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1

Jouanna, A. "Renaissance and Reformation France, 1500-1648." English Historical Review 119, no. 482 (2004): 789–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.482.789.

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2

Higman, F. "Review: Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500-1648." French Studies 57, no. 4 (2003): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/57.4.526.

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3

Gavrilova, Elena V. "Marguerite of Angouleme and the problems of Renaissance religious dissent." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 21, no. 2 (2021): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-2-188-192.

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The article is devoted to the religious pursuit of Marguerite of Angouleme. Analyzing the creative legacy of the Duchess, her extensive correspondence with representatives of the reformation movement, the author convincingly proves that, despite the fact that Marguerite was the patroness of the reformation movement in France, and she was described as having religious and ethical searches characteristic of many representatives of the Renaissance era, she did not completely break with the Catholic faith, remaining a transitional figure in spiritual terms.
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Taylor, Larissa Juliet. "The Influence of Humanism on Post-Reformation Catholic Preachers in France*." Renaissance Quarterly 50, no. 1 (1997): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3039330.

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Prior to the reformation, most sermons given in France were structured according to the “modern method” of division and subdivision, which proceeded in rather artificial fashion from theme to protheme, then to the elaboration of theological points and exempla. Those who deviated from this form, such as Jean Vitrier, were lavishly praised by humanists such as Erasmus, but were often sufficiently heterodox in other respects to attract the attention of the Paris Faculty of Theology. In the first decade after the outbreak of the Reformation in France, the modern method persisted, but by the 1530s
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5

Worcester, Thomas. ""Neither Married nor Cloistered": Blessed Isabelle in Catholic Reformation France." Sixteenth Century Journal 30, no. 2 (1999): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2544713.

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6

Soergel, Philip M., and Larissa Taylor. "Soldiers of Christ. Preaching in Late Medieval and Reformation France." Sixteenth Century Journal 24, no. 3 (1993): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2542170.

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7

Reinburg, Virginia. "Liturgy and the Laity in Late Medieval and Reformation France." Sixteenth Century Journal 23, no. 3 (1992): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2542493.

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8

Lesnick, Daniel R., and Larissa Taylor. "Soldiers of Christ: Preaching in Late Medieval and Reformation France." American Historical Review 99, no. 2 (1994): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167368.

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9

Weakland, John E. "Soldiers of Christ: Preaching in Late Medieval and Reformation France." History: Reviews of New Books 21, no. 3 (1993): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1993.9948682.

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10

Laplante, Benoît. "From France to the Church: The Generalization of Parish Registers in the Catholic Countries." Journal of Family History 44, no. 1 (2018): 24–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199018806501.

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The generalization of the registration of baptism and marriage in the Catholic countries is shown to be the result of a process in which France used the authority of the Council of Trent to impose on the whole Church a system of public registration it had started to implement through temporal law at home in 1539, so that the clerics in charge of the registration be subject to canonical penalties if they failed to comply. The registration of baptism and marriage was integrated into the Decree on the Reformation of Marriage that France maneuvered to impose on the Church to curb clandestine marri
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11

Nineham, D. E. "Gottschalk of Orbais: Reactionary or Precursor of the Reformation?" Journal of Ecclesiastical History 40, no. 1 (1989): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900035399.

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Gottschalk is a surprisingly unfamiliar figure in this country. Since Archbishop Ussher produced the first modern study of him in 1631, very little has been written about him in English-speaking countries, whereas in France and Germany he has been the subject of innumerable articles and many books. There has been renewed interest in Gottschalk since Dom Morin stumbled on some long-lost works by him in the Bongars library in Bern in 1931. For English readers it may be well to begin with a brief account of the facts.
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12

Lewaszkiewicz, Tadeusz. "Pre-Reformation and Reformation Influences on the Development of European Literary Languages." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 30, no. 2 (2023): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2023.30.2.5.

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The pre-Reformation and Reformation social and religious movements contributed to the development of biblical and religious as well as journalistic and polemical writings, which had a significantly positive impact on the increase in functional efficiency and standardisation of European languages. Translations of The Bible played a special role in the development of European languages as texts with the highest linguistic prestige. Not only did Luther’s Bible (1522–1534) contribute to the unification of German literary language, but its 16th-century translations had an outstanding influence on t
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13

Brandmayr, Federico. "Explanations and excuses in French sociology." European Journal of Social Theory 24, no. 3 (2021): 374–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368431021989269.

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The terrorist attacks that struck France in 2015 had reverberations throughout the country’s intellectual fields. Among the most significant was a widespread polemic that turned around whether sociological explanations of the attacks amounted to excuses and justifications for terrorists. When prominent politicians and pundits made allegations of this nature, sociologists reacted in three main ways: most denied the allegations, others reappropriated the derogatory label of excuse, while others still accepted criticism and called for a reformation of sociology. These epistemological stances can
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14

Grzywacz, Małgorzata. "Zgromadzenia zakonne we współczesnym protestantyzmie. Zarys problematyki na przykładzie żeńskiej wspólnoty z Grandchamp." Studia Religiologica 53, no. 2 (2020): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844077sr.20.007.12510.

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Christian Orders in Contemporary Protestantism. Outline of the Problem on the Example of the Female Community from Grandchamp The article concentrates on the renewal of monastic life in the European evangelical churches after 1945. The Reformation, initiated by the speech of Martin Luther (1483–1546), brought about great changes in this respect, questioning the current principles of the presence of the monk’s life in the Christian community. Criticism of religious life, formulated by the father of the Wittenberg Reformation, was undertaken by both Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531) and John Calvin. Un
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Grzywacz, Małgorzata. "Zgromadzenia zakonne we współczesnym protestantyzmie. Zarys problematyki na przykładzie żeńskiej wspólnoty z Grandchamp." Studia Religiologica 53, no. 2 (2020): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844077sr.20.007.12510.

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Christian Orders in Contemporary Protestantism. Outline of the Problem on the Example of the Female Community from Grandchamp The article concentrates on the renewal of monastic life in the European evangelical churches after 1945. The Reformation, initiated by the speech of Martin Luther (1483–1546), brought about great changes in this respect, questioning the current principles of the presence of the monk’s life in the Christian community. Criticism of religious life, formulated by the father of the Wittenberg Reformation, was undertaken by both Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531) and John Calvin. Un
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16

Meyer, Judith Pugh, Philip Benedict, Guido Marnef, Henk van Nierop, and Marc Venard. "Reformation, Revolt and Civil War in France and the Netherlands 1555-1585." American Historical Review 106, no. 4 (2001): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2693093.

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17

Soll, Jacob, and Philip Benedict. "Reformation, Revolt and Civil War in France and the Netherlands 1555-1585." Sixteenth Century Journal 31, no. 3 (2000): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671143.

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18

Worcester, Thomas. "Book Review: Soldiers of Christ: Preaching in Late Medieval and Reformation France." Theological Studies 53, no. 3 (1992): 568–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004056399205300322.

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19

Diefendorf, Barbara B. "Soldiers of Christ: Preaching in Late Medieval and Reformation France. Larissa Taylor." Journal of Modern History 66, no. 3 (1994): 601–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/244902.

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20

PETTEGREE, ANDREW, and MATTHEW HALL. "THE REFORMATION AND THE BOOK: A RECONSIDERATION." Historical Journal 47, no. 4 (2004): 785–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x04003991.

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Perceptions of the role of the book in the Reformation are shaped by our knowledge of the German print world during the first decades of Protestant expansion. All indications point to evangelical domination of the press in the years when Luther first became a public figure, when the printed book undoubtedly played a crucial role in the dissemination of the evangelical message, and printing enjoyed a period of exuberant growth. But it is by no means certain that assumptions derived from this German model hold good for other parts of Europe. This article re-examines the German paradigm of book a
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21

WELLS, PAUL. "DEVELOPMENTS IN CHURCH GOVERNMENT IN THE POST-REFORMATION FRENCH CHURCHES." UNIO CUM CHRISTO 4, no. 1 (2018): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35285/ucc4.1.2018.art9.

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The history of the Protestant Reformed churches in France in the century following the Wars of Religion, their trials and sufferings, is well documented. It is a tragic page in modern European history and retains the attention of commentators because rarely has a people group been persecuted so intensely for so long, to the point of virtual extinction. Less known, perhaps because of the linguistic barriers, is the development of church life and the theological struggles in the Protestant churches during that period. Recent publications contribute to rectify this lack. The present article is an
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22

SĂLĂVĂSTRU, Andrei Constantin. "Rebellion and Peace: The paths for conflict resolution in Huguenot and Catholic propaganda during the French Wars of Religion." Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iaşi, s.n., Istorie 69 (2024): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/asui-2023-0004.

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The second half of the sixteenth century saw France descend into civil war, after several decades of increasing religious tensions brought about by the Reformation. It was an outcome which traditional political thought dreaded, because internal union was one of the most prized features of a healthy political body. Civil war, the line went, was much worse than any other calamity which might befall a polity and threatened it with complete dissolution. Therefore, once France found itself in such a situation from 1562 onwards, one of the main issues in French political discourse became the restora
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23

Harasimowicz, Jan. "Longitudinal, Transverse or Centrally Aligned? In the Search for the Correct Layout of the ‘Protesters’ Churches." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 48, no. 1 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.11309.

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The article was written within the framework of a research project “Protestant Church Architecture of the 16th -18th centuries in Europe”, conducted by the Department of the Renaissance and Reformation Art History at the University of Wrocław. It is conceived as a preliminary summary of the project’s outcomes. The project’s principal research objective is to develop a synthesis of Protestant church architecture in the countries which accepted, even temporarily, the Reformation: Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Island, Latvia, Lithuani
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24

van der Linden, David. "Unholy Territory." Church History and Religious Culture 100, no. 4 (2020): 526–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-bja10012.

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Abstract This article studies the mission of French Discalced Carmelite friars in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. Established from 1647 onwards in The Hague, Leiden, and Amsterdam, the missionaries’ aim was to minister to the French-speaking Catholics of Holland, but they also sought to convert expatriate French Protestants as part of the wider Counter-Reformation campaign to win back souls lost to the Reformation. Despite conflict with the Walloon churches, however, the Carmelite mission was surprisingly successful in converting Huguenots to the Church of Rome, repatriating many of th
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25

PRINTY, MICHAEL. "PROTESTANTISM AND PROGRESS IN THE YEAR XII: CHARLES VILLERS'SESSAY ON THE SPIRIT AND INFLUENCE OF LUTHER'S REFORMATION(1804)." Modern Intellectual History 9, no. 2 (2012): 303–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244312000054.

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This article examines Charles Villers'sEssay on the Spirit and Influence of Luther's Reformation(1804) in its intellectual and historical context. Exiled from France after 1792, Villers intervened in important French and German debates about the relationship of religion, history, and philosophy. The article shows how he took up a German Protestant discussion on the meaning of the Reformation that had been underway from the 1770s through the end of the century, including efforts by Kantians to seize the mantle of Protestantism for themselves. Villers's essay capitalized on a broad interest in t
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26

Sandberg, Brian. "The Means to Rebuild the Church: Franco-Italian Networks, Lay Piety, and Religious Patronage in Counter-Reformation France." Sixteenth Century Journal 52, no. 3 (2021): 667–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/scj5203006.

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27

Philpott, Daniel. "The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations." World Politics 52, no. 2 (2000): 206–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100002604.

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The Protestant Reformation was a crucial spring of modern international relations. Had it lever occurred, a system of sovereign states would not have arrived, at least not in the form or at he time that it did at the Peace of Westphalia. This is the counterfactual the author seeks to sustain. He first advances an elaborated but qualified defense of the conventional wisdom that Westphalia is the origin of modern international relations. He then accounts for how Protestant deas exerted influence through transforming identities and exercising social power. Structural heories, emphasizing changes
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28

P. Ramet, Sabrina. "JEAN BODIN AND RELIGIOUS TOLERATION." RELIGION AND POLITICS IN THE CONTEMPORARY TURKISH-SPEAKING WORLD 13, no. 2 (2019): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj1301081r.

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In the wake of the Protestant Reformation and the division of Western Christianity into rival religious camps, France descended into religious civil war in the years 1562-1598. The question then was how to respond to it. Writing after Spinoza’s championing of freedom of religious thought but before Hobbes’ advocacy of a strong sovereign who would dictate the prayers and forms of religious worship for the nation as a method of avoiding religious conflict, Bodin argued for religious toleration, indeed for a degree of religious toleration that was radical in its day.
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Greengrass, Mark. "Nikki Shepardson.Burning Zeal: The Rhetoric of Martyrdom and the Protestant Community in Reformation France, 1520–1570.:Burning Zeal: The Rhetoric of Martyrdom and the Protestant Community in Reformation France, 1520–1570." American Historical Review 113, no. 3 (2008): 916–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.3.916.

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30

Riches, Daniel. "The Rise of Confessional Tension in Brandenburg's Relations with Sweden in the Late-seventeenth Century." Central European History 37, no. 4 (2004): 568–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569161043419262.

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Thediplomatic and religious climate in Protestant Northern Europe during the era of Louis XIV was filled with competing and at times contradictory impulses, and the repercussions of Louis's expansionist and anti-Protestant policies on the relations between the Protestant states were varied and complex. Taken in conjunction with the ascension of Catholic James II in Britain in February 1685 and the succession of the Catholic House of Neuburg in the Palatinate following the death of the last Calvinist elector in May of that year, Louis's reintroduction of the mass ins the “reunited” territories
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KETTLER, ANDREW. "“Ravishing Odors of Paradise”: Jesuits, Olfaction, and Seventeenth-Century North America." Journal of American Studies 50, no. 4 (2016): 827–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875815002637.

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In seventeenth-century North America, efforts at cultural accommodation through similarities in olfactory inclusive spiritual sensoriums helped to create cross-cultural concordance between Jesuit Fathers and Native Americans in New France, the St. Lawrence Valley, and the Pays d'en Haut. Jesuits engaged Native Americans towards Catholic conversion by using scentful tactics and sensory rhetoric. Jesuits increased their own respect for the olfactory during their North American encounters due to a siege mentality born of the Counter-Reformation and from a forcefully influential Native American re
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Whitehead, Maurice. "‘The strictest, orderlyest, and best bredd in the world’." Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies 93, no. 1 (2017): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0184767817698930.

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The English Jesuit college, founded in 1593 at Saint-Omer because of increasing Elizabethan penal legislation against Catholics, soon became the largest post-Reformation Catholic school in the English-speaking world. This article analyses the organization of the school, with particular emphasis on education in drama and music. It was in the environment of this institution that the recently discovered Saint-Omer First Folio almost certainly had its first home, probably left behind following the flight of the English Jesuits and their students to Bruges in 1762, immediately prior to the expulsio
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Kirk, James. "The ‘Privy Kirks’ and their Antecedents: The Hidden Face of Scottish Protestantism." Studies in Church History 23 (1986): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400010597.

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The history of Scottish protestantism as a clandestine, underground movement can be traced, albeit unevenly, over three decades from parliament’s early ban on Lutheran literature in 1525 to the protestant victory of 1560 when, in disregard of the wishes of its absent queen then resident in France, parliament finally proscribed the Latin mass and the whole apparatus of papal jurisdiction in Scotland and adopted instead a protestant Confession of Faith. Out of a loosely-defined body of beliefs in the 1530s, ranging from a profound dissatisfaction at ecclesiastical abuse (shared by those who rema
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34

Campagnolo, Matteo. "Casaubon’s Ephemerides as a Companion of Calvinist Ascesis through Labour." Erudition and the Republic of Letters 4, no. 3 (2019): 316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055069-00403002.

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The Hellenist Isaac Casaubon taught at Geneva’s Academy from 1582 to 1596. Invited to Montpellier’s University as the future restorer of Greek studies, after the tormented years of the French civil wars, he moved to the Midi of France. A few weeks later, Casaubon started to keep a diary. The psychological reasons of this decision and the nature of his journal are examined. Started as a sort of log-book, it is argued that its deep roots are to be sought in the difficulty to adapt himself to an environment so utterly contrasting with reformed Geneva, lacking sound and comfortable “religious safe
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35

Matar, Nabil. "The 2018 Josephine Waters Bennett Lecture: The Protestant Reformation through Arab Eyes, 1517–1698." Renaissance Quarterly 72, no. 3 (2019): 771–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rqx.2019.257.

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This essay examines what Arabs knew about Luther, Calvin, and the Protestant-Catholic conflict in the early modern period. While there have been studies of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century impact of Protestant missions on the Arab East, there has been no study of the Protestant movement and its confrontation with Catholicism and Orthodoxy in the period between 1517 and 1698. Although Protestantism failed in gaining converts, the rivalry between Protestant England and Catholic France in co-opting converts to their military and ideological camps resulted in religio-social fissures that woul
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36

Oberman, Heiko A. "Calvin and Farel: the Dynamics of Legitimation in Early Calvinism." Journal of Early Modern History 2, no. 1 (1998): 32–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006598x00081.

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AbstractIn 1541 Calvin did not return to Geneva to reform a city but to reform a nation: Geneva was to be the staging area, France the target. By no means the lonely decision-maker of later scholarship, from the very beginning Calvin together with Fare] and Viret formed the "Holy Triumvirate" (Bucer), cooperating closely and forging the powerful alliance between Geneva, Neuchitel, and Lausanne. In August-September 1558 their common front collapsed when Calvin sacrificed the bonds of friendship with his former comrades-in-arms, outmaneuvering the radical wing in an effort to respond to the unex
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37

Elfond, I. Y. "The Treayment of British History in the Works of Historian E. Pasquier." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 2 (2012): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-2-36-41.

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The paper deals with specifity of a representation of British history by French humanist E. Pasquier. The author attempts to present the special attitude of French historian towards English nation and to find out the ways in forming the image of traditional enemy due to analysis of English and French history’s facts during the Great Migrations, and poque of medieval struggle between England and France. Pasquier devotes the intent attention to Religious confrontation during the Reformation and to the tragic fate of Mary Stuart. The paper’s content demonstrates that Humanist’s negative concept o
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Usher, Phillip John, and Nikki Shepardson. "Burning Zeal: The Rhetoric of Martyrdom and the Protestant Community in Reformation France, 1520-1570." Sixteenth Century Journal 39, no. 4 (2008): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20479188.

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Farr, James R. "The Pure and Disciplined Body: Hierarchy, Morality, and Symbolism in France during the Catholic Reformation." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21, no. 3 (1991): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204953.

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Pollmann, Judith. "Countering the Reformation in France and the Netherlands: Clerical Leadership and Catholic Violence 1560 –1585*." Past & Present 190, no. 1 (2006): 83–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtj003.

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Robbins, K. C. "Magical Emasculation, Popular Anticlericalism, and the Limits of the Reformation in Western France circa 1590." Journal of Social History 31, no. 1 (1997): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/31.1.61.

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42

Tingle, Elizabeth. "Rural Seigneurs and the Counter Reformation: Parishes, Patrons, and Religious Reform in France, 1550–1700." Church History 87, no. 1 (2018): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640718000033.

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This article examines the role of lay seigneurs in religious change in the French countryside in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, during the Catholic Reformation and a period of socioeconomic change in land ownership and exploitation. The focus here is on middling and lesser lords—the rough equivalent of the English gentry, who held land in a single province or evenpaysand had a frequent presence in their parishes—rather than the great nobles who operated at a national level. Brittany is used as a case study, for it was a province rich in rural lords and because relatively good source
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43

Brink, James Eastgate, and James K. Farge. "Orthodoxy and Reform in Early Reformation France: The Faculty of Theology of Paris 1500-1543." Sixteenth Century Journal 18, no. 3 (1987): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2540753.

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44

Boltanski, Ariane. "A Jesuit Missio Castrensis in France at the End of the Sixteenth Century: Discipline and Violence at War." Journal of Jesuit Studies 4, no. 4 (2017): 581–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00404003.

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France was a crucial testing ground for the Counter-Reformation conduct of war. In 1590–92, the Holy League appeared a receptive field for the model of an ideal “Christian soldier,” and a Jesuit apostolate to an army at war and some examples of missio castrensis were therefore attempted in France, or in close contact with French battlefields. In particular, a Jesuit mission was established for the papal troops sent to support the Duke of Mayenne (1554–1611), and the Holy League. An earlier Jesuit mission to the troops of Alessandro Farnese in the Low Countries served as an inspiration to the L
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Sălăvăstru, Andrei Constantin. "From Ahab to “Vilain Herodes”: Biblical Models of Evil Kings in Catholic Anti-Royalist Propaganda during Charles IX (1560–1574) and Henry III (1574–1589)." Religions 14, no. 3 (2023): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14030344.

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During the French Wars of Religion, both the Huguenot and the radical Catholic factions started by stressing their devotion to the Valois monarchy, for reasons both pragmatic and ideological. Both were hoping for the support of the Crown in achieving their goals—the Huguenots to convert France to the Reformation, the radical Catholics to eradicate the Protestantism from the kingdom—and their propaganda made use of numerous Biblical references in order to urge the kings of France to pursue such policy goals. However, Biblical precedents could be a two-edged sword: once hope for royal support wa
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46

Balserak, Jon. "Geneva’s Use of Lies, Deceit, and Simulation in Their Efforts to Reform France, 1536–1563." Harvard Theological Review 112, no. 1 (2019): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816018000354.

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AbstractThe Genevan Reformation was subjected to a trenchant ethical critique during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Anabaptists, and Radicals who identified both Calvin and Beza as unscrupulous, dishonest, and immoral. By contrast, modern scholars have paid little attention to such matters. They have either stated explicitly that both men were upright and honest in their lives and ministries or implied it. A handful of scholars have, however, alluded to dishonest conduct on their parts. The present article takes up this topic in detail, looking particula
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47

Örūcu, Esin. "Conseil D'etat: The French Layer of Turkish Administrative Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49, no. 3 (2000): 679–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300064447.

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In both the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic, legal reform efforts have invariably relied on Western models and in administrative law this model has been the French. The first such effort was with the Tanzimat (The Charter of Reformation) in 1839, though these reforms did not have deep effect until the 1860s when the bases of the main administrative institutions such as the Turkish Conseil d'Etat were laid down.1 However, the Conseil d'Etat was not the only institutional model taken from France. The French layer of Turkish administrative law includes other institutions such as the Cour
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48

Harrison, Aidan, and Charles J. Burnett. "Scottish Lettering of the 16th century." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 147 (November 21, 2018): 219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.147.1247.

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Surviving visual culture from the early modern period that can be described as particularly Scottish in style is scarce. As a result, any evidence of such artistry is of national significance. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to a form of lettering which was used for the display of short inscriptions and initials in Scotland throughout the 16th century. Surviving examples are almost exclusively carved in relief in durable wood and stone. This distinctive letterform is drawn from the transitional styles which briefly appeared at the end of the 15th century as French artists and
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49

Sălăvăstru, Andrei Constantin. "The Biblical Image of the Providential Ruler in the Protestant Propaganda on the Eve of the French Wars of Religion." Religions 12, no. 8 (2021): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12080596.

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French Protestantism has remained famous in the history of political thought mostly for its theories regarding popular sovereignty and the right of the people to resist and replace a tyrannical ruler. However, before the civil wars pushed them on this revolutionary path, French Protestants stressed the duty of obedience even in the face of manifest tyranny. The reasons for this were ideological, due to the significance placed on St. Paul’s assertion that all political power was divinely ordained, but also pragmatic, as Calvin and his followers were acutely aware of the danger of antagonizing t
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50

Roberts, Penny. "Martyrologies and Martyrs in the French Reformation: Heretics to Subversives in Troyes." Studies in Church History 30 (1993): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400011712.

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The chief martyrology of the French Protestants or Huguenots, the Histoire des martyrs, was the work of a Walloon refugee in Geneva, Jean Crespin. The Histoire focuses on the martyrs of the French Reformation, but also describes the ordeals of those in Scodand, England, and Flanders, as well as of medieval precursors of Protestant ideas, such as Hus and Wyclif. Later versions of the text include the martyrs of the Early Church, whose faith the Huguenots claimed to be reviving and in whose sufferings they believed themselves to be sharing. The Histoire quickly became popular in the fledgeling R
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