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1
Gabrielides, Christos. "Risk management of crude oil using refined products." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296409.
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JUNIOR, VOLNEY GILBERTO FIGUEIREDO. "INFORMATION FLOW IN SUPPLY CHAIN FOR REFINED OIL PRODUCTS: CASE PETROBRAS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=21014@1.
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A integração dos processos e sistemas relacionados à logística dentro das empresas e junto aos seus fornecedores e clientes vem se firmando como uma tendência ao longo dos últimos anos. A utilização da logística como vantagem competitiva e para agregar valor aos produtos e serviços tem se tornado, cada vez mais, um dos direcionadores estratégicos das empresas. Mais recentemente, o planejamento colaborativo passou a ser amplamente utilizado como ferramenta para se obter ganhos de produtividade e custos. No atual ambiente de negócios, o fluxo de informações entre os diversos membros da cadeia de suprimentos, bem como a qualidade e a visibilidade das informações é uma questão fundamental para apoiar a tomada de decisões. O grande desenvolvimento da tecnologia da informação e dos sistemas de informação nas últimas décadas tem contribuído, de forma decisiva, para prover fluxos de informações adequados através dos membros da cadeia de suprimentos. As empresas precisam implantar tecnologias e sistemas de informação que garantam um fluxo de informações ágil e de qualidade a fim de possibilitar uma resposta rápida aos desafios crescentes dos negócios. A dissertação pretende, a partir da fundamentação teórica em cadeias de suprimentos e tecnologia da informação, realizar uma análise da situação atual dos fluxos de informações para o processo de movimentação de derivados da Petrobras, identificar os principais problemas decorrentes do fluxo inadequado de informações, seja em termos de tempo ou em termos de qualidade da informação, e propor soluções de tecnologia e sistemas de informação para tratar os problemas identificados.The integration of processes and systems related to logistics inside the companies and together with their suppliers and customers has been established as a trend in the past few years. The use of logistics as a competitive advantage and to add value to the products and services has become, more and more, one of the strategic issues for the companies. More recently, the collaborative planning has been widely applied as a tool to achieve productivity and cost advantages. In today’s business environment, the information flow between the supply chain members, as well as the quality and visibility of the information is a key issue to support decision making. The great development of information technology and information systems in the last decades has contributed, decisively, to provide appropriate information flow across the supply chain members. Companies need to set up technologies and information systems that assure an agile and high quality information flow in order to enable a quick reaction to the increasing challenges of business. This work aims to, based on the theoretical foundation of supply chain and information technology, analyse the information flow for the refined oil products process at Petrobras, identify the main issues due to inappropriate information flow, in terms of timing and information quality, and propose technologies and information systems solutions to solve the issues.
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Firman, Christopher. "Formation of stigmasta-3,5-diene and its analysis in refined olive oil." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298750.
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Nagarajan, Kavitha Rani. "Dispersant Effectiveness of Crude, Refined and Synthetic Oil Under Different Environmental Conditions." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1226632486.
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Ostergaard, Erik Barr. "A Refined Methodology for Calibrating Premium Connection Make-ups." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19294.
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Digital Image Correlation is used to generate high-spatial-density full-field displacementand strain data of a connection box outer diameter for use in the calibration of finite element
make-up models. Image acquisition and data processing techniques are discussed and best
practice recommendations are made. 3D-wedge models consisting of a twenty-degree sweep of
the connection geometry are generated from manufacturer supplied profiles. Deformation
plasticity material models are developed from identified minimum strength material coupons.
Axisymmetric and 3D meshing schemes are used to capture the geometric complexity, supply
enough resolution to represent seal performance, and provide a solution in an acceptable
timeframe. Several techniques for achieving good contact resolution are presented. The
mechanics of the full 3D connection makeup are decomposed into simple idealized
representations. Finite element boundary conditions are developed to adequately represent the
360-degree make-up mechanics in a wedge section. The wedge model is loaded to achieve a
torque-rotation coupling which satisfies the experimental make-up conditions. This model
displays a much improved ability to capture box outer diameter strain and displacement fields,
and thus better represents the mechanics of a connection make-up. A 3D inspired axisymmetric
pretension loading scheme is developed which enables the 3D-wedge seal conditions to be
replicated in a computationally efficient axisymmetric form for connection performance
evaluation. Seal metrics are developed and converged to evaluate connection sealing capabilities
in the power-tight configuration. Modeling error metrics are developed, and the final 3D-wedge
model is evaluated relative to the experimental DIC data.
Master of Science
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Bueno, Juliana Lisboa Biotto Carvalho. "Influência da adição de óleo de soja no perfil oxidativo de concentrado para bovino." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-23092013-104125/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o perfil oxidativo de concentrados para bovinos adicionados de óleo de soja, refinado e degomado, em um período de armazenamento de 15 dias, sob as temperaturas de 25ºC e 40ºC. Foram formados cinco grupos de alimentos: controle (C) sem adição de óleo, tratamentos (T) 1, 2, 3 e 4 com adição de 2, 4, 6 e 8%, respectivamente, de óleo de soja refinado ou degomado. Para tal, foram avaliados os índices de peróxidos e de acidez. Com relação à influência da temperatura de estocagem, ao longo do período experimental à 25ºC, não houve alteração com relação aos valores de índice de peróxido quando se adicionou óleo de soja refinado aos concentrados, contudo, à 40ºC, houve aumento observando-se um valor máximo em torno de 0,9 mEq/kg de concentrado. O índice de acidez do óleo refinado extraído dos concentrados armazenados à 25ºC não foi alterado ao longo do período de armazenamento, e à 40ºC resultou em aumento de 19, 25, 44 e 44% para os respectivos T1, T2, T3 e T4 em relação ao controle. Quanto à influência do tipo de óleo processado na oxidação lipídica dos concentrados armazenados à 40ºC, a adição de óleo de soja refinado não alterou os índices de peróxidos dos concentrados ao longo dos 15 dias de experimento, e para o degomado observou-se um aumento no 3º dia de armazenamento em 57%, 44%, 123% e 93% para os respectivos T1, T2, T3 e T4, em relação ao controle. Também, o efeito da adição de óleo de soja degomado resultou em aumento do índice de acidez de 21%, 36%, 43% e 57% a partir do 5º dia de experimento, em relação ao 1º dia. Conclui-se que durante os 15 dias de armazenamento, houve diferença no perfil oxidativo dos concentrados adicionados de óleo de soja quando se comparou as temperaturas de 25ºC e 40ºC, mas se manteve inalterado quando se avaliou os tipos de óleo refinado e degomado em diferentes porcentagens. Assim, a adição de óleo de soja refinado ou degomado não altera o perfil oxidativo do concentrado para bovino sob as condições deste estudo.The objective of this work was to study the oxidative profile of concentrates for cattle added soybean oil, refined and degummed in a storage period of 15 days, at temperatures of 25ºC and 40ºC. Were formed five food groups: control (C) without addition of oil, treatments (T) 1, 2, 3 and 4 with the addition of 2, 4, 6 and 8%, respectively, of refined or degummed soybean oil. For this purpose ware available index of peroxide and of acidic. Regarding the influence of storage temperature, the addition of refined soybean oil did not alter the values of the peroxide during the trial period at 25ºC, however, at 40ºC of storage of food alter this parameter and was shown a maximum value about 0.9 mEq/kg of concentrate. The acidity of refined oil extracted from concentrates stored at 25ºC was not changed during the storage period, and 40ºC resulted in an increase of 19, 25, 44 and 44% for the respective T1, T2, T3 and T4 compared the control. Regarding the influence of oil processed in lipid oxidation of concentrates stored at 40ºC, the addition of refined soybean oil did not alter the levels of peroxide concentrates over the 15 days of experiment, and the degummed observed an increase in 3rd day of storage in 57%, 44%, 123% and 93% for the respective T1, T2, T3 and T4, compared to control. Also, the effect of addition of crude soybean oil resulted in increased acid value of 21%, 36%, 43% and 57% from the 5th day of experiment, as compared to day 1. Thus, the addition of refined soybean oil or degummed not change profile for bovine oxidative concentrated under the conditions of this study.
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Teparkum, Sirasak. "Interaction Between Insects and Apple (Malus X Domestica Borkh.): Insect Behavior, Genotypic Preference, and Plant Phenolics With Emphasis on Japanese Beetle (Popillia Japonica Newman)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27920.
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Leaves and fruit of nine apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) genotypes were evaluated for insect injury in 1998 and 1999. Foliar and fruit injury from 12 insect species was inconsistently affected by genotype. Spraying trees with oil affected neither fruit insect injury nor fruit phytotoxicity.
In choice feeding assays, incidence of Japanese beetle (JB) feeding and leaf area consumed was greater for 'Liberty' than for 'York.' Genotypes did not differ in no-choice feeding assays. Choice and no-choice feeding assays between apple and oak indicated that JB could distinguish host plants in an artificial environment. Trichome density appeared different among three genotypes. 'York', the non-preferred genotype, had highest specific leaf weight and concentration of phloridzin, a feeding repellent. 'Liberty' the preferred genotype, had the lowest specific leaf weight, and had the highest concentration of quercitrin, a feeding stimulant.
Olfactory stimuli of JB was evaluated with a Y-tube olfactometer. Beetles preferred the side of the Y-tube containing leaf tissue of apple or Virginia creeper over the side with no leaf. Beetles did not choose one plant species over the other. Bias test of beetle orientation in the Y-tube olfactometer indicated that in the morning, but not the afternoon, beetles preferentially moved into the left side of the Y-tube. Humidity did not affect beetle orientation. In darkness JB preferred a leaf disc over a paper disc and beetles tended to remain on the leaf.Ph. D.
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Pieri, Lorenzo. "O Mecanismo de transmissão de preços do petróleo para a gasolina e para o diesel nos EUA nos anos 2000." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10992.
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Through an Error Correction Model this study explores possible asymmetries in the passthrough of the oil prices to gasoline and diesel prices in the US market and, mainly, analyzes if the trends reversals of those refined oil products demand at the above market affected the price transmission mechanism. Using monthly date from January 2001 to December 2012, the results for gasoline indicated that there was evidence of passthrough due to the demand shift. However, it is worth noting that this result occurred concurrently with the period of recovery in prices witnessed after the 2008 crisis. Regarding diesel, there is no evidence that there were changes in the passthrough. Finally, we found evidence of the WTI decline as an oil reference due to its devaluation from 2010.
Através de um Modelo de Correção de Erros este estudo explora possíveis assimetrias no passthrough dos preços de petróleos para os preços do diesel e da gasolina no mercado dos Estados Unidos, analisando, principalmente, se as inversões das tendências das demandas destes derivados afetaram o mecanismo de transmissão de preços. A partir de dados mensais de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2012, para a gasolina foram encontrados indícios de que houve alterações do passthrough em decorrência da quebra da demanda. Porém, é válido destacar que tal resultado ocorreu concomitantemente ao período de recuperação de preços presenciada após a crise de 2008. Em relação ao diesel, não há indícios de que houve alterações no passthrough. Por fim, há evidências da redução do WTI como petróleo de referência em decorrência da sua desvalorização a partir de 2010.
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Holcombe, Evan W. "Multi-Scale Approach to Design Sustainable Asphalt Paving Materials." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1493805362392927.
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Downey, Imelda Louise. "Fouling of crude oil refinery preheat exchangers." Thesis, University of Bath, 1993. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760645.
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Asanga, P. M. "Availability and safety study of an oil refinery." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379034.
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Itsekor, Lucky Ubini. "Mitigating Petroleum Product Shortages in the Nigerian Downstream Petroleum Supply Industry." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5088.
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In Nigeria, almost every business enterprise relies on petroleum products for power or transportation. Shortages of petroleum products cripple business activities and undermine development of the Nigerian economy. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore supply chain management strategies needed by petroleum business leaders to mitigate shortages and sustain business development in Nigeria. The sample for the study included 10 senior leaders from 2 private-sector Nigerian downstream petroleum supply companies located in the Niger Delta region, who had successfully implemented strategies for petroleum supply. The resource based view theory served as the conceptual framework for the study. Data collection included semistructured face-to-face interviews and review of operational and policy documents from the supply companies. Data were transcribed, analyzed, and validated through member checking and triangulation, resulting in the identification of 6 themes: appropriate allocation of resources to all segments of the supply value chain for efficiency, efficient banking and foreign exchange operations, engaging appropriate human capital for operational efficiency, technology application in both operational and nonoperational segments, maintaining good organization reputation in the industry, and investment in Nigerian crude oil refining and infrastructures. Findings may be used by petroleum business leaders and investors to create effective and efficient supply chain management, leading to product availability, employment opportunities, poverty reduction, and economic development.
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Buelga, Ana Sanchez. "Mathematical programming studies of short run oil refinery rents." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416439.
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Brito, Ivana Regina Couto De. "Ecology of nitrification in oil refinery wastewater treatment systems." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1161.
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The diversity and abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and Archaea (AOA) were investigated in five oil refinery wastewater treatment plants in the UK using culture-independent molecular techniques. The AOB found in the plants were phylogenetically associated with the Nitrosomonas oligotropha and Nitrosomonas marina lineages and clones related to the Nitrosomonas oligotropha lineage may represent novel AOB species. Putative AOA were found in a trickling filter system and in two activated sludge systems and were phylogenetically placed within marine group 1.1a and terrestrial group 1.1b, Crenarchaeota. Evidence suggests that these are most closely related to AOA from other wastewater treatment systems. Only three of the refinery wastewater treatment plants were nitrifying. AOB numbers quantified through real-time PCR of amoA ranged from 1.54 x 105 cells/mL to 9.49 x 105 cells/mL in the trickling filter system. In contrast, AOB numbers in one of the activated sludge systems ranged from 1.24 x 104 cells/mL to 1.68 x 106 cells/mL, while in the other, AOB numbers ranged from 7.14 x 103 cells/mL to 9.56 x 104 cells/mL, despite showing good nitrification. Conversely, AOA were detected in the trickling filter system at 1.54 x 107 cells/mL. In the activated sludge systems AOA were more abundant than AOB. In the activated sludge system with the higher AOB numbers, AOA abundance ranged from 4.32 x 106 cells/mL to 1.77 x 108 cells/mL, and in the activated sludge system with the lower AOB numbers, AOA abundance ranged from 6.15 x 106 cells/mL to 2.69 x 108 cells/mL. The high abundance of AOA in the nitrifying refinery wastewater treatment systems suggested that AOA may play an important role in nitrification in these reactors. However microautoradiography coupled with CARD-FISH (conducted by Dr Marc Muβmann, University of Vienna) indicated that the AOA were not chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers. Assessment of AOA and AOB abundance in relation to ammonia removal in the treatment plants indicated that ammonia removal was consistent with the AOB numbers detected and thus, AOB are probably responsible for most of the nitrification observed and the overall contribution of putative AOA to nitrification in these wastewater treatment plants appears to be relatively minor. Keywords: Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), diversity, phylogeny, abundance, real-time PCR, CSAOR (cell specific ammonia oxidizing rate or rates), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), oil refinery wastewater treatment plants.
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Gillespie, Noel Edward. "Energy retrofit of an oil refinery using pinch technology." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23166.
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Harcombe, Sarah Jane. "Industrial restructuring and revitalisation in the UK coastal zone." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2122.
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Sanna, Aimaro. "Bio-oil generation and upgrading using catalysts towards its integration into a crude-oil refinery." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556101.
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Currently biomass covers around 85% of the total renewable energy supply of the United Kingdom together with landfill gas and waste combustion. However its potential is still underutilized. Indeed, its conversion in fuels, energy and chemicals could revitalize rural economies, limit the dependence on foreign oil imports, and improve the environment by reducing fossil fuel consumption and thus reducing greenhouse gases. Recently, new pathways to convert the biomass into intermediate liquid namely bio-oil have been investigated. Pyrolysis is a promising technology to produce renewable fuels from biomass especially decentralized at point of production. However, the quality of bio-oil still remains a major limitation in terms of oxygen content and calorific value. The overall aim of this project was to contribute to the understanding of the engineering aspects in which biomass could be economically converted to chemicals, fuels and energy using catalytic pyrolysis to enhance the quality of the bio-oil. This can enable the production of intermediate bio-liquids with properties similar to those of petroleum, allowing the use of the existing crude-oil refinery settings for bio-oil upgrading into fuels. The integration of the bio-oil into a crude-oil refinery would sensibly decrease the economical disadvantage of biomass compared to fossil fuels. This work proposes an innovative three-step catalytic process that converts biorefinery residues, such as spent grains, into bio- oil by catalytic pyrolysis. The water insoluble fraction of the bio-oil (WIBO) is converted into a solid residue that possesses similar characteristics to those of coal, and a liquid product called bio-crude by a process name Thermo-t similar to the visbreaking process used to upgrade the quality of crude-oil heavy distillation residues. The water fraction (WSBO) is then converted into alcohols and alkanes using hydrogenation reactions. Despite the fact that the original biomass contains undesirable high oxygen (39-46 wt%) and moisture contents, there was a clear improvement in the properties of the bio-oils generated by catalytic pyrolysis that presented oxygen content of 26- 31 wt% and the final Thermo-t residue as the oxygen content was reduced by over 70% to 9-14 wt% on average. Catalytic pyrolysis was able to produce a bio-oil with less oxygen and nitrogen, high aliphatics and hydrogen using activated serpentine and olivine at low temperatures (370-430 QC). The activated materials seem to be beneficial to the bio-oil energy content that increase from less than 20 MJ/kg in the original biomass to 24-26 MJ/kg and finally to 29-37 MJ/kg after Thermo-t process. About 70-74% of starting energy remains in the bio-oil using ACOL and ACSE at 430 QC, respectively, while only 52% is retained using alumina at the same temperature. Finally, bio-crudes and bio-cokes from Thermo- t process retain 30 and 36% of the starting energy, respectively. The WSBO can be catalytically hydro-treated by Aqueous Phase Processing in a 1st stage at temperatures lower than 130 QC to reduce the organics removed as solid depositions to only 7 wt%, avoiding the typical catalyst deactivation of traditional hydro-treating technology. Then, in a 2nd stage at 220-250 QC, 93% of the partially deoxygenated bio-oil functionalities, such as ketones, aldehydes, aromatics and sugars are converted in much more stable functionalities that leave a final product with acidity and stability much compatible with current fossil fuels. Overall, this study has shown that there is a great technical scope for converting biomass into high-value products that can help to off-set fossil fuels.
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Edison, Stephen Harvey. "Process study for convective heat recovery in an oil refinery." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0026/MQ62124.pdf.
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Young, Kelvin Lille. "Management and flexibility : a case study of an oil refinery." Thesis, University of East London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332671.
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Li, Wenkai. "Modeling oil refinery for production planning, scheduling and economic analysis /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CENG%202004%20LI.
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Silva, Julio Augusto Mendes da. "Desempenho exergo-ambiental do processamento de petróleo e seus derivados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-26122013-155710/.
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O processamento de petróleo e seus derivados é analisado pela aplicação combinada e sistemática da Primeira e da Segunda Lei da Termodinâmica, análise exergética, permitindo a localização dos principais processos destruidores da capacidade de realização de trabalho ao longo da cadeia de processamento. Após a localização das irreversibilidades, diversas opções para melhoria dos processos são avaliadas. A exergia consumida nos processos é dividida em renovável e não renovável e posteriormente repartida, junto com as respectivas emissões de CO2, entre as diversas correntes de cada unidade de processamento. Para uma repartição racional dos fluxos exergéticos e de CO2, a análise exergoeconômica foi utilizada. Um sistema, que permite interações cíclicas entre a cadeia produtiva dos principais combustíveis utilizados no Brasil e a produção de eletricidade, foi elaborado a fim de permitir uma comparação entre os diversos combustíveis levando em consideração toda a cadeia produtiva. Esta comparação está fundamentada no consumo de exergia renovável e não renovável e nas emissões de CO2. Pode-se concluir que o coque de petróleo é o combustível que mais emite CO2, em seguida, encontram-se o carvão e a gasolina. O diesel hidrotratado vem após a gasolina, devido principalmente ao consumo de hidrogênio pelo hidrotratamento. Embora o diesel convencional emita mais SOx e NOx, este diesel exige menos exergia não renovável e emite menos CO2 que o diesel hidrotratado. O hidrogênio, se produzido da forma convencional (reforma a vapor de hidrocarbonetos leves), é o combustível mais intenso em exergia não renovável e com emissão de CO2 próxima ao valor da gasolina e maior que o valor obtido para o diesel convencional. O etanol se mostra uma boa alternativa ao uso dos derivados de petróleo, mesmo considerando configurações típicas para as usinas sucroalcooleiras.The oil processing is analyzed by the combined and systematic application of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, exergy analysis, allowing the location of the processes responsable for the main destructions of work capability along the processing chain. After the location of irreversibilities, several options for improving processes efficiency are evaluated. The exergy consumed in the processes is divided into renewable and non-renewable and then distributed, along with their CO2 emissions, among the various currents of each processing unit. For a rational distribution of the exergy and CO2 flows, exergoeconomy analysis takes place. A system that allows cyclical interactions between the productive chain of the main fuels used in Brazil and electricity production, is designed to allow the comparison among different fuels taking into account the entire production chain. This comparison is based on renewable and non-renewable exergy consumption and CO2 emissions. It can be concluded that the petroleum coke is the fuel that emits more CO2 followed by coal and gasoline. The hydrotreated diesel comes after gasoline, mainly due to the consumption of hydrogen for hydrotreating. Although conventional diesel emit more NOx and SOx, this diesel requires less non-renewable exergy and emits less CO2 than hydrotreated diesel. Hydrogen, if produced in the conventional way (steam reforming of light hydrocarbons) is the fuel most intense in nonrenewable exergy consumption and has CO2 emission near the value of gasoline and higher than the value obtained for conventional diesel. Ethanol is a good alternative to the use of petroleum derived fuels, even considering typical configurations for sugarcane mills.
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Akhidime, Iduma Devine. "Aspects of expanded bed nitrification including treatment of oil refinery wastewaters." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509884.
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Ma, Ah-Nghan. "Treatment of palm oil refinery wastewater by sequencing batch reactor process." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1992. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844466/.
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Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) process has been evaluated as a cost-effective alternative treatment system for palm oil refinery effluent in Malaysia. This innovative process has successfully gone through laboratory and pilot scale studies. The technology has also successfully been transferred to full commercial scale application. The present study has demonstrated that SBR process is capable of producing highly purified final discharge with very low chemical oxygen demand (COD) (< 100 mg/l) and suspended solids (SS) (< 50 mg/1). The present study has also shown that the SBR process can be easily started if active sludge is available. The performance in terms of COD removal efficiency does not depend very much on the COD of the raw effluent. The quality of the final discharge can be controlled by delaying the discharge of the reactor content i.e. by prolonging the aeration period. Typically, when the COD of the raw effluent is less than 1,500 mg/1, a 12 hour cycle (fill: 4 hours; aeration: 8 hours; settling: 2 hour and idle: 2 hours.) is adequate to produce highly purified final discharge. It was found generally that simultaneous filling and aeration produced best results. Time of filling did not seem to influence the SBR performance in terms of COD removal. It did not affect the settle ability of the sludge. The optimum sludge level was found to be around 2500 mg/1. The dissolved oxygen (DO) level had to be maintained at above 2.5 mg/1 for effective treatment. The settle ability of the sludge was found to be very good. The SVI was always less than 60 ml/gm. The full scale commercial plant study has shown that very stable operation could be attained provided enough aeration time and DO (2.5 mg/1) are given. The SBR process can be fully automated and is virtually maintenance-free. Only a part-time operator is required to oversee the operation. For full scale plant operation, it is recommended to employ a 24-hour cycle operation, i.e. 4-hour FILL, 20-hour REACT, 2-hour SETTLE and 2-hour DECANT and IDLE. This operation strategy is able to sustain high fluctuations of COD of the refinery effluent, the low pH does not affect the performance of the process. The present study has shown that no pH adjustment was required. Only nitrogen has to be added to supplement the nutrient requirements when necessary. The presence of residual oil affects the SBR performance to a large extent. The oil was observed to form scum with the sludge and float on the surface of the reactor liquor. It has to be removed as soon as it is formed, otherwise the reactor will suffer substantial loss of sludge which will drastically affect the performance of the SBR.
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O'Driscoll, Patrick J. "A study in the financial valuation of a topping oil refinery." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2016. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/232/.
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Oil refineries underpin modern day economics, finance and engineering – without their refined products the world would stand still, as vehicles would not have petrol, planes grounded without kerosene and homes not heated, without heating oil. In this thesis I study the refinery as a financial asset; it is not too dissimilar to a chemical plant, in this respect. There are a number of reasons for this research; over recent years there have been legal disputes based on a refiner's value, investors and entrepreneurs are interested in purchasing refineries, and finally the research in this arena is sparse. In this thesis I utilise knowledge and techniques within finance, optimisation, stochastic mathematics and commodities to build programs that obtain a financial value for an oil refinery. In chapter one I introduce the background of crude oil and the significance of the refinery in the oil value chain. In chapter two I construct a traditional discounted cash flow valuation often applied within practical finance. In chapter three I program an extensive piecewise non linear optimisation solution on the entire state space, leveraging off a simulation of the refined products using a set of single factor Schwartz (1997) stochastic equations often applied to commodities. In chapter four I program an optimisation using an approximation on crack spread option data with the aim of lowering the duration of solution found in chapter three; this is achieved by utilising a two-factor Hull & White sub-trinomial tree based numerical scheme; see Hull & White (1994) articles I & II for a thorough description. I obtain realistic and accurate numbers for a topping oil refinery using financial market contracts and other real data for the Vadinar refinery based in Gujurat India.
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Steuter, Erin Christine. "Identifying ideology, media representations of the Irving Oil Refinery strike, 1994-1996." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0025/NQ33552.pdf.
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Chakraborty, Samayita. "Biovalorization of liquid and gaseous effluents of oil refinery and petrochemical industry." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2036.
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L'effluent liquide de la raffinerie de pétrole contient de l'anion sélénium toxique et du phénol, tandis que l'effluent gazeux contient du CO/syngas toxiques. Afin d'éliminer le phénol tout en réduisant les toxyanions de sélénia, une co-culture fongique bactérienne de Phanerochaete Chrysosporium et Delftia lacustris a été mise au point. Deux formes de co-culture de champignons et de bactéries ont été développées. Le premier concerne les bactéries et les champignons à croissance libre (co-culture en croissance suspendue), le second est la croissance de la biomasse bactérienne entourant la biomasse fongique (culture avec croissance solide). Les deux types de co-cultures bactériennes fongiques ont été incubés avec différentes concentrations de phénol à une concentration fixe de sélénite (10 mg / L). Une culture en suspension peut dégrader jusqu'à 800 mg / l de phénol et simultanément réduire de 10 mg / l de nano-Se (0) producteur de sélénite d'un diamètre d'au moins 3,58 nanomètres. Une croissance en lacet pourrait complètement décomposer 50 mg / l de phénol et de sélénite simultanément dans du nano Se (0) de diamètre minimal de 58,5 nm. Pour augmenter le CO / gaz de synthèse en utilisant la technique de bioconversion, la suspension méthanogène anaérobie a été acclimatée pour utiliser le CO comme seul substrat carboné pendant 46 jours dans un réacteur à réservoir sous agitation continue auquel du CO a été ajouté à une vitesse de 10 ml / minute. Les concentrations de métabolites les plus élevées étaient 6,18 g / l d'acide acétique, 1,18 g / l d'acide butyrique et 0,403 g / l d'acide hexanoïque. Plus tard les acides ont été métabolisés à un pH inférieur pour produire de l'alcool à des concentrations de 11,1 g / l d'éthanol, de 1,8 g / l de butanol et de 1,46 g / l d'hexanol, ce qui confirme stratégie d'enrichissement réussie. L'expérience suivante s'est concentrée sur l'absence de tungstène d'éléments en traces et de sélénium séquentiel sur une suspension précédemment modifiée au CO dans les mêmes conditions opératoires. Un gel de copolymère de N-ter-butylacrylamide in situ et de l'acide acrylique synthétisés in situ ont été utilisés pour récupérer de l'éthanol, du propanol et du butanol à partir du bouillon de fermentation synthétique. Le degré d'utilisation répétée du gel pour récupérer l'alcool a été étudié et environ 98% d'alcool a été récupéré à chaque foisLiquid effluents of oil refinery contain toxic selenium oxyanions and phenol, while gaseous effluents contain toxic CO/syngas. To remove the phenol and simultaneously reduce the selenite oxyanions, a fungal-bacterial co-culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Delftia lacustris was developed. Two modes of co-cultures of the fungus and the bacterium were developed. The first being a freely growing bacterium and fungus (suspended growth co-culture), the second being the growth of the bacterial biomass encircling the fungal biomass (attached growth co-culture). Both types of fungal-bacterial co-cultures were incubated with varying concentrations of phenols with a fixed selenite concentration (10 mg/L). The suspended growth co-culture could degrade up to 800 mg/L of phenol and simultaneously reduce 10 mg/L of selenite with production of nano Se (0) having a minimum diameter of 3.58 nanometer. The attached growth co-culture could completely degrade 50 mg/L of phenol and simultaneously reduce selenite to nano Se(0) having a minimum diameter of 58.5 nm.In order to valorize the CO/syngas by bioconversion techniques an anaerobic methanogenic sludge was acclimatized to use CO as sole carbon substrate for a period of 46 days in a continuous stirred stank reactor, supplied with CO at 10 ml/min. 6.18 g/L acetic acid, 1.18 g/L butyric acid, and 0.423 g/L hexanoic acid were the highest concentrations of metabolites produced. Later, acids were metabolized at lower pH, producing alcohols at concentrations of 11.1 g/L ethanol, 1.8 g/L butanol and 1.46 g/L hexanol, confirming the successful enrichment strategy. The next experiment focused on the absence of trace element tungsten, and consecutively selenium on the previously CO acclimatized sludge under the same operating conditions. An in-situ synthesized co-polymeric gel of N-ter-butyl-acrylamide and acrylic acid was used to recover ethanol, propanol and butanol from a synthetic fermentation broth. The scope of repeated use of the gel for the alcohol recovery was investigated and every time approximately 98% alcohol was recovered
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Lopes, Miguel Ângelo de Freitas. "Industrial symbiosis potential of the Sines oil refinery – environmental and economic evaluation." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11189.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente – Perfil Gestão e Sistemas AmbientaisIndustrial symbiosis is an application of industrial ecology that consists of a collaborative approach between different industries and firms aimed at improving their environmental and economic performance involving the exchange of waste/byproducts as substitutes for raw materials. This collaboration is conditioned by the geographic proximity between industries and may face some information, economic, regulatory or motivational barriers. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a methodology to find and evaluate new potential exchanges in light of industrial symbiosis and to apply it to Sines oil refinery case study. The methodology was divided into four phases. The first phase is where, through the analysis of similar case studies, the potential new exchanges are uncovered.The second was made based on a literature review on the main barriers to industrial symbiosis development. This phase was developed to swiftly filter potential synergies that would face barriers to its development. The other two phases were only applied to the potential synergies that successfully passed the “filter”. Those phases consisted of an environmental evaluation through a LCA and a financial analysis. The application of the methodology showed two new potential synergetic possibilities for the Sines oil refinery. The results of the evaluation of those potential synergies were very promising both environmentally and financially. This research thus demonstrates the potential and benefits associated with the development of industrial symbiosis networks if the barriers to this development can be successfully surpassed.
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Al-Alawi, Zahra Sadiq. "Effect of treated BAPCO oil refinery effluents on the marine environment in Bahrain." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21524.
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The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of the treated oil refinery effluents of Bahrain Petroleum Company ( BAPCO ) on the marine environment. The study has been carried out in seven chapters, the first de~ling with general introduction about the physical environment of the Arabian Gulf and its oil industry in addition to marine pollution and fishery in Bahrain. The second chapter was aimed at studying the quality of water at different areas in Bahrain to compare it with the quality of water at an area adjacent to the refinery outfalls. The third chapter deals with the impact of the refinery on the marine environment. The research approach adopted was ecological and observational I involving water and sediment analysis. The fourth chapter was aimed at studying the effects of the refinery effluents on the fish through toxicity tests and estimation of trace metals and hydrocarbons in the fish tissues. The studies were conducted with several effluents from the main and side streams of the refinery, outlets of the induced air flotation unit and Sitra separator. The fifth chapter was aimed at studying the effect of Sitra oil storage tanks treated effluent on the intertidal fauna of the adjacent area. The sixth chapter deals with a general discussion on the whole studies. While the seventh chapter deals with sions and recommendations. From the study conducted , it could be said that in general the water quality of the western and northern regions of Bahrain is better than the water quality of the eastern region. The east has in general higher pH, higher ammonia, higher nitrite, lower nitrate, and higher phosphate levels than the other regions. The higher concentrations of all these substances reflects the urbanisation and industrialisation of this part of Bahrain and the consequent discharges of waste material. The fish, safee, were tested with different concentrations of the refinery main stream effluent using both short and long term exposures. The same experiment was set up using effluents from the side stream, the I.A.F. discharge of the refinery and Sitra separator outlet. The results indicated a greater toxicity of pollutants in the I.A.F. and Sitar separator effluents than in the main and the side stream effluents. The lethal concentration of I.A.F. and Sitra separator effluents which brought death to fifty percent of the test population of fish (safee) within 96 hours was approximately twenty percent. Fish from the experimental media showed a higner concentration of heavy metals. The study of the effect of Sitra oil storage tanks treated effluent on the intertidal fauna of the adjacent area revealed that no fauna was found at stations located just outside the effluent outlet. The sediment of these stations was black, slimy, heavily oiled with a bad smell and contains dead shells and turrets. Away from the effluent, a diverse fauna was found. It is concluded that the BAPCO refinery has a measurable impact on the marine environment of the east coast of Bahrain, and recommenqations are made tor the development of future policies with regard to Bahraini coastal waters.
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Pulster, Erin L. "Assessment of Public Health Risks Associated with Petrochemical Emissions Surrounding an Oil Refinery." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5761.
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Refinery operations have been associated with a wide variety of atmospheric emissions consisting of criteria air pollutants, volatile organic components, hazardous air pollutants as well as other pollutants. With approximately 100 oil refineries in the Wider Caribbean region (WCR), hydrocarbons in this region pose significant environmental and human health risks. One of the oldest and largest refineries in the WCR is the Isla Refineriá, which is located on the island of Curaçao, and has been the basis of historical debates and conflict between the public and the local government over the environmental and human health risks. This research aims to establish baseline levels of ambient petrochemical emissions in Curaçao, specifically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), and to evaluate through comparative literature analysis and recommended public health guidelines the potential health risks in Curaçao. In addition, source elucidation of PAHs was conducted using concentration profiles, distribution profiles, binary diagnostic ratios and factor analysis. Passive air samplers with polyurethane foam collection disks (PAS-PUFs) were deployed in 2011 (n=43) and in 2014 (n=30) to measure ambient PAH concentrations. Ambient PAH concentrations ranged from 1.2 ng/m3 in 2011 and 27.3 to 660.1 ng/m3 in 2014, demonstrating no temporal differences. However, there were highly significant spatial differences, with the samples downwind of the refinery having significantly higher ambient PAH concentrations than those upwind in 2014. Source elucidation revealed the ambient PAHs were dominated by petrogenic emission sources (i.e., refinery) in the 2011 and the 2014 downwind samples, whereas the 2014 upwind locations were equally influenced by both petrogenic (i.e., refinery) and pyrogenic (i.e., vehicle emissions) sources. Available hourly, daily and monthly PM10 and SO2 measurements were downloaded from June 2010 through December 2014 from two local air monitoring stations. Concentrations of both PM10 and SO2 in Curaçao are among the highest reported globally, demonstrating an increasing trend over time and exceed current public health guidelines recommended by local and international agencies. It is plausible that the residents of Curaçao may experience health effects often associated with PM10 and SO2, however the epidemiological evidence is inadequate to infer causality between health effects and long-term exposures. Using the USEPA’s risk analysis methodology the resulting cumulative lifetime cancer risk estimates from PAH inhalation were below the level of concern (1.0 x 10-4). In contrast, by evaluating the potency adjusted concentrations relative to the most toxic compound (benzo[a]pyrene), age class (children and adults) extrapolated and site specific risks indicated levels exceeding the upper bound acceptable risk (1.0 x 10-4) by almost two orders of magnitude suggesting the need for remediation.
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LOPES, CAROLINA DE CASTRO. "VALUATION OF A CRUDE OIL REFINERY IN BRAZIL UNDER A REAL OPTIONS APPROACH." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36848@1.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o investimento em uma refinaria de petróleo no Brasil, país importador de derivados de petróleo, através da Teoria de Opções Reais, abordagem de grande valor prático e acadêmico, que realiza uma valoração mais justa da refinaria, ao incluir a modelagem das incertezas e incorporar flexibilidades gerenciais, negligenciadas pela análise tradicional. As incertezas, modeladas através de processos estocásticos, são o câmbio e o crack spread, adaptando-se o crack spread para o refino brasileiro. São avaliadas as opções de postergação, de parada temporária e sua interação. É apresentada a melhor decisão para o investimento remanescente no projeto e como ela seria alterada se o projeto ainda fosse ser iniciado. Para o investimento remanescente, a melhor decisão é postergar o projeto se a opção for perpétua e investir imediatamente se expirar em até 5 anos. Sensibilidades alterando volatilidade e taxa de conveniência apresentam recomendações diferentes, reduzindo a robustez dos resultados. Quando se considera o valor completo do investimento, a postergação é recomendada em todos os cenários analisados. A opção de parada temporária aumenta o valor da refinaria e reduz o valor da opção de postergação. O modelo desenvolvido permitiu aperfeiçoar a análise de investimento da refinaria em questão e pode ser replicado para análise de investimento em outras refinarias pertencentes à mesma empresa ou a outras. Para trabalhos futuros, recomenda-se calcular a opção de troca input–output, aperfeiçoar a modelagem do crack spread e incorporar o preço do gás como incerteza.The main objective of this study is to provide an investment analysis of a crude oil refinery in Brazil, an oil products importer country, under the real option theory, an approach with great academic and practical use, allowing a fairer refinery valuation by modeling uncertainty and including managerial flexibility, neglected in traditional analysis. The uncertainties considered, described by stochastic process, are the exchange rate and the crack spread, adapting the crack spread to the Brazilian refining. The options to defer, to shut down and their interaction are analyzed. It is shown the best decision considering the remaining investment and how this decision would be changed if the project hadn t been started. Considering the remaining investment, the best decision is to defer the investment if it is an infinitely-lived option and invest immediately if the right to invest expires upon 5 years. The influence of volatility e convenience yield was also taken into account and shows different recommendations, reducing the results robustness. When the full investment is analyzed, postponement is recommended in all analyzed scenarios. The shutdown option increases the refinery value and reduces the option to defer value. The developed model allowed an improvement in the investment analysis of this refinery and can be replicated to other refineries investment analysis, owned by the same company or not. For further works, we propose to include the switch input-output option, improve the crack spread modeling and consider the gas price as uncertainty.
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Al-Sayed, Essam. "Crude oil and refinery streams desulphurization using slurry dispersed catalysts and ionic liquids." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7023.
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Petroleum refining is among the most important industries in the world. The oil refinery products contribute in many essential issues in the human life including transportation fuels, heating fuels, petrochemical industries, etc. Although oil refining is an old process started in the mid of the 19th century, new developments and technologies are introduced frequently due to the large amount of studies conducted around the world research centres. Some of the petroleum refining processes gain more attention in terms of research and development in the last couple of decades. For example, the importance of developing the hydrocracking process is increasing due to the increasing amount of heavy unconventional oil reserves. Another hot topic is the development of the hydrodesulphurization process due to the environmental concern about the sulphur oxides emissions produced by using oil refinery streams that contain several organic sulphur compounds. In this work, commercially available slurry catalyst precursors are tested to study the impact of the catalyst preparation conditions on its characteristic and activity. Those types of catalysts are used for hydrocracking and upgrading processes of heavy crude and residue including sulphur and other metal removal. The main subject was to approach the desulphurization activity and selectivity of the catalyst in removing dibenzothiophene (DBT) from model feed. DBT is one of the refractory sulphur compounds in the heavy oil fractions. It was found that changing the preparation conditions in terms of temperature, pressure and sulphiding agent influenced the activity and selectivity of the produced catalyst between the direct desulphurization reaction pathway and hydrogenation reaction pathway in removing DBT. The highest conversion was achieved by using cobalt-molybdenum-sulphide catalyst (Co-Mo-S) where up to 94.0 wt% of the DBT was converted. Adding the same catalyst precursor directly to Arab heavy crude oil, high desulphurization level was achieved where 70 wt% of the sulphur content of the feed has been removed. In addition, there is a high potential to increase this desulphurization level in treating heavy crude by applying the optimum operation conditions used in presulphiding the catalyst precursor. Ionic liquids (ILs) were also employed for sulphur removal from refinery streams by liquid-liquid extraction process. The ILs are organic salts with low melting points, mostly at room temperatures. Although the sulphur extraction level was very low comparing with the conventional hydrotreating process, this process has the advantage of minimizing the operation costs by reducing the reaction severity in terms of temperature and hydrogen consumption. Around 80 wt% of DBT was removed from model compound using one of the tested ILs. The nitrogen removal was also very high where almost 99 wt% of pyridine was removed from the model oil. However, the sulphur extraction level decreased in treating diesel fuel due to several factors such as the aromatic contents of the feed and the existence of several sulphur and metal compounds. To overcome this problem, the extraction process was repeated several times using fresh batches of ILs. This point has driven the importance of developing an efficient regeneration method for the used IL which was also approached in this work.
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RAMOS, Marilia Abílio. "A methodology for human reliability analysis of oil refinery and petrochemical operations: the hero (human error in refinery operations) hra methodology." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2017. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/24864.
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ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo)
Petrobras
The oil industry has grown in recent decades in terms of quantity of facilities and process complexity. However, human and material losses still occur due to major accidents at the facility. The analysis of these accidents reveals that many involve human failures that, if prevented, could avoid such accidents. These failures, in turn, can be identified, modeled and quantified through Human Reliability Analysis (HRA), which forms a basis for prioritization and development of safeguards for preventing or reducing the frequency of accidents. The most advanced and reliable HRA methods have been developed and applied in nuclear power plant operations, while the petroleum industry has usually applied Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) focusing on process safety in terms of technical aspects of the operation and equipment. This thesis demonstrates that the use of HRA in oil refining and petrochemical operations allows the identification and analysis of factors that can influence the behavior of operators as well as the potential human errors that can contribute to the occurrence of an accident. Existing HRA methodologies, however, were mainly developed for the nuclear industry. Thus, they may not reflect the specificities of refining and petrochemical plants regarding the interaction of the operators with the plant, the failure modes of the operators and the factors that influence their actions. Thus, this thesis presents an HRA methodology developed specifically for use in this industry, HERO - Human Error in Refinery Operations HRA Methodology. The Phoenix HRA methodology was used as a basis, which has three layers i) a crew response tree (CRT), which models the interaction between the crew and the plant; ii) a human response model, modeled through fault trees, that identifies the possible crew failures modes (CFMs); and (iii) "contextual factors" known as performance influencing factors (PIFs), modeled through Bayesian networks. In addition to building on such a structure, HERO's development relied on interviews with HRA specialists, visitations to a refinery and its control room, and analysis of past oil refineries accidents - four accidents were analyzed in detail. The methodology developed maintains the three-layer structure and has a guideline flowchart for the construction of the CRT, in order to model the team-plant interactions in oil refining and petrochemical operations; it also features CFMs and PIFs developed specifically for this industry, with definitions that make them easily relatable by an analyst. Finally, the methodology was applied to three potential accidental scenarios of refinery operations. In one of these scenarios, it was combined with a QRA to illustrate how an HRA can be applied to a traditional QRA and to demonstrate the influence of PIFs and of human error probability on the final risk. The use of this methodology for HRA of refineries and petrochemical plants operations can enhance this industry safety and allow for solid riskbased decisions.
A indústria de petróleo teve grande crescimento nas últimas décadas em termos de quantidade de instalações e complexidade de processo. No entanto, perdas humanas e materiais ainda ocorrem devido a acidentes graves nas instalações. A análise desses acidentes revela que muitos envolvem falhas humanas que poderiam ser prevenidas de forma a evitar tais acidentes. Estas falhas, por sua vez, podem ser identificadas, modeladas e quantificadas através da Análise de Confiabilidade Humana (ACH), que forma uma base para priorização e desenvolvimento de salvaguardas na prevenção ou redução da frequência de acidentes. Os métodos de ACH mais avançados e confiáveis têm sido desenvolvidos e aplicados nas operações de controle de plantas nucleares; já a indústria de petróleo tem usualmente aplicado a Análise Quantitativa de Risco (AQR) com foco na segurança de processo em termos técnicos da operação e equipamentos. Esta tese demonstra que o uso da ACH em operações de refino e petroquímica possibilita a identificação e análise dos fatores que podem influenciar o comportamento do operador bem como as potenciais falhas humanas que podem contribuir para a ocorrência de um acidente. As metodologias de ACH existentes, no entanto, foram desenvolvidas para a indústria nuclear. Desta forma, elas não refletem as especificidades de refino e petroquímica no que se refere à interação dos operadores com a planta, aos modos de falha dos operadores e aos fatores que influenciam suas ações. Assim, esta tese apresenta uma metodologia de ACH desenvolvida especificamente para uso nessa indústria, a HERO - Human Error in Refinery Operations HRA Methodology. Como base, utilizou-se a Metodologia Phoenix, que possui três camadas i) uma árvore de resposta da equipe (crew response tree - CRT), que modela a interação da equipe com a planta; ii) um modelo de resposta humana, modelado através de árvores de falhas, que identifica os possíveis modos de falhas da equipe (crew failures modes - CFMs); e iii) os “fatores contextuais” conhecidos como fatores de desempenho ou performance influencing factors (PIFs), modelados através de redes Bayesianas. Além de basear-se em tal estrutura, o desenvolvimento da HERO apoiou-se em entrevistas com especialistas em ACH, visitas a uma refinaria e sua sala de controle e na análise de estudos de acidentes passados em refinarias – foram analisados em detalhe quatro acidentes. A metodologia desenvolvida mantém a estrutura de três camadas e possui um fluxograma-guia para construção da CRT, de forma a modelar as interações equipe-planta na operação de refino e petroquímicas; ela também apresenta CFMs e PIFs desenvolvidos especificamente para esta indústria, com definições que os tornam facilmente identificáveis por um analista. Por fim, a metodologia foi aplicada a três cenários acidentais de operações de refinaria. Em um destes cenários, ela foi conjugada a uma AQR de forma a ilustrar como uma ACH pode ser aplicada a uma tradicional AQR e para demonstrar a influência dos PIFs e da Probabilidade de Erro Humano no risco final. Espera-se que o uso da metodologia proposta nesta tese poderá aumentar a segurança em refinarias e petroquímicas e permitir sólidas decisões baseadas no risco.
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Perisse, Juarez Barbosa. "Evolução do refino de petróleo no Brasil." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6894.
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a evolução da indústria do refino de petróleo no Brasil desde suas origens, sua evolução ao longo dos anos, explicitando as mudanças no perfil de produção, na matéria prima processada e na complexidade das nossas refinarias. Busca, também, apresentar os próximos passos para o refino de petróleo nacional, seus desafios face a produção de petróleos pesados e ácidos, bem como os impactos provocados pela necessidade de produção de derivados com especificações cada vez mais restritivas e com menor impacto ambiental. Optou-se pelo hidrorrefino como o primeiro grande passo para os próximos anos concluindo-se que unidades para o hidrotratamento de correntes intermediárias ou mesmo produto final assumirão um papel fundamental nos futuros esquemas de refino. Outra vertente importante analisada foi a necessidade de aumento de conversão, ressaltando-se que o caminho hoje escolhido de implantação de Unidades de Coqueamento Retardado se esgota no início da próxima década abrindo caminho para a tecnologia de hidroconversão de resíduo. Com relação à qualidade da gasolina e do óleo diesel foi apresentada uma proposta de esquema de refino para permitir o atendimento de especificações mais rígidasThis thesis aims to present the oil refining industry in Brazil since its origin, its evolution along the years, showing the changes in the production profile, in the crude oils processed and in the complexity of our refineries. Tries, additionally, to present the next steps for the national oil refining industry, its challenges facing the acid and heavy crude oil production, besides the impacts coming from the necessity of producing derivatives with stricter specifications and reduced environmental impact. Hydro-refining is showed to be the option for the next years, once intermediary and final products hydro-treating will assume a fundamental role on future refining scheme. Another important issue analyzed was the increased conversion necessity, highlighting that the current solution adopted which is the delayed coking units reaches its deadline in the beginning of the next decade, opening the door for residuum hydro-conversion technology. Related to gasoline and diesel oil quality, a refining configuration proposal was presented in order to achieve tighter specifications
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Zhao, Muxin. "The Physical Properties and Cookie-Making Performance of Oleogel Made with Refined and Crude Oils." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31692.
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In this study, oleogels were prepared with crude plant oils using varying oleogelators. The role of oleogel was compared with refined oil oleogels as well as commercial shortening in the cookie making process. The plant oils used in this research include solvent-extracted crude soybean oil, refined soybean oil, expeller-pressed corn germ oil, and refined corn oil. β-sitosterol and/or monoacylglycerides, and rice bran wax were used either individually or in combination as the gelator to form oleogels using different oils. The physical properties of oleogels and corresponding cookies were investigated and compared. Overall, the incorporation of gelators into crude and refined oils could produce oleogels with solid-like properties. Refined oils showed higher gelling properties than crude oils. However, the cookie performance of crude and refined oil oleogels were comparable, which indicated that both crude and refined oleogels have the possibility to be used as shortening alternative in cookies.
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BENZECRY, ROSA BLAJBERG. "AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL OF CRUDE OIL SCHEDULING: A CASE STUDY ON TERMINAL PIPELINE REFINERY SYSTEM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=29183@1.
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As decisões de cunho operacional tomadas no dia-a-dia das atividades de
programação de movimentação de petróleo têm um forte impacto sobre o custo total
desta cadeia de suprimentos. O desafio das áreas que tomam estas decisões diárias é
elaborar uma programação de movimentação com o menor custo, com um alto nível
de confiança e que seja factível para um determinado horizonte de tempo. Neste
contexto, a utilização de programação matemática na programação de refinarias,
dutos e terminais da cadeia de petróleo e derivados vem atraindo atenção crescente da
indústria de petróleo. Este trabalho apresenta uma formulação matemática baseada em
Programação Linear Inteira Mista (MILP) para o problema da movimentação de
petróleo de um terminal até uma refinaria. No caso estudado, a movimentação
acontece através de navios que descarregam seu produto no terminal de São Francisco
do Sul, localizado no Estado de Santa Catarina, passando pelo duto OSPAR até
chegar a seu destino final – a Refinaria de Araucária (REPAR), localizada no Estado
do Paraná. Os principais resultados do modelo são a programação do sequenciamento
de qual navio irá atracar no terminal, qual petróleo será descarregado e qual o volume
e tipo de petróleo que será bombeado no duto para chegar a refinaria. O objetivo do
modelo é minimizar os custos operacionais tomando-se em consideração o
atendimento à demanda da refinaria, restrições de capacidade, disponibilidade de
petróleo, manutenção dos estoques da refinaria e o bombeio ou não durante o período
conhecido como horosazonal. Cenários testados com dados fornecidos pela Petrobras
demonstram que através dos resultados do modelo é possível definir se há
necessidade de utilizar o duto durante o horário de ponta ou não, garantindo a
contratação de energia previamente junto às concessionárias, evitando desta forma o
pagamento de multas, reduzindo um custo evitável. A partir dos resultados
numéricos, ficou comprovado que o modelo pode gerar uma programação de
movimentação de petróleo otimizada, em cenários de uma semana e um mês, ou
indicar que não existe programação viável para tal cenário.The operational decisions of crude oil scheduling activities taken on a daily basis have a strong influence upon the overall supply chain cost. The challenge is to create a crude oil schedule that minimizes the total cost, and at the same time is feasible considering a limited scheduling horizon. The use of mathematical programming for the oil industry has increasingly drawn attention. This study presents a mathematical programming model based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP) for the crude oil scheduling of a system connecting a terminal to a refinery. On the case studied, the transfer occurs through tankers that unload their crude oil on the São Francisco do Sul terminal, located at Santa Catarina state, going through the OSPAR pipeline until it reaches its final destiny – Araucaria refinery (REPAR), located at Paraná state. The main results of the model are the scheduling of ships at the terminal, the scheduling of the pipeline and stocks levels at the terminal and at the refinery. The main goal of this model is to minimize the cost involved in operation, meeting the refinery demand, oil supply, capacity constraints, and the maintenance of refinery crude oil stock levels. This formulation was applied to real scenarios, with time-horizon from a week to a month, and was effectively solved with the proposed solution approach.
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Swanepoel, Helena Catharina. "Establishing a risk reduction model for the inbound supply chain in an oil refinery / H.C. Swanepoel." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4414.
Full textAbstract:
Companies are in business to make money; money is not there just to be taken.
The drive should be on Cash Focus and Project Excellence, the ultimate goal and
first price is always to grow stakeholder value sustainability. To be able to achieve
just that, the focus should be on:
- Operations excellence
- Functional excellence
- Capital excellence
- Value-driven leadership
The mission of the oil refinery is to refine crude oil utilising high conversion
capability, generating sustainable financial growth and delivering a competitive
return on investment, while focusing on sustainable profitability, costs, efficiency,
reliability and flexibility. How does the supply chain function fit into all of this and
what is their role to play?
The objective of any supply chain function should be to support the company?s
vision and strategic objectives and by means of risk reduction strategies ensure
that the risks that the oil refinery is exposed to in the supply chain function are
identified and managed to acceptable levels. Due to the major impact of supply
chain activities on a business, a combined programme and project approach
should be followed, which will include the understanding of the potential reward,
vision clarity, management support, will grow internal ownership and
accountability, training, communication and a formal change management
programme.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an existing risk
reduction model within the inbound supply chain within the oil refining process. A
literature and empirical study was conducted and the conclusion was made that
although a risk management framework and processes exist within the
operational and maintenance functions, it was not evident in the supply chain
function. The supply chain function, together with the operations function
(maintenance and plant reliability), is about understanding risk created within equipment and supporting the maintenance strategies by implementing sourcing
strategies that will contribute to ensuring the effective supply of materials and
services.
During the literature study, three models were discussed, namely:
- The Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu model of Understanding Risk and the value of
Flexibility;
- The KPMG Methodology for Implementing Risk Management; and
- The Supply Chain Operations Reference model for Business Process Reengineering.
The recommendation was made that all three models are combined and
proposed to implement as a supply chain risk reduction model with potential risk
reduction strategies.
Why would any company want to manage and mitigate risk? It links strategic
objectives to risks and controls in order to improve corporate performance,
increase transparency, provide an early warning system and enhance business
sustainability. Once the top risks have been selected, an appropriate risk strategy
is defined to optimally manage these risks to enhance and safeguard the
company?s performance and value. The steps recommended to be followed by
the combined and proposed risk reduction model are:
Step 1 All role-players should understand where the supply chain function fits
into the business and what its reason for existence is.
Step 2 Understanding the impact of macro-environmental factors on the supply
chain.
Step 3 Implementing the proposed risk management framework for supply
chain
Phase 1 Planning and establishing context of risk management
process
Phase 2 Risk identification and risk exploration
Phase 3 Risk assessment and risk treatment
Phase 4 Implementation, monitoring and review
Phase 5 Risk reporting and communication
Step 4 Establishing sustainable business processes to support the supply
chain strategies and the risk management framework
Step 5 Implementing performance measurement and reporting processes
Step 6 Proper training and awareness should be given to all parties involved
The biggest barriers for modifying a supply chain system within a company are
internally and people related. Decision-making must become fact based and
because companies depend on the measurement and analysis of performance,
measurements must derive from the company?s strategy and provide critical data
and information about key processes, outputs and results. Sustainable business
processes will link continuous management activities together, which will
contribute to an overall outcome. Implementing a pro-active risk management
system will assist in the efficient management of the business risk, which can
then lead to constituting value in the business.
To be able to function within all the ongoing changes occurring all the time, it
requires balancing multiple links concurrently to have an effective supply chain
function as a result. With the unpredictability in the supply chain, comes
increased risk, which may result in disruptions to the supply chain. These
disruptions may be unexpected and statistically rare, but they must be
understood, identified and managed.
For any business, it is first prize to have a risk reduction model in place that can
prevent or mitigate a risk before it can actually happen.Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Oladeinde, Olusegun Olurotimi. "Management and the dynamics of labour process: study of workplace relations in an oil refinery, Nigeria." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003087.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of this thesis is on labour-management relations in the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Nigeria. The study explores current managerial practices in the corporation and their effects on the intensification of work, and how the management sought to control workers and the labour process. The study explores the experiences of workers and their perception of managerial practices. Evidence suggests that managerial practices and their impacts on workplace relations in NNPC have become more subtle, with wider implications for workers’ experience and the labour process. Using primary data obtained through interviews, participant observation, and documentary sources, the thesis assesses how managerial practices are varieties of controls of labour in which workers’ consent is also embedded. This embeddedness of the labour process generates new types of worker subjectivity and identity, with significant implications for labour relations. The study suggests that multiple dimensions of workers’ sense-making reflect the structural and subjective dimensions of the labour process. In NNPC, the consequence of managerial practices has been an emergence of a new type of subjectivity; one that has closely identified with the corporate values and is not overtly disposed towards resistance or dissent. While workers consent at NNPC continues to be an outcome of managerial practices, the thesis examined its implications. The thesis seeks to explain the effects of managerial control mechanisms in shaping workers’ experience and identity. However, the thesis shows that while workers remain susceptible to these forms of managerial influence, an erasure or closure of oppositions or recalcitrance will not adequately account for workers’ identity-formation. The thesis shows that while managerial control remains significant, workers inhabit domains that are ‘unmanaged’ and ‘unmanageable’ where ‘resistance’ and ‘misbehaviour’ reside. Without a conceptual and empirical interrogation, evidence of normative and mutual benefits of managerial practices or a submissive image of workers will produce images of workers that obscure their covert opposition and resistance. Workers ‘collude’ with the ‘hubris’ of management in order to invert and subvert managerial practices and intentions. Through theoretical reconceptualization, the thesis demonstrates the specific dimensions of these inversions and subversions. The thesis therefore seeks to re-insert “worker-agency” back into the analysis of power-relations in the workplace; agency that is not overtly under the absolute grip of managerial control, but with a multiplicity of identities and multilevel manifestations.
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Navacelle-de, Maack Laetitia de. "Economic analysis of the oil producing countries’ strategies in the refining industry." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10001/document.
Full textAbstract:
La tendance sur le marché mondial du raffinage est à la fermeture ou aux réductions de capacités en Europe et en Amérique du Nord pendant que les nouveaux pays consommateurs, comme le sont certains pays producteurs, développent leur industrie. Depuis quelques années, les pays producteurs de pétrole ont annoncé la construction de "mega-projets" de raffinage et de pétrochimie de base. La question de la localisation des raffineries a été maintes fois posée depuis les années 1970 et plusieurs courants de la littérature proposent des éléments d'analyse selon les conditions économiques et politiques des pays. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les enjeux et les limites de l'intégration verticale des pays producteurs dans l'aval pétrolier, compte tenu des évolutions et perspectives sur l'offre de brut, la localisation de la demande et la mise en place accrue de politiques environnementales. Une analyse empirique des caractéristiques pétrolières et macroéconomiques des pays producteurs de pétrole permet d'identifier dans quel cadre théorique d'investissement les projets annoncés s'inscrivent. La revue de littérature permet de comprendre l'intégration dans l'aval, mais le développement de certains projets est plus difficile à expliquer. De ces analyses théoriques et empiriques, une typologie des pays producteurs est proposée selon leurs stratégies d'investissement. Par ailleurs, afin de mieux comprendre les marchés auxquels s'adressent ces nouveaux projets, une analyse économétrique des prix des produits pétroliers sur les marchés mondiaux majeurs est menée. Si la relation entre les prix des produits raffinés et le pétrole brut est significative, conformément à la littérature, la hiérarchie des prix entre les produits traduit une évolution de la demande. Une analyse de portefeuille est développée pour identifier les choix industriels efficaces qu'un pays producteur peut envisager pour assurer son développement économique en maîtrisant l'exposition aux risque de variation de ses revenus. Avec l'augmentation des enjeux industriels et financiers associés à ces nouvelles raffineries, la coopération des pays producteurs avec des Majors internationales permet de partager le risque et de répondre à leurs enjeux respectifs de développement économique. Chacune des parties maîtrise, en effet, certains facteurs de production essentiels à la réussite d'un projet qui, réunis, augmentent la valeur globale du projetOn the whole, the refining industry in North America and Europe is reduced as new consuming countries, like producing countries, are developing their industry. In the past years 'mega-projects' in refining and basic petrochemicals have been announced by petroleum producing countries. Since the 1970s the question of location is repeatedly asked and authors have presented elements to analyze its implementation in different economical and political contexts. This thesis intends to review the incentives and limits to vertical integration by the producing countries, given the current evolutions and future prospects for supply, location of demand and increasing environmental regulation. An empirical analysis of the petroleum and macro economical conditions in producing countries enables the positioning of current projects in the theoretical context. The literature review helps understand current developments, but some projects cannot as easily be explained. Based these theoretical and empirical analyses, a typology of petroleum producers is built according to their refinery investment strategies. Moreover in order to understand the opportunities for refiners on the world markets an econometric analysis of world refined oil prices is undertaken. The strong correlation to crude oil price is confirmed, as in historical literature, but with different hierarchies between products explained by evolution of demand. Based on the observations of petroleum countries and their opportunities on world markets, a portfolio analysis is developed to identify the efficient industrial choices a producing country may proceed with in order to ensure the local development while containing risk on variations of revenue. Because the industrial and financial stakes of these refining projects are greater than before and they represent a lion's share of the future offer in refining, joint cooperation of producing countries with International Oil Companies enable a share of risk while also benefiting both players in their development objectives. Indeed each party detains different factors of production, essential for the success of a refining project that, brought together, increase the global value of the project
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Gilbert, Peter James, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Monitoring the marine environment adjacent to a petroleum refinery on Corio Bay, Victoria, Australia." Deakin University, 1994. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050825.140927.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the work reported in this thesis was to design and implement an ecological effects environmental monitoring program which would:
1) Collect baseline biological information on sessile epibiotic fouling communities from an area adjacent to a petroleum refinery located on Corio Bay, Victoria, to allow comparison with results of future monitoring for the assessment of long term temporal water quality trends.
2) Detect and if possible - estimate the magnitude of any influence on epibiotic fouling communities within the Corio Bay marine ecosystem attributable to operations at the Shell Petroleum Refinery.
3) Investigate the extent of thermal stratification and rate of dispersal of the petroleum refinery main cooling-water outfall plume (discharging up to 350,000 tonnes of warmed seawater per day), and its effect on epibiotic communities within the EPA-defined mixing zone.
A major component of the work undertaken was the design and development of artificial-substrate biological sampling stations suitable for use under the conditions prevailing in Corio Bay, and the development of appropriate quantitative underwater photographic sampling techniques to fulfil the experimental criteria outlined above. Experimental and other constraints imposed on the design of the stations precluded the simple suspension of frames from jetties or pylons, a technique widely used in previous work of this type.
Artificial substrate panels were deployed along three radial transects centred within and extending beyond the petroleum refinery main cooling-water mixing zone. Identical substrate panels were deployed at a number of
control sites located throughout Corio Bay, each chosen for differences in their degree of exposure to such factors as water movement, depth, shipping traffic and/or comparable industrial activity.
The rate of colonisation (space utilisation) and the development of epibiotic fouling communities on artificial substrate panels was monitored over two twelve-month sampling periods using quantitative underwater photographic sampling techniques. Sampling was conducted at 4-8 week intervals with the rate of panel colonisation and community structure determined via coverage measurements. Various species of marine algae, polychaete tubeworms, hydroids, barnacles, simple and colonial ascidians, sponges, bivalve molluscs and encrusting bryozoans were all detected growing on panels.
Communities which established on panels within the cooling-water mixing-zone and those at control sites were compared using statistical procedures including agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. A photographic sample archive has been established to allow comparison with similar future studies.
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Nguyen, Quang Hung. "Study on bioaccumulation and integrated biorefinery of vegetable oil and essential oil of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/16038/1/Nguyen_QH.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Apiaceae could be defined as Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops (ATOC), e.g. plants containing both vegetable oil and essential oil. Applying agroreffinery concept to ATOC led to propose a sequential fractionation process coupling co-extraction of vegetal oil and essential oil to a valorization of by-product residues as biosourced active molecules and substrates for designing agromaterials. The aim of this thesis is to determine the biological and technological feasability of application of the ATOC-refinery concept to coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Chapter I reports a bibliographic state of the art study on extraction and characterisation of coriander vegetal oil and essential oil while chapter II describes materials and methods setting up during the thesis for sampling, extraction, analysis and data processing. Chapter III focus on the study of major various biological parameters influencing bioaccumulation of vegetal oil and essential oil in coriander (different plant varieties, different plant organs, different biological stages) and their impact on anti-oxidant activity of extracts obtained from extraction residues. In chapter IV, coriander fruits are processed by extrusion technology (mono screw and twin-screw extruder) in order to evaluate the feasability of mechanical pressing for extracting a flavored vegetal oil. Influence of operating parameters on vegetal oil extraction yields (nozzle diameter and nozzle/screw distance (single-screw extruder) or screw configuration, device’s filling coefficient and pressing temperature (twin-screw extruder)) is studied while the feasability of valorization of extraction cake as agromaterial (thermopressing) was stated.
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Van, Isschot Luis. "The social origins of human rights: popular responses to political violence in a Colombian oil refinery town (1919-1993)." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95033.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines why, how and with what impact people living in conflict areas organize collectively to assert human rights. The focus is the emergence in the 1980s of a human rights movement in the oil enclave of Barrancabermeja. The Barrancabermeja-based Regional Committee for the Defence of Human Rights (CREDHOS) was created in 1987 in the context of dirty war fought on multiple fronts between state security forces and their paramilitary allies, on the one hand, and Marxist insurgent groups, on the other. In exploring the history of a human rights movement in one of Colombia's most chronically war-affected regions, this dissertation expands our understanding of how frontline activists interpret human rights principles from the bottom-up. Human rights movements cannot be viewed as axiomatic or simple humanitarian responses to political violence. The term human rights refers to contingent norms and practices that are derived from lived experiences of authoritarianism, war, poverty and social exclusion. In this dissertation I argue that social activists in the war-torn Colombian oil town of Barrancabermeja undertook human rights activism both as a strategy of self-preservation and as a transformative praxis. In Barrancabermeja, the struggle for human rights did not displace or supplant longstanding local struggles for social justice and political change. Rather, human rights was considered to be a form of social protest consistent with previously existing traditions of popular radicalism for which Barrancabermeja has become celebrated.Cette thèse de doctorat examine l'action collective en faveur des droits humains organisée par des personnes vivant en zone de conflit, analysant les raisons qui ont motivé cette démarche, la façon par laquelle elle fut mise en uvre et ses impacts concrets. L'analyse cible particulièrement l'apparition d'un mouvement des droits humains dans l'enclave pétrolière de Barrancabermeja. Le Comité régional pour la défense des droits humains (CREDHOS) fut établi en 1987 alors que sévissait sur plusieurs fronts une guerre sale opposant l'État colombien et ses alliés paramilitaires aux insurgés marxistes. En ciblant la création d'un mouvement des droits humains dans une des régions de la Colombie les plus affligées par la guerre, cette thèse révèle comment les principes des droits humains peuvent être interprétés de façon singulière par les activistes en zone de combat. L'émergence de mouvements des droits humains ne peut être réduite à un réflexe humanitaire pour contrer la violence politique. Le concept même de droits humains fait référence à des pratiques et normes contingentes qui ont été modelées par l'expérience des régimes autoritaires, de la guerre, de la pauvreté et de l'exclusion sociale. Les gens qui militaient en faveur des droits humains dans l'enclave pétrolière de Barrancabermeja ont mis en uvre leur activisme en poursuivant deux buts : d'une part, celui-ci constituait une stratégie d'autodéfense contre la violence politique; d'autre part, il représentait une pratique sociale réformatrice. Les luttes en faveur d'une plus grande justice sociale qui animaient déjà Barrancabermeja depuis des décennies n'ont pas été supplantées par ce nouvel activisme pour les droits humains. Au contraire, le militantisme entourant la promotion des droits humains était compatible avec cette tradition de radicalisme populaire qui avait fait la renommée de Barrancabermeja.
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Du, Preez A. J. "A business plan for incorporating a bio-diesel refinery into the value chain of a pelagic fish-processing plant." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6447.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Through the continual pursuit to reduce wastage through converting unmarketable by-products into a form that can be sold or used, it was established that an opportunity was available to refine poor-quality fish oil into a fuel source for internal use by a company. By commissioning a biodiesel refinery at the pelagic fish-processing facility of Pioneer Fishing (Pty) Ltd, it will be possible to refine the fish oil into biodiesel and easily distribute the fuel to the fishing vessels or the trucks used for the catching and transportation of pelagic fish. South African legislation is promoting small-scale biodiesel plants by reducing the taxes and levies payable on biodiesel sold by those refineries. The aim of this research report is to provide Pioneer Fishing (Pty) Ltd with a business plan to motivate the commissioning of a small-scale biodiesel plant to process the waste fish oil into a useable energy source to fuel the fishing vessels and trucks.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die voortdurende strewe na minder vermorsing deur onbemarkbare neweprodukte in ʼn verhandelbare of bruikbare vorm om te sit, het die geleentheid uitgewys om visolie van ʼn swak gehalte tot ʼn brandstof vir interne gebruik deur ‟n maatskappy te raffineer. Deur ʼn biodieselraffinadery by die diepseevisverwerkingsfasiliteit van Pioneer Fishing (Edms) Bpk in gebruik te neem, sal die afvalvisolie van dié aanleg tot biodiesel geraffineer kan word. Die biodiesel sal betreklik maklik beskikbaar gestel kan word aan die vaartuie en die vragmotors wat vir die vangs en vervoer van die diepseevis gebruik word. Heersende Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing moedig juis kleinskaalse biodieselaanlegte aan deur ʼn korting toe te staan op die belasting en heffings op die biodiesel van sodanige raffinaderye. Hierdie navorsingsverslag het ten doel om Pioneer Fishing (Edms) Bpk van ʼn sakeplan te voorsien ter motivering van die ingebruikneming van ʼn kleinskaalse biodieselaanleg om die afvalvisolie tot ʼn bruikbare energiebron te verwerk waarmee die visvaartuie en -vragmotors aangedryf kan word.
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Cren, Erika Cristina. "Processamento de soluções graxas em resina de troca ionica." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254733.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Antonio Jose de Almeida MeirellesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T23:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cren_ErikaCristina_D.pdf: 3396631 bytes, checksum: 2aba05c13e0a564804083d131df53687 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Alguns óleos vegetais são sensíveis às condições drásticas do processo de refino, físico ou químico, podendo assim apresentar problemas quando submetidos a estes processos, tais como perda de substâncias desejáveis, como os compostos nutracêuticos, escurecimento do óleo, além de perdas elevadas de óleo neutro. Desta forma a busca de alternativas no processamento de óleos vegetais se torna relevante. O processo de extração líquido-líquido vem sendo estudado como alternativa para a desacidificação destes óleos vegetais, pois utiliza condições brandas de processo. No entanto, esta técnica apresenta a desvantagem de demandar grandes volumes de solvente para a extração, havendo a necessidade de recuperação do solvente usado para sua futura reutilização. As resinas de troca iônica vêm sendo utilizadas em muitos segmentos da indústria de alimentos, para separação e purificação de ácidos orgânicos. Assim, resinas de troca iônica e de adsorção podem ser empregadas como complemento da extração líquido-líquido, em particular na remoção de ácidos graxos da corrente de extrato e na recuperação do solvente para sua reutilização posterior. Contudo, identifica-se também um potencial uso da resina de troca iônica na desacidificação direta de óleos vegetais brutos, sugerindo assim uma nova alternativa à desacidificação de óleos vegetais sensíveis às condições dos refinos tradicionais, uma vez que este processo também opera em condições brandas como a extração líquido-líquido, porém não necessita de grandes volumes de solvente para a desacidificação. Além disso, esta nova alternativa de refino permite que parte do solvente utilizado na extração de óleo da semente, polpa ou farelo, possa ser utilizada como solvente do processo de troca iônica, podendo ser misturado a outros solventes ou até mesmo substituído por outros na extração de óleo, uma vez que estudos vêm sendo feitos para substituir o hexano da extração devido à sua periculosidade. Este novo processo ainda visa reciclar todo o solvente utilizado para posterior reutilização no processo de refino. A nova alternativa também pode gerar eliminação de algumas etapas do processo tradicional de refino de óleos, uma vez que na proposta o hexano da extração pode ser parcialmente utilizado na troca iônica e eliminado completamente do óleo neutro em apenas uma coluna de destilação que pode operar a até 140o C, condição branda para alguns óleos nos quais se quer preservar características nutracêuticas. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar sistemas modelo que simulassem a corrente de extrato da extração líquido-líquido (etanol + acido oléico) e sistemas modelo que simulassem uma corrente de saída da extração de óleos vegetais (solventes butanol e/ou hexano + ácido oléico e solventes butanol e/ou hexano + ácido oléico + óleo vegetal), quanto à capacidade da resina de troca iônica remover a acidez livre daquelas correntes. Desta forma, os comportamentos destes sistemas em resina de troca iônica foram investigados. Foram realizados estudos de equilíbrio, cinética e em coluna (sistema contínuo), com respectivas modelagens a fim de obter parâmetros que descrevessem o comportamento de troca iônica para os sistemas propostos. Bons resultados foram obtidos, demonstrando o potencial para uso da resina para os fins propostos. Por fim, uma nova alternativa de processamento de óleos pode ser formulada empregando-se resinas de troca iônica
Abstract: Some edible oils are sensitive to the drastic conditions of the caustic and physical refining, some difficulties arise when such processes were used, like losses of neutral oil and nutraceutical substances. In this way, the investigation of new alternatives of processing edible oils is relevant. The liquid-liquid process has been investigated as alternative for the deacidification of such oils, because it uses mild conditions of processing. But this process has the disadvantage of demanding large amounts of solvent for the extraction, so that the solvent needs to be recovered for posterior utilization. Ion exchange resins have been used in many areas, for purification and separation of organics acids. In this way, it could be used as a complement of the liquid-liquid extraction, for removing fatty acids from the extract stream and recovering the solvent for posterior use. A potential use of ion exchange resins to directly deacidify crude oil was also identified, so a new alternative to the deacidification of edible oils that are sensitive to the drastic conditions of traditional refining was proposed. This new alternative of refining can use the solvent (hexane) employed in the extraction of the oil as solvent of the ion exchange process. This solvent could be mixed with other solvents or substituted by other less dangerous. In this new process a further objective is the recovery of all solvent used for posterior reutilization. This new process could eliminate some steps of the traditional refining, once that the hexane could be used partially on the ion exchange process and eliminate from the refined oil in only one stage, in mild conditions that preserve the nutraceutics characteristics of some oils. In this way, this work has as objectives the investigation of the deacidification by ion exchange resins of systems that simulate the extract of liquid-liquid extraction (ethanol + oleic acid) and systems that simulate the outlet stream of oil extraction from the seeds (solvent butanol or/and hexane + oleic acid and solvent butanol or/and hexane + oleic acid + rice oil). So the behavior of these systems in ion exchange resins was investigated. Experimental studies of equilibrium, kinetics and breakthrough were conducted and an appropriate modeling of the experimental results was also performed. The objective was to determine the parameters that describe the process of ion exchange for investigating the viability of using ion exchange resins in new processes of refining. Good results were obtained, indicating the possibility of using ion exchange resins for removing fatty acids from organic solutions
Doutorado
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos
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Santos, Camilia Aoyagui. "Estudo do efeito da composição dos ésteres de ácidos graxos de sorbitanas comerciais na cristalização de óleo de palma refinado." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256066.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Ming Chih ChiuDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O óleo de palma possui lenta cristalização devido à alta energia livre de ativação de nucleação, atribuída às interações intermoleculares entre a estearina e a oleína e à presença dos diacilgliceróis. Aditivos podem ser adicionados ao óleo de palma na tentativa de modificar o seu comportamento de cristalização, adequando o seu uso aos processos industriais. Dentre esses aditivos se destacam os emulsificantes, que diferentemente da sua função usual, podem ser utilizados para alterar a estrutura cristalina e contribuir inclusive para a estabilidade de formas polimórficas desejadas nos óleos e gorduras onde são aplicados. Os ésteres de ácidos graxos de sorbitana têm demonstrado influência na morfologia dos cristais e na textura de misturas de óleos à base de palma. No entanto, estudos indicaram que os monoésteres de ácidos graxos de sorbitana disponíveis comercialmente possuíam diferentes composições em mono-, di- e triésteres de ácidos graxos de sorbitana. Esta variabilidade pode dificultar a comparação de resultados obtidos de cristalização de óleos e gorduras após adição destes emulsificantes entre os diversos estudos já realizados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a composição de vários ésteres de ácidos graxos comerciais, de diferentes fornecedores, e verificar se o comportamento de cristalização do óleo de palma refinado (RPO) adicionado dos emulsificantes foi influenciado pelas possíveis diferenças na composição deles. A análise de composição, realizada através da técnica de espectrometria de massas, EASI-MS, revelou diferenças na composição dos monolauratos de sorbitana (SMLa) dos fornecedores B, C e D e dos monoestearatos de sorbitana (SMS) dos fornecedores C, D e E. Entre os SMLa, o SMLa D foi o que apresentou o maior teor de trilaurato de sorbitana e de triésteres de modo geral, e dentre os SMS, o SMS E foi o que apresentou o maior teor de monoestearato de sorbitana, maior teor de monoésteres e menor teor de diésteres. Nas isotermas de cristalização realizadas a 25°C através da ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), o SMLa D foi o que mais retardou o período de nucleação (em 128,6%) de RPO e o que possibilitou o menor teor máximo de gordura sólida (SFCMáx). Além disso, após análise dos eventos de cristalização por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), o SMLa D foi o único, dentre os SMLa, a retardar significativamente (p < 0,05) a nucleação e a cristalização dos TAGs de maior ponto de fusão de RPO. Em relação aos SMS, após análise das imagens da microestrutura dos cristais, notou-se que apenas a amostra com SMS E produziu cristais de morfologia e dimensões diferentes. Além disso, os resultados da análise de consistência mostraram que somente o SMS E aumentou significativamente (p < 0,05) a dureza do RPO nas temperaturas de 15°C, 20°C e 25°C. As diferenças encontradas na composição dos monolauratos e monoestearatos de sorbitana puderam ser associadas aos efeitos distintos no comportamento de cristalização do óleo de palma refinado
Abstract: Palm oil has a slow crystallization possibly due to the high free energy of activation of nucleation and additives can be added in an attempt to change its crystallization behavior adapting its use to industrial processes of margarine, shortenings, toppings and baking. Among these additives there are emulsifiers, which unlike its usual application can be used to alter the crystal structure and also contribute to the stability of desired polymorphic forms in the oil and fat where they are applied. The sorbitan fatty acid esters have been shown to influence the morphology, the distribution of crystals and the texture of blends of palm. However studies indicated that sorbitan monoesters commercially available had different compositions in mono-, di-and triesters of sorbitan fatty acids such variability may make it difficult to compare results obtained from crystallization of fats and oils after addition of emulsifiers among the many studies already conducted. The objective of this study was to determine the composition of several commercial sorbitan fatty acid esters from different suppliers and verify if the crystallization behaviour of refined palm oil (RPO) after addition of the emulsifiers was influenced by possible differences in their composition. The composition analysis using the technique of mass spectrometry, EASI-MS, revealed differences in the composition of sorbitan monolaurates (SMLa) from suppliers B, C and D and sorbitan monostearates (SMS) from suppliers C, D and E. Among SMLa, the SMLa D indicated the highest content of trilaurate and sorbitan triesters. Among SMS, SMS E presented the highest level of sorbitan monostearate, and higher content of monoesters and lower content of diesters. In the isothermal crystallization performed at 25°C by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the SMLa D was the emulsifier the most retarded the nucleation period (at 128.6%) of the RPO and it resulted of the lowest maximum solid fat content (SFCMáx). Furthermore, after crystallization event analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the SMLa D was the only one delayed significantly (p <0.05) the nucleation and crystallization of TAGs of higher melting point of the RPO. In relation to SMS, after examining the images of the microstructure of the crystals, it was noted that only the sample with SMS E produced crystals of different dimensions and morphology. Furthermore, the results of consistency analysis showed that only SMS E increased significantly (p <0.05) the hardness of the RPO at 15°C, 20°C and 25°C. The differences found in the composition of sorbitan monolaurates and monostearates could be associated with distinct effects on the crystallization behavior of refined palm oil
Mestrado
Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos
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Mtiya, Khanyisa Siyakudumisa. "Modelling the dispersion of SO2 emissions from the chevron (Cape Town) oil refinery using the US EPA dispersion models AERMOD and CALPUFF." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/864.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2013In South Africa, the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) under the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998) (“NEMA”) sets out a series of environmental management principles that apply to the interpretation and application of all legislation that may affect the environment. Since 1998, various specific environmental statutes that fall under the NEMA framework have been promulgated, including the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, Act 39 of 2004 (NEM: AQA).NEM:AQA provides norms and standards for all technical aspects of air quality management. The National Framework (Sections 7 and 8 of NEM:AQA) must provide mechanisms, systems and procedures to promote holistic and integrated air quality management through pollution prevention and minimisation at source, and through impact management with respect to the receiving environment, from local scale to international issues. Among other measures, the NEM:AQA (Section 9) requires the establishment of Ambient Air Quality Standards and Emission Standards. These standards were promulgated in December 2009 and March 2010 respectively. Air quality monitoring stations, which sample and analyse pollutant concentrations continuously, are a common method of assessing air quality in a region. But a few continuous monitors located in source given region or airshed are inadequate for assessing compliance with ambient air quality standards – they are only able to monitor concentrations at a fixed site, not through the entire region of impact. In contrast, the ambient air quality standards are applicable everywhere. Air quality models estimate ground level ambient concentrations throughout the modelling domain, and in principle (subject to proper validation) provide better estimates of area-wide concentrations and hence the basis for assessing compliance with air quality standards. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) approved atmospheric air dispersion models AERMOD and CALPUFF were used in this thesis to predict the ground level concentrations of SO2 emitted from Chevron Refinery (Cape Town), for the year 2010. The modelling is validated by comparing measured ambient concentrations with modelled concentrations. The results showed AERMOD-modelled annual average values for 2010, based on refinery emissions only, are in good agreement with monitored values at the Table View and Bothasig sites, predicting the monitored values by -11% and +17% respectively. The 24-hr average values similarly are in good agreement with monitored values, on average over-predicting by 9% at Table View, although the fit of the day-to-day modelled vs monitored values is comparatively poor (R2=0.32); at the Bothasig site the corresponding values are - 36% and R2= 0.089. The AERMOD-modelled isopleths imply that the 2010 annual average concentrations exceeded the South African Standard of 50 μg/m3 in a small area in the immediate vicinity of the refinery. The hourly and 24-hourly average standard concentrations of 350μg/m3 and 125μg/m3 respectively are exceeded in significantly larger areas. The allowable exceedences for hourly and 24-hourly averages are also exceeded, implying that the hourly and 24-hourly standards were exceeded. CALPUFF-modelled average values for 2010, based on refinery emissions only, are in comparatively poor agreement with monitored values at the Table View and Bothasig sites, under-predicting the monitored values by -20% and -61% respectively. Since the AERMOD-modelled concentrations are in far better agreement with monitored concentrations, only AERMOD was used for further analysis. The Emission Standards promulgated in March 2010 included emission limit values for sulphur dioxide emitted from oil refineries. If the actual 2010 emission rates were adjusted downwards to match the emission standards (to be complied with from 1 April 2015), AERMOD modelling indicates that the annual, 24-hourly and hourly Ambient Air Quality Standards would not be exceeded. Based on this case study, the current Emission Standard for SO2 emissions from existing crude oil refineries is therefore coherent with the Ambient Air Quality Standards. Regulatory air dispersion modelling practices in South Africa are being standardised for model applications regulatory purposes and to ensure that dispersion modelling practices are undertaken in a compatible form to ensure that results from one dispersion model study can be compared directly to those from another. In this study both AERMOD and CALPUFF modelling complied with the draft South African guidelines for Air Quality Modelling, yet the CALPUFF- modelled outputs differed significantly from the monitored values. This emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of modelling validation in guidelines for modelling for regulatory purposes. The 2012 draft regulation should be amended to make validation of regulatory dispersion modelling compulsory rather than optional as per the draft.
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Oliveira, Ana Flávia de. "Síntese e caracterização de biolubrificantes obtidos através de modificações químicas no óleo de soja refinado." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1936.
Full textAbstract:
Estimativas de esgotamentos das reservas petrolíferas vêm motivando pesquisas no intuito de buscar alternativas para combustíveis e derivados, como os lubrificantes baseados em óleos diferentes dos óleos minerais, visando assim reduzir a contaminação provocada pelo uso dos lubrificantes convencionais. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em realizar modificações químicas no óleo de soja refinado, através da reação de transesterificação seguida da epoxidação, alcóxi-hidroxilação, di-hidroxilação e acetilação a fim de melhorar as características lubrificantes desse óleo. A transesterificação foi realizada utilizando metanol, em uma razão molar óleo/metanol de 1:6 e 0,7% de catalisador. Os epóxidos foram produzidos utilizando ácido peracético comercial 15%, atingindo índice de oxigênio oxirano de 13,2%. A alcoxi-hidroxilação foi catalisada por Fe2(SO4)3 e ácido p-toluenosulfonico (APTS), utilizando diferentes alcoóis (metanol, etanol e 1-propanol) e água, onde se constatou que o Fe2(SO4)3 foi o catalisador mais eficiente. As melhores condições foram de 3% de catalisador para a relação óleo/álcool 1:3 e 5% de catalisador para a relação óleo/água, fazendo com que os índices de oxigênio oxirano fossem reduzidos a 0. A acetilação foi realizada usando anidrido acético em uma razão molar óleo/reagente de 1:2,5. A reação de alcoxi-hidroxilação provocou um aumento significativo da viscosidade cinemática de 34,18 mm².s-1; 54,82 mm².s-1; 46,34mm².s-1e 100,02 mm².s-1 para o EMOSRMH, EMOSREH, EMOSRPH e para o EMOSRDH respectivamente. Estes resultados mostram que a viscosidade para os lubrificantes alcoxi-hidroxilados e do diidroxilado é superior ao do óleo de soja refinado. Com a reação de acetilação dos alcoxi-hidroxidos e do di-hidroxilado, os valores de viscosidade cinemática são 46,22 mm².s-1; 42,22 mm².s-1; 28,44 mm².s- e 49,30 mm².s-1 para o EMOSRMA, EMOSREA, EMOSRPA e MOSRMDA, respectivamente. O aumento no índice de viscosidade para os alcoxi-hidroxilados ocorre na seguinte ordem DH, EMH, EEH e EPH. Para os acetilados a ordem é EMA, EEA, EPA e DHA. Estes resultados indicam que o tamanho da ramificação na cadeia éster altera o índice de viscosidade. Todos os produtos foram caracterizados por análises Físico-Químicas e por meio dos espectros de RMN de 1H e 13C. Pode-se concluir que a metodologia apresentada neste trabalho possibilita a obtenção de potenciais lubrificantes biodegradáveis.Estimates of the lack of petroleum in the near future have motivated research to investigated fuels and refined products to petroleum alternative. Synthesizing various vegetable oils lubricants, to reduce the contamination caused by the use of conventional lubricants. The objective of this work is to carry out chemical modification of soybean oil by transesterification reaction followed by epoxidation, alkoxy- hydroxylation, di-hydroxylation and acetylation to improve the characteristics of these oil lubricants. Transesterification were performed using methanol at a molar ratio oil/methanol 1:6 and 0.7% catalyst. The epoxides were produced using commercial 15% peracetic acid, reaching oxirane oxygen content of 13.2%. The alkoxy-hydroxylation were catalyzed by Fe2(SO4)3 and p-toluenesulfonic acid (APTS) using different alcohols (methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol) and water. Fe2(SO4)3 was the catalyst more efficient. The best conditions to alkoxy-hydroxylation reactions were with 3% ratio of catalyst to oil/ethanol 1:3, and 5% of catalyst relative to oil/water, In these conditions, the oxirane oxygen levels were reduced to zero. Acetylation was carried out using acetic anhydride in a molar ratio oil/reagent 1:2.5. The reaction of alkoxy-hydroxylation caused a significant increase in the kinematic viscosity of 34.18 mm².s-1 ; 54.82 mm².s-1 ; 46.34 mm².s-1 and 100.02 mm².s-¹ for o EMOSRMH, EMOSREH, EMOSRPH and the EMOSRDH respectively. These results show that the viscosities of alkoxy-hydroxy and di-hydroxylated lubricants are superior to refined soybean oil. With the acetylation of alkoxy-hydroxides and di-hydroxylated lubricants, kinematic viscosity values were 46.22 mm².s-1; 42.22 mm².s-1; 28.44 mm².s-¹ and 49.30 mm².s-1 for EMOSRMA, EMOSREA, EMOSRPA and MOSRMDA, respectively. The increase in viscosity for the alkoxy-hydroxylated lubricants occurs in the following order: DH, EMH, EEH and EPH. For acetylated order is EMA, EEA, EPA and DHA. These results indicate that the size of the ester chain branching alters the viscosity. All products were characterized by Physicochemical analyzes and by 1H and 13C NMR spectra. It can be concluded that the method presented here enables obtaining potential biodegradable lubricants.
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Sampaio, Klicia Araujo 1981. "Desacidificação por via física de óleo de palma = efeito da composição do óleo, das perdas de compostos nutracêuticos e cinéticas de degradação." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255200.
Full textAbstract:
Orientadores: Antonio José de Almeida Meirelles, Roberta Ceriani, Roland VerhéTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Os parâmetros ótimos de desodorização (temperatura, porcentagem de vapor e pressão de operação) são determinados de acordo com o tipo de óleo e o processo de refino selecionado. O refino do óleo de palma é realizado preferencialmente através do refino físico, pois sua elevada acidez pode provocar uma perda excessiva de óleo neutro no caso da utilização do refino químico. O refino físico de óleos vegetais consiste num processo de esgotamento ou stripping, no qual sob pressões reduzidas e elevadas temperaturas os compostos voláteis são removidos do óleo neutro através da utilização de um agente de arraste, que pode ser um gás ou vapor. No entanto, estas condições de processo também facilitam a ocorrência de volatilização de valiosos compostos minoritários como esqualeno, tocoferóis, tocotrienóis, fitoesteróis, bem como uma pequena porção dos acilgliceróis. Desta forma, este trabalho apresenta a aplicação da metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR) no estudo dos efeitos de três variáveis de processo (temperatura, porcentagem de vapor e fração estearina/oleína), sobre a perda/transferência de compostos graxos durante a desacidificação física. As respostas de interesse foram acidez final do óleo e perda de óleo neutro (PON). Os resultados revelaram que a composição do óleo é um fator importante e estatisticamente significante a ser considerado na seleção de variáveis de processo mais adequadas, além da temperatura e da porcentagem de vapor. Na segunda etapa, foi realizado um estudo detalhado da degradação térmica dos carotenóides no óleo de palma considerando-se temperaturas variando na faixa de 170 ºC a 230 ºC. O processo de aquecimento foi realizado com injeção de nitrogênio e a coleta de amostra foi feita a cada 20 min durante um período de aquecimento total de 140 min. Os dados experimentais foram então comparados com dados da literatura relacionados à degradação de carotenóides. A degradação térmica dos carotenóides mostrou uma melhor adequação a uma ordem de reação superior a 1. Em uma etapa posterior, a metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR) foi aplicada para o refino físico de amostras de óleo de palma de diferentes qualidades, medidas através de sua acidez inicial. Foram consideradas a influência de duas condições de operação e um terceiro parâmetro de qualidade, sendo estes: temperatura, porcentagem de vapor e acidez inicial das amostras. As respostas de interesse foram acidez final do óleo, retenção de tocóis, perda de óleo neutro (PON) e retenção de carotenóides. Os resultados mostraram que a acidez inicial é um parâmetro estatisticamente importante para a obtenção de valores aceitáveis de acidez final. Este parâmetro está diretamente relacionado à concentração de componentes minoritários no óleo, pois caso o valor de acidez final não tenha atendido aos padrões pré-determinados, o óleo deve ser submetido a tratamentos subseqüentes utilizando-se temperaturas mais elevadas ou maiores tempo de processo, portanto, acarretando a redução dos compostos minoritários. Para finalizar este trabalho foi avaliada a ocorrência da reação de hidrólise de óleo neutro durante o processo de desacidificação física. Os resultados revelaram que as maiores concentrações de ácidos graxos livres (AGL) no óleo e as menores concentrações de AGL no destilado foram obtidas para as maiores vazões de vapor e menores tempos de processo. Observou-se também, que a geração de AGL aumenta com o aumento da porcentagem de vapor e da temperatura do processo. Através da análise da cinética da hidrólise de óleo neutro, foi possível verificar uma boa adequação dos dados à equação de primeira-ordem
Abstract: Optimal deodorizing parameters (temperature, steam percentage, and operating pressure) are determined by the type of oil and the selected refining process. Refining of palm oil is preferably performed by physical means since its high acidity can lead to excessive losses of neutral oil in case of the caustic refining process. Physical refining of vegetable oils is a stripping process in which, under low absolute pressure and high temperatures, the accompanying lower boiling compounds are distilled off from neutral oil, by using gas or steam, as effective stripping agent. However, these processing conditions also increase the occurrence of volatilization of the valuable minor components present in the oil such as squalene, tocopherols, phytosterols, as well as some portion of acylglycerols. Thus, this work presents the application of response surface methodology (RSM) to the study of the effects of three factors (temperature, percentage of stripping steam and the stearin/olein ratio) on the losses/transfer of fatty compounds during the steam deacidification. The responses of interest were the final oil acidity and the loss of neutral oil (NOL). The results revealed that the oil composition was an important and statistically significant factor in the selection of more suitable processing variables, besides temperature and steam. In the second step, a detailed study was performed for carotene thermal degradation in palm oil at four temperatures ranging from 170 ºC to 230 ºC. The heating process was carried out with injection of nitrogen and the samples were collected every 20 min during a total heating period of 140 min. The experimental data were then compared to literature data concerning carotenoids thermal degradation. The thermal degradation kinetics of carotenoids in palm oil followed an order superior to 1. In the next step of this work, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the physical refining process of palm oil samples of different qualities, measured by their initial acidity. The influence of two operative conditions and a third quality parameter are considered: the temperature, the steam percentage, and the initial FFA. Their effect on the final FFA, tocols retention, neutral oil loss (NOL), and carotene retention was investigated. The results revealed that the initial FFA is a statistically important parameter to obtain acceptable values for final FFA, which has directly relation with the concentration of minor components in the oil by the submission to higher temperatures or longer refining periods, in order to reach the standard values. To end this work, it was evaluated the occurrence of hydrolysis of neutral oil during the steam deacidification. The results revealed that the highest percentages of FFA into the oil and the lowest percentages of FFA on the distillate were obtained when applying high steam flow rates associated with reduced stripping times. It was also observed that the generation of free fatty acids increases with the increasing of the percent of steam injected into the oil as well as with the increasing of the process temperature. The kinetic investigation revealed that the hydrolysis of neutral oil follows a first-order reaction
Doutorado
Engenharia de Alimentos
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos
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Cuadros, Bohórquez José Fernando. "Avaliação e aplicação dos resultados da curva PEV estendida em sistemas de processamento e refino de frações pesadas de petroleo." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266453.
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Orientador: Rubens Maciel FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: A extração de petróleo no Brasil produz, em grande parte, petróleos pesados. Este tipo de óleo é de difícil processamento e gera grande quantidade de resíduos provenientes das torres de destilação atmosférica e de vácuo. É necessário fracionar esse tipo de petróleo pesado, com a finalidade de incrementar a produção de frações leves, principalmente o Diesel. A caracterização do petróleo é feita mediante as curvas PEV (Ponto de Ebulição Verdadeiro), através das normas padronizadas ASTM (American Society fot Testing and Materials); porém, a curva de destilação só pode ser obtida mediante as normas ASTM até 565ºC. Uma extensão acima dessa temperatura limite, 565ºC, foi desenvolvida pelo grupo de pesquisa do Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Processos de Separação (LDPS) e do Laboratório de Otimização, Projeto e Controle Avançado (LOPCA), da Faculdade de Engenharia Química da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FEQ/ UNICAMP), como apresentado em diversos trabalhos prévios (SBAITE, 2005). A metodologia desta extensão envolve o processo de Destilação Molecular, tornando possível a caracterização de frações pesadas de petróleo acima de 565ºC. A caracterização feita com a extensão da curva PEV (nova curva PEV ou DESTMOL) foi usada nesta dissertação que fez uso do simulador de processos Hysys.Plant®, mediante a geração de pseudocomponentes, para fazer a caracterização da alimentação do sistema no processo de refino. Nesta dissertação, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de simulação para avaliar as curvas PEV estendidas no esquema de separação após o reator de FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking). Nesta unidade, são obtidos diferentes produtos: GLP (Gás Liquefeito de Petróleo), gasolina e diesel. O esquema de separação e um processo complexo, incluindo diferentes correntes de reciclo. Os resultados das simulações de dois tipos de resíduos de petróleo foram comparados com dados industriais, obtendo-se bons resultados. Deste trabalho, foi possível concluir que a avaliação das curvas PEV no sistema de separação após o FCC, depende das condições de projeto e de operação desta unidade, uma vez que para valores da curva PEV na alimentação acima de 550ºC, não ocorre a vaporização de alimentações com óleos mais leves, afetando significativamente a operação da unidade. Depois de fazer comparações entre os dados industriais e os dados da simulação, pode-se concluir que a avaliação deste tipo de análise (Curva PEV estendida) deveria ser feita em outro tipo de unidade, por exemplo o riser de FCC, pois este tem a capacidade de processar frações pesadas de petróleo, que é o que esta sendo representado mediante a curva PEV estendida, em frações mais leves como: gases combustíveis, GLP e nafta de craqueamento, obtidas após sua separação na unidade de fracionamento e recuperação de produtos.
Abstract: The oil extraction in Brazil is predominantly of heavy oil. This type of oil is difficult to process and it produces great quantity of residues from atmospheric and vacuum columns. It is necessary to upgrade such kind of residues in order to increase productivity of light fractions, mainly diesel. Oil characterization is made with the aid of the True Boiling Point (TBP) curve through ASTM standard test methods; however, it is possible to have this curve only until 565 ºC. An extension beyond this temperature limit was developed by this research group and it is presented in previous works in the literature, (SBAITE, 2005). For such purpose, molecular distillation process was used, which uses high vacuum as separating agent. In this sense, extension of the True Boiling Point (TBP) curve was obtained using the molecular distillation process, making possible the characterization of the heavy oil fractions of TBP higher than 565ºC. The characterization made with the extension of the TBP was used in this work in the process simulator Hysys.Plant® by the generation of pseudocomponents for characterizing the systems feeding distillation columns in the refining process. In this work, it was developed a simulation methodology in order to evaluate all the separation sequencing after the FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) reactor, in order to produce different products, like (LPG), gasoline and diesel. A complex configuration characterizes this step of the refining process, including several recycle streams. The simulation results of two types of petroleum residues, Alpha 565C+ and Gamma 545C+ were compared with industrial data, yielding, very good match. From this work, it was possible to conclude that the evaluation of the TBP curves in the FCC separation steps depends on the design conditions of this unit, considering that feed at fractionation temperature above 550 ºC remains in liquid state affecting significantly the fractionator tower operation. These results are new in the open literature. After the comparisons between industrial and simulation results, can be concluded that the evaluation of this type heavy oil analysis should be performed in another unit capable to convert these products, called heavy gasoil in noble products, which can be used in the downstream FCC. This conversion process can be performed in the FCC riser.
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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CHUNG, FENG-PING, and 鐘奉柄. "Oil Liberalization and the Import of Refined Oil: Experience of Taiwan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29016186541415827645.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
管理學院經營管理碩士學位學程碩士在職專班
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Taiwan in order to response the economic development of globalization as well as the accession to the WTO, the liberalization of the oil market is bound to open. Since the 76 year of the Republic of China, the government has promulgated the "oil management law" and "oil and oil products import and export business license management approach", open the civil service stations and establish the oil refinery. The purpose of the law is to achieve fairness, justice and transparency in the competition to improve economic efficiency and reduce the cost of supply. In order to response the international crude oil price change, the Ministry of economy implement the "floating oil price" mechanism to adjust the domestic gasoline and diesel prices in 2006. The index adopt Dubai 70% and Brant 30% weighted for the standard, and according to the monthly average price as the conversion formula. Due to the lack of relevant information, and the domestic ignore the Singapore PLATTS price (MPOS) in refined oil trading market to understand the various types of refined oil supply quantity and price. This study collected quantitative research methods to analyze the relationship between the price rise and fall of the refined oil in 2013 -2016 and experience in the sale of refined oil through the actual operation, based on the example of the price of 95 lead-free gasoline and 92 lead free gasoline, analyzed whether Taiwan has the opportunity to import refined oil to supply domestic gas station and to balance the huge cost of refinery. This study regardless of the international crude oil price ups and downs, PLATTS market price (MOPS), with the domestic 95 lead-free gasoline and 92 lead-free gasoline import price and the price difference between the sales price does not differ significantly, although there is a clear difference between the middle of the need to consider the cost of oil refining plant and refining conditions, in order to enhance the opportunity to import refined oil.
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Tehlah, N., P. Kaewpradit, and Iqbal M. Mujtaba. "Artificial neural network based modelling and optimization of refined palm oil process." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/8866.
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YesThe content and concentration of beta-carotene, tocopherol and free fatty acid is one of the important parameters that affect the quality of edible oil. In simulation based studies for refined palm oil process, three variables are usually used as input parameters which are feed flow rate (F), column temperature (T) and pressure (P). These parameters influence the output concentration of beta-carotene, tocopherol and free fatty acid. In this work, we develop 2 different ANN models; the first ANN model based on 3 inputs (F, T, P) and the second model based on 2 inputs (T and P). Artificial neural network (ANN) models are set up to describe the simulation. Feed forward back propagation neural networks are designed using different architecture in MATLAB toolbox. The effects of numbers for neurons and layers are examined. The correlation coefficient for this study is greater than 0.99; it is in good agreement during training and testing the models. Moreover, it is found that ANN can model the process accurately, and is able to predict the model outputs very close to those predicted by ASPEN HYSYS simulator for refined palm oil process. Optimization of the refined palm oil process is performed using ANN based model to maximize the concentration of beta-carotene and tocopherol at residue and free fatty acid at distillate.