Journal articles: 'Refluo industriale'

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Li, Jiang Sheng, Yuan Xue, Ce Liu, Wen Jiang, Dong Hua Liu, Yue Qiao, and Chen Yu Wang. "Industrial Fresh Fluorgypsum Catalyzed Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 431 (October 2013): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.431.14.

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Industrial fresh fluorgypsum was found to be an efficient solid acid catalyst (10 % gmmol-1loading) for Beckmann rearrangement, which promoted conversion of various ketoximes to the corresponding amides or lactams in toluene at reflux temperature. This is the first example of the application of the fluorgypsum as catalyst in organic synthesis, which opens up a new aspect for the utility of the solid waste fluorgypsum.

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Antiche Valera, Johnny Ramón, María Lourdes Piñero Martín, María Giuseppina Vanga Arvelo, Jessica Vicenta Sáenz Gavilanes, and Carmen Auxiliadora Lucas Mantuano. "Acción pedagógica para la innovación en la educación técnica industrial: Una aproximación etnográfica." Revista EDUCARE - UPEL-IPB - Segunda Nueva Etapa 2.0 25, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46498/reduipb.v25i1.1460.

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El objetivo fue interpretar el significado de la práctica pedagógica que los docentes realizan para llevar a cabo una educación técnica industrial orientada hacia la innovación, en el contexto de la Escuela Técnica Industrial “La Carucieña” en la ciudad de Barquisimeto, Venezuela. Se empleó el método etnográfico interpretativo, en la perspectiva metodológica cualitativa; se utilizó la observación participante en las aulas y talleres, y la entrevista en profundidad a cinco docentes. El procedimiento de codificación y categorización generó como resultado dos categorías orientadoras: (a) La innovación en el acto pedagógico de las Escuelas Técnicas Industriales, y (b) Pedagogía del aprendizaje para la innovación, a las cuales se realizó el proceso hermenéutico. Como reflexión final se tiene que la esencia del Ser innovador en el acto pedagógico es el docente, pues sus estudiantes serán el reflejo de la actitud hacia la necesidad de mejorar, de incorporar cambios y de la dedicación a sobrepasar la educación de la rutina y la inercia.

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Pfeifer, Tilo, and Eckard Eikelmann. "Fiber-optic reflex sensors for industrial applications." Measurement 12, no. 3 (January 1994): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-2241(94)90034-5.

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Li, Chang Hai, Yue Jin Li, and Wang Ruan. "Treating Industrial Pesticide Wastewater by Distillation Method." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2804–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2804.

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The experiments for treating the pesticide wastewater, which had been produced by Shandong pesticide factory when it produced the Nicosulfuron, were carried out. Through the small test, treatment of pesticide wastewater by batch distillation was studied. The results showed that the top temperature of the recovery samples were about from 98.5°C to 100.2°C，the COD of the recovery samples were about from 10000mg/L to 200 mg/L.With the increasing of the reflux ratio, the average of the COD of these samples and the recoveries reduced gradually, and the removal rate of COD increased gradually, which is above 92% when R≥4.

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Bai, Peng, Chao Hua, Xingang Li, and K. T. Yu. "Cyclic total reflux batch distillation with two reflux drums." Chemical Engineering Science 60, no. 21 (November 2005): 5845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.05.040.

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Yang, Run Ze, Yue Jin Li, and Zhen Yu Li. "Study on Recycling of Organic Solvents." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2372.

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The research of dimethylbenzene and butylacetate from industrial spent solvent oil by batch distillation was studied, and the batch distillation experiment was by pretreated material. The effects of separation temperature and reflux ratio on separation efficiency were investigated,and compared the new tower with the old one. The experimental results showed that: when the reflux ratio R was 3, Butyl acetate and Xylene product purity were low, the R ≥ 4, the purity of the product of Xylene and Butyl acetate were significantly increased; both yield were lower with the increase of reflux ratio. When R was 4, the top temperature of the distillation column was between 109 and 111.4 °C, before and after device upgrading, Butyl acetate product purity were 90.03% and 72.88% respectively.When the top temperature was above 120 °C, the device after upgrading Xylene product purity was 98% and 94.42% before the upgrading. Both of the purity and the yield improved after device upgrading.

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Dziurdzia, Barbara, Maciej Sobolewski, and Janusz Mikolajek. "Convection vs vapour phase reflow in LED and BGA assembly." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 30, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssmt-10-2017-0031.

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Purpose The aim of this paper is to evaluate using statistical methods how two soldering techniques – the convection reflow and vapour phase reflow with vacuum – influence reduction of voids in lead-free solder joints under Light Emitted Diodes (LEDs) and Ball Grid Arrays (BGAs). Design/methodology/approach Distribution of voids in solder joints under thermal and electrical pads of LEDs and in solder balls of BGAs assembled with convection reflow and vapour phase reflow with vacuum has been investigated in terms of coverage or void contents, void diameters and number of voids. For each soldering technology, 80 LEDs and 32 solder balls in BGAs were examined. Soldering processes were carried out in the industrial or semi-industrial environment. The OM340 solder paste of Innolot type was used for LED soldering. Voidings in solder joints were inspected with a 2D X-ray transmission system. OriginLab was used for statistical analysis. Findings Investigations supported by statistical analysis showed that the vapour phase reflow with vacuum decreases significantly void contents and number and diameters of voids in solder joints under LED and BGA packages when compared to convection reflow. Originality/value Voiding distribution data were collected on the basis of 2D X-ray images for test samples manufactured during the mass production processes. Statistical analysis enabled to appraise soldering technologies used in these processes in respect of void formation.

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Cui, Wei, Li Liu, Xiaoquan Du, Chunxia Ma, and Xuzhao Wang. "Professor Du Xiaoquan’s Experience in Treating Acid Reflux." Proceedings of Anticancer Research 5, no. 4 (July 29, 2021): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/par.v5i4.2363.

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Acid regurgitation is a common symptom in digestive system diseases which is mainly caused by emotions, diet, and other factors. It is related to gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic gastritis, and other diseases in Western medicine. According to modern medical research, acid reflux is related to Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, weak effect of anti-reflux barrier, decreased clearance of esophageal acid, dysfunction of esophageal mucosal barrier, strong stimulation of reflux on esophageal mucosal wall, and other factors [1]. It can be divided into four types which are heat, cold, food stagnation, and yin deficiency. It is often accompanied by vomiting, heartburn, stomachache, and other symptoms. Clinically, it is a mixture of cold and heat, as well as excess and deficiency. Professor Du’s self-made method of “first soothing, second reducing, and third harmonizing” (soothing liver and stomach, relieving stomach qi, and neutralizing stomach acid) is used to treat both, symptoms and the root causes. The commonly used prescriptions are left-running metal pill, cuttlefish bone and fritillaria powder, calcined ark shell, oyster shell, etc.

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Souza, V. P., R. Toledo, C. M. F. Vieira, S. C. Intorne, H. Vargas, and R. T. Faria Jr. "Avaliação de gases poluentes oriundos da queima de argila com adição de escória de aciaria." Cerâmica 54, no. 332 (December 2008): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69132008000400014.

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Nos dias atuais a conscientização sobre a preservação ambiental tem destaque no setor industrial. A indústria cerâmica busca como alternativa de preservação e economia a agregação de diversos resíduos industriais. No entanto, há a preocupação com a emissão de gases poluentes na queima desses novos materiais. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar as emissões gasosas liberadas durante a queima da mistura da argila do município de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, com diferentes concentrações de resíduo de escória de aciaria do processo LD (Linz Donawitz) de refino do aço. Os corpos-de-prova continham concentrações de escória com 0, 5 e 10%. Durante a queima foram detectados com destaque os gases CO2 e CO via técnica fototérmica. Com 10% de escória de aciaria houve um pico pronunciado de CO2 a 800 ºC, cujo perfil não apresenta na argila pura. Tal comportamento é possivelmente devido à desidroxilação da calcita.

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Kurniawan, Ahmad Misfa, Renanto Handogo, Hao-Yeh Lee, and Juwari Purwo Sutikno. "Non-square open-loop dynamic model of methyl acetate production process by using reactive distillation column." MATEC Web of Conferences 154 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815401008.

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The development of mathematics model especially non-square open-loop dynamic model has grown rapidly since four decades. Because of the need of simplicity and accuracy, industrial world is demanding a dynamic mathematical model as simple as possible but it still can represent the whole real process. Therefore, to meet those needs, an open-loop dynamic model of methyl acetate production process by using reactive distillation column has been built. Feed ratio, reflux ratio and reboiler duty were chosen to be the manipulated variables to make a better performance rather than only reflux flowrate and reboiler duty. Methyl acetate fraction in distillate and water fraction in bottom were still be selected as controlled variables, so a non-square open-loop dynamic model was formed.

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Chang, Qiu Lian. "Treatment of Industrial Dimethylamine Wastewater in a Distillation Tower at Lab Scale." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.326.

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One of difficult pollution control tasks for leather plants is the dimethylamine wastewater treatment. It is identified that there are two serious problems occurring in the current treatment process: low removal efficiency and low recycle efficiency. To solve these problems, new-type high efficiency packing and wastewater treatment process are proposed. The rectifying conditions of dimethylamine wastewater were investigated in a laboratory continuous distillation tower. Dimethylamine distillation efficiencies of no less than 47% at the top of tower was obtained, when the bottom temperature was controlled between 105～106°C, reflux ratio between 2～3, Final concentrations of less than 50 mg•L-1 at the bottom was obtained.

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Lopes, Humberto Pinheiro. "A cópia, a moda e a propriedade industrial." Biblos, no. 5 (October 17, 2019): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4112_3-5_3.

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Este estudo tem por objetivo problematizar a consolidação da propriedade industrial relativamente ao desenvolvimento histórico da Moda. Para tanto, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, caracterizo a condição da cópia não autorizada como um reflexo para que se possa compreender uma cultura que divide, a partir de uma construção simbólica, a diferença entre produtos considerados adequados a comercializar e consumir. A caracterização da cópia constrói-se perante uma censura de cunho social, consolidada pela cultura, pela legislação e pela força do mercado. O texto faz parte de uma investigação que foi vinculada ao doutoramento em Estudos Contemporâneos da Universidade de Coimbra.

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Martin, P. J., H. M. Dutton, J. B. Winterburn, S. Baker, and A. B. Russell. "Foam fractionation with reflux." Chemical Engineering Science 65, no. 12 (June 2010): 3825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.03.025.

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Eftekhari, Samaneh, Naser Foroughifar, Sara Hallajian, and Alireza Khajeh-Amiri. "Green Synthesis of Some Novel Imidazole Schiff base Derivatives Under Microwave Irradiation / Reflux Conditions and Evaluations of the Antibacterial Activity." Current Microwave Chemistry 7, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213335607999200520124245.

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Background: Schiff bases are excellent compounds. They were synthesized by condensation of active carbonyl and amines. They were widely used as a substrate in the preparation of industrial compounds as well as pharmaceutical purposes. They exhibit a wide range of biological activities. In this study, based on the importance of Schiff bases, a sustainable synthetic method was developed employing reflux and microwave irradiation. Objective: Develop a new synthetic method for imidazole Schiff base derivatives synthesis employing reflux, microwave irradiation, and ethanol as a green solvent. Methods: Synthesis of imidazole Schiff base derivatives was carried out under reflux and microwave irradiation conditions. Antibacterial activity of imidazole derivatives and standard drugs was examined against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and two Gramnegative bacteria (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli). Results: Schiff bases were synthesized in the presence of microwave irradiation and ethanol in high yields 90-98% for 2-4 min. The antibacterial effects of Schiff bases were evaluated against both strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Conclusion: In this paper, a novel series of imidazole Schiff base derivatives were synthesized using reflux, microwave irradiation, and ethanol. Antibacterial effects were investigated. The excellent advantages of microwave irradiation in the synthesis of imidazole derivatives include reduction of reaction time from an hour to a minute, high product yield. In this study, the measurement of antibacterial activity was also important. Imidazole derivatives with Cl, OH, and CH3 groups showed antibacterial effects.

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FUKUSHIMA, Tadahide. "Industrial Design of Single Lens Reflex Camera("Sense of Mechanical Engineers")." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 91, no. 838 (1988): 962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.91.838_962.

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Andrade Junior, Nivaldo Vieira de. "Do ouro branco ao ouro negro: as políticas públicas de preservação do patrimonio industrial da Bahia." URBANA: Revista Eletrônica do Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudos sobre a Cidade 3, no. 1 (March 14, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/urbana.v3i1.8635127.

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Este trabalho pretende esboçar um panorama das políticas públicas de preservação do patrimônio industrial promovidas pelo Governo Federal e pelos Governos Estaduais no Brasil e, mais especificamente, na Bahia, apresentando uma retrospectiva das ações governamentais voltadas à preservação do patrimônio industrial, a partir da criação do SPHAN em 1937, e analisando criticamente como o Poder Público tem se posicionado nas últimas décadas frente à degradação e às ameaças de desaparecimento de importantes exemplares do patrimônio industrial baiano, dos engenhos de açúcar – o “ouro branco” – construídos a partir do século XVI até os marcos da descoberta e do refino do petróleo – o “ouro negro” – do século XX.

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Yang, Chu Fen, Jian Wei Guo, Shi Ying Yang, and Guan Feng Wei. "Process Simulation and Optimization on Phenol Extraction for Coal-Gasification Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2349.

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Coal-gasification wastewater is an industrial toxic wastewater with high concentration of phenols. To provide process parameters for industrial practice, simulation and optimization were carried out on the phenol removal process for coal-gasification wastewater which included phenol extraction, solvent distillation and residual solvent stripping. Calculation results showed that the optimized process parameters were as the following. When solvent ratio was 1:6, after four-stage extraction by methyl isobutyl ketone, the concentration of phenols in the wastewater can be reduced to below 200mg/L from 5000mg/L. While in the solvent distillation column, to make the solvent recycling usable and cut down solvent consumption, the column stages was recommended as 15, reflux ratio R as 0.1360, and feed stage as 10. Moreover, to recover the residual solvent in the wastewater, the number of theoretical stages for the stripper was proposed as 5, and distillate rate as 2388kg/hr.

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Galanty, Agnieszka, Paweł Paśko, Irma Podolak, and Paweł Zagrodzki. "Optimization of usnic acid extraction conditions using fractional factorial design." Lichenologist 52, no. 5 (September 2020): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282920000316.

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AbstractUsnic acid is a unique lichen metabolite of industrial importance, widely studied to explore its pharmacological potential and valued especially as an antibacterial agent in cosmetics. Although a vast number of papers describe usnic acid extraction from various lichen species, none has so far provided an unequivocal indication of the best extraction procedure for this compound. Thus, the current study was focused on the direct comparison of three commonly used usnic acid extraction methods (heat reflux, shaking, ultrasound-assisted extractions), which were optimized using fractional factorial design. Heat reflux extraction, shaking extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction were first optimized in a series of experiments using fractional factorial design, with respect to three parameters: the extraction time, the solvent used and the number of extraction repetitions. HPLC was employed for usnic acid quantitative analysis. The best scores for each extraction method were statistically compared and the optimal conditions were indicated. The optimal set of parameters for usnic acid was established to be a single, 60 min heat reflux extraction with acetone. This extraction scheme provided 4.25 ±0.08 mg g−1 d.w. of usnic acid, while for ultrasound-assisted and shaking extractions the amount was two- or even four times lower (2.33 ±0.17 and 0.97 ±0.08 mg g−1 d.w., respectively). The optimal procedure for usnic acid extraction described here may be suitable for effective acquisition of this compound for scientific research purposes, but also for applications in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries.

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Wang, Er Qiang. "Simulation and Optimization of Chlorobenzene Distillation Process." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.500.

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In general, two tower process was used to purify crude chlorobenzene, of which the primary tower is to remove benzene and water, and the rectification tower to remove higher boiling components. In this paper, simulation and optimization of such two tower process were done using the rigorous distillation column simulator RadFrac in Aspen Plus. The steady-state simulation results of temperature, flowrate and compositions can agree well with that of real plant. In addition, optimized design and operating parameters, such as minimum reflux ratio, minimum number of trays, feed stage, etc, were obtained and would be very important for industrial applications.

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Torres Nebrera, Gregorio. "Imágenes fílmicas de la España del franquismo." Anales de Literatura Española, no. 21 (December 31, 2009): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/aleua.2009.21.10.

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La sociedad franquista, en los años de estabilización económica, de reflujo del campo a la ciudad y del tímido desarrollo industrial y urbanístico de las grandes capitales, se vio reflejada en diversas películas de aquellos años: tanto la ilusión de unos como la frustración de otros, el conformismo o la rebeldía se mostraron en el cine, a través de algunas cintas como las que aquí se analizan: Esa pareja feliz, de Bardem-Berlanga, Historias de la radio, de Sáenz de Heredia, Cerca de la ciudad, de Luis Lucia, Surcos, de Nieves Conde y Nueve cartas a Berta, de Martín Patino.

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Taga (Sapunaru), Olga Valerica, Claudia Irina Koncsag, Cosmin Jinescu, and Alina Monica Mares. "Simulation and Optimization of Isopropyl Lactate Manufacturing Process." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 9 (October 15, 2019): 3335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.9.7544.

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The new chemical processes are investigated in laboratory, usually in batch, with pure reactants, and specific laboratory methods applied for the purification of the products. Scaling-up processes means passing from batch to continuous process, using feed with impurificators, industrial equipment for separation and recirculation or purge for an economic operation with special care for safety and environment. This is why, following a study in laboratory for isopropyl lactate obtaining by transesterification in reactive distillation system, a flowsheet of the industrial process was proposed in this paper. Simulations of the transesterification process were performed. The purpose of these simulations has been to find the optimum solution from energy consumption point of view. Optimum parameters of the reactive distillation were found: the molar ratio isopropanol/methyl lactate R= 1.06, the number of theoretical stages in the distillation zone NTS=2.4 and the reflux ratio RR=2, in a process that produces 1.3 t/h IPL of 96% wt purity.

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Shi, Lei, Fang Feng, Wenfeng Guo, and Yan Li. "Research and Development of a Small-Scale Icing Wind Tunnel Test System for Blade Airfoil Icing Characteristics." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2021 (May 14, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5598859.

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In order to study the icing mechanism and anti-icing technology, a small low-speed reflux icing wind tunnel test system was designed and constructed. The refrigeration system and spray system were added to the small reflux low-speed wind tunnel to achieve icing meteorological conditions. In order to verify the feasibility of the test system, the flow field uniformity, temperature stability, and liquid water content distribution of the test section were tested and calibrated. On this basis, the icing tests of an aluminium cylinder, an NACA0018 airfoil, and an S809 airfoil were carried out, and the two-dimensional ice shape obtained by the test was compared with the two-dimensional ice shape obtained by the numerical simulation software. The results show that in the icing conditions and icing time studied, the parameters of the test system are stable, and the experimental ice shape is consistent with the simulated ice shape, which can meet the needs of icing research.

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Brahim, Ahmed Ould, and Souad Abderafi. "Energy Efficiency Improvement of Debutanizer Column, for NGL Separation." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 12, no. 9 (2021): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.9.1348.

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Compared to other petroleum, the natural gas combustion remains the cleanest and the one showing less CO2 emission. These reasons make the natural gas combustion one of the important issues to study. The separation of NGL is energy intensive. This operation is performed through a series of column including the debutanizer column. The present work is devoted to optimize the energy consumption at the level of the debutanizer column. The response surface technique and deploying a central composite numerical design is followed makes use of available data from a refinery. Using a multiple linear regressions, the optimization method leads us to three reliable models. Each of the three models takes as input the reflux ratio and the head pressure in order to predict the condenser heat duty, the reboiler heat duty and the purity of the produced butane. Suggested mathematical models were validated and their reliability was assessed via a set of statistical analyses. The optimization aims to simultaneously minimize the energy consumption of the condenser and reboiler, and maximize the purity of the ejected Butane. This optimization step allowed us to define the optimal values of reflux ratio and head pressure, with desirability function equal to 99 %. Under the determined optimal values, operating energy and cost of the industrial process were reduced by 38 % and 37 %, respectively, and besides, a high purity of butane was noticed reaching 99 %. From an economic point of view, separation NGL with optimal values of pressure and reflux ratio, may contribute to a decrease of CO2 emission and increases the energy efficiency.

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Yu, Bing-Sheng, Wei-Hsiang Hung, Jiann-Neng Fang, and Yu-Ting Yu. "Synthesis of Zn-Saponite Using a Microwave Circulating Reflux Method under Atmospheric Pressure." Minerals 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010045.

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Smectite is a common clay mineral in nature. Due to its tendency to swell and its strong cation exchange capacity (CEC), smectite is prevalently used in industrial and technological applications. Numerous scholars have explored smectite synthesis, which usually involves autoclaving under high pressure. However, this approach requires an array of expensive equipment, and the process consumes time and energy. This study adopted self-developed equipment to synthesize zinc saponite (Zn-saponite), a type of trioctahedral smectite, using a microwave circulating reflux method under atmospheric pressure. Compared with the conventional hydrothermal methods, the proposed method entails fewer constraints regarding the synthesis environment and can be more easily applied to large-scale synthesis. The phase purity of the synthetic product was examined using X-ray diffraction and the CEC of the product was tested. The results revealed that the microwave circulating reflux method could synthesize Zn-saponite in 16 h under atmospheric pressure, and the CEC of the product reached 120 cmol(+)/kg. In addition, the product exhibited larger basal spacing and a 32% increase in CEC compared with Zn-saponite synthesized using a hot-plate under atmospheric pressure.

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Zivic, Ljubica, and Djordje Zivic. "Changes of acoustic reflex parameters due to effect of noise." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 131, no. 9-10 (2003): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0310365z.

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Acoustic, stapedial reflex represents a response of the m. stapedius to a sonic excitation of supra speech intensity. It is the constitutive part of impendancmetric investigations, it is performed on the same apparatus after tympanometry, and it is the inseparable part in representation of impendancmetric findings. Until now, the most frequently monitored parameters of acoustic reflex of clinical importance are: threshold amplitude, output and input angle of the reflex curve. The aim of this work was to performed detailed analysis of mentioned parameters in workers exposed to extensive action of industrial noise of known physical characteristics (of different durations) and to establish which changes occurred in these workers, to what extent and under which conditions. Investigations included 173 industrial workers (346 ears), which work in working unit "Forge", where during the working process noise is produced which is above permissible limits and of the unfavorable frequency content. Workers were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of workers who were spending the whole working time in the workroom with noise above permissible limits, the second group consisted of workers who were spending 3 hours of the working time in that workroom, while the control group consisted of workers who were spending the whole working time in that workroom but they did not have any hearing impairment. Workers of the first and the second group had the hearing impairment, which occurred exclusively as a consequence of chronic acoustic trauma. For all the workers the anamnesis was taken, as well as ORL status and audiometric and impendancmetric investigations were performed, namely the tympanometry and acoustic reflex. Results have shown that the acoustic reflex threshold at 500 Hz and at 1000 Hz for the first group (95.10 dB) was increased with respect to the reflex threshold of the second and the control group (84 dB). At higher frequencies of 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz an increase of the reflex threshold was found for the first and the second group (96 dB) with respect to the control group (87 dB).The amplitude of acoustic reflex was increased at frequencies 500 Hz and 1000 Hz (3.38), with respect to the second group (2.78) and the control group (2.36), and at higher frequencies, this increase is more prominent. The input angle of the reflex curve was, for the first and the second group, within limits 41? to 50?, and for the control group was from 31? to 50?. The output angle was, at majority of ears of the first and the second group, from 26? to 35?, and for the control group it was from 16? to 35?. Acoustic reflex, as the noninvasive method, short term one, objective and simple for application, does not require collaboration of workers, what provides for objectivity of obtained results and what caused that wrongful estimations, impressions and subjective reactions of workers were avoided.

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Barbosa, Marcília Medrado, Edenio Detmann, Gabriel Cipriano Rocha, Marcia de Oliveira Franco, and Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho. "Evaluation of Laboratory Procedures to Quantify the Neutral Detergent Fiber Content in Forage, Concentrate, and Ruminant Feces." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-156.

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Abstract A comparison was made of measurements of neutral detergent fiber concentrations obtained with AOAC Method 2002.04 and modified methods using pressurized environments or direct use of industrial heat-stable α-amylase in samples of forage (n = 37), concentrate (n = 30), and ruminant feces (n = 39). The following method modifications were tested: AOAC Method 2002.04 with replacement of the reflux apparatus with an autoclave or Ankom220® extractor and F57 filter bags, and AOAC Method 2002.04 with replacement of the standardization procedures for α-amylase by a single addition of industrial α-amylase [250 μL of Termamyl 2X 240 Kilo Novo Units (KNU)-T/g] prior to heating the neutral detergent solution. For the feces and forage samples, the results obtained with the modified methods with an autoclave or modification of α-amylase use were similar to those obtained using AOAC Method 2002.04, but the use of the Ankom220 extractor resulted in overestimated values. For the concentrate samples, the modified methods using an autoclave or Ankom220 extractor resulted in positive systematic errors. However, the method using industrial α-amylase resulted in systematic error and slope bias despite that the obtained values were close to those obtained with AOAC Method 2002.04.

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Müller, Magdalena, Thomas Becker, and Martina Gastl. "Transfer of Ethanol and Aroma Compounds by Varying Specific Process Parameters in the Thermal Dealcoholisation of Beer." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071602.

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Dealcoholisation of beer has gained prominence over the last decade. A well-known procedure involves the combination of a rectification column for thermal dealcoholisation and a downstream column for aroma recovery. However, the recovery of valuable fermentation by-products is rarely performed due to limited data about the enrichment and depletion of ethanol and aromatic compounds. The influence of operating conditions on the transfer of ethanol and aroma compounds to the recovery fluid, henceforth, ‘aromawater’, has not yet been fully explored. Therefore, this study involved examining how ethanol concentration and aroma compounds in the aromawater are affected by the condenser temperature and reflux rate during thermal dealcoholisation. The aim was to obtain an aromawater having a maximum level of valuable aroma substances and a minimum level of ethanol for re-blending with non-alcoholic beer, hypothetically causing aroma intensification. An industrial system was used for sample production. Ethanol as well as higher alcohols and ester concentrations were analysed in the different material flows, and mass balances were thus compiled. Sensory analysis was performed to evaluate the beer aroma’s intensification as a sustainable industrial application. The obtained results indicate that increased condenser temperature was associated with increased aroma concentrations in the aromawater. If the temperature of the condenser’s coolant exceeded 15 °C, dealcoholisation < 0.05% abv could not be guaranteed. A higher reflux rate led to higher concentrations of fermentation by-products in the aromawater. Finally, the aroma profile of three non-alcoholic beers (0.0% abv, 0.5% abv after blending with original beer, and 0.5% abv after blending with aromawater) were evaluated. By blending, the attributes ‘estery’ and ‘flowery’ were assessed as dominant. The effect was more pronounced with aromawater than with the original beer.

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ZHANG, Yu, and Shao-hua CHEN. "Effect of Coffee on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease." Food Science and Technology Research 19, no. 1 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/fstr.19.1.

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Gozálvez Pérez, Vicente. "El Baix Vinalopó: población y protección del medio ambiente, tendencias de cambio." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 10 (December 15, 1992): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo1992.10.06.

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La comarca del Baix Vinalopó, cuya capital es la dinámica ciudad de Elche, ha experimentado cambios muy intensos durante los últimos treinta años. Aquí se analiza su población, cuya dinámica y estructura sociodemográfica son reflejo de la economía industrial de la comarca, polo de atración de una voluminosa inmigración, joven y natalista; entre 1960 y 1975 su población alcanzó las mayores tasas de crecimiento del País Valenciano. La crisis industrial posterior a 1975 corta totalmente la inmigración neta. El segundo tema tratado es la defensa del medio ambiente en los espacios litorales, pues el Baix Vinalopó tiene un rico y variado patrimonio de importancia internacional (dunas y playas; zonas húmedas litorales), que soportan una fuerte presión humana.

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Stichlmair, Johann, Hugo Offers, and Richard W. Potthoff. "Minimum reflux and minimum reboil in ternary distillation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 32, no. 10 (October 1993): 2438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00022a029.

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Chen, Jin Nan, Yu Chun Zhang, and Xing Yong Sun. "Simulation of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Production in Catalytic Distillation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.444.

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The software of the catalytic distillation process of methyl tertiary butyl ether was developed by using Process Simulation System Platform. The isobutylene conversion rate was calculated by using the catalytic distillation software. The relative error of isobutylene conversion rate between the simulation results and the design data from the China Petroleum Hohhot Petrochemical Co. was less than 5%. The relative error satisfies industrial design requirements. At present, enterprise workers use this software to learn how to operate the catalytic distillation process. The catalytic distillation software is further used to study the influence of reaction temperature and reflux ratio on the isobutylene conversion rate which can be used for future empirical model development and control studies.

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Kowalczuk, Przemyslaw, Hassan Bouzahzah, Rolf Kleiv, and Kurt Aasly. "Simultaneous Leaching of Seafloor Massive Sulfides and Polymetallic Nodules." Minerals 9, no. 8 (August 10, 2019): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9080482.

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Simultaneous leaching of seafloor massive sulfides (SMS) from Loki’s Castle on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR) and polymetallic nodules (PN) from Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) of the Central Pacific Ocean was studied. Leaching tests were conducted using sulfuric acid and sodium chloride, at a temperature of 80 °C for 48 h under reflux. The effect of PN-to-SMS ratio was examined. It was shown that simultaneous leaching of two different types of marine resources was possible resulting in high dissolution rates of metals. The proposed process has many advantages as it does not require pyrometallurgical pretreatment, and yields solid products (i.e., silica, barite, elemental sulfur, albite, microcline, muscovite), which might be utilized for various industrial applications.

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Zheng, H. Y., G. K. L. Ng, Z. L. Li, and X. C. Wang. "Laser surface micro-engineering for industrial applications in Singapore." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 5 (February 12, 2010): 1129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1873.

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Some recent research in laser-induced surface ripple structures, surface ablation, surface colouration, and their potential industrial applications are discussed in this article. Both wavelength and sub-wavelength periodic surface structures were observed on semiconductors such as InP and GaN/sapphire surfaces after irradiation of femtosecond laser pulses. The orientation of the periodic structures was dependant on the laser beam polarization, and the period was dependent on the incident laser fluence. Such surface periodic structures may find applications in controlling surface hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. Excimer laser ablation of epoxy compounds from wafer level chip size packages was found to be a feasible method to expose the micron-size Au bumps for solder reflow, which is a critical process in manufacturing portable electronic products. Studies on controlled surface oxidation by laser pulses showed that a range of colours can be achieved on a stainless steel surface. Selective Cr oxidation and iron oxides were detected. The appearance of colour is the result of the light constructive interference of the transparent oxide layer and is determined by the oxide thickness and the refractive index. The potential industrial applications of the techniques are discussed.

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Oikión Solano, Veronica. "José Óscar Ávila Juárez, Acero. Nacionalismo y neoliberalismo en México. Historia de la Siderúrgica Lázaro Cárdenas-Las Truchas, s.a., México, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 2011, 446 p., cuadros, gráficas y mapas." Relaciones Estudios de Historia y Sociedad 34, no. 135 (June 21, 2013): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24901/rehs.v34i135.172.

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La obra fue elaborada mediante una combinación de enfoques de la historia de las empresas y de la historia empresarial, a través de las cuales el autor ha puesto atención preferencial a la revisión histórica del desempeño, la lógica y las estrategias de ciertos empresarios innovadores y de grupos de empresarios de vanguardia, así como al análisis de los cambios industriales que son parte y reflejo de las transformaciones económicas y sociales del país en su conjunto.

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Stevenson, Paul, and Graeme J. Jameson. "Modelling continuous foam fractionation with reflux." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 46, no. 12 (December 2007): 1286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2006.10.010.

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Zivic, Ljubica, Snezana Ignjatovic, Negra Terzic, Vladimir Jakovljevic, Danijela Zivic, and Nela Djonovic. "Comparative analysis of audiometric and impedancemetric findings in workers exposed to the effects of various duration industrial noise." Vojnosanitetski pregled 67, no. 3 (2010): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1003229z.

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Background/Aim. Industrial noise is produced in workshops due to factory machinery and tools used in technological processes. It has detrimental effect to primarily the organ of the sense of hearing, thus damaging hearing in oversensitive subjects. The aim of the study was to perform a detailed analysis of audiometric and, especially, impedancemetric parameters in workers exposed to the effects of industrial noise of various duration, as well as to determine similarities and differences in workers with differences in sensitivity to damaging effects of noise. Methods. The study included a homogenous group of 173 industrial workers involved in the same department of a huge workshop named 'Kovacica' exposed to noise level above a threshold intensity, and divided into three groups: the group I of 116 workers (232 ears) exposed to noise for 8 h in the workshop 'Kovacica', the group II of 41 workers (82 ears) exposed to noise only half of the working time, and the group III of 16 workers (32 ears) exposed to the same conditions and having the normal hearing sense. The group III served as a control group. Prior to the study any workers went through a thorough anamnesis and complete ORL examination, and then they were submitted to audiometric testing. The study included only the workers with no hearing damage due to diseases, injuries nor other detrimental factors in order to be sure that the hearing findings had been caused by industrial noise. Results. The results obtained by audiometric testing showed that 90.75% of the workers had hearing damage of various degrees, while 9.25 % of the workers had regular hearing although had been exposed to the same conditions. More severe hearing damage was revealed in the workers of the group I. Tympanometricly, in most ears of the group I workers (65.52%) a compliance value was found to be more than 0.9 cm3, while in the majority of those of the group II (59.75%) a compliance value was in the range from 0.5 to 0.9 cm3. In the workers of the group III with no hearing damage, a compliance value for any ears was in the range from 0.1 to 0.9 cm3. Mean value of threshold reflex (98.56 dB) at 500 Hz and 1 000 Hz in the group I was increased as compared with the group II (95.6 dB) and the group III (84.38 dB). At higher frequencies, 2 000 and 4 000 Hz, threshold reflex was increased in the group I (99.05 dB), and in the group II (97.6 dB) as compared with the group III (86.4 dB). The amplitude of stapedic reflex was lowest in the group I, while mean values of amplitude at 500, 1 000, 2 000 and at 4 000 Hz were 2.31, 1.38, 1 and 0.3, respectively. In the group II mean values of amplitude at 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 4 000 Hz were 2.52, 1.80, 1.30 and 0.5, respectively. In the group III mean values of amplitude at 500, 1 000, 2 000 and at 4 000 Hz were 2.36, 2.45, 2.5 and 2.08, respectively. By measuring input (rising) and output angles it was revealed that most ears of the workers in the groups I and II had rising angle ranging from 41 to 50o, and in the workers with no hearing loss from 31 to 50o. In the majority of the ears of the groups I and II outlet angle was in the range from 16 to 35o, and in the workers with no hearing damage from 26 to 35o. Conclusion. By audiometric and impedancemetric examinations it was determined that for the sense of hearing it is significant not only a threshold hearing expressed in the audiometric curve at various frequencies, but also a threshold of unpleasantness and pain under higher intensities shown by the occurrence of stapedic reflex. The less hearing field between threshold hearing and threshold acoustic reflex is, the less capabilities of hearing perception due to the occurrence of recruitment.

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Luyben, William L. "Unusual Control Structure for High Reflux Ratio Distillation Columns." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, no. 24 (December 16, 2009): 11048–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie9010589.

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Souidi, N., and A. Bontemps. "Reflux condensation in narrow rectangular channels with perforated fins." Applied Thermal Engineering 23, no. 7 (May 2003): 871–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-4311(03)00021-8.

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39

Bai, Ziyang, Hongfang Ma, Haitao Zhang, Weiyong Ying, and Dingye Fang. "Process simulation of dimethyl ether synthesis via methanol vapor phase dehydration." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2013-0034.

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The production processes included catalytic dehydration of methanol in an adiabatic fixed-bed reactor and two columns product separations. In this study, the technological process for dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis is built on PRO/II platform based on the combined parameters of the reaction dynamic model for methanol dehydration reaction, the improved NRTL model of the liquid phase, the PR model of vapor phase. In order to validate the proposed model, the simulation results have been compared with the available data from a set of industrial production equipment with a production capacity of 200 000 tonnes per annum. A comparison between the calculated and measured results has proved that these results are satisfactory. The bed height and the volume of the catalytic bed are calculated aim at one million t/a DME yields and while taking account of high-purity DME production. After discussing the influence of feed stage location and reflux ratio for DME product purity, the suitable unit operation conditions are chosen. Accordingly, accurate process simulation results provide the basis and guidance for an improvement and development of the similar industrial device.

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Ferreira, Newton Libanio, Bruno Perri Hochheim, Felipe Miranda de Oliveira Lourenço, Camilla Fernandes De Oliveira, Airine Talita Lima Silva, and Tassiane Mariano Silva. "COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE OS TRATAMENTOS POR ESGOTAMENTO E MEMBRANA PARA A ÁGUA ÁCIDA PROVENIENTE DE REFINARIA DE PETRÓLEO." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 0143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl4iss1pp0143-0152.

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As refinarias de petróleo apresentam uma grande importância no mercado mundial e tem como função realizar o refino de óleo cru extraído do solo, transformando-o em diversos subprodutos derivados tais como gasolina, querosene, GLP e óleo diesel. Para certas etapas do procedimento de refino, a água é um importante recurso na purificação desses produtos. No entanto, após sua utilização, a água contaminada por resíduos tóxicos, chamada de “água ácida” numa tradução livre do inglês sour water, necessita de tratamento para descarte no meio ambiente ou para ser reutilizada no processo de refino. Para evitar riscos ambientais e industriais relacionados à sua contaminação, as refinarias buscam solucionar esse problema, que é analisado de várias maneiras. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar e comparar duas alternativas de tratamento da água ácida: tratamento por esgotamento a vapor e separação por osmose reversa. Foi utilizado o software ASPEN PLUSÒ para modelagem e análise dos processos. A modelagem incluiu a caracterização da água ácida e a escolha do modelo termodinâmico adequado à representação do equilíbrio de fases e demais propriedades físico-químicas necessárias. Os resultados confirmam que o processo de tratamento da água ácida por esgotamento é o mais adequado.Petroleum refineries have a large importance in world business. Their main function is to refine crude oil, converting it to several products such as gasoline, diesel oil, LPG and fuel oil. In refinery operations, water is an important source of purification of the crude oil. However, after being used the water becomes contaminated by toxic residues that are dangerous to the environment if disposed incorrectly. Another option is purifying the water so that can be used again in other refining operation. For this alternative the contaminated water is referred as ‘’sour water’’. To avoid environmental and industrial risks related to its use, the refineries seek for a solution to their problem by applying the effluent treatment. In this scenario, the industries use modeling software to evaluate the benefit to cost ratio for the treatment of sour water. Lastly, this work has the objective of evaluating and comparing alternative processes such as stripping and membrane treatment, by formulating mathematical models that are going to be simulated by software used by Chemical Engineers, called ASPEN PLUSÒ , and an analysis of its preliminary cost.

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Shaykhlislamova, E., D. Vagapova, S. Churmantayeva, and A. Berg. "Assessment of vertebral pathology of drivers of vehicles of industrial enterprises." Terapevt (General Physician), no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-12-2002-01.

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One of the many professional groups employed in many sectors of the economy is truck drivers, whose work is characterized by a complex of adverse production factors, of which physical activity, vibration, adverse microclimate, intensity of work, as a rule, are the main reasons for the formation of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, including vertebrogenic pathology. According to the results of a polyclinic examination of male truck drivers employed at industrial enterprises of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 73.8 % have vertebral diseases of the cervical spine (cervicalgia/cervicobrachialgia) and 89.2 %. — of the lumbosacral one (lumbalgia/ lumbar ischialgia, radiculopathy). An increase in the length of service negatively affects the course of the disease, leading to an increase in the neurological deficit from the reflex stage in the group of people with a work experience of up to 9 years to the compression-radicular stage with an experience of more than 20 years. The data presented indicate the need to develop a set of targeted measures of sanitary-hygienic and medical-rehabilitation nature.

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Tian, Ye, Justin Chow, Xi Liu, and Suresh K. Sitaraman. "The size effect on intermetallic microstructure evolution of critical solder joints for flip chip assemblies." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 27, no. 4 (September 7, 2015): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssmt-10-2014-0020.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the intermetallic compound (IMC) thickness, composition and morphology in 100-μm pitch and 200-μm pitch Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC305) flip-chip assemblies after bump reflow and assembly reflow. In particular, emphasis is placed on the effect of solder joint size on the interfacial IMCs between metal pads and solder matrix. Design/methodology/approach – This work uses 100-μm pitch and 200-μm pitch silicon flip chips with nickel (Ni) pads and stand-off height of approximately 45 and 90 μm, respectively, assembled on substrates with copper (Cu) pads. The IMCs evolution in solder joints was investigated during reflow by using 100- and 200-μm pitch flip-chip assemblies. Findings – After bump reflow, the joints size controls the IMC composition and dominant IMC type as well as IMC thickness and also influences the dominant IMC morphology. After assembly reflow, the cross-reaction of the pad metallurgies promotes the dominant IMC transformation and shape coarsened on the Ni pad interface for smaller joints and promotes a great number of new dominate IMC growth on the Ni pad interface in larger joints. On the Cu pad interface, many small voids formed in the IMC in larger joints, but were not observed in smaller joints, combined with the drawing of the IMC growth process. Originality/value – With continued advances in microelectronics, it is anticipated that next-generation microelectronic assemblies will require a reduction of the flip-chip solder bump pitch to 100 μm or less from the current industrial practice of 130 to150 μm. This work shows that as the packaging size reduced with the solder joint interconnection, the solder size becomes an important factor in the intermetallic composition as well as morphology and thickness after reflow.

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Roebiakto, Erfan, Noor Hikmah Damayanti, Neni Oktiyani, and Nurlailah Nurlailah. "Utilization of Activated Corn Cob (Zea Mays) as an Improved Adsorbent for Reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Value from Waste of the Sasirangan Industry." Medical Laboratory Technology Journal 7, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/mltj.v7i1.351.

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Liquid waste from sasirangan industrial activities has a high enough Chemical Oxygen Demand pollutant power; if it is directly discharged into water bodies, it can damage the environment and harm health. One of the first processes needs to be done by using activated corn cobs (Zea mays). This study aims to analyze the ability of corn cobs charcoal to reduce levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand and increase the pH of sasirangan waste so that the results of this study can be an alternative to natural-based sasirangan waste treatment. This type of research is a pure experiment with a research design in One Group Pretest Postest Design. The research material used was sasirangan industrial waste in Manarap Village, Kertak Hanyar District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Chemical Oxygen Demand levels were determined by the closed reflux titrimetry method. The results showed that the addition of the highest dose of activated corncob charcoal (50 g) reduced the largest turbidity by 35 percent, increased the pH by 72 percent, and reduced the color intensity by 33 percent. The conclusion is that the addition of corncob-activated charcoal at a dose of 30gr, 40gr, 50gr can reduce levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand, respectively, namely 24 percent, 35 percent, and 33 percent. An increase in pH was found at the same dose of 46 percent, 62 percent, and 72 percent, respectively. There is an effect of increasing the mass of activated charcoal from corn cobs on the Chemical Oxygen Demand levels in the sasirangan industrial waste with a significance value of 0.007. It is suggested to use corn cobs-activated charcoal for the pretreatment stage of sasirangan industrial waste treatment.

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Severian, Danilo. "COMPORTAMENTO TERRITORIAL DA INDÚSTRIA NO PERÍODO 2010-2018: AUGE E REFLUXO DAS AGLOMERAÇÕES INDUSTRIAIS RELEVANTES E POTENCIAIS." Livros, Brasil, Brasis (July 22, 2021): 419–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38116/978-65-5635-020-2/cap10.

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Rodriguez, Gary P., and Kenneth J. Gerhardt. "Adaptation Properties of the Acoustic Reflex in Response to Continuous-, Intermittent- and Industrial-Noise Stimulation." International Journal of Audiology 27, no. 6 (January 1988): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00206098809081605.

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46

Altamirano, Graziella. "Reseña del libro: Juan Brittingham y la industria en México, 1859-1940, Barragán, Juan Ignacio ; Cerutti, Mario." Secuencia, no. 37 (January 1, 1997): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.18234/secuencia.v0i37.571.

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<p>A través de una abundante cantidad de mate riales del archivo personal de Brittingham, más de 60 000 documentos fechados entre 1893 y 1940, se analiza la figura de este industrial norteño, cuyos negocios fueron reflejo del proceso de conformación de un eje empresarial que tuvo en la comarca lagunera su principal eslabón. Se estudia la trayectoria personal, profesional, sus motivos, sus hábitos y la filosofía de su trabajo. Este libro contribuye al estudio del noroeste atendiendo a los detalles, los ritmos y las características de actividades económicas regionales.</p>

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Botelho Videla, Ana Neuza. "O Design e seus desafios." Projetica 9, no. 2Supl (November 12, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/2236-2207.2018v9n2suplp43.

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A proposta dessa comunicação é refletir sobre as questões que permeiam a constituição do design como um processo social e suas consequências para a forma em que vivemos. A partir do século XVIII, com a Revolução Industrial, aconteceram transformações marcantes para a história da humanidade. Como o design despontou a partir desses acontecimentos, seu surgimento está, portanto, relacionado a um determinado estágio da história do capitalismo e teve um papel fundamental na criação da riqueza industrial. No entanto, com o decorrer do tempo, a atuação da disciplina foi ampliada, ou seja, o design deixou de se ocupar com a aparência das coisas projetadas por engenheiros e cientistas, passando a atuar em outros universos, tais como: cidades, paisagens, nações, corpos, genes, e conforme Latour vai defender, até mesmo na própria natureza. Como reflexo dessa ampliação do design, observa-se mudanças na forma como interagimos com os objetos.

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Deng, Ren Jian, Jin Song Zhang, Zhi Jun Qu, and Wei Lu. "Study on the Enhanced Bio-Denitrification in a Full-Scale WWTP with MSBR Process." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1551.

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According to the situation that the N and P indexes in the MSBR process of municipal wastewater treatment plant can’t meet the I-A wastewater discharge standards of China, the optimized operation parameters were put forward, including improving the sludge within the reflux ratio, opening the return ratio, increasing SBR hypoxia anoxic mixing time, controlling of dissolved oxygen in the aerobic tank,and so on. Through industrial experimentation, the effects of enhanced bio-denitrification were also discussed. The experiment results show that the wastewater treatment plant with 7-tank process of MSBR will meet the I-A wastewater discharge standards of China of the N concentration in effluent through enhanced bio-denitrificaion, but it have bad impact on the TP removal, then through chemical dephosphorization in advanced treatment the effluent water quality will satisfy the I-A wastewater discharge standards of China entirely.

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Wang, Ya Qi, Zhen Feng Wu, Ji Ping Lan, and Ming Yang. "Vacuum Assisted Extraction of Indirubin from Radix isatidis through Orthogonal Test Method." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1174.

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A new vacuum assisted extraction (VAE) method was established and applied for the extraction of indirubin from Radix Isatidis. The major factors of VAE process such as boiling temperature, ethanol level, extraction time and extraction cycles, which have influence on the extraction yield of indirubin were tested by an orthogonal array L9 (34).The results show that the optimum extraction conditions are ethanol level 40% (v/v), boiling temperature 60 °C, extraction time 3 h and extraction 3 cycles. Under these conditions the extraction efficiency of indirubin reaches 1.091 mg/g, which is 30% higher than that by conventional heat reflux extraction at atmospheric pressure. The present results demonstrated that VAE is an efficient, simple and fast method for extracting indirubin from Radix Isatidis, which shows great potential for becoming an alternative technique for industrial scale-up applications.

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López Mas, Julio. "La Gran Industria Capitalista y el Mercado Interno." Allpanchis 11, no. 13 (October 9, 2020): 144–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36901/allpanchis.v11i13.1116.

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El crecimiento de la actividad industrial urbana se percibe en primer lugar por su participación en el Producto Nacional Bruto (PNB). Los primeros datos de confianza nos señalan una participación del 13 0/0 del PNB para la industria en 1942, 21 años más tarde 17.6 0/0. Es importante señalar que mientras la participación de la agricultura es descendente, la de la industria progresa. Lo mismo sucede en la distribución económicamente activa. El auge de la industria es el reflejo de la ampliación del mercado interno pero a su vez favoreció del valor de las exposiciones.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Refluo industriale'

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