Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reforming energy sector

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Reforming energy sector'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 29 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Reforming energy sector"

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Tishler, Asher, Chi-Keung Woo, and Debra Lloyd. "Reforming Israel's electricity sector." Energy Policy 30, no. 4 (2002): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(01)00110-0.

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Woo, Chi-Keung. "Reforming the power sector in Africa." Energy 29, no. 8 (2004): 1231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2003.11.003.

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Peura, Pekka, and Patrik Sjöholm. "Sustainable or Distributed Energy—or both? Clarifying the Basic Concepts of Reforming the Energy Sector." AIMS Energy 3, no. 2 (2015): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2015.2.241.

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Romaniuk, R. V. "Foreign Experience in Reforming Regional Energy Markets." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no. 46 (2020): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-4-113-118.

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Innovation and investment development is an important pre-requisite, to form competitive environment, improve the efficiency of economic entities and the liberalization process, in general. Foreign experience convincingly shows that liberalization processes in terms of radical adaptation of legislation, as well as stability, reliability and continuity of power supply (provided that the energy sector is demonopolized) are considered efficient if causing synergistic effect, making the performance of power supply business entities by times better than it used to be. The article studies the features of the transformation processes in the energy markets in the advanced countries and in Europe. A review of the criteria that formed the basis for the study has been carried out. The author identifies some consequences of the abovementioned reform of the regional energy sector markets, carried out by integrating the country’s industrial sector development. It is also mentioned that the specificity of territorial and climatic conditions should promote the search for and implementation of a model that would ensure the continuity and multi-functionality of national and regional energy markets. The stages of the reform have been monitored. The analysis of the implementation of the regulatory framework was focused on the following points: the differentiation of certain activities related to the transportation, production, purchase and sale of energy; unification of the single tariff for using energy resources on all the EU territories. It has been found out that the process of reforming the energy markets has no universal scenario that could accelerate these processes, as the transformation is only carried out under special conditions specific to a particular country. The experience of the advanced countries has shown that the consequences of the reform differ despite the application of the same models. It is noted that during the liberalization of energy markets, the EU countries primarily aimed at implementing regulatory instruments, and structurally divided them into 3 stages for the entire reformation period. The future scenario of reforming Ukraine’s energy market is outlined, taking into account the experience of the advanced countries with an emphasis on the following sectors: «the market of direct bilateral agreements», «futures market», «balancing market», «related market». The industry reform and its structural support have been monitored. The measures to be taken to reform the energy market are systematized in 4 groups: regulatory and legal, organizational and structural, financial and investment, technical and innovative measures.
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Peura, Pekka. "From Malthus to sustainable energy—Theoretical orientations to reforming the energy sector." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 19 (March 2013): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.025.

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Chen, Hao, Jian Cui, Feng Song, and Zhigao Jiang. "Evaluating the impacts of reforming and integrating China's electricity sector." Energy Economics 108 (April 2022): 105912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105912.

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Andonova, Liliana B. "The Challenges and Opportunities for Reforming Bulgaria'sEnergy Sector." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 44, no. 10 (2002): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139150209605811.

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Jobodwana, Z. Ntozintle. "POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN THE SADC: REFORMING THE ENERGY SECTOR REGULATORY SYSTEM." Journal of Law, Society and Development 1, no. 1 (2014): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/872.

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The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU) and other African regional economic communities (RECs) have as their ultimate objective the political and economic integration of the African continent. The SADC is home to a number of countries, all of them striving to improve their investment climate to attract foreign investors by reducing the costs of doing business in the region. One way of achieving this is by setting targets for and speeding up political and economic integration, improving interconnectivity and thereby enlarging the market size and enhancing its attractiveness. The SADC region still suffers from high levels of energy poverty through low access levels in all countries except South Africa and Mauritius. Numerous studies have shown that greater regional trading and cooperation on power development within the SADC could substantially reduce investment and operational costs as well as carbon emissions. The need for a regional power trading pool and regional cooperation grew out of the power utilities’ recognition of the vulnerability of individual countries if each continued to pursue a policy of self-sufficiency rather than out of a desire to minimise the social or financial costs of the region’s power. The power sector in southern Africa is undergoing tremendous reforms, more especially since the establishment of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) in August 1995. The SADC, however, faces serious challenges that include diminishing surplus generation capacity and the need to ensure that SADC citizens have equitable access to electricity at affordable prices. To meet these challenges, treaties and protocols have been adopted but are failing to deliver at the implementation stage. This article reviews the SADC energy-electricity regulatory framework in the context of economic and political integration and recommends the establishment of an independent regional regulatory authority to oversee the implementation of integrated holistic energy and air pollution control and prevention, and a common climate change policy. Such a regulator would be a highly resourced regional institution that will liaise with international institutions. This independent regional authority will serve as a catalyst for regional economic integration. It will also have a mandate to introduce and coordinate the establishment of an SADC regional emissions trading scheme that will contribute to managing the mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the implementation of global warming adaptation strategies in the region.
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PYSHNYY, Maksym. "The role of the Ministry of Finance in energy sector reforming of Ukraine." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2021, no. 3 (2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2021.03.023.

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Amin, Sakib, Tooraj Jamasb, Manuel Llorca, Laura Marsiliani, Thomas I. Renström, and Agnirup Sarkar. "Captive power, market access and macroeconomic performance: Reforming the Bangladesh electricity sector." Energy Economics 102 (October 2021): 105468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105468.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reforming energy sector"

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Школа, Вікторія Юріївна, Виктория Юрьевна Школа, Viktoriia Yuriivna Shkola та Сяочжи Сюй. "Стратегия реформирования энергетического сектора в Китае". Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7280.

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На сегодняшний день необходимость широкомасштабного внедрения инновационных подходов к решению вопросов энергообеспечения и повышения энергоэффективности в Китае не вызывает сомнения. Возрастающие с каждым годом потребности в энергоресурсах (в среднем на 10%) обостряют существующие экономические и экологические проблемы в стране. Так, рост потребления электроэнергии, в основном тяжелой промышленностью, и объемов её выработки, ставит в зависимость энергетический рынок страны от мировых импортёров энергоресурсов в связи с дефицитом собственных сырьевой базы для обеспечения потребностей данной отрасли экономики, а также приводит к увеличению объёмов выбросов в окружающую среду (преимущественно, углекислого газа). При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7280
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Books on the topic "Reforming energy sector"

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Brevnov, Boris. From monopoly to market maker?: Reforming Russia's power sector. Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2000.

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Reforming the energy sector in transition economies: Selected experience and lessons. World Bank, 1995.

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Gray, Dale. Reforming the energy sector in transition economies. The World Bank, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-3424-7.

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Teferra, Mengistu, Karekezi Stephen, and Baguant J, eds. Capacity building for a reforming African power sector. Zed Books, in association with African Energy Policy Research Network, 2002.

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(Editor), Mengistu Teferra, and Stephen Karekezi (Editor), eds. Capacity Building for a Reforming African Power Sector (African Energy Policy Research Series). Zed Books, 2003.

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(Editor), Mengistu Teferra, and Stephen Karekezi (Editor), eds. Capacity Building for a Reforming African Power Sector (African Energy Policy Research Series). Zed Books, 2003.

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Abbott, Malcolm, and Bruce Cohen. Utilities Reform in Twenty-First Century Australia. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865063.001.0001.

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The book traces the development and consequences of the economic reform measures undertaken in the utilities sector in Australia (communications, energy, water/wastewater services, and transport) in the last years of the 20th century and the early decades of the 21st century. In doing so, it looks at the process of reform across industries, and across the state and federal jurisdictions, to identify what motivations the various governments had for pursuing reform, how change varied across jurisdictions, and what issues arose in the process. Although by the mid-1990s all states and territories and the Australian Government were committed to reforming utilities as part of the National Competition Policy, not all pursued this reform with the same degree of speed and breadth of action. The broad trends of economic reform in Australia, and abroad, are also touched upon, to provide an outline of the wider context in which the reform of the utilities occurred. This book, therefore, explores the relationship between politics and society on the one hand and economic reform on the other; as well as on the efforts of governments in Australia to promote economic growth and the wealth of Australians in an increasingly complex and challenging global economic climate.
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Book chapters on the topic "Reforming energy sector"

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Gilauri, Nika. "Reforming the Energy Sector." In Practical Economics. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45769-7_7.

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Ramakrishnan, Hema. "Tamil Nadu Power Sector." In Mapping Power. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199487820.003.0013.

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Tamil Nadu, one of the wealthiest states in India, has achieved almost universal electrification, and also has the highest renewable energy capacity—both wind and solar—in the country. Over the last three decades, two regional parties—DMK and AIADMK—have alternatively governed the state and are locked into a pattern of competitive populism in which electricity subsidies play a big role. Early on, subsidies were well targeted and were also financially covered through cross-subsidies from other consumers and direct support from the government. By the 1980s, concern for financial discipline of the utility was abandoned, power for irrigation was made free, flat-rate meters were introduced, and growing theft was concealed under the carpet of agricultural subsidies, all leading to the deteriorated quality of supply and even more cross subsidies. Reform efforts did little to change the situation, with the state government controlling the electricity regulatory commission to prevent the ailing utility from reforming itself and protecting it from any competition. Ironically, Tamil Nadu is considered to be a power surplus state now due to falling industrial demand. There are few signs of Tamil Nadu climbing out of this spiral.
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"Design Support Using a Neural Network Algorithm." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5796-0.ch009.

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This chapter consists of two sections, ‘Dynamic Operational Scheduling Algorithm for an Independent Microgrid with Renewable Energy’ and ‘Operation Prediction of a Bioethanol Solar Reforming System Using a Neural Network’. In the 1st section, a dynamic operational scheduling algorithm is developed using a neural network and a genetic algorithm to provide predictions for solar cell power output (PAS). The section shows that operating the microgrid according to the plan derived with PAS was far superior, in terms of equipment hours of operation, to that using past average weather data. Because solar radiation and outside air temperature are unstable, it is difficult to predict operation of the system with accuracy. Therefore, the 2nd section developes an operation prediction program of the FBSR (bioethanol reforming system) using a layered neural network (NN) with the error-correction learning method.
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Añez, Rafael, and Anibal Sierraalta. "Advances in Theoretical Studies on Solid Catalysts for Renewable Energy Production." In Advanced Solid Catalysts for Renewable Energy Production. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3903-2.ch001.

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This chapter presents a brief review of the recent applications of the quantum chemical calculations in the catalysis for renewable energy production. In this, an introductory vision about the use of ab initio calculations in the field of the renewable energies is presented. It is worth mentioning that the quantum chemistry field is an extensive area with many methodologies and theoretical approaches; therefore, to shed some light on the application of this area on the catalysis for renewable energy production, the chapter is divide into two sections according to the employed theoretical approximation, that is, the cluster model approach and the periodic approach. The first section describes the cluster model approximation, followed by a discussion of recent works in hydrogen storage, biodiesel and methanol conversion fields, and the second section describes the basic principles of the periodic approximation, basis set used in this approximation, and illustrative examples in the catalysts for biodiesel production; reforming of methane and hydrogen storage are presented at the end of this section.
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Conference papers on the topic "Reforming energy sector"

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Waller, Michael G., Mark R. Walluk, and Thomas A. Trabold. "Towards the Development of a Fuel Cell System for Residential Applications: Propane Reforming via Catalytic Partial Oxidation." In ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2014-6431.

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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that 5% of air pollutants originate from small internal combustion engines (ICE) used in non-automotive applications. While there have been significant advances towards developing more sustainable systems to replace large ICEs, few designs have been implemented with the capability to replace small ICEs such as those used in the residential sector for lawn and garden equipment. Replacing these small residential internal combustion engines presents a unique opportunity for early market penetration of fuel cell technologies. This paper describes the initial efforts to build an innovative residential-scale fuel cell system using propane as its fuel source, and the deployment of this technology in a commonly used device found throughout the U.S. There are three main components to this program, including the development of the propane reforming system, fuel cell operation, and the overall system integration. This paper presents the reforming results of propane catalytic partial oxidation (cPOx). The primary parameters used to evaluate the reformer in this experiment were reformate composition, carbon concentration in the effluent, and reforming efficiency as a function of catalyst temperature and O2/C ratio. When including the lower heating value (LHV) for product hydrogen and carbon monoxide, maximum efficiencies of 84% were achieved at an O2/C ratio of 0.53 and a temperature of 940°C. Significant solid carbon formation was observed at catalyst temperatures below 750°C.
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Carapellucci, Roberto, Eric Favre, Lorena Giordano, and Denis Roizard. "Methane Steam Reforming and Metallic Membranes to Capture Carbon Dioxide in Gas Turbine Power Plants." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53384.

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Pre-combustion CO2 capture is regarded as a promising option to manage greenhouse gas emissions from power generation sector. In this regard, metallic membranes can provide a significant boost in power plants energy performances, due to their infinite hydrogen perm-selectivity and their ability to operate at high pressure and temperature. However, the properly integration of these devices still requires a deep investigation of power plant behavior, in order to detect the mutual interaction between system components, which may impose constraints on their operating conditions. This paper aims to investigate a chemically recuperated gas turbine (CRGT) with pre-combustion CO2 recovery based on hydrogen separation through a metallic membrane. At first, the steam reforming and membrane separation processes are investigated, in order to assess their sensitivity to the variation of the main operating parameters. Then, the CRGT power plant with CO2 capture is analyzed, highlighting the effect of system components interaction on energy and environmental performances. In addition, the study accomplishes a preliminary investigation of the system capability to produce an excess of hydrogen to be used as an energy carrier.
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Damm, David L., and Andrei G. Fedorov. "Design and Analysis of Zero CO2 Emission Powerplants for the Transportation Sector." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14172.

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Hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles provide a feasible pathway to elimination of CO2 emissions from the transportation sector if the hydrogen is produced from renewable energy sources, or the CO2 from hydrogen production is sequestered on a large scale. The lack of a hydrogen distribution infrastructure and the lack of dense hydrogen storage technology are fundamental roadblocks along this path. One alternative approach is to use a high energy-density liquid fuel (natural or synthetic, such as methanol) as an intermediate hydrogen carrier, and generate the hydrogen on demand in an onboard fuel processor. This demands, however, development of technologies for on-board CO2 capture, storage, and recycling to eliminate direct emission into the atmosphere. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of feasibility of on-board carbon dioxide sequestration as well as various process/design schemes for the hybrid power generation-CO2 sequestration system. The primary difficulty in capturing CO2 from small-scale power plants (such as the internal combustion engine) is the extremely diluted state of CO2 in the exhaust gases. In contrast, onboard fuel processors have the potential to provide a highly concentrated CO2 exhaust stream, which could be separated, liquefied, and stored onboard at ambient temperatures with a minimal energy penalty. Current research efforts in small scale fuel processing are focused on producing a hydrogen-rich (or pure) stream from liquid hydrocarbon fuel with high yield and at a sufficient rate to provide the necessary vehicle power. Very few efforts reported in the open literature also address the need to capture the byproduct CO2 that is produced. The additional requirement of CO2 capture calls for fundamental change in the fuel processing strategy and reformer design. Several process or design schemes for fuel processing are identified, which produce hydrogen while allowing for CO2 capture. For example, in autothermal reforming of hydrocarbon or alcohol fuels, catalytic reactions of the fuel with air yield a product stream (hydrogen and CO2) that is diluted with nitrogen. Under the added constraint of CO2 capture, advanced oxygen membranes could be used to supply pure oxygen rather than air to the reaction, resulting in a more concentrated, nitrogen-free product stream which is favorable for CO2 capture. Simultaneously, this improves the efficiency of downstream hydrogen purification and utilization processes; thus, the penalties associated with CO2 capture are partially offset. In a similar manner, steam reforming of liquid fuels may not be the most attractive fuel processing option for automotive applications without consideration of CO2 capture. However, because the product stream is never diluted with air, it becomes a very attractive option for integrated fuel processing/CO2 sequestration systems. Consideration of CO2 capture early in the design stages of the fuel processing system allows a portion of the energetic penalty for CO2 sequestration to be recovered. While the design, analysis, and demonstration of an integrated onboard fuel processor with CO2 capture and storage is the ultimate goal, this technology is relevant to all small-scale, distributed power generation applications and should be an integral part of future CO2 abatement strategies.
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Zohrabian, Angineh, Mohammad Mansouri Majoumerd, Mohammad Soltanieh, and Øystein Arild. "Techno-Economic Comparative Study on Hydrogen and Electricity Cogeneration Systems With CO2 Capture." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59433.

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In order to achieve the international climate goals and to keep the global temperature increase below 2 °C, carbon capture and storage in large point sources of CO2 emissions has received considerable attention. In recent years, mitigation of CO2 emissions from the power sector has been studied extensively whereas other industrial point source emitters such as hydrogen industry have also great potential for CO2 abatement. This study aims to draw an updated comparison between different hydrogen and power cogeneration systems using natural gas and coal as feedstock. The goal is to show the relative advantage of cogeneration systems with respect to CO2 emission reduction costs. Accordingly, the Reference Case is selected as a large-scale H2 production system with CO2 venting using natural gas based on steam methane reforming. In this work, H2 and electricity cogeneration with CO2 capture based on auto-thermal reforming of natural gas has been simulated using ASPEN Plus™, while the cost and performance indicators for the plant based on steam methane reforming of natural gas and the coal-based plants have been adopted from the literature. Using a consistent approach, different plants are compared techno-economically. A sensitivity analysis has also been performed with variation in the most important input parameters including natural gas price (2–8 $/GJ), coal price (1–4 $/GJ), electricity price (30–90 $/MWh) and capacity factors (85–50%) and the results are presented here. The results demonstrate that the total efficiency of the system is slightly higher in natural gas-based systems than in coal-based systems. The results also indicate that although H2 production cost increases with power cogeneration and CO2 capture, cogeneration is a promising and attractive alternative for clean power generation. The highest sensitivity of the results has been observed for the fuel price.
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Sun, Li, Xiaodong Zhang, Xiaolu Yi, and Min Xu. "Study on Efficient Hydrogen Production From Biomass." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90593.

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Hydrogen is crucial for the solution of future energy economy, and the development of mass and cheap production technology of hydrogen has become the central sector in overall hydrogen energy chain. For the abundance and renewability of biomass, it is of great potential to develop economically competitive and efficient biomass thermal conversion technology for hydrogen. One secondary decomposition process, combined with steam reforming, is proposed to the gaseous pyrolysis intermediate to promote hydrogen production. The method implements the sufficient utilization of hydrogen-containing components in biomass, while avoiding the influence of carbon towards the cracking of large molecule hydrocarbons. On the basis of self-energy-sustainability, hydrogen content in the product gas can be expected to reach 60 to 70 percent. From preliminary test on bench scale experimental system, hydrogen-rich gas with relatively small content of impunities was achieved, revealing the feasibility of the applied approach. The secondary decomposition of large molecule gaseous pyrolysis products and the steam reforming of some gas contents were proved to be effective in promoting the deep conversion of these components to hydrogen. When combined with efficent fuel cell system, the results of this work propose one prominent solution for the clean and local utilization of biomass.
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Caners, Chris G., Brant A. Peppley, Steven J. Harrison, Patrick H. Oosthuizen, and Craig S. McIntyre. "Experimental Analysis of an Autothermal Gasoline Reformer for Automotive Purposes." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74105.

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One of the main uses of fossil fuels is in the transportation sector, leading to environmental consequences such as climate change and smog. In order to move towards a more sustainable energy infrastructure, a transition must begin between fossil fuels and renewable fuels, such as biogas and hydrogen. One possibility to drive this transition is through the application of reforming technology to the automotive sector. The objectives of this project were to experimentally validate a computational fluid dynamics model, while at the same time analyze the data and model in order to improve the design of the bench-scale reformer for use in automotive applications. The model was validated through the experimental data generated through the use of a series of thermocouples and gas chromatography. The highest lower heating value efficiency and dry molar percentage output of hydrogen were 58% and 43% respectively, with conversion percentages approaching 100%.
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Mastropasqua, Luca, Stefano Campanari, Paolo Iora, and Matteo Carmelo Romano. "Simulation of Intermediate-Temperature SOFC for 60%+ Efficiency Distributed Generation." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2015-49373.

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This work proposes a process simulation of high efficiency intermediate-temperature (660–730°C) SOFC systems for promising applications in the foreseeable future distributed power generation sector. Two case-studies have been considered: the kW-scale unit proposed by Ceramic Fuel Cell Limited (CFCL), which reaches up to 68% stack DC efficiency, and the FuelCell Energy (FCE) SOFC system, where a 65% DC efficiency has been verified on a 10 kW module. Both systems can be applied to distributed generation, yielding 60%+ net electric efficiency (LHV basis) from natural gas at small scale. This study aims at calibrating the two considered SOFC balance of plants with the Politecnico di Milano in-house software GS. Throughout a zero-dimensional model of the complete system a validation of the manufacturer’s claimed performance is possible. The general module configuration is made up of a natural gas pre-treating processor, a SOFC stack, an anodic spent fuel combustor and a waste heat recovery system for CHP applications. A pre-reforming adiabatic reactor has been proven to be an efficient choice to reduce the higher hydrocarbon chains content in the fuel stream and therefore to lessen the burden on the anodic channel, especially in terms of solid carbon deposition. The fuel is then pre-heated and, in the FCE case-study, mixed with the anodic outlet recycle; this last solution is regarded as of utmost importance for the attainment of the high overall fuel utilisation (≈80–85%) factors necessary to reach the proposed high efficiency targets, as well as to provide the steam required by the internal reforming process. Both the considered fuel cell systems performance have been verified and their extremely high efficient operation proven, according to those reported by their manufacturers. In addition to the process simulation, the work lays the foundations for a more thorough SOFC stack modelling throughout a 2D in-house developed software. This analysis gives valuable insights on the geometry characterisation and on the flow arrangement, as well as on their effects on cell internal temperature and composition profiles. In particular, the proposed analysis focuses on the case of a planar cross-flow arrangement, representative of the latter of the two case-studies. The understanding of the internal behaviour of the systems provides useful information to optimise the cell performance and design.
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Robinson, Megan, and Zoya Popovic. "SCALABLE MICROWAVE WASTE-TO-FUEL CONVERSION." In Ampere 2019. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9839.

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This paper presents an efficiency study for scalable microwave waste management. When waste with carbon content is subjected to volume power densities on the order of 0.25W/cm3 at GHz frequencies, it converts to solid coke fuel with oil and gas bi-products that can further be processed for fuel, leaving no trace. For an efficient process, a well-controlled uniform RF field should be maintained in a non-uniform and time-variable material. We are developing a 2.45-GHz active microwave cavity with solid-state (GaN) spatially power combined sources for lower volumes, Fig.1. In the energy balance calculations, the input energy into the system consists of the waste chemical energy and the DC electrical energy used to obtain the RF power with an efficiency that can reach 70% for kW power levels. The efficiency of RF power conversion to heat in the waste mass is calculated from full-wave simulations for typical waste mixtures and ranges from 10 to 90% depending on the material and cavity filling. The output energy estimates are collected from various pyrolysis process descriptions, e.g. [1], with the total energy being that of the solid fuel (35MJ/kg) and oil caloric values, e.g. 40MJ/kg for plastics and about 10-15MJ/kg for nonplastics [2]. A byproduct is flue gas which can be converted to Syngas [3]. The total worse-case carbon footprint balance (0.3-3) calculations will be presented. Fig. 1. Block diagram of active microwave cavity for waste to fuel conversion. References D. Czajczyńska, “Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector,” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 3, p. 171. Sept., 2017. J.A. Onwudili, “Composition of products from the pyrolysis of polyethylene and polystyrene in a closed batch reactor: effects of temperature and residence time,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 86 p. 293–303. Nov., 2009. S. Chunshan, "Tri-reforming of methane: a novel concept for synthesis of industrially useful synthesis gas with desired H2/CO ratios using CO2 in flue gas of power plants without CO2 separation." Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem 49, no. 1 (2004): 128.
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Colpan, C. Ozgur, Ibrahim Dincer, and Feridun Hamdullahpur. "Transient Modeling of Direct Internal Reforming Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56425.

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In this paper, a 2-D cross section of a single cell of a direct internal reforming planar SOFC is taken and a heat transfer model is developed. For this purpose, the cell is divided into five control volumes: anode interconnect, fuel channel, positive/electrolyte/negative (PEN) structure, air channel and cathode interconnect. Mass and energy balances are solved in these control volumes (2-D in solid structures, 1-D in gas channels). Ohmic, activation and concentration polarizations, convection effects in rectangular ducts and surface-to-surface radiation effects are also taken into account. For the numerical solution, fully implicit finite difference scheme is chosen. The input parameters of the model are inlet temperature and gas composition of air and fuel channel, pressure of the cell, cell voltage, mass flow rate at the fuel channel inlet, excess air coefficient and cell geometry. The model also gives temperature and current density distributions within the cell as output.
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10

Carapellucci, Roberto, Eric Favre, Lorena Giordano, and Denis Roizard. "Hydrogen Production From Methane Steam Reforming With CO2 Capture Through Metallic Membranes." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65363.

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As an energy carrier, hydrogen has the potential to boost the transition toward a cleaner and sustainable energy infrastructure. In this context, steam methane reforming coupled with carbon capture through membrane separation is emerging as a potential route for hydrogen generation with a reduced carbon footprint. A potential way to improve the efficiency and reduce costs of the entire process is to integrate the hydrogen production system with a gas turbine power plant, using a fraction of waste heat exhausted to provide the heat and the steam required by the endothermic reforming reaction. The paper assesses the techno-economic performances of a small-scale hydrogen and electricity co-production system, integrating a syngas production section, a gas turbine and a membrane separation unit. The simulation study investigates two main configurations, depending on whether the gas turbine is fed by hydrogen or natural gas. For each configuration, energy and economic performance indices are evaluated varying the main plant operating parameters, i.e. the steam reforming temperature, the permeate sweep dilution, the membrane pressure ratio and the technology of gas turbine.
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