caused damage to blood DNA. On the other hand, rats treated with H-Nc did not present these alterations. Through this comparative study was possible evidence that H-Nc did not show subchronic toxicity in liver and kidney of animals, preserving these tissues from oxidative damage and loss of cell integrity, which were observed in animals treated with free drug.
A associação de haloperidol (HP) a nanocápsulas poliméricas proporciona uma significante melhora na eficácia terapêutica, prolonga o tempo de ação e reduz efeitos adversos motores em ratos. No entanto, tendo em vista a toxicidade do HP sobre órgãos como fígado e rim e o pouco conhecimento sobre a toxicidade das nanocápsulas poliméricas, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da formulação contendo haloperidol nanoencapsulado sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e marcadores de estresse oxidativo (EO) nestes mesmos tecidos, além do dano no DNA no sangue. Para este estudo, 28 ratos foram separados em quatro grupos experimentais (n=7) e tratados com solução aquosa contendo 5% polissorbato 80 (v/v) (grupo C), suspensão de haloperidol livre (grupo FH), suspensão de nanocápsulas branca (grupo B-Nc) e suspensão de haloperidol nanoencapsulado (grupo H-Nc). Todas as suspensões foram administradas aos animais (0,5 mg/kg-ip) uma vez por dia, durante 28 dias. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento subcrônico com FH causou danos no fígado, evidenciado pelo aumento nos níveis de peroxidação lipídica e diminuição das defesas antioxidantes como vitamina C e superóxido dismutase, diminuição na integridade celular e aumento nos níveis plasmáticos das enzimas AST e ALT. O FH também causou danos no rim, mas em menor extensão, e causou danos ao DNA sanguíneo. Por outro lado, ratos tratados com H-Nc não apresentaram estas alterações. A partir deste estudo comparativo foi possível evidenciar que o haloperidol nanoencapsulado (H-Nc) não causou toxicidade subcrônica hepática e renal aos animais, preservando estes tecidos dos danos oxidativos e da perda da integridade celular, os quais foram observados nos animais tratados com o fármaco livre.

Os serviços oferecidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) estão organizados em rede, de forma a oferecer a seus usuários uma atenção integral. Com esse propósito, a configuração desta rede de serviços deve privilegiar o acesso do usuário ao nível de atenção que possa oferecer resolução ao seu caso, disponibilizando um adequado sistema de referência e contrarreferência para o usuário que necessite ser encaminhado de um nível de atenção a outro. Sendo assim, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a percepção dos profissionais e usuários referente ao sistema de referência e contrarreferência, e como este sistema funciona no cotidiano das unidades envolvidas neste estudo. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, cujos dados foram coletados através da aplicação de um questionário que visava obter as representações sociais de profissionais e usuários sobre o tema proposto, bem como alguns aspectos operacionais sobre o funcionamento deste sistema nestas unidades. Posteriormente os resultados foram apresentados e analisados na forma do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo e permitiram concluir que profissionais e usuários têm a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas que afetam o bom funcionamento deste sistema, tais como falta de profissionais, demora no atendimento, falta de resolutividade da atenção básica, disponibilidade de serviços na atenção secundária em desacordo com as necessidades da população, dificuldades na comunicação entre os profissionais dos diferentes níveis de atenção, e uma deficiência no controle do fluxo dos usuários, fazendo com que o sucesso dos encaminhamentos dependa muitas vezes do empenho pessoal dos profissionais e do esforço pessoal dos próprios pacientes.
The services offered by the Unified Health System (SUS) are organized in a network in order to offer its users an integral attention. For this purpose, the configuration of this services network should prioritize the users access to the health care level that can provide the solution to his case, and a suitable reference and counter reference system to the user that needs to be sent from a health care level to another. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the perception of professionals and users concerning the reference and counter reference system, and how this system works daily in the health units involved in this study. This is a qualitative study, where data were collected through the application of a questionnaire aimed to obtain the social representations of professionals and users about the proposed subject, as well as some operational aspects about the operation of this system at these health units. Subsequently the results were presented and analyzed in the form of Collective Subject Discourse and allow us to conclude that professionals and users have the same perception about the problems that affect the proper functioning of this system, such as lack of professionals, delay in treatment, lack of resoluteness of the primary health care, availability of services in secondary care at odds with people\'s needs, difficulties in communication between professionals of different health care levels, and a deficiency in controlling the flow of users, making the success of referrals dependent often on personal commitment of the professionals involved and of the patient\'s own efforts.

L'objectiu general d'aquest treball és contribuir a l'avaluació de la transferència de l'energia en règim dinàmic de sistemes Fotovoltaics de doble pell Integrats en Edificis (EIFV) amb ventilació forçada sota condicions climàtiques exteriors reals. Per tant, un dels objectius d'aquest treball de recerca va consistir a recol.lectar dades experimentals sota condicions externes reals amb el “Test Reference Environment” (TRE) al Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida (PCiTAL). Es va dur a terme una llarga campanya de mesures on es van realitzar diversos experiments, amb diferents inclinacions i règims de ventilació. Un altre objectiu va ser estimar paràmetres físics desconeguts mitjançant l'ús de models d'identificació. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu, diversos models de caixa grisa estocàstics es van desenvolupar. Finalment, a partir de l'experiència adquirida durant el treball experimental, d'anàlisi i de modelatge, s'ha proposat la definició d'un entorn de prova “Test Reference Environment” estandarditzat per a les aplicacions de EIFV de doble pell.
El objetivo general de este trabajo es contribuir a la evaluación de la transferencia de la energía en régimen dinámico de sistemas de doble piel FotoVoltaicos Integrados en Edificios (EIFV) con ventilación forzada bajo condiciones climáticas exteriores reales. Por lo tanto, uno de los objetivos de este trabajo de investigación consistió en recolectar datos experimentales bajo condiciones externas reales con el “Test Reference Environment” (TRE) en el Parque Científico y Tecnológico Agroalimentario de Lleida (PCiTAL). Se llevó a cabo una larga campaña de medidas donde se realizaron varios experimentos, con diferentes inclinaciones y regímenes de ventilación. Otro objetivo fue estimar parámetros físicos desconocidos mediante el uso de modelos de identificación. Para lograr este objetivo, varios modelos de caja gris estocásticos se desarrollaron. Por último, a partir de la experiencia adquirida durante el trabajo experimental, de análisis y de modelación, se ha propuesto la definición de un entorno de prueba “Test Reference Environment” estandarizado para las aplicaciones de EIFV de doble piel.
The general aim of this work is to contribute to the energy dynamics assessment of mechanically ventilated double skin Building Integrated PhotoVoltaic (BIPV) systems under real outdoor weather conditions. Therefore, one of the objectives of this research work has consisted in collecting experimental data under real outdoor conditions in the Test Reference Environment (TRE) at the Lleida Agri-food Science and Technology Park (PCiTal). An extensive monitoring campaign has been carried out and several experiments, at different inclinations and ventilation regimes, have been performed. Another goal was to estimate unknown physical parameters by using identification models. To achieve this goal, several stochastic grey-box models have been developed. Finally, from the experience gained during the experimental, analysis and modelling work, the definition of a standardized set-up for a Test Reference Environment for double skin applications of BIPV has been proposed.

With specific reference to the cultural policy set out by New Labour, this research explores the individual and social function of the arts and the extent to which they are agents of inclusion. The arts, an important aspect even driver of culture, can be perceived as exclusive with taste reflecting socio-economic concerns which contradicts this function. Such a paradox requires an investigation into the complex and sometimes contradictory relationship between cultural and social inclusion and exclusion, as well as the methods used of evaluating impact. The thesis is divided into four sections. Part One sets out definitions of social exclusion and relevant government cultural policy. Part Two investigates valuation methodology and techniques of evaluating the social impact of the arts programmes in particular. This includes an analysis of relevant reports. Part Three then investigates cultural exclusion. A trilateral approach is taken that assets at, cultural democracy and popular culture. Part Four relates specifically to causal factors of inclusion and how the arts enable emancipation, empowerment and satisfy personal need. It also explores the wider social function and ideal location of the arts, especially with regards to a leisure framework. Throughout, the research questions the extent to which the social role of the arts and policy is one of accommodation or more concerned with reflecting individual needs and a wider counterculture. It concludes that an engaged freedom is the more natural agenda of the arts, which contrasts with an instrumental New Labour government policy that treats social inclusion as primarily related to employment and training issues in order to increase individual social capital.

Portable languages and distributed paradigms have driven a wave of new applications and processing models. One of the most promising, certainly from its early marketing, but disappointing (from its limited uptake)is the mobile agent execution and data processing model. Mobile agents are autonomous programs which can move around a heterogeneous network such as the Internet, crossing through a number of different security domains, and perform some work at each visited destination as partial completion of a mission for their agent user. Despite their promise as a technology and paradigm to drive global electronic services (i.e.any Internet-driven-and-delivered service, not solely e-commerce related activities), their up take on the Internet has been very limited. Chief among the reasons for the paradigm's practical under-achievement is there is no ubiquitous frame work for using Internet mobile agents, and non-trivial security concerns abound for the two major stake holders (mobile agent users and mobile agent platform owners). While both stake holders have security concerns with the dangers of the mobile agent processing model, most investigators in the field are of the opinion that protecting mobile agents from malicious agent platforms is more problematic than protecting agent platforms from malicious mobile agents. Traditional cryptographic mechanisms are not well-suited to counter the bulk of the threats associated with the mobile agent paradigm due to the untrusted hosting of an agent and its intended autonomous, flexible movement and processing. In our investigation, we identified that the large majority of the research undertaken on mobile agent security to date has taken a micro-level perspective. By this we mean research focused solely on either of the two major stakeholders, and even then often only on improving measures to address one security issue dear to the stake holder - for example mobile agent privacy (for agent users) or access control to platform resources (for mobile agent platform owners). We decided to take a more encompassing, higher-level approach in tackling mobile agent security issues. In this endeavour, we developed the beginnings of an infrastructural-approach to not only reduce the security concerns of both major stakeholders, but bring them transparently to a working relationship. Strategic utilisation of both existing distributed system trusted-third parties (TTPs) and novel mobile agent paradigm-specific TTPs are fundamental in the infrastructural framework we have devised. Besides designing an application and language independent frame work for supporting a large-scale Internet mobile agent network, our Mobile Agent Secure Hub Infrastructure (MASHIn) proposal encompasses support for flexible access control to agent platform resources. A reliable means to track the location and processing times of autonomous Internet mobile agents is discussed, withfault-tolerant handling support to work around unexpected processing delays. Secure,highly-effective (incomparison to existing mechanisms) strategies for providing mobile agent privacy, execution integrity, and stake holder confidence scores were devised - all which fit comfortably within the MASHIn framework. We have deliberately considered the interests - withoutbias -of both stake holders when designing our solutions. In relation to mobile agent execution integrity, we devised a new criteria for assessing the robustness of existing execution integrity schemes. Whilst none of the existing schemes analysed met a large number of our desired properties for a robust scheme, we identified that the objectives of Hohl's reference states scheme were most admirable - particularly real - time in - mission execution integrity checking. Subsequently, we revised Hohl's reference states protocols to fit in the MASHIn framework, and were able to overcome not only the two major limitations identified in his scheme, but also meet all of our desired properties for a robust execution integrity scheme (given an acceptable decrease in processing effiency). The MASHIn offers a promising new perspective for future mobile agent security research and indeed a new frame work for enabling safe and autonomous Internet mobile agents. Just as an economy cannot thrive without diligent care given to micro and macro-level issues, we do not see the security prospects of mobile agents (and ultimately the prospects of the mobile agent paradigm) advancing without diligent research on both levels.

La present tesi doctoral s’ha centrat en el repte d’aconseguir, mitjançant Fabricació Additiva (FA), models per a assaig quirúrgic, sota la premissa que els equips per fer-los haurien de ser accessibles a l’àmbit hospitalari. L’objectiu és facilitar l’extensió de l’ús dels prototips com a eina de preparació d’operacions quirúrgiques, transformant la pràctica mèdica actual de la mateixa manera que en el seu moment ho van fer tecnologies com les que van facilitar l’ús de radiografies. El motiu d’utilitzar FA, en lloc de tecnologies més tradicionals, és la seva capacitat de materialitzar de forma directa les dades digitals obtingudes de l’anatomia del pacient mitjançant sistemes d’escanejat tridimensional, fent possible l’obtenció de models personalitzats. Els resultats es centren en la generació de nou coneixement sobre com aconseguir equipaments d’impressió 3D multimaterials accessibles que permetin l’obtenció de models mimètics respecte als teixits vius. Per facilitar aquesta buscada extensió de la tecnologia, s’ha focalitzat en les tecnologies de codi obert com la Fabricació per Filament Fos (FFF) i similars basades en líquids catalitzables. La recerca s’alinea dins l’activitat de desenvolupament de la FA al CIM UPC, i en aquest àmbit concret amb la col·laboració amb l’Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloc de la tesi inclou la descripció de l’estat de l’art, detallant les tecnologies existents i la seva aplicació a l’entorn mèdic. S’han establert per primer cop unes bases de caracterització dels teixits vius -sobretot tous- per donar suport a la selecció de materials que els puguin mimetitzar en un procés de FA, a efectes de millorar l’experiència d’assaig dels cirurgians. El caràcter rígid dels materials majoritàriament usats en impressió 3D els fa poc útils per simular tumors i altres referències anatòmiques. De forma successiva, es tracten paràmetres com la densitat, la viscoelasticitat, la caracterització dels materials tous a la indústria, l’estudi del mòdul elàstic de teixits tous i vasos, la duresa d’aquests, i requeriments com l’esterilització dels models. El segon bloc comença explorant la impressió 3D mitjançant FFF. Es classifiquen les variants del procés des del punt de vista de la multimaterialitat, essencial per fer models d’assaig quirúrgic, diferenciant entre solucions multibroquet i de barreja al capçal. S’ha inclòs l’estudi de materials (filaments i líquids) que serien més útils per mimetitzar teixits tous. Es constata com en els líquids, en comparació amb els filaments, la complexitat del treball en processos de FA és més elevada, i es determinen formes d’imprimir materials molt tous. Per acabar, s’exposen sis casos reals de col·laboració amb l’HJSD, una selecció d’aquells en els que el doctorand ha intervingut en els darrers anys. L’origen es troba en la dificultat de l’abordatge d’operacions de resecció de tumors infantils com el neuroblastoma, i a la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalment, el Bloc 3 té per objecte explorar nombrosos conceptes (fins a 8), activitat completada al llarg dels darrers cinc anys amb el suport dels mitjans del CIM UPC i de l’activitat associada a treballs finals d’estudis d’estudiants de la UPC, arribant-se a materialitzar equipaments experimentals per validar-los. La recerca ampla i sistemàtica al respecte fa que s’estigui més a prop de disposar d’una solució d’impressió 3D multimaterial de sobretaula. Es determina que la millor via de progrés és la de disposar d’una pluralitat de capçals independents a fi de capacitar la impressora 3D per integrar diversos conceptes estudiats, materialitzant-se una possible solució. Cloent la tesi, es planteja com seria un equipament d’impressió 3D per a models d’assaig quirúrgic, a fi de servir de base per a futurs desenvolupaments.
La presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el reto de conseguir, mediante Fabricación Aditiva (FA), modelos para ensayo quirúrgico, bajo la premisa que los equipos para obtenerlos tendrían que ser accesibles al ámbito hospitalario. El objetivo es facilitar la extensión del uso de modelos como herramienta de preparación de operaciones quirúrgicas, transformando la práctica médica actual de la misma manera que, en su momento, lo hicieron tecnologías como las que facilitaron el uso de radiografías. El motivo de utilizar FA, en lugar de tecnologías más tradicionales, es su capacidad de materializar de forma directa los datos digitales obtenidos de la anatomía del paciente mediante sistemas de escaneado tridimensional, haciendo posible la obtención de modelos personalizados. Los resultados se centran en la generación de nuevo conocimiento para conseguir equipamientos de impresión 3D multimateriales accesibles que permitan la obtención de modelos miméticos respecto a los tejidos vivos. Para facilitar la buscada extensión de la tecnología, se ha focalizado en las tecnologías de código abierto como la Fabricación por Hilo Fundido (FFF) y similares basadas en líquidos catalizables. Esta investigación se alinea dentro de la actividad de desarrollo de la FA en el CIM UPC, y en este ámbito concreto con la colaboración con el Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloque de la tesis incluye la descripción del estado del arte, detallando las tecnologías existentes y su aplicación al entorno médico. Se han establecido por primera vez unas bases de caracterización de los tejidos vivos – principalmente blandos – para dar apoyo a la selección de materiales que los puedan mimetizar en un proceso de FA, a efectos de mejorar la experiencia de ensayo de los cirujanos. El carácter rígido de los materiales mayoritariamente usados en impresión 3D los hace poco útiles para simular tumores y otras referencias anatómicas. De forma sucesiva, se tratan parámetros como la densidad, la viscoelasticidad, la caracterización de materiales blandos en la industria, el estudio del módulo elástico de tejidos blandos y vasos, la dureza de los mismos, y requerimientos como la esterilización de los modelos. El segundo bloque empieza explorando la impresión 3D mediante FFF. Se clasifican las variantes del proceso desde el punto de vista de la multimaterialidad, esencial para hacer modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, diferenciando entre soluciones multiboquilla y de mezcla en el cabezal. Se ha incluido el estudio de materiales (filamentos y líquidos) que serían más útiles para mimetizar tejidos blandos. Se constata como en los líquidos, en comparación con los filamentos, la complejidad del trabajo en procesos de FA es más elevada, y se determinan formas de imprimir materiales muy blandos. Para acabar, se exponen seis casos reales de colaboración con el HJSD, una selección de aquellos en los que el doctorando ha intervenido en los últimos años. El origen se encuentra en la dificultad del abordaje de operaciones de resección de tumores infantiles como el neuroblastoma, y en la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalmente, el Bloque 3 desarrolla numerosos conceptos (hasta 8), actividad completada a lo largo de los últimos cinco años con el apoyo de los medios del CIM UPC y de la actividad asociada a trabajos finales de estudios de estudiantes de la UPC, llegándose a materializar equipamientos experimentales para validarlos. La investigación amplia y sistemática al respecto hace que se esté más cerca de disponer de una solución de impresión 3D multimaterial de sobremesa. Se determina que la mejor vía de progreso es la de disponer de una pluralidad de cabezales independientes, a fin de capacitar la impresora 3D para integrar diversos conceptos estudiados, materializándose una posible solución. Para cerrar la tesis, se plantea cómo sería un equipamiento de impresión 3D para modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, a fin de servir de base para futuros desarrollos.

Кваліфікаційна робота стосується розробки інтернет магазину електроніки загалом та програмного забезпечення для його адміністрування зокрема, а саме бази даних як ядра інформаційної системи для адміністрування електронного магазину, який може займатися продажем будь-яких товарів через мережу Інтернет. При роботі над завданням даної роботи були враховані всі фактори для зручної роботи користувача з кінцевим програмним продуктом, такими як багатовіконний інтерфейс, можливість розташування вікон у зручному порядку, просте та піктографічне меню, допомога по програмі.
Qualification work concerns the development of an online store in general and software for its administration in particular, namely the database as the core of the information system for the administration of an electronic store that can sell any goods via the Internet. When working on the task of this work, all factors were taken into account for the user's convenient work with the final software product, such as multi-window interface, the ability to arrange windows in a convenient order, simple and pictographic menu, program help.
ВСТУП ... 1 АНАЛІЗ ПРЕДМЕТНОЇ ОБЛАСТІ ... 1.1 Концептуальна і логічна модель бази даних ... 1.2 Загальна інформація про програму ... 1.3 Системні вимоги ... 1.4 Порядок інсталяції ... 1.5 З’єдання з магазином ... 1.6 Використання розробленої програми ... 1.6.1 Керування каталогом ... 1.6.2 Керування товарами ... 1.6.3 Управління клієнтами та замовленнями ... 1.6.4 Формування звітів ... 2 ПРАКТИЧНА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ 2.1 Архітектура Інтернет-магазину ... 2.2 Принципи та засоби створення Web-сайтів ... 2.2.1 Огляд технологій створення сайту ... 2.2.2 Огляд інструментів для створення сайту ... 2.3 Концептуальне проектування сайту ... 2.4 Фізична реалізація магазину ... 2.4.1 Вибір інструментів для створення дизайну сайту ... 2.4.2 Опис роботи та інтерфейсу Інтернет-магазину ... 2.4.3 Здійснення покупок ... 3 БЕЗПЕКА ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ТА ОСНОВИ ОХОРОНИ ПРАЦІ ... 3.1 Заходи по покращенню питань з охорони праці та техніки безпеки на підприємстві ... 3.2 Розрахунок вентиляції ... 3.2.1 Природна вентиляція ... 3.2.2 Штучна вентиляція ... 3.3 Аналіз небезпеки і шкідливості при виконанні розробки .. ВИСНОВОК ... ПЕРЕЛІК ДЖЕРЕЛ ... Додатки

M.Comm.
In manufacturing companies where raw material is transformed into an endproduct, data pertaining to that transformation process are transported from the physical machine (workstation) to a central database and visa versa. To ensure a successful end-product creation, the company needs to ensure that the data being transported is correct, accurate and trustworthy at all times. As unreliable data seems to be a general problem for large manufacturing companies an investigation was launched to establish what integrity problems are being experienced and possible solutions to these problems in manufacturing companies such as Columbus Stainless Steel. On completion of the investigation it was found that the main causes for late deliveries and data fixes being performed was that the data being transmitted at the source was not always the same data received at the destination, hence a lack of data integrity during data transmission was identified. As it was decided to reduce or eliminate the integrity causes rather than correcting the incorrect results the data transportation process was analyzed. During the analysis the main causes for data integrity problems (errors) were identified. In the environment being investigated, data strings (messages) were created at the workstation and then transported via the use of a transporter (protocol) over an established network to the destination database. The more complex the contents of the message (data string), the more advanced features were needed within the functionality of the protocol to ensure the accurate and correct transmission and processing. Once the main causes for these data integrity errors were identified the investigation was broadened to incorporate the search for various protocols with the ability to reduce or eliminate the causes identified previously.