Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reformage'
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Caudal, Jean. "Simulation numérique du reformage autothermique du méthane." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862538.
Full textJankhah, Sepideh. "Reformage de l'éthanol au dioxyde de carbone." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1386.
Full textRakib, Abdelmajid. "Valorisation du méthane en hydrogène par reformage catalytique." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828240.
Full textVozniuk, Olena. "L’APPROCHE PAR CYCLE REDOX AU REFORMAGE DES BIOALCOOLS." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENCM0002.
Full textThe current research is focused on the study and evaluation of a new process for the hydrogen generation. Nowadays, hydrogen production is mainly based on the reforming of natural gas or naphtha. Less energy intensive and more sustainable processes for hydrogen production are appealing for both industry and consumer applications. A highly attractive route is steam reforming of bio-alcohols, in principle CO2 neutral. Costly separation processes can be avoided by splitting the process into two alternated steps (chemical-loop reforming), in the aim of achieving two separate streams of H2 and COx. Moreover, an additional advantage in terms of sustainability is the use of bio-ethanol as the source of hydrogen, instead of natural gas.The main principle of the thermochemical-loop cycle is that an oxygen-storage material is first reduced by an ethanol stream, and then re-oxidized by water, in order to produce hydrogen and restore the original oxidation state of the looping-material.The initial task of the project was to define conditions and materials that may lead to an optimized process, allowing producing a hydrogen stream that does not require any additional purification or separation treatment. Different M-modified spinel-type mixed oxides: TYPE I – MFe2O4 and TYPE II – M0.6Fe2.4Oy viz. modified ferrospinels (where M=Cu, Co, Mn, Mg, Ca and Cu/Co, Cu/Mn, Co/Mn), as potentially attractive ionic oxygen and electron carrier looping materials, were prepared via co-precipitation method and tested in terms of both redox properties and catalytic activity to generate hydrogen by oxidation with steam, after a reductive step carried out with ethanol. Particularly, the focus on the reactivity behaviour of binary/ternary materials explained by their ability to form thermodynamically stable spinel oxides which allow us to re-obtain the initial spinel phase upon cycling and in turn increase the stability of looping material itself. In addition, the research includes in-situ DRIFTS and in-situ XPS studies that allowed to extract information at molecular level and to follow surface changes within the reduction/re-oxidation processes during ethanol chemical-loop reforming. Bulk characterizations have been done using XRD, TPR/O, TEM/SEM/EDS, Magnetic measurements and Raman/Mössbauer spectroscopic techniques. Moreover, a modification of the conventional CLR process with an addition of the 3rd regeneration step (carried out with air) was done in order to increase the stability of the looping material and to overcome the deactivation problems, such as: a coke deposition/accumulation and an incomplete re-oxidation of M0 during the 2nd step
Ambroise, Emmanuelle. "Production embarquée d’hydrogène par reformage catalytique des hydrocarbures." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/AMBROISE_Emmanuelle_2010.pdf.
Full textIsooctane reforming under conditions which are set by exhaust gas can be performed on to generate hydrogen onboard. Isooctane reforming thermodynamic simulations have proven the possibility to produce a 10-15 % H2 effluent, according to internal combustion engine conditions. Based upon these conditions, reactivity tests on reforming of isooctane have been performed with bimetallic catalysts Co-noble metal/ceria-zirconia. Variable activity of noble metals doped catalysts, depending on the nature of the noble metal (Rh, Ru, Pd, Pt), its loading, and affected by the activation process, is discussed, as the ceria/zirconia ratio and praseodymium doping on catalytic activity and stability. Cobalt speciation has been studied by various characterization techniques, allowing to define an optimal content of inserted cobalt in the mixed oxide structure, enhancing redox properties of the catalyst. The most efficient catalyst for hydrogen production was evaluated in various reactions occurring during isooctane reforming (dry reforming, partial oxidation, steam reforming), allowing to propose a reaction mechanism. The support (a ceria-zirconia based mixed oxide) with acidic and redox properties acts to break isooctane molecule into isobutene through dehydrogenating cracking (acid site) and activate water (vacancy, redox site). The noble metal performs isobutene reforming. The strong metal-support interaction provides a good lifetime to the catalytic system
Rijo, Gomes Sérgio. "Production d'hydrogène par reformage dans la boucle EGR." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Rijo-Gomes-Sergio/2010-Rijo-Gomes-Sergio-These.pdf.
Full textThis research work is devoted to the study of catalytic reforming of exhaust gas recirculation (REGR) for gasoline engines. The aim of this technology is to improve fuel economy and to reduce pollutant emissions, keeping practically the same engine. A lot of catalysts, containing 1wt% of Rh, supported on alumina doped by ceria, Al(Cex) and/or baryum, AlBa(Cex) or on zirconia doped by rare earth oxides ZLNY(Cex), were characterized and evaluated in REGR conditions for high (580°C) and l ow (450°C) temperatures. The Rh(1wt%)/ZLNY(Cex) catalysts present the best activity and/or stability, the Rh(1wt%)/ZLNY catalyst being the most selective for hydrogen production. From the best catalytic formulation, two fundamental studies were carried out in REGR conditions in order to understand the role of the co-reactants and the surface species on the catalyst performance and deactivation, and to determine the reaction scheme for the main reactions (steam reforming, dry reforming and methane formation)
BOURGES, PATRICK. "Etude du vieillissement d'un catalyseur bimetallique de reformage." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR13073.
Full textWedraogo, Tarsida Nicolas. "Valorisation du biogaz par purification et par reformage." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0190/document.
Full textThe present work is focused on biogas valorization. Two innovative processes were investigated in order to obtain bio-methane. The first one is CO2 absorption into an emulsion where some organic phases are responsible for an improvement of the mass transfer. Among the product tested, octanol and toluene proved to be efficient for carbon dioxide absorption even if the liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficient did not show important variations. Experiments showed that according to the interfacial properties of the system, the dispersed phase can spread over the gas bubbles and be involved in the transfer directly. The second process considered is a micro-structured device displaying excellent mass transfer characteristics. Initially designed for the mixing of fluids, the IMM Caterpillar micro-mixer, proved to be an efficient absorption device with liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficients up to 0.5 s-1The second option is the production of syngas by direct reforming of the biogas. The dry methane reforming was extensively studied during the past few years since it can convert two greenhouse gases into valuable products for the chemical industries. A 1 mm side square channel reactor was designed in order to investigate the reaction. Results showed that a total reactant conversion could be achieved with a minimum temperature of 700°C and a maximum volumetric flowrate of 45 mL/min. The influence of feed composition was also assessed: a stoichiometric ratio is ideal for the reaction
Wei, Yaqian. "Production d'hydrogène à basse température par reformage à sec et reformage oxydant du méthane sur divers catalyseurs à base de nickel." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECLI0033/document.
Full textIn order to develop a sustainable hydrogen economy, it is desirable to produce hydrogen from biogas (CH4 and CO2) or greenhouses gases (GHG). Dry reforming (DRM) and oxidative dry reforming of methane (ODRM) are promising routes to produce H2 and CO from GHG and have received much attention due environment concerns. Herein, these reactions were studied at low temperatures (600 -700 °C) over CeNiX(AlZ)OY, NiXMg2AlOY mixed oxides and Ni/SBA-15 supported catalysts. Various physico-chemical techniques were employed to characterize the catalysts, such as XRD, XPS, H2-TPR and Raman. The influences of different parameters were examined, such as reaction temperature, pretreatment in H2, Ni content, mass of catalyst and reactants concentration, in particular, at 600°C in harsh conditions (feed gases without dilution) on low mass of catalyst (10 mg). The best catalytic activity and selectivity are obtained on partially reduced catalysts at appropriate temperature. The addition of O2 increases CH4 conversion but decreases CO2 conversion, and O2/CH4 = 0.3 could be the optimized condition due to high activity, selectivity and low carbon formation. Finally, an active site involving Ni species in close interactions with other cations is proposed. It is related to a partially reduced catalyst involving anionic vacancies, O2- species, and cations, which is formed during the in situ H2 treatment or CH4 flow
Cochegrue, Hélène. "Modélisation cinétique du reformage catalytique sur catalyseur Pt-Sn/Al2O3." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2262.
Full textPacheco, Sandoval Leonardo Esteban. "Production d'hydrogène par vapo-reformage de méthanol : intensification des transferts." Nantes, 2012. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=585bbe7d-5a79-4d63-99aa-19d5101658b3.
Full textThe aim of this numerical work is to study the influence of flow turbulence (offset OSF fins coated with CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst) on the conversion rate of methanol and also on the selectivity of this catalytic reaction. A thorough literature search of methanol steam reforming permitted retaining for this work the kinetic model developed by Peppley (1997) based on the SRM, WGS and methanol decomposition equations. A one-dimensional reactor approach allowed validating the kinetic model using the experimental results from literature for different operational conditions. A sensitivity study to the significant parameter of the process (temperature, pressure, H2O/CH3OH ratio, etc. ) is then carried out. A two-dimensional approach revealed the influence of reactor geometry and catalyst as well as the existence of certain regions in the reactor which favorise certain reactions (sometimes coupled) in steam reforming of methanol. Finally the effects of turbulence generators on the conversion rate of methanol and the selectivity of the catalytic reaction was investigated. Two aspects were specifically studied: “flow” and “reactive surface distribution”. A reactor composed of catalyst coated inserts (offset fins) is compared with a duct flow, and promising numerical results are obtained
Luneau, Mathilde. "Reformage autotherme de biogaz modèle sur des catalyseurs au nickel." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1129/document.
Full textHydrogen is expected to play an increasingly important role in the energy sector in the years to come. Nowadays, hydrogen is mainly produced from fossil fuels. The extensive use of fossil fuels is unsustainable and therefore, hydrogen production from renewable sources is of great interests. Autothermal reforming of biogas, a renewable source of methane, was studied over nickel catalysts at 700°C and at atmospheric pressure. This study focused on model biogas composed of 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide, reacting with oxygen and steam respecting the composition: 42% H2O, 14% CH4, 9% CO2, 7% O2 diluted in argon. First and foremost, a screening of different catalyst compositions was carried out with a six parallel-flow reactor set-up. This high-throughput technology showed that a NiRh bimetallic catalyst supported on magnesium spinel was active and very stable, still fully converting methane after 200 hours of reaction. On the other hand, its noble-metal free equivalent deactivated after only 2 hours. Our study showed that deactivation was caused by the formation of nickel spinel NiAl2O4. Its formation is a consequence of the exothermicity of the combustion reaction taking place at the catalyst inlet. The high temperatures induce a disorder in the crystal structure of the support and, in presence of NiO, Ni2+ ions can then diffuse into the vacancies of the support. The inactive NiAl2O4 phase is formed. Finally, a kinetic study was performed on structured catalysts. A kinetic model was developed, which also allowed the description of the deactivation profile caused by the loss of active sites
Carnevillier, Christelle. "Modification de catalyseurs de reformage platine-iridium/alumine par ajout d'étain introduit par réaction d'oxydo-réduction de surface." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2307.
Full textSun, Qing. "Reformage et synthèse des diméthoxyméthane et diméthyléther pour la production d'hydrogène." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169771.
Full textSun, Qing. "Reformage et synthèse des diméthoxyméthane et diméthyléther pour la production d’hydrogène." Lyon 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/16/97/71/PDF/Thesis_Qing_Sun_print_2007-07-20.pdf.
Full textThis work is related to the subject "Clean Energy". Dimethoxymethane (DMM) is a suitable H2 storage material for mobile application due to its high H2 content and non-toxicity. It was found that DMM can be 100% reformed to produce H2 on a complex catalyst composed of an acid component such as Nb2O5 or niobium phosphate (NbP) combined with CuZnO/Al2O3 catalyst. Moreover, V2O5/NbP and V2O5-TiO2-SO42- catalysts were prepared and evaluated in the reaction of selective oxidation of methanol to DMM. The surface acidic and redox properties of V2O5-TiO2-SO42-were correlated to the reactive performance of the catalysts. The adsorption properties of Nb2O5 and NbP used in methanol dehydration reaction were also studied
Sun, Qing Auroux Aline Shen Jianyi. "Reformage et synthèse des diméthoxyméthane et diméthyléther pour la production d'hydrogène." [s.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/16/97/71/PDF/Thesis_Qing_Sun_print_2007-07-20.pdf.
Full textThèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Thèse en anglais. Seuls les résumés sont en chinois, anglais et français. Titre provenant de l'écran titre. Bibliogr. p. 113-114.
Phung, Ngoc Bo. "Quasicristaux : précurseurs de catalyseurs pour le reformage et pour l'hydrogénation sélective." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10276.
Full textThe metallic alloys based on aluminium and transition metals (Cu, Fe, Co and Ni) with quasicrystalline (QC) or non crystalline structure were prepared by atomization at St. Gobain CREE and used as catalyst precursors. The initial structure and structure modification under reductive atmosphere of these alloys were characterized by in situ XRD, high resolution TEM and SEM. For catalytic applications, and by analogy with Raney nickel, these alloys were treated by NaOH alkaline solution, the resulting solids presented a specific area in the range of 40-50m2/g. Catalytic properties were studied for 3 catalytic reactions: methanol steam reforming, ethanol steam reforming, and crotonaldehyde hydrogenation. Ni, Cu, Rh catalysts supported and Raney nickel were used as references. Catalysts prepared from QC are lightly more active than those prepared from non QC and always higher than reference catalysts. In general, the catalysts based on Fe are not adapted for these three reactions, but those based on Cu are very active and selective in hydrogen for the methanol steam reforming reaction, nevertheless those based on Ni are the promising catalysts for ethanol steam reforming reaction and hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde. So, QC systems are good catalyst precursors for hydrogenation and hydrogen production
Rollier, Jean-Damien. "Étude théorique et expérimentale du reformage d'essence assisté par plasma hors équilibre." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00678639.
Full textPaquet, Antonin. "Reformage de gaz de synthèse primaire produit par gazéification de biomasse hétérogène." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5523.
Full textJankhah, Sepideh. "Reformage de l'éthanol au dioxyde de carbone Ethanol reforming with carbon dioxide /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007.
Find full textVargas, Saenz Julio Cesar. "Vaporéformage du bioethanol en hydrogène sur catalyseurs oxydes mixtes Ce-Zr-Co." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13218.
Full textHafsaoui, Julien. "Membrane duale de reformage et de filtration pour la production d'hydrogène par réaction de craquage de méthane." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00425050.
Full textIn a context of rarefaction and increasing of prices of fossil energetic resources, it is necessary to diversify the energetic offer. Hydrogen seems to be one of the most promising vectors, although technological matters associated to its production slow down its development. In this context, the present work aims at elaborating a system able to produce pure hydrogen from hydrocarbon, and in particularly from methane. It is constituted of three membranes, which specific roles are reforming, separation and retitution of molecular hydrogen. The first membrane is porous and is made of a cermet BaCe0. 85Y0. 15O3-α / nickel. The second one is dense and is elaborated either simply from BaCe0. 85Y0. 15O3-α, or from the same cermet as the first membrane, depending whether the system operates in a galvanic or in a non-galvanic mode. The last one is of the same nature and morphology as the first one. The three membranes are fabricated and coupled one with the others by the process called co-tape-casting in organic solvent followed by a step of co-sintering. More precisely, on the free surface of the first membrane a layer of a mixture of powders Xj / Ni, where Xj and Ni are respectively the support and the catalyst for methane cracking reaction (Xj = CeO2, Silica, Nanodiamonds, zeolithes,…), is deposited via a humid route. Then, by feeding with methane this system, with for example the presence of the highly efficient couple CeO2/Ni, the production of hydrogen is made possible and deposited carbon atoms form nanotubes with Ni particles at their tops, which are then always in the methane flux, and which then do not suffer from deactivation. Hydrogen enters then in the porosity of the first membrane where it is oxidized when meeting with triple phases boundaries. In a non-galvanic system, protons and electrons can go through the second membrane, following the percolating proton and ion conducting paths, to reach the third membrane. In a galvanic system, electrons are transported toward the third membrane via an external circuit, which imposes a voltage. At the third membrane triple phase boundaries, electrons and protons recombine to form pure molecular hydrogen. These two systems galvanic and non galvanic have been designed and fabricated, and the motivation that has led to the choice of the materials used was given at each step of the process. Thanks to the comprehension of the different phenomena taking place during operating conditions, a rather optimized process leading to a system of production and purification of hydrogen was realized. Finally, a numeric model was developed, in order to tailor the influence of all the different parameters that may influence the performances of the object
Bali, Amine. "Reformage des huiles pyrolytiques sur un catalyseur fait d'un résidu minier fonctionnalisé au nickel." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11583.
Full textAbstract : Currently the production of pyrolysis oil (or bio-oil) is intended to be transformed to transportation fuel. However, the produced liquid is of bad quality and it needs a hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process which is very expensive and lot of energy is consumed to obtain a final product with the right fuel specifications. One of the ideas proposed, more economical, consists on producing renewable biosyngas (CO+H2) or biohydrogen from biooil by steam reforming (SR). This master project study the steam reforming of two bio-oils (MemU and WOU) without external steam addition over a new nickel based catalyst, Ni-UGSO, developed by the GRTP-C from the mining residue UGSO. The reforming tests were carried out at atmospheric pressure in a differential reactor during 500 min varying the temperature (750- 850 °C) and the weigh hourly space velocity (WHSV= 1.7-7.1 g/gcat/h), a long term test of 105h was also performed. In addition, Supplementary tests were done with a commercial catalyst in order of comparison plus one regenerability test. The catalyst characterization was done by XRD, FEG-SEM, BET and TPR. Test results of bio-oil MemU SR at 750-850 °C and WHSV ~ 1.8 g/gcat/h show a good production of biosyngas with a concentration range of 90-95% and a H2 selectivity of 80- 95%. The SR of bio-oil WOU in the same conditions resulted in less biosyngas and H2 produced because of high water content in the bio-oil. The catalyst was active for the whole duration of tests, XRD and SEM indicate that no carbon deposit was formed. However at WHSV > 6 g/gcat/h filamentous carbon was observed on the catalyst by SEM after the SR of bio-oil MemU but not after the SR of bio-oil WOU. The XRD showed also that after biooils SR Fe and Ni oxides that constitute the catalyst are reduced to metallic Ni and Ni-Fe alloys. BET test indicate that after activation the catalyst has a specific area of 10 m2 /g. TPR shows that more oxidized species are present in Ni-UGSO after bio-oil WOU SR than after bio-oil MemU SR which explains low H2/biosyngas yield. The tests of SR performed with the commercial catalyst show similar results as those performed with Ni-UGSO at low WHSV. However, at high WHSV the commercial catalyst was more resilient and better due to its high specific area. Regenerability test shows that NiUGSO is partially regenerated but its initial structure is not recovered. The positive results confirm that the production of biosyngas/biohydrogen from SR of biooils is technically viable for a biorefinery. The process is economically better than the HDO. The pyrolysis oil is a good feedstock for the reforming, we obtain an appreciable yield of biosyngas (or H2). The catalyst Ni-UGSO developed by the GRTP-C exhibits similar performances than commercial catalysts actually available in the market but needs more optimisation.
Reyes, Plascencia Carmina. "Reformage à la vapeur de Diesel sur un catalyseur de nickel-nanofilaments de carbone." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5849.
Full textNitsch, Xavier. "Craquage et reformage des goudrons de gazéification de biomasse en phase homogène et hétérogène." Perpignan, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PERP1122.
Full textOne of the main bottleneck in the development of industrial scale gasification of biomass is the formation of tars inside the reactor that prevent the direct use of syngas in energetic applications. The aimof this work is to study tar cracking in the homogeneous and heterogeneous phases at 850°C in the representative conditions of a dual fluidized bed gasifier. In order to achieve this, a fixed bed reactor (Aligator) and gas preparation and analysis devices were developed and validated. Conversion of phenol in the homogeneous phase, and then on catalysts (olivine, Fe/olivine and Ni/olivine) and on biomass chars was experimented. Results show a strong influence of H2 over the distribution of the products in the homogeneous phase, and a reaction scheme was proposed. An aging study of the catalysts didn’t show any substantial deactivation after 200 cycles of oxidation/reduction in the conditions of a circulating dual fluidized bed. Experiments with different gaseous atmospheres showed that a concentration of 10% of H2 O and 20% of H2 allow a very important improvement in the catalytic activity of olivine
Ello, Serge. "Préparation de catalyseurs bimétalliques PtGe/Al2O3 par voie organométallique pour une application en reformage." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2303.
Full textThe objective of this work was centered on the preparation of bimetallic catalysts Pt-Ge/Al2 O3 and the evaluation of their performances for a possible application in reforming. The catalysts were prepared by organometallic grafting. This technique of preparation made it possible to deposit very small quantity of germanium on the surface of the catalyst Pt/Al2O3. These catalysts then underwent various techniques of characterization: microscopy electronic by transmission (MET), chemisorption of hydrogen, carbon monoxide chemisorption and tests of characterization: the hydrogenation of benzene, the dehydrogenation of cyclohexene and the transformation of the ethylcyclopentane. We have obtained bimetallic catalysts of various structures according to the quantity of gemanium deposited. For the low contents we obtain a deposit (selective) germanium on the sites of high coordination (faces) then for the strong germanium contents, the deposit becomes nonselective. Beyond half monocouche of germanium, compounds definis are formed PtXGey. For the performance evaluation, the rearrangement of n-hexan, and n-heptan were selected for model reaction. In the case of n-hexane one obtained the results according to; For small germanium contents (P76Ge1/8, P60Ge1/8, P60Ge1/2), there is a high selectivity in isomerization, deshydrocyclisation (methyclopentane) and very little fragmentation and aromatization. For strong content (P76Ge2, P60Ge1, P60Ge2) we obtain also more aromatization than catalysts with weak addition, less isomers, and products cyclized and much of fragmentation. For catalysts with low content of germanium, there is a reduction in the selectivity of the products resulting from fragmentation, an increase in isomerization and a reduction in the deshydrocyclisation compared to the catalyst Pt/Al2O3. Catalysts with strong content prove more reactive for the reactions of deshydrocyclisation (aromatization), of fragmentation, but less active for isomerization
Hiblot, Hélène. "Etude cinétique du reformage thermique des produits issus de la gazéification de la biomasse." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL028N/document.
Full textAdvanced applications, such as catalytic production of liquid fuels, request a high quality synthesis gas. Biomass may be a promising feedstock but the syngas needs to be drastically cleaned to reach the specifications. The high temperature homogeneous reforming (> 1300 K) seems a credible alternative to the catalytic way. The reforming kinetic at high temperatures in a reducing atmosphere has to be understood. If detailed mechanisms already exist for the combustion of hydrocarbons, sensitive reactions are different in this case. An experimental and modelling study of the steam cracking of small hydrocarbons have been performed. The experiments have been done in a plug flow reactor under atmospheric pressure. The kinetic influence of different gases of the syngas on the hydrocarbons conversion has been investigated. The behaviour of representative complex mixtures has been also studied as a function of the temperature. The most difficult species to reform is methane: temperature as high as 1700 K is necessary. A model derived from that for the combustion of light hydrocarbons was developed. The experimental trends are well reproduced. Carbon reforming appends mainly by reaction of OH radicals with unsaturated C₂ molecules, which are soot precursors. Process conditions necessary for high temperature methane reforming would then be favourable to undesirable soot formation
Hedayati, Ali. "Production in situ d'hydrogène pur par reformage d'éthanol dans un réacteur catalytique à membrane." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMNA0246/document.
Full textIn this work, in-situ production of fuel cell grade hydrogen (pure hydrogen) via catalytic ethanol steam reforming (ESR) in a membrane reactor (MR) was investigated. A mixture of pure ethanol and distilled was used as the fuel. ESR experiments were carried out over a Pd-Rh/CeO2 catalyst in a Pd-Ag membrane reactor – named as the fuel reformer – at variety of operating conditions regarding the operating temperature, pressure, fuel flow rate, and the molar ratio of water-ethanol (S/C ratio). The performance of the catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) was studied in terms of pure hydrogen production, hydrogen yield, andhydrogen recovery.Thermodynamic evaluation of the CMR was presented as a supplement to the comprehensive investigation of the overall performance of the mentioned pure hydrogen generating system. Exergy analysis was performed based on the experimental results aiming not only to understand the thermodynamic performance of the fuel reformer, but also to introduce the application of the exergy analysis in CMRs studies. Exergy analysis provided important information on the effect of operating conditions and thermodynamic losses, resulting in understanding of the best operating conditions.In addition to the experimental and thermodynamic evaluation of the reforming system, the simulation of the dynamics of hydrogen production (permeation) was performed as the last step to study the applicability of such a system in connection with a real end user, which can be a fuel cell. The simulation presented in this work is similar to the hydrogen flow rate adjustments needed to set the electrical load of a fuel cell, if fed on line by the studied pure hydrogen generating system
Mrad, Mary. "La production d'hydrogène via la valorisation de la biomasse par reformage catalytique du méthanol." Thesis, Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0409.
Full textIn order to study the hydrogen production via the catalytic steam reforming of methanol and to determine the influence of different parameter on this reaction, the performance of the Cu-Zn/CeO₂-Al₂O₃ catalysts was evaluated. The impregnation of copper over ceria or alumina has shown better catalytic performance than the impregnation of the zinc on the same supports. In the presence of ceria, the catalytic activity has been related to the dispersion of isolated Cu²⁺ species in interaction with the matrix, which were reduced during the pre-treatment phase of the catalyst. In the presence of alumina, stable and unreduced CuAl₂O₄ spinal species were formed, leading to a lower catalytic activity. Concerning the copper based catalysts impregnated on 10Ce10Al mixed oxide, the presence of alumina has promoted the dispersion of the ceria that enhances the oxygen exchange between the active phase and the support without influencing the active phase. The agglomerated CuO species formed in the catalysts with the high copper content have contributed to lower the by-product formation during the reaction. The promoter effect of the zinc was revealed by the stabilisation of the reduced copper into Cu⁺ species that are the most active species in the steam reforming of methanol reaction. No coke formation was revealed on the copper based catalysts, unlike the zinc based catalysts where carbon species were identified. The catalytic deactivation with time on stream was attributed to the formation of those species that blocks the accessibility of the catalytic active sites
Vernoux, Philippe. "Reformage interne progressif du méthane dans les piles à combustible à oxyde électrolyte solide." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0155.
Full textGuerrero, Jesús. "Valorisation du méthane par reformage sec en régimes stationnaire et non-stationnaire sur catalyseurs à base de nickel : mise en œuvre d'un réacteur à alimentation périodique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10162/document.
Full textNowadays the society is concerned about the greenhouse effect, and the necessity to find alternative procedures and more sustainable and durable processes to obtain the products made from petroleum. The valorization of CH4 with CO2 (dry reforming) brings the advantage of consuming gases which contribute strongly to the greenhouse effect. This reaction produces H2 and CO, which jointly or separately, are the raw materials for different processes producing energy and chemicals.Ni-Ce-O and Ni-Mg-Al-O based catalysts were successfully prepared. The influence of different parameters was studied, such as the Ni loading and the reaction temperature (600°C-800°C). The main difficulties are the formation of coke leading to rapid catalyst deactivation due to the high operating temperatures and the simultaneous presence of CO2 (reactant) and hydrogen (product) which leads, by the reverse water gas shift (RWGS), to a loss in selectivity. A process which can avoid this kind of problematics consists in exposing alternately each of the reactants. Initially the solid acts as oxygen carrier reacting with methane to form carbon monoxide (1 mole) and hydrogen (2 moles). As the solid is regenerated at each cycle, the deactivation by carbon deposition is avoided. The activity and selectivity of the solid is provided by the presence of a reducible oxide (CeO2) and a metal (Ni, Co), which cannot be reoxidized under the experimental conditions ensuring the activation of methane. Different physicochemical characterizations were performed on catalysts to find correlations between the catalytic activity and properties of the solids
Marty, Philippe. "Procédé et dispositif de génération d'hydrogène par conversion à haute température avec vapeur d'eau." Perpignan, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PERP1140.
Full textThis work deals with the field of hydrogen generation by non catalytic fuel reforming, at high temperature, with the aim to feed a PEM type H2/02 fuel cell for transport applications. It appears as an interesting alternative to the use of catalysts. Indeed, the proposed thermal reforming eliminates the poisoning and coke formation problems associated with catalytic reformers. Besides, it enables the realisation of a reforming system that accepts all types of fuels, without the need to adapt a specific catalyst to the fuel molecules to be reformed. The comparison of the different hydrogen production processes (partial oxidation, steam-reforming and autothermal reforming) is done considering the constraints imposed by the PEM fuel cell and the results of calculations on stoichiometric reactions. It results in the choice of the hybrid steam-reforming (HSR) process, which fits very well to the characteristics of the PEM fuel cell and enables an energetic optimisation of the whole system. A chemical kinetic model adapted to the propane HSR process is used to identify the temperature levels and residence times necessary to proceed the HSR reaction withou catalyst and to avoid the persistence of methane, non methanic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the hydrogen-rich mixture. From the results, a procedure is given to define a non catalytic reformer. This procedure is applied for the design of a first laboratory-scale HSR reactor fed with propane. Experimental results (chemical composition, reformate and wall temperatures) are presented and compared with the results of the calculations done during the design phase
Safariamin, Maryam. "Valorisation catalytique du biogaz (CH4 +CO2) par reformage à sec : étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et catalytiques de solides à base de Tuthénium et Cuivre." Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0281.
Full textIn this study, the reaction of methan reforming with CO2 was investigated in the presence of catalysts based on ruthenium and copper deposited on Al2O3, CeO2-Al2O3 binary oxides and mixed oxides from hydrotalcite precursors. The aim of this work is reduction of greenhouse gases (CH4 + CO2) to obtain the synthesis gas (H2 + CO) to be used for various applications including clean energy. The catalysts were prepared by dry impregnation and characterized by various physico-chemical methods (BET, XRD, FT-IR, UV-VIS, TPR, DTA/TG and EPR) to identify correlations between their physico-chemical properties and their catalytic performance. Influence of different conditions and solids pretreatment on the catalytic activity have been studied. Hydrogen production is strongly influenced by the nature of the metal phase and the support used. It is noteworthy that both types of catalysts (Ru and Cu/support) were not similar activities for the reaction studied. The ruthenium-based catalysts are much more active than those based on copper. Hydrotalcites have proved effective for the reforming reaction, but they produce a large amount of coke which deactivates the catalyst easily. Among all catalysts are studied, the solid containing 5% RuO2 on the support of CeO2-Al2O3 binary oxides was the most active and most stable. The high reactivity of this catalyst is associated to good dispersion of ruthenium species and to the very low amount of coke on the catalyst observed after 14 days of aging
Mathieu-Deghais, Souhir. "La microbalance inertielle : étude et modélisation cinétique de la désactivation par le coke en reformage catalytique des hydrocarbures sur catalyseur Pt-Sn/AL2O3." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSL0282.
Full textLaprune, David. "Application de catalyseurs encapsulés à base de nickel au réformage d’un gaz modèle issu de la gazéification de la biomasse." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1129/document.
Full textEurope is facing climate and energy challenges and aims at increasing the utilization of biomass in the production of renewable fuels. Many technological difficulties remain, for instance, biomass gasification produces a syngas rich in tars and H2S that can lead to catalyst poisoning in downstream reactors. Our goal was to develop stable catalysts that could fully reform producer gas. Nickel nanoparticles encapsulated inside hollow silicalite-1 single crystals were studied. The encapsulation was expected to limit particle sintering and coking under harsh reforming conditions. These particles could still sinter within each single crystal. The synthesis of a novel hollow structure ("multi-hollow", i.e. a single zeolite crystal with multiple mesoporous cavities) was developed. The size-exclusion of large aromatic compounds from the sample was demonstrated. This material also enabled improving the initial dispersion of metal nanoparticles. The sample activity was yet adversely affected by two main factors associated with the preparation steps, i.e. the formation of a silica over-layer and phosphorus-poisoning. During the reforming of a simulated producer gas, the silicalite-1 membrane could not prevent tar-related deactivation of embedded nickel particles, because those were cracked at typical reforming temperatures into smaller aromatic compounds, which could diffuse throughout the MFI-type layer. The preparation of Rh-based multi-hollow analogues could not be achieved. Alumina-supported Rh and Ni-based catalysts were then tested. H2S induced a large drop of the reforming activity and Rh catalysts were the least impacted by coking and S-poisoning. Methane reforming rate were proportional to the Rh metal surface area. The use of high reaction temperatures (>875°C) was shown to be necessary to limit deactivation by coking
Maradei-Garcia, Maria-Paola. "Modèle cinétique regroupé, basé sur la génération du réseau d'étapes élémentaires, du reformage catalytique régénératif." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2262.
Full textCatalytic reforming is one of the main processes in petrochemical refining. It allows to obtain gasolines with high octane number. In petrochemical industry, it is significant to be able to control the processes in order to obtain high quality products at an acceptable economic cost. The knowledge of chemical reactions implied in the process is the response to this industrial problem. This knowledge coupled with the interest to optimize the industrial process allows the good prediction of the yields and thus a better quality control ; therefore, the use of kinetic models is essential. The "single events" method allows to kinetic modeling of a process while taking into account the interaction between molecules ; therefore, the chemical reactions are defined like elementary steps by using the chemistry of the carbocations. The kinetic constants are defined as independent of the symmetry of the molecules implied in an unspecified reaction. The experimental data obtained from the heptan or octan isomers feeds allowed us to study, on one hand, the influence of the operating conditions on the yield and selectivity of the main products and, on another hand, to estimate the kinetic parameters of the model. Otherwise, we could determine the influence of the aromatic compounds in the feed on the catalyst activity and selectivity. This influence has been taken into account in the model by introducing an adsorption constant on the acid phase for those aromatic species, what had not been done previously
Toppi, Stéphanie. "Étude mécanistique et cinétique de la réaction d'hydrodésalkylation d'alkylaromatiques dans les conditions du reformage catalytique." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066355.
Full textAkdim, Ouardia. "Étude du reformage de l'éthanol en gaz de synthèse : développement et caractérisation de catalyseurs et approche mécanistique." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10298.
Full textCai, Weijie. "Production d'hydrogène par reformage de l'éthanol sur catalyseurs à base d'iridium et rhodium supportés sur cérine." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00430733.
Full textVitidsant, Tharapong. "Reformage catalytique du méthane à la vapeur en lit fluidisé étude cinétique et modélisation du réacteur /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37619166z.
Full textTanios, Carole. "Caractérisation, évaluation de la toxicité du biogaz issu de déchets ménagers et valorisation par reformage catalytique." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0474/document.
Full textThis work studies the energy recovery of the fermentable fraction of waste. Indeed, organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen and simultaneously produces biogas. One of the emerging technologies is to upgrade CH₄ and CO₂, the two major components of biogas. This is the dry reforming of methane (CH₄ + CO₂ → 2 CO + 2 H₂) (DRM), which is particularly interesting, since it makes possible to produce a synthesis gas with a H₂/CO ratio close to 1, advantageous for several industrial applications, and to get rid of two greenhouse gases. However, due to its endothermic nature, the dry reforming of methane requires the use of a catalyst, to avoid operating at very high temperatures in order to obtain sufficient conversions. Moreover, the dry reforming of methane is accompanied by secondary reactions, some of which lead to the formation of carbon. In this context, efforts have been focused on the development of catalytic systems with good activity and good resistance against carbon deposition. In this work, real biogas samples were analyzed at two biomethanation centers, one in France and the other in Lebanon. Thus, knowing the identity and the quantity of the various compounds, a study of their effect on the efficiency of the catalyst is done. Our results show that the real biogas is composed, besides the major components, CH₄ and CO₂, of NH₃, H₂S, some terpenes ans some VOCs. In addition, mixed oxides of Co, Ni, Mg and Al were prepared using the hydrotalcite route, in order to obtain interesting catalytic properties. The prepared systems were characterized by different physicochemical techniques and tested in the dry reforming of methane. The Co-Ni based system seems to be the best system joining the high activity of nickel with the high resistance of cobalt towards carbon deposition. The evaluation of the catalytic performances in the presence of some impurities that exist in biogas quch as volatile organic compounds (toluene) is also a part of this work. Finally, the toxicity of biogas collected from biomethanation centers was evaluated. Human lung cell cultures (BEAS-2B) were thus exposed at the air / liquid interface using the Vitrocell® system. After exposure of the cells, a set of toxicity markers is determined. In this study, the impact of biogas on human health will be evaluated
Lanaud, Christophe. "Rhéologie des lits de catalyseurs : application aux lits mobiles." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10227.
Full textBarros, Braulio Silva. "Vaporeformage et reformage à sec du méthane sur les précurseurs catalytiques LaNiO3/α-Al2O3 et La2NiO4/α-Al2O3 préparé par combustion assistée par microondes." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6028.
Full textNickel catalysts have been used in steam or dry reforming of methane to obtain syngas. Usually, high conversion levels are obtained by these catalysts; however, the deactivation by carbon deposition is still a problem to be solved. Several approaches have been used to minimize this problem, outstanding in the last years the use of oxides with perovskite-type structures and/or related structures. The catalytic precursors LaNiO3/-Al2O3 and La2NiO4/-Al2O3 were prepared by microwaves-assisted self-combustion using urea or glycine as fuel. Additionally, the same systems were prepared using nitrates impregnation and Sol-gel method. Obtained powders were characterized before and after catalytic tests by XRD, BET, TPO, TPR, SEM and TEM. The catalytic precursors prepared by self-combustion with glycine presented conversion results in agreement with the thermodynamic data for both reforming reactions. In the other side, the prepared catalysts with urea and by impregnation showed high conversion levels in lower temperatures, indicating the occurrence of the reaction of methane cracking. The accomplished analyses by Temperature-programmed oxidation profiles and transmission electronic microscopy confirmed in these catalysts the formation of carbon nanotubos. Deposits of carbon were not detected in the prepared samples with glycine. X-ray diffraction of the tested catalysts suggests that the partial of the oxides La-Ni is responsible for the good aging and resistance to the carbon deposition. The partial reduction promotes the control of the size and a better dispersion of the metallic nickel particles
Catalisadores a base de níquel suportado em óxidos não-redutíveis, como alumina, têm sido amplamente empregados nas reações de reforma a vapor ou a seco (CO2) do metano para obtenção de H2 ou gás de síntese (H2 + CO). Normalmente, altos níveis de conversão são obtidos por estes catalisadores, entretanto, a desativação por deposição de carbono ainda é um problema a ser solucionado. Diversas abordagens têm sido empregadas no intuito de minimizar este problema, dentre as quais tem se destacado nos últimos anos a utilização de óxidos com estrutura perovskita e/ou estruturas relacionadas. Paralelamente,o uso de metodologias de síntese mais rápidas, fáceis, aplicáveis em escala industrial e que permitam o controle das características microestruturais destes catalisadores, pode em conjunto, prover a solução para este problema. Os precursores catalíticos LaNiO3/-Al2O3 e La2NiO4/-Al2O3 foram preparados pelo método de autocombustão assistida por microondas usando uréia ou glicina como combustível. Adicionalmente, os mesmos sistemas foram preparados pelos métodos de impregnação úmida de nitratos e sol-gel para efeito de comparação. As amostras preparadas foram testadas nas reformas a seco e a vapor do metano, sendo avaliados os respectivos níveis de conversão, rendimento e/ou seletividade, como também a resistência à deposição de carbono, durante o tempo sob fluxo de reagentes na temperatura de reação. As amostras foram calcinadas a 800 oC (LaNiO3/-Al2O3) e 1000 oC (La2NiO4/-Al2O3), para obtenção das fases desejadas. Os pós-obtidos foram caracterizados antes e após os testes catalíticos por difração de raios-X, medidas de área superficial especifica, oxidação e redução à temperatura programada, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. A cristalização da fase LaNiO3 foi confirmada em todas as amostras de composição LaNiO3/ - Al2O3, calcinadas a 800 oC. Para as amostras de composição La2NiO4/ - Al2O3 a fase La2NiO4 foi obtida por autocombustão com glicina sem calcinação posterior. Para todos os outros casos a calcinação a 1000 oC foi necessária. Os perfis de redução à temperatura programada das amostras preparadas por combustão com glicina apresentaram picos de redução a elevada temperatura (900 oC), sugerindo a dissolução do alumínio sobre os óxidos redutíveis contendo níquel. O mesmo foi observado em menor proporção para as amostras preparadas por combustão com uréia e sol-gel. Os precursores preparados por autocombustão com glicina apresentaram resultados de conversão em acordo com a termodinâmica de ambas as reações de reforma. Por outro lado, os catalisadores preparados com uréia e por impregnação mostraram altos níveis de conversão em temperaturas mais baixas (> 90 % a partir de 600 oC), indicando a ocorrência da reação de quebra do metano (CH4 ® C + 2H2). Por sua vez, as analises realizadas por oxidação a temperatura programada e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, confirmaram a formação de depósitos carbonáceos em significativa quantidade e na forma de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas. Depósitos de carbono não foram detectados nas amostras preparadas com glicina. Analises de DRX dos catalisadores testados sugerem que a redução parcial e não total dos óxidos La-Ni é responsável pelo bom desempenho e resistência à deposição de carbono. A redução parcial, neste caso relacionada a metodologia de preparação, promove o controle do tamanho e uma melhor dispersão das partículas de níquel metálico, além de permitir uma interação mais forte entre a espécie ativa e a superfície do suporte que contém átomos de níquel
Sierra, Gallego German Alberto. "Valorización del gas natural utilizando precursores catalíticos del tipo perovskita." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2312.
Full textAuprêtre, Fabien. "Production d'hydrogène par vaporeformage de l'éthanol : application aux piles à combustible." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2312.
Full textThis work was devoted to the study of the ethanol catalytic steam reforming reaction for the on-board hydrogen production for fuel cells. The performances of various metals (Rh, Pt, Pd, Ru, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe) supported on oxides (Al2O3, CeO2, CeZrO2, ZrO2, CeO2-Al2O3, NixMg1-xAl2O4, MgO), in the ethanol steam reforming reaction carried out at atmospheric and intermediate pressure, was checked. The nature of the metal and the dispersion play an important role on the activity of the catalyst. The nature of the support conditions the activity, the selectivity and the stability of the catalysts. From the activity point of view, the support must exhibit a good hydrophilicity (water activation) and the surface hydroxyls groups should be strongly mobile. The control of acid-base properties allows to initially direct the reaction preferentially towards the formation of ethylene (C2H4) or of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and to influence the selectivity and the stability of the catalyst
Izquierdo, Colorado Armando. "Reforming of model biogas mixtures at moderate temperatures over Ni-containing catalysts." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS147.
Full textThe increasing concern about the possible dramatic effects of greenhouse gases emissions to our atmosphere, is leading to propose sustainable alternatives, aiming either capture/storage or capture/utilization of CO2. Among the different technologies, dry reforming of methane has attracted much attention in the past decades because it consumes two of main greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) and convert them into useful chemical building blocks. In this context, biogas is another CH4-rich source, containing also non-negligible amounts of CO2, therefore, it can be upgraded into hydrogen and/or synthesis gas, as a renewable carbon source for the synthesis of alternative and carbon-neutral liquid fuels. Nickel-containing catalysts have been considered for methane reforming and its partial oxidation. This is due to its high activity and low cost. However, the sintering and carbon formation, producing catalyst deactivation. Thus, this PhD research focuses on proposing new strategies towards increasing the activity, selectivity and stability of Nickel-containing catalysts for their application in the reforming of biogas model mixtures. These strategies include the use of different supports aiming at increasing their interaction with the active nickel-phase and improving its dispersion and stability. Moreover, different approaches for the deposition of this Ni-phase and its activation have been investigated. The results were correlated with multiple characterizations, such as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), H2-temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), NH3 and CO2-temperature programmed desorption (CO2-TPD, NH3-TPD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Achouri, Esma Ines. "Ingénierie d'un catalyseur spinelle Ni-Al pour le reformage à la vapeur du diesel : analyse et optimisation." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6936.
Full textBeaugrand, Anne-Viviane. "Choix de matériau pour l'élaboration d'un réacteur de reformage de l'éthanol pour l'alimentation d'une pile à combustible." Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1534.
Full textPetitpas, Guillaume. "Étude du reformage d'hydrocarbures liquides assisté par plasma hors-équilibre pour la production de gaz de synthèse." Paris, ENMP, 2008. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01138136.
Full textThe direct use of hydrogen as an energy vector currently faces difficulties due to both the lack of a distribution infrastructure, and to technical limitations concerning hydrogen storage. Before the transition to a “direct hydrogen” economy, a possible intermediate step could be the onboard hydrogen production from conventional car fuels. Non-thermal, plasma-assisted reforming provides an alternative to conventional industrial catalytic reforming, since the latter has limitations when an onboard system. The objective of this work is the characterization of plasma assisted reforming technology, through various parametric studies (factors influencing flow – geometry of the cylindrical electrode, pattern of behaviour, pressure, polarity – and factors influencing chemical conditions – initial mixture, total flow rate, injected electrical power, nature of combustible components), on both experimental and theoretical fronts. A study of the behaviour of the torch in non-reactive conditions (steam water, air) was first performed. The reforming reaction was then studied under various conditions (POx, SR, ATR), using gasoline SP95, ethanol, E85 and diesel fuel; establishing the adaptability of the reactor. A simple physical model of the arc was also developed in the case of air. The modelling of the reactor focused then on different aspects. Firstly, the study of flow showed that the good mixing between the three reactive species (air, water, octane) was attained quickly during their injection in the reactor, conferring an axial symmetry on the system. The study of a 1D kinetic model then served to highlight the role of radicals in the activation of the reaction of reforming. This was followed by a sensitivity analysis. A coupled model taking into account correlation between flow (2D axisymetric) and the reactions of chemical kinetics was finally worked out, with emphasis placed on the sequence of reactions in the reactor as a whole
Klein, Jean-Marie. "Optimisation d'une cellule élementaire de SOFC pour un fonctionnement en reformage interne progressif sans dépôt de carbone." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0161.
Full textLn recent years, fuel cell technology has attracted considerable attention from several fields of scientific research. Fuel cells are highly efficient in terms of energy conversion. They emit little noise, and are non¬polluting. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) development is particularly import~nt for stationary applications due to their high operating temperature (800-1000°C). Natural gas appears to be a fuel of great interest for SOFC systems. The principal component of natural gas is methane, which can be converted into hydrogen by Direct Internai Reforming (DIR) within the SOFC anode. Unfortunately, internai steam reforming in SOFC leads to inhomogeneous temperature distributions according to the endothermicity of this reaction and the exothermicity of the electrochemical processes. This results in thennal induced stresses and may lead to mechanical failure of the cermet anode. To avoid this problem, Graduai Internai Reforming (GIR) can be used. GIR is based on local coupling between steam reforming and hydrogen oxidation. The steam required for the reforming reaction is obtained by the hydrogen oxidation. However, with GIR, Boudouard and cracking reactions can involve a risk of carbon formation. To cope with carbon formation a new cell configuration is studied. This configuration combines a catalyst layer (0. 1 %Ir-CeOz) with a classical anode, allowing GIR without coking. This study proposes simulations, using the CFD software package developed by CFD Research Corporation, of the behavior of a planar SOFC using GIR. A thermodynamic study based on the partial pressure distributions in the cell is carried out to investigate the occurrence of carbon forn1ation. Based on these simulation results a planar SOFC has been developed and experimental tests have been done. Polarization curves were established for many ratios CHJHzO. The various behaviors of the cell were analysed by impedance spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Finally the cell was tested for 120 hours under pure methane. As expected, the current density was higher with CHJH20 mixtures than with hydrogen and was finally found to increase with the CH4/HzO ratio. A stable operation of the cell was finally observed during 120 hours, which tends to prove the viability of the GIR without coking in this new cell configuration