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1

Czechoslovakia. President (1918-1935 : Masaryk). Prvé poselství presidentovo (22. prosince 1918) a odpověď Národního shroáždění (27. března 1919): Připojena řeč referenta Ant. Hajna a doslov předsedy Národního shromáždění Fr. Tomáška. University Microfilms International, 2006.

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2

Dijk, Johannes Petrus van. Late Neogene fore-arc basin evolution in the Calabrian Arc (central Mediterranean): Tectonic sequence stratigraphy and dynamic geohistory : with special reference to the geology of Central Calabria = Laat Neogene voor-boog bekken evolutie in de Calabrese Boog (Centrale Middellandse zeegebied) : tekonische sekwentie-stratigrafie en dynamische geohistory : met speciale referentie naar de geologie van centraal Calabrië. Faculteit Aardwetenschappen der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, 1992.

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3

Henderson, Andrea. Algebraic Art. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809982.001.0001.

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Algebraic Art explores the invention of a peculiarly Victorian account of the nature and value of aesthetic form, and it traces that account to a surprising source: mathematics. The nineteenth century was a moment of extraordinary mathematical innovation, witnessing the development of non-Euclidean geometry, the revaluation of symbolic algebra, and the importation of mathematical language into philosophy. All these innovations sprang from a reconception of mathematics as a formal rather than a referential practice—as a means for describing relationships rather than quantities. For Victorian ma
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Huang, Minyao. Referential variability of generic ‘one’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0009.

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This chapter presents novel data regarding the semantic interpretation of generic ‘one’. First, it is argued that ‘one’ does not always refer to oneself while generalizing from the self’s experience. Moreover, based on the results of a reading comprehension survey, it is shown that ‘one’ can refer to (i) the speaker without generalization, (ii) anyone like the speaker, (iii) anyone in a certain class that does not necessarily include the speaker, or (iv) a non-speaker without generalization. The four types of reference are further analysed as two dimensions of contextual variation that interac
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Rusten, Kristian A. Referential Null Subjects in Early English. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808237.001.0001.

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This book offers a large-scale quantitative investigation of referential null subjects as they occur in Old, Middle, and Early Modern English. Using corpus linguistic methods, and drawing on five corpora of early English, the book empirically addresses the occurrence of subjectless finite clauses in more than 500 early English texts, and excerpts of texts, spanning nearly 850 years of the history of English. The book gives an in-depth quantitative analysis of c.80,000 overt and null referential pronominal subjects in 181 Old English texts. On the basis of this substantial data material, the bo
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D'Argembeau, Arnaud. Mind-Wandering and Self-Referential Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.14.

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When one’s mind wanders, one frequently experiences thoughts, images, and feelings about oneself and one’s life. These self-referential thoughts involve diverse contents and take various forms, but most often focus on specific future events that are closely related to one’s personal goals and concerns. Neuroimaging studies show that such spontaneous thoughts recruit many of the same brain regions—largely corresponding to the default network—as directed self-referential thought. The medial prefrontal cortex is most consistently involved and might contribute to assign value and to integrate proc
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7

Pravadelli, Veronica. Performative Bodies and Non-Referential Images. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038778.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on the 1950s musical. In contrast to melodrama, the musical combines spectacle with reflexive strategies and is able to comment in a sophisticated fashion on the fiction/reality dichotomy and on the relation between cinema and the other media, especially theater and television. While noir and woman's film used expressive techniques to emphasize the split nature of the human psyche—the opposition between conscious and unconscious realities—1950s musical goes one step further. Many films show that gendered identities are the product of a series of performances, rather than t
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Greene, Dana. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037108.003.0014.

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This chapter considers the legacy of Denise Levertov. Levertov wanted to be remembered for her poetry, the “autonomous structures” that would be appreciated on their own terms and would last. In comparison to her art, she considered her life fleeting and insignificant. As a consequence she was suspicious of biography and insisted that if a poet's biography were to be written, it had to focus on the work itself. Even then she was leery of the genre and recoiled from it. Nonetheless, she claimed repeatedly that her poems emerged from her life experience. While she rejected confessional or self-r
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9

Henderson, Andrea. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809982.003.0001.

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Victorian England witnessed a reconception of mathematics as a formal rather than a referential practice—as a means for describing relationships rather than quantities. The value of a mathematical claim lay not in its capacity to describe the world but its internal coherence. Victorian mathematics thus contributed to the development of liberal capitalism by justifying abstraction: liberals proclaimed that formal consistency was the foundation of a rational, equitable order, and marginalist economists insisted that value was not inherent but relational, and made economics a branch of mathematic
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10

God in the Act of Reference: Debating Religious Realism and Non-Realism (Ashgate New Critical Thinking in Religion, Theology, and Biblical Studies) (Ashgate ... in Religion, Theology, and Biblical Studies). Ashgate Publishing, 2002.

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11

Bach, Kent. Reference, intention, and context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0005.

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This chapter takes up some recently published arguments that purport to show that a demonstrative, as used on a given occasion, refers either on account of certain features of the context or in virtue of a certain speaker intention, which is distinct from the sort of referential intention that is part of the speaker’s total communicative intention. After these arguments are disposed of, it is argued that there is no good rationale for maintaining that demonstratives refer in their own right. Rather, they have meanings that constrain their literal use. Speakers can and do use them to refer and
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Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Ramsey sentences and Newman’s objection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0003.

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Concerns about referential indeterminacy also feature prominently in discussions about realism within the philosophy of science. In this chapter we examine a particular version of scientific realism that arises by considering Ramsey sentences. Roughly, these are sentences where all the theoretical vocabulary has been existentially quantified away. Ramsey sentences seem promising, since they seem to incur a kind of existential commitment to theoretical entities, which is characteristic of realism, whilst making room for a certain level referential indeterminacy. We examine both the relation bet
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13

Taylor, Kenneth A. Meaning Diminished. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803447.001.0001.

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This book examines the dialectical role of semantic analysis within metaphysical inquiry. It argues that semantic analysis ought to be modest in its metaphysical pretensions in the sense that linguistic and conceptual analysis should not be expected to yield deep insight into either what exists or the nature of what exists. The argument turns on distinctions among narrowly linguistic semantics in the generative tradition and two varieties of broadly philosophical semantics which correspond to broad approaches to semantically infused metaphysical inquiry. In particular it distinguishes ideation
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14

MacBride, Fraser. Predicate Reference. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0019.

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Whether a predicate is a referential expression depends upon what reference is conceived to be. Even if it is granted that reference is a relation between words and worldly items, the referents of expressions being the items to which they are so related, this still leaves considerable scope for disagreement about whether predicates refer. One of Frege's great contributions to the philosophy of language was to introduce an especially liberal conception of reference relative to which it is unproblematic to suppose that predicates are referring expressions. According to this liberal conception, e
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Maloney, J. Christopher. Direct Realism and the Extended Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0007.

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Representationalism rightly treats perception as a type of cognitive representation. However, it wrongly proposes that perceptual content determines phenomenal character. Rather, it is the form, not the content, of a perceptual representation that constitutes phenomenal character. For direct realism is true: Perception is that form of cognition in which representation and represented are the same. Other forms of cognition recruit representations that are distinct from what they represent. In contrast, perceptual representation extends the mind's reach into the world by casting the very object
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16

Hammer, Espen. Kafka’s Modernism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190461454.003.0009.

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Using ideas from Ludwig Wittgenstein’s and Stanley Cavell’s visions of ordinary language philosophy, this essay explores Kafka’s modernism. As opposed to Maurice Blanchot’s notion of literary language as non-referential, it is argued that the modernism at stake in The Trial centers on the question of intelligibility. While the court system in the novel signifies some sort of general skepticism, in which the use of language threatens to become unintelligible, Kafka offers the reader an extended reflection on the conditions of intelligibility and sense. At stake is language itself and our relati
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Alonso, Paul. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636500.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 details the conclusions of the book. Summarizing the analysis of the cases in light of the research questions, it contrasts and compares among the cases in order to illuminate similarities and differences. The final analysis also highlights the local implications of the global trend toward infotainment and spectacle, locating satire at a privileged intersection between transgression and media norms. Using the notion of “critical metatainment”—a postmodern, carnivalesque result of and a transgressive, self-referential reaction to the process of tabloidization and the cult of celebrity
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18

Morin, Alain. The Self-Reflective Functions of Inner Speech. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796640.003.0012.

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The current chapter revisits an earlier account (2005) of how inner speech leads to self-reflection. Definitions, functions, neuroanatomy, and measurement of self-reflection and inner speech are first presented, followed by the detailed proposal suggesting that these two processes are connected in at least three possible ways. Empirical evidence supporting this proposal is discussed, as well as theoretical considerations pertaining to underlying mechanisms explaining how self-reflection and inner speech may interrelate. To illustrate, several self-referential tasks used in typical fMRI studies
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19

Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Direct Reference for Extensional Terms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0002.

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Names become attached to individuals, real kinds, properties, and so forth through conventions, that is, through the setting and following of precedents, patterns that continue to be reproduced because they serve communicative functions. Each precedent follower repeats what was done before, but “what was done before” can be interpreted in different ways. Stabilizing these precedents are the real kinds and property peaks in the natural world that make cognition possible. Names are not tethered to any necessary properties or descriptions but to property peaks and to the clusters that are real ki
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Zbikowski, Lawrence M. Music and Gesture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653637.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the relationship between music and physical gesture, drawing on recent research on the spontaneous gestures that accompany speech. Such gestures appear to be motivated by thought processes that are independent from speech and that in many cases offer analogs for dynamic processes. The chapter outlines the infrastructure for human communication that supports language and gesture as well as music. This outline provides a framework for exploring how music and gesture are similar and for how they are different. These comparisons are made through analyses of the movements Fred
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Recanati, François. Contextualism and Singular Reference. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783916.003.0009.

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This chapter discusses the relations between three approaches to the referential/attributive distinction: the Gricean approach advocated by Kripke and others, the two-dimensional approach pioneered by Kaplan and Stalnaker, and the Millian approach favoured by Donnellan. In contrast to the two-dimensional approach, the Millian approach honours the intuitions which led to the rejection of descriptivism, but it is subject to Gricean criticism based on the speaker’s reference/semantic reference distinction. The chapter shows that, suitably elaborated and revised, the Millian approach can be made i
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Ignazi, Piero. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735854.003.0009.

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The Conclusion addresses the parties’ present condition in the European political systems. Indeed, at the dawn of the new century parties have become Leviathan with clay feet: powerful in the political arena thanks to control of state resources, but very weak in terms of legitimacy in the eyes of public opinion. Only by abandoning the citadelle in which they are entrenched, recasting societal linkages, relinquishing all their privileges, and dismissing their self-referential attitude might they recover the confidence of the electorate. Maintaining a state-centred status will only lead to a dea
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Bárány, András. Differential object marking in Hungarian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804185.003.0002.

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This chapter provides an overview of differential object agreement in Hungarian. Finite verbs in Hungarian always agree with the subject in person and number, and sometimes agree with the object. Generally, the trigger of object agreement is argued to be related to definiteness. It is argued that while both syntactic and semantic properties are relevant for determining object agreement, the syntactic structure of the object is the main factor: objects have to be DPs to agree, and can sometimes even be indefinite. The focus is on lexical, third person noun phrases, including common nouns and pr
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Metcalfe, Janet, and Bennett L. Schwartz. The Ghost in the Machine. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.19.

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Although metacognition is considered to be the highest human cognitive function and a crucial self-reflective function allowing us to have free will, finding where this modern “pineal gland” resides in the brain is an enterprise fraught with peril. Searching for metacognition in the brain is like searching for the Holy Grail: It always seems to be in the next valley. We focus on two considerations. First, metacognitions are conscious. They spontaneously occur when something goes wrong, and conflict-based “feeling states” are manifest. We argue that when metacognitive feelings are spontaneous,
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Brunsson, Nils. Organizational Reforms as Routines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198296706.003.0005.

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This chapter argues that organizational reforms are driven by problems to be addressed, by solutions to be applied, and by forgetfulness. The greater the supply of any of these factors, the more likely it is that reforms will occur. Without problems, reforms are difficult to justify; without solutions they cannot be formulated; and without forgetfulness there is a risk that people will be discouraged by the fact that similar reforms have been tried and have failed in the past. In contemporary large organizations, problems tend to be easily found. Those interested in selling solutions often try
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Carston, Robyn. Pragmatics and Semantics. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.19.

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A cognitive-scientific approach to the pragmatic interpretive ability is presented, according to which it is seen as a specific cognitive system dedicated to the interpretation of ostensive stimuli, that is, verbal utterances and other overtly communicative acts. This approach calls for a dual construal of semantics. The semantics which interfaces with the pragmatic interpretive system is not a matter of truth-conditional content, but of whatever components of meaning (lexical and syntactic) are encoded by the language system (independent of any particular use of the system by speakers in spec
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Henderson, Andrea. Geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809982.003.0002.

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Edwin Abbott’s Flatland dramatizes the implications of dethroning what Victorians regarded as the preeminent representational system: Euclidean geometry. The displacement of the singular Euclidean account of space with a multiplicity of non-referential spatial regimes did more than introduce the possibility of varying perspectives on the world; the challenge to the “sacredness” of Euclid met with resistance partly because it suggested the ideal of a transparent representational system was inherently untenable. Flatland explores the repercussions of this problem for the novel, shifting emphasis
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Zimmermann, Michael. Null subjects, expletives, and the status of Medieval French. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0004.

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In view of considerable differences from prototypical null-subject (NS) languages and recent proposals of different types of NS language, this chapter reconsiders the status of Medieval French, generally analysed as a NS language, regarding the NS parameter. It is essentially shown that Medieval French displays traits incompatible with an analysis as a consistent or partial NS language, particularly the existence of overt TP subject expletives, the highly frequent occurrence of overt referential subject pronouns in embedded clauses, and the consistent occurrence of an overt generic subject pro
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Baumgold, Deborah. 12. Hobbes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198708926.003.0012.

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This chapter examines Thomas Hobbes's key political ideas. After providing a short biography of Hobbes, the chapter traces the development of his political theory as articulated in the Leviathan. In particular, it considers whether Hobbism rests on the assumption of egoism and whether Hobbes's theory depends on the idea of a social contract. It also describes the sequential composition of the three versions of Hobbes's theory and shows that his basic assumption about human nature is a form of solipsism. According to Hobbes, our thinking is necessarily self-referential, which need not be equiva
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Sullivan, Mark D. Seeking the Roots of Health and Action in Biological Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0010.

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The roots of biological autonomy and health are the same. Goals make biology distinct as a science, for without goals, we cannot understand why a biological trait exists. Organisms are autonomous biological entities because they define what is inside and what is outside themselves. This boundary between inner and outer gives the organism a self-referential purpose. Claude Bernard made experimental physiology possible with his concept of the internal environment, but he was unable to explain how the organism established the boundary between itself and its environment. Hence, homeostasis portray
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Krech, Volkhard. Communication. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.18.

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This chapter advocates applying a communication theoretical model to the study of religion. This proceeds by observing the procedure of religious communication, the ways in which this communication reflects upon and describes itself, and the means by which it sets itself apart from other kinds of communication. While there is no such thing as religion per se, the specific feature of religious communication consists in ultimately coping with contingency on the basis of the distinction between immanence and transcendence. Religious semantics and the institutional framework of religious communica
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Parkinson, Brian. Interpersonal Effects and Functions of Facial Activity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses how and why facial activity affects other people. First, I distinguish three general functions relating to practical object-directed action, regulating interpersonal interaction, and coordinating two or more people’s orientations toward objects, events, or other people. Facial activity can also acquire secondary signal and symbolic functions, some of which relate to emotion communication. Second, I discuss interpersonal effects of gaze deriving from these functions. Gaze plays an important role in regulating social attention as a prior condition for many of facial activi
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Maloney, J. Christopher. Dual Aspect Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0006.

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Carruthers proposes a subtle dispositionalist rendition of higher order theory regarding phenomenal character. The theory would distinguish unconscious movement management from conscious attitude management as perceptual processes. Each process takes perceptual representations as inputs. A representation subject to attitude management is apt to induce a higher order representation of itself that secures a self-referential aspect of its content supposedly determinative of phenomenal character. Unfortunately, the account requires a problematic cognitive ambiguity while failing to explain why att
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Sorensen, Roy A. Semantic Paradoxes. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.26.

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All abstracts over-simplify. But the truth is close to the following: the ancient Greeks, true to stereotype, pioneered semantic paradoxes. There was no indigenous awareness of them east of the Euphrates River. They emerged piecemeal from the Greek love of irony and holistically from the Greek ambition to encompass the whole Truth. After the Greeks there is mostly regress until Thomas Aquinas. After a couple of outstanding centuries, there is decline until twentieth-century advances in logic. These advances have been consolidated by the computer revolution. We are now in an unusual stage of hi
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Retrospection and future perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0014.

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As the concluding chapter, the story of the book’s content is revisited and summarized. Essentially, our embodied minds come into being due to an evolutionary predisposed cognitive developmental process, which builds progressively more abstract, conceptual, compositional predictive encodings based on actively gathered sensorimotor experiences. The chapter also acknowledges several under-represented, but important topics in cognitive science. Finally, the matter of consciousness is addressed, emphasizing that the mind emerges from a recurrent, self-maintaining, and self-regulating system, that
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Kotsko, Adam. Conclusion: Agamben as a Reader of Agamben. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423632.003.0032.

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Thus far, the contributors to this volume have considered the many and varied bodies of work that have left their mark on Agamben’s project. In this concluding chapter, I would like to take up one final body of work that Agamben must somehow account for, if only implicitly – namely, his own. The task is more difficult than it may sound, because Agamben is not nearly as self-referential as some major twentieth-century thinkers. Unless his habits change drastically, he will not leave behind a voluminous legacy of interviews on the stakes and intentions of his work, as Foucault did. His explicit
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van Woudenberg, René. An Epistemological Critique of Scientism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462758.003.0008.

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This chapter examines two recent views that have self-consciously been labeled by their authors as “scientism.” Alexander Rosenberg’s scientism is the view that the methods of science are the only reliable ways to secure knowledge of anything. This view faces many counterexamples, Rosenberg’s arguments in its favor are weak, and the view is self-referentially incoherent. Don Ross, James Ladyman, and David Spurrett’s scientism as propounded in Every Thing Must Go is the view that science is our only guide to the objective features of the world. It includes an institutional criterion that demarc
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McDevitt, Michael. Where Ideas Go to Die. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869953.001.0001.

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Where Ideas Go to Die explores the troubled relationship of US journalism and intellect. A defender of common sense, the press is irked at intellect yet often dependent on its critical autonomy. A postwar observation from Richard Hofstadter applies to contemporary journalists: “Men do not rise in the morning, grin at themselves in their mirrors, and say: ‘Ah, today I shall torment an intellectual and strangle an idea!’ ” The book nevertheless documents the prowess of news media in policing intellect. Control extends beyond suppression of ideas and ways of thinking to the aggressive rendering o
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Hill, Jason D. Is It Moral to Hold a Racial Identity? Edited by Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.39.

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Holding a racial identity is problematic because it turns one into a practicing racist. On the surface this should not be controversial. White supremacists of all stripes, either of the North American variety or the Nazi counterpart, have given us ample evidence of the nefarious nature of strong racial identities, especially when they are wedded to a political ideology that demonizes racial minorities such as blacks or Jews. But we can and should go much further and suggest that the concept of race, simpliciter, is bad. The concomitant practice of holding a racial identity voluntarily and livi
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Cognola, Federica, and Jan Casalicchio, eds. Null Subjects in Generative Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.001.0001.

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This book considers the null-subject phenomenon, whereby some languages lack an overtly realized referential subject in specific contexts. In generative syntax—the approach adopted in this volume—the phenomenon has traditionally been explained in terms of a ‘pro-drop’ parameter with associated cluster properties; more recently, however, it has become clear that pro-drop phenomena do not always correlate with all the initially predicted cluster properties. This volume returns to the centre of the debate surrounding the empirical phenomena associated with null subjects. Experts in the field expl
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Alonso, Paul. Satiric TV in the Americas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636500.001.0001.

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In the post-truth era, postmodern satiric media have emerged as prominent critical voices playing an unprecedented role at the heart of public debate, filling the gaps left not only by traditional media but also by weak social institutions and discredited political elites. Satiric TV in the Americas analyzes some of the most representative and influential satiric TV shows on the continent (focusing on cases in Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, Chile, and the United States) in order to understand their critical role in challenging the status quo, traditional journalism, and the prevalent local
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Jones, Charlotte. Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857921.001.0001.

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‘The real represents to my perception the things that we cannot possibly not know, sooner or later, in one way or another,’ wrote Henry James in 1907. This description, riven with double negatives, hesitation, and uncertainty, encapsulates the epistemological difficulties of realism, for underlying its narrative and descriptive apparatus as an aesthetic mode lies a philosophical quandary. What grounds the ‘real’ of the realist novel? What kind of perception is required to validate the experience of reality? How does the realist novel represent the difficulty of knowing? What comes to the fore
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43

Kumar M., Dileep. 50 short case studies in business management. UUM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670474243.

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The Higher Education Institutions that run business management programs in Malaysia is under severe criticism from industry that the passing out management graduates do not have adequate practical exposure to the industry and lack of practical skills to deal industrial issues proactively as the catalyst of change.This indicates that the traditional management education curriculum, as presently constituted, may not be adequately preparing individuals for the challenges they experience as professional managers.To deal with this issue, many management institutes are adopting case study as a pedag
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