Journal articles on the topic 'Reformy Doi Moi'

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe an exhibition that celebrated 30 years of reform in the Vietnamese National Museum of History, which opened in 2016. It contributes to anthropological understandings of the way exhibitions create new forms of cultural heritage, and so operate as a kind of technology of governance for legitimising state transformations that seek to celebrate neoliberal ideologies and the rise of the individual. Design/methodology/approach Using an ethnographic methodology, it explores some of the behind-the-scenes decisions involved in producing a narrative of national development since the Doi Moi reforms of 1986. Findings In analysing how imported memory approaches were innovatively employed alongside conventional historical facts, this paper reveals ways in which old revolutionary narratives make way for expansive and more acceptable concepts of development that embrace well-being and quality of life as well as national achievements. Originality/value This research is based on original ethnographic research conducted by the author and contributes to an emerging field of museum and heritage studies in East and South-East Asia.

<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><span lang="EN-GB">The development of world globalization after the end of the Cold War made many countries in the world adapt to the changes in the existing world constellation. The countries that were most affected were those who supported the Eastern Bloc with communist ideology. Some countries in Asia with communist ideology, such as China, Vietnam, and Laos, have had to face such rapid changes in the world. The conflict between maintaining ideology by adopting the values of globalization is a very important issue. China strives not to be trapped in the entanglement of the globalization of the world by changing the pattern of thinking for the achievement of its economy through economic reform. Economic reform by opening up the economy in welcoming world free trade to take advantage of world trade, but still maintaining communist ideology is the solution for China. China's success in its economic reforms was taken into consideration for Vietnam, its communist ally, to adopt the same steps. With very bad economic conditions after the end of the Vietnam War and its limitations in carrying out reconstruction, real action was greatly needed by Vietnam amid the end of dependence on the Soviet Union. The economic reform movement through "Doi Moi" took effect since 1986 to overcome economic turmoil and efforts to carry out reconstruction reconstruction. The ideology he embraced made it a barrier for the international community to provide assistance to Vietnam. Globalization cannot be rejected because it provides an opportunity for the development and economic growth of a country.</span></p>

In Vietnam, the history of the English language and English education has a direct bearing on politics, economy and social affairs (Wright, 2002), and is particularly tied up with the reform policy known as Doi Moi, which was adopted by the sixth National Congress of the Communist Party in 1986. Doi Moi has brought about huge achievements in terms of gross domestic product growth and foreign direct investment attraction (Thanh & Duong, 2009). These achievements have had a profound impact on the development of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Vietnam.

Vietnam has experienced a gradual process of institutional transition combined with rapid economic growth since the Doi Moi reform in 1986. In recent years, the government has recognized the need to implement reforms to foster the development of favourable business environment conditions. In this scenario, however, the government seems to assume a uniform demand for business environment reforms, ignoring possible divergences in the constraints faced by different actors of the system. The aim of this paper is to analyse the heterogeneity in firms’ perceptions of business environment constraints. Adopting discrete choice models on firm-level data and subjective assessments on business environment obstacles, we differentiate the nature and severity of firms’ obstacles according to different characteristics of the enterprises, including the firm size, territorial localization and levels of performance and competitiveness. The study is useful as an informative base for defining public interventions calibrated on the different categories and needs of Vietnamese enterprises.

Following doi moi (renovation) market reforms in 1986, the Vietnamese government urgently required commercial laws capable of regulating the rapidly emerging private sector. Along with contract and property laws, lawmakers considered company law essential for a market-based legal framework. Since reforms could not wait the decades required to distil normative standards from local commercial practices, lawmakers turned to Western laws for inspiration.1

This paper examines the impact of internal migration on gender differences in occupational mobility after the introduction of economic reform ( Doi Moi) in Vietnam. Data derived from a survey conducted in 1997 in six provinces of Vietnam provide the basis for comparing the experience of permanent migrants, temporary migrants, and non-migrants. The results show that migration reduces gender differences in occupational distribution by increasing women's participation in traditionally male occupations. But men's relative advantage in occupational mobility over women's remains. The multivariate analysis showed that permanent male migrants were more likely to be upwardly mobile than females if their move occurred in the later Doi Moi. Such findings suggest that the freedom of movement and the ability to engage in private enterprise, while allowing women more autonomy, have not yet successfully promoted female upward occupational mobility.

Vietnam has seemingly been able to shortcut the forest transition (FT) by quickly moving to the reforestation phase. Provincial-level forest cover and socio-economic trends are, however, not necessarily compatible with a standard FT framework. This article compares forest cover change and associated policy reforms in two provinces. Bac Kan is one of the poorest provinces in Vietnam, and has, after years of deforestation and forest degradation, expanded its forest cover during the past two decades. In contrast, Lam Dong province has higher GDP and population density, but has had high deforestation linked to expansion of perennial crops. This is contrary to what could be expected from a conventional FT hypothesis. Land use dynamics in Vietnam is heavily driven by its historical heritage related to the independence from French rule and heavy state-control and collectivization, and its more recent shift to “market-led socialism” (doi moi), involving export promotion, decentralization and land tenure reforms. The Vietnam experience shows that policies can trump the typical FT patterns linked to general development trends and structural changes, and that the typical FT-trajectory is not unavoidable. Yet, these policies have not primarily been guided by forest concerns, but should be viewed as a side effect of the doi moi policies pursuing economic growth and of the devolution of rights and decision-making.

Since the Doi Moi (Vietnam’s economic reform) in 1986 to date, Vietnam has continuously made efforts to reform its legal system to better adapt with requirements to develop in different historical periods. Vietnam considers ensuring fundamental human rights as one of the cross-cutting goals in national development policies and strategies. It is undeniable that the outcomes of legal system reform had a positive impact on all aspects of life and on the assurance of human rights and citizen’s rights in particular. However, due to the effects of e international integration and 4.0 industrial revolution the emergence of new-generation trade agreements (FTAs), the current legal system in Vietnam has revealed certain limitations that need to be improved in order to better guarantee fundamental rights. With the objective to bring about the general picture of legal reform on human rights in the recent years in Vietnam, this article will focus on introducing the legal system and its impact on the assurance of human rights standards and highlighting the priorities that need to be revised.

After more than three decades of implementing the Doi Moi policy, Vietnam’s higher education has achieved significant progress, in terms of policies of national reform and strategies of international cooperation. However, the role and position of higher education institutions in the world’s education market are still blurry. Although a number of researchers have highlighted a range of impediments to its development, realistic solutions have not been devised to help Vietnam accelerate its progress in education. The main objectives of this paper are to review reform in government policies pertaining to the development of the higher education sector, discuss the performance efficiency of higher education institutions using statistical analyses based on the findings from recent studies, and propose possible solutions for enhancing performance efficiency and accountability transparency of higher education institutions in the process of the comprehensive renovation of the Vietnamese higher education system

The smallholder agricultural systems in Vietnam today, although still based largely on traditional systems and practices, are undergoing considerable change as a result of the economic and social reforms enacted under the process of “Doi Moi” and the resulting rapid economic growth of the 1990s. In particular paddy rice production has risen from an annual average of around 15 million tonnes for the period 1981-88 to over 20 million tonnes in 1999–2002, and this, and increases in the production of other major crops have been important factors behind the rise in both the numbers and productivity of the main livestock species, due partly to increased quantities of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products (e.g. rice bran) becoming available for feed.

Experts and business pundits forecasted drastic changes in Vietnam’s fledgling e-commerce when the Southeast Asian country became an official member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2007. Over the past few years, as part of the Reform – called Doi moi – some Vietnamese enterprises have adopted e-commerce and already benefitted from it. In this research, the authors adapt the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and test a model of e-commerce adoption including numerous internal and external factors identified in empirical studies. The final sample of 926 small and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam includes both adopter and non-adopter firms. The policy implications of this study on promoting e-commerce adoption by SMEs in transition economies, such as Vietnam, are discussed.

Since the reforms under Doi Moi policy, Vietnam’s commercial bank system had experienced significant changes and obtained stimulating results, such as: ownership diversification, growth in asset and equity, increased number of banks and banking services etc. However, after the 2008 global crisis, the Vietnam’s commercial bank system has revealed its shortcomings (e.g. high rate of NPLs, low liquidity, low human resource quality). In response to the bad performance of some commercial banks that can result in the breakdown of the whole system, the Government has applied decisive actions to restructure the credit institutions in general and commercial banks in particular. This paper aims to review the performance of stateowned commercial banks from 2011 to 2015 to reassess results of the implementation of Scheme for restructuring the system of credit institutions in the period of 2011 – 2015 by the Prime Minister.

Purpose – The Vietnam construction industry has considerably developed since 1986 as a result of “Doi Moi” or all-round renovation process. However, despite the pace of economic reforms, a number of challenges continue to plague the construction industry. The purpose of this paper is to revisit the factors causing construction project failure in Vietnam. Some of the selected best practices from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) and China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, South Africa (CIVETS) are discussed. Design/methodology/approach – Using a mixed method approach, data were collected from construction stakeholders in Vietnam using a postal survey questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were subjected to descriptive statistics using ranking and frequencies analysis, and qualitative data employed content analysis. Findings – Despite the lack of systematic approach to managing projects risks, there is a high level of acknowledgement regarding the importance of risk management practices. The highly ranked critical factors still causing construction project failure in Vietnam are: disregard of the significance of project planning process and project planning; lack of experience in executing complicated project; poor design capacity and frequent design changes; lack of knowledge and ability in managing construction projects; lack of financial capacity of owner; poor performance of contractors; lack of a systematic approach to managing the project and entire organisation; corruption and bribery in construction projects; the delays in payment; and economic volatility and high inflation. Practical implications – The identified and revisited project failure factors could be used as a “road map” for the revaluation, and development of appropriate project management practices. Originality/value – The construction sector has undergone through significant structural changes following “Doi Moi”. This study provides the opportunity to realign the strategies for addressing project failure factors and learning from comparative studies in BRICS and CIVETS countries.

Water is a resource needed in all aspects of life and is regarded as a decisive factor for Earth's ecosystems survival. However, water resource has also become a limiting factor of social and economic development. For cities of the developing world, water is increasingly playing a vital role in sustainable urban development. Since economic reform known as “Doi Moi" (renovation) in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, has undergone the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization. As a result, the City has experie critical environmental challenges in which water use and management have placed constraints on its sustainable development. These striking challenges include water shortage, pollution and depletion of surface and groundwater sources. The underlying reasons can be attributed to inadequate management practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of rapid urbanization and growing water resource problems. It also examines the management practices and analyze the root causes of water resource issues in the course of sustainable development.

<p>Since <em>Doi Moi</em> (i.e. <em>the Renovation</em>) in 1986, Vietnam has substantially transformed its society from one of the poorest countries into a middle-income country. The socio-economic reform have led academics to the focus on studying macro problems such as economic reform, weak government, civil society or social inequality. In the mean time, the investigation of micro aspects presented in everyday life has been often neglected. The presentation of everyday life, however, is essential to understand social structure in general. This paper employs the concept of “deference rituals” developed by Erving Goffman to investigate the ways Vietnamese people address others, give them exclamations, and perform salutation rituals in their day-to-day life. By doing so, the paper aims to answer the question that why it is functional for society that those deference rituals are carried out; and what their performance does accomplish for maintenance of social interaction order. The paper finds out that although these small rituals are usually considered as mundane forms, their displays serve to help Vietnamese participants show their respect to and readiness to comply with the wishes of the seniors, ensuring the stability of a hierarchical order.</p>

Since Doi Moi (Reform) policy in 1986, Vietnam has experienced rapid urbanization and economic growth. Urbanization has resulted in increasingly high housing demand in the urban areas but this has largely unmet, especially housing for low-income people. Development of social housing for low-income and under-privileged people in cities has been seen as an urgent and important task of the government to pursue stable social and economic development. Low-income people are most vulnerable to environmental impacts and in need of energy-efficient houses to reduce their cost of living. Eco-social housing is seen as a solution to protect the natural environment as well as to boost local economy, improve living conditions particularly for low income people. Through preliminary assessments of three social buildings at three distinct regions of Vietnam, this paper found that despite many challenges, eco-social housing is a solution to Vietnam's needs in providing houses with adequate living conditions to low-income people while protecting the environment and achieving sustainable eco-social development in the long run.

Since the time of Doi Moi, the Vietnamese government has implemented a variety of policies to foster more balanced economic growth and development between rural and urban sectors. Several government policies that have been enacted were in the fields of agricultural reform and rural development. However, uneven development between urban and rural areas still exists. Based on secondary data, this study shows the urban-rural gaps in terms of education, employment, and income. The paper points out that the higher the level of education a person attains, the more considerable the disparities between urban and rural inhabitants can be observed. This fact strongly influences the occupations and incomes of urban as well as rural workers. The recommended policies to reduce the gaps between urban and rural areas include enhancing credit access for rural people, particularly to the poor; improving access to education and job training opportunities for formal sector employment; and entrepreneurial support to start household businesses, which all serve to increase income opportunities for low-income groups in the rural sector.

<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>As a result of its economic reform policies, Vietnam has emerged as an attractive country for foreign direct investment, especially in numerous service sectors such as banking and financial services, hospitality and retailing. The presence and operations of foreign service firms have also raised growing concerns regarding the competitive position of local service firms. However, after more than 30 years of the Doi Moi, little is known about whether there are differences in the service-oriented human resource practices within local and foreign service firms in Vietnam. Using a mixed method approach (surveys with 549 service employees and 20 in-depth interviews with managers and service employees in both local and foreign service firms), this study finds that foreign firms perform better than their local counterparts in several dimensions of service-oriented human resource practices (e.g. service-oriented recruitment, training, rewards and employee autonomy). Conclusions and implications for service managers have been provided.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: service-oriented human resource practices, service firms, Vietnam </p>

Since the introduction of the Doi Moi economic reform in 1986, the real estate market in Vietnam has witnessed a sharp increase in foreign investment inflows and a remarkable growth in the housing market, particularly for high-rise apartments in large cities. This study investigates the determinants of apartment prices in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and Hanoi, the two most representative cities in Vietnam. The spatial distribution of apartments and their price determinants were addressed by the spatial analysis of Geographic Information System (GIS) and the hedonic model. The price determinants of both cities were closely associated with downtown-related factors; moreover, the externalities of urbanization affected each city. While HCMC was more related to the locational attributes of urban amenities and community density as well as programs because of unmanaged urbanization, Hanoi was more related to housing attributes, since the majority of apartment projects were developed under urban infrastructure development supported by the central government. Apartment cluster maps of each city clearly show the contrast of housing distribution. Our findings clarify the impact of government policies on housing price determinants and can be a reference for private- and public-sector stakeholders seeking to undertake economically and socially sustainable housing development projects in Vietnam.

PurposeThe research aims to provide the basis for a better understanding of the internationalization of higher education in Vietnam. First, it examines Vietnam's higher education reforms and policy/ legal frameworks for the promotion of internationalization since the implementation of Doi Moi in 1986. Secondly, it analyzes the internationalization activities at the national and institutional levels. At both levels, the internationalization activities are categorized into internationalization at home and cross borders (Knight, 2012). Finally, the paper discusses the challenges Vietnamese HE is facing and presents policy directions.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a case study research strategy to examine and gain understanding of internationalization of higher education in Vietnam as a phenomenon. The study collected detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures over a period of time. First, it analyzes Vietnam's higher education reforms as well as policy and legal framework for the promotion of internationalization. Then, using Knight's framework, the study analyzed the internationalization at home and crossborder educational activities at the national and institutional levels. At the national level, strategic policy goals and programs were explored. Then, it chose Vietnam National University- Hanoi as a institutional case to learn its institutional strategies on cross border programs and mobility, reputation building, research cooperation.FindingsVietnam has continuously reformed its legal and policy framework of higher education to better integrate into the global higher education market and also to meet the national demand for economic development. Predominant rationale for Vietnam to engage in crossborder programs is for brain development, specifically in the academics and public sector. Meanwhile internationalization at home is driven by (1) international programs and universities and (2) initiative to enhance competitiveness of its higher education institutes. Vietnam hosts different models of international universities, including classical, satellite and co-founded. However, issues and challenges remain, such as poor lack of systematic cooperation and coordination at the governmental level, retaining talents, and finally finances.Originality/valueWritten for the special edition on Internationalization of Higher Education in the Era of SDGs: Asia–Pacific Perspective, the study aims to provide a basis for understanding the current situation of internationalization higher education in Vietnam and how it compares to its partners in the region. This study is unique as it provides a two-layer analysis, at the national and institutional levels capturing macro and micro perspectives in one scene. In addition, this study includes rich empirical data, which was rare in previous literature due to limited access.

Currently, Indonesia has the fourth largest population in the world, with the tenth largest economy by purchasing power, and Indonesia is part of the G-20. Indonesia has an economic long-term developmentto be implemented between 2005 and 2025. The plan is divided into five-year period, each of them with a different sector development priorities. Regarding business climate, although generally positive, Indonesia still continues to experience challenges of uncertainty and lack of infrastructures. However, the Investment Coordinating Board has established one service called Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) that provides business licenses, and there are further regulation for more openness regarding businesses implementations. Vietnam on the other hand has a development success story.The political and economic reform named (Doi Moi) was launched in 1986 and has transformed the country from one of the world's poorest countries, with a per capita income of about $ 100, to a medium income country in a century, with revenues of more than $ 2,000 per capita by the end of 2014. the government has recently paid increasing attention to improve the business environment, with two resolutions that was published in March 2014 and March 2015, established concrete measures to remove obstacles to business creation in Vietnam, with the goal of achieving a business environment comparable to the average of the ASEAN-6 countries group. Both of these countries: Indonesia and Vietnam have been running back ever ties relations, they have now become a means of fostering mutual understanding and strengthened cooperation between them, which is carried on in various sectors of thei reconomy. This paper will discuss about the business relationship between the Republic of Indonesia at the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

After implement “Doi Moi” process in 1986, the Vietnamese accounting system has reformed significantly. To date, the structure of Vietnamese accounting system includes four levels, namely, (1) accounting law, (2) decrees, (3) decisions and Vietnamese Accounting Standards (VASs) and (4) circulars. Particularly, Vietnamese National Assembly promulgated accounting laws in 2003 and 2015. The VASs were promulgated based on the first version of International Accounting Standards (IASs), however until now, the VASs have been not yet amended. Meanwhile IASs have been adjusted regularly and upgraded to IFRSs by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) since 2001. Moreover, in terms of quantity, Vietnam only promulgated 26 VASs, whereas IASB issued 43 IASs/IFRSs (consist of 27 IASs and 16 IFRSs). Actually, Vietnam became a member of Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1995. On December 31st 2015, the ASEAN set up ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and as a result, Vietnam is a member of AEC. The one of objectives of AEC is convergence accounting field, through allowance movement freedom of skilled labor in accounting sector within ASEAN members. The research of Backer et al. (2007) mentioned that the accounting harmonization and convergence have became the great topics relevant to international integration in many countries. Therefore, the study shows history and development of Vietnamese accounting law and accounting standards and analyzes the role of each component in Vietnamese accounting system. Especially, the study provides the experience in accounting harmonization from ACE members to evidence the necessary of harmonization with IASs/IFRSs of Vietnam.

Riassunto: Filo conduttore del saggio è la vita di madre Serafina di Dio, carismatica caprese fondatrice, nel secolo XVII, di sette congregazioni femminili ispirate alla spiritualità teresiana. L’affiliazione alla santa di Avila e l’adesione alla matrice della sua riforma hanno consentito alle nuove comunità devote nate da un’iniziativa periferica di collocarsi nell’alveo della Chiesa nella prospettiva istituzionale della trasformazione in monasteri di clausura.Due i focus della ricerca. Da un lato ci si è soffermati sull’omogeneità organizzativa e spirituale dei conservatori garantita da reti devozionali saldamente dipendenti dal carisma della fondatrice secondo un meccanismo nel quale resta assai difficile determinare i confini tra una vita modellizzata dalla santità e il progetto di santificazione della propria vita. Dall’altro si è evidenziata l’importanza della tradizione religiosa e devozionale nel processo di costante contaminazione dell’identità culturale delle due principali penisole del Mediterraneo mai trasformata in fusione, nonostante gli intensi rapporti e la subalternità politica di Napoli a Madrid. Parole chiave: reti devozionali e religiose, spiritualità femminile, Mediterraneo Abstract: The underlying theme of the essay is the life of Mother Serafina di Dio from Capri, the charismatic founder, in the seventeenth century, of seven women’s congregations inspired by the Teresian spirituality. The affiliation to the saint of Avila and the connection to the matrix of her reform allowed these peripheral and devoted communities to position themselves within the fold of the Church, from the perspective of institutional transformation in cloistered monasteries.The first research focus is about the uniformity of organization and spirituality within the retreats guaranteed by devotional networks firmly dependent on the charisma of the founder. A mechanism in which is very difficult to determine the boundaries between a life modeled on the holiness and a project of sanctification of her own life.The other one, is about the importance of religious and devotional traditions in the process of constant contamination of the cultural identity of the two main peninsulas in Mediterranean, never turned into fusion, despite the penetrating contacts and the political subordination of Naples in Madrid. Keywords: religious and devotional networks, women’s spirituality, Mediterranean

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Die Entwicklung des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Instituts und Museums der Universität Berlin von einer Institution, die Geologie zusammen mit Paläontologie als eine Einheit vertrat, über eine Institution, die eine geotektonische Ausrichtung hatte, zu einer auf Paläontologie konzentrierten Institution wird nachvollzogen. Die beiden Institutsdirektoren am Anfang des 20sten Jahrhunderts waren Vertreter der allumfassenden Geologie des 19ten Jahrhunderts, während die beiden folgenden Direktoren eine Geologie ohne Paläontologie vertraten. Das führte zu einer Trennung der beiden Richtungen, und nach der III. Hochschulreform der DDR 1968 verblieb allein die sammlungsbezogene Paläontologie am Museum. Nach der Wiedervereinigung wurde ein Institut für Paläontologie mit biologischer Ausrichtung mit zwei Professuren, einer für Paläozoologie und einer für Paläobotanik, eingerichtet. <br><br> The development of the Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum of the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt University (formerly Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität) in Berlin from a geology-paleontology institution to a pure paleontology institution is described. The first two directors of the department in the beginning of the 20th century, Prof, von Branca and Prof. Pompeckj, represented a 19th century concept of a geology, which included paleontology, even vertebrate paleontology as the crown jewel of geology. They fought sometimes vigorously against a separation of paleontology from geology. The next two directors. Prof. Stille and Prof, von Bubnoff, were the leading geologists in Germany; to be a student of Stille was a special trade mark in geology of Germany. They represented a geology centered on tectonics. The separation of paleontology as separate section was prepared. The destructions of the Second World War, the following restaurations and the division of Germany into two States influenced strongly their directorships. The education of geologists at the Museum für Naturkunde ended with the III. University Reform of the German Democratic Republik in 1968. Paleontology was represented by the international renown vertebrate paleontologist, Prof. Dr. W. Gross, up to 1961. Since 1969, paleobotany was strengthened by the inclusion of the paleobotany unit of the Akademie der Wissenschaften into the museum. After reunification of Germany n 1990, the department was rebuild as a Institut für Palaontologie with close connection to biology, a unique situation in Germany. Two professorships, one for paleozoology, Prof. Schultze. and one for paleobotany, Prof. Mai, were established. The number of curators increased to ten from one under the first director of the 20th century. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.20040070103" target="_blank">10.1002/mmng.20040070103</a>

The purpose of this article is to analyze the so-called human capital theory and to clarify the concept of public good, as well as the frequency of the expression "public" in the Declarations adopted at the Regional Conferences of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2008 and 2018. For this, in methodological terms, this article analyzes documents from certain International Organizations (UNESCO, World Bank and OECD) and seeks theoretical support in Reinhart Koselleck's History of Concepts and other authors such as Roger Dale, Susan Robertson, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson , Karl Polanyi and Pierre Bourdieu.ResumoO presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a chamada teoria do capital humano e precisar o conceito de bem público, bem como a frequência da expressão “público” nas Declarações aprovadas nas Conferências Regionais de Educação Superior na América Latina e Caribe, em 2008 e 2018. Para isto, em termos metodológicos, o presente artigo analisa documentos de determinadas Organizações Internacionais (UNESCO, Banco Mundial e OCDE) e busca apoio na História dos Conceitos de Reinhart Koselleck e em autores como Roger Dale, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson, Karl Polanyi, Pierre Bourdieu.Keywords: Public good, Human capital theory, Commodification, Education, CRES 2008 and CRES 2018.Palavras-chave: Bem público, Teoria do capital humano, Mercadorização, Educação, CRES 2008 e CRES 2018.ReferencesALVES, Giovanni. O que é o precariado? Blog da Boitempo. Extraído de <https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2013/07/22/o-que-e-o-precariado/>, 22 Jul 2013, acesso em 28 fev 2019.ARENDT, Hannah. A crise na educação. In: Entre o passado e o futuro. Tradução: Mauro W. Barbosa de Almeida. 3ª reimpressão da 5ª ed. de 2000. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2005.AUDITORIA CIDADÃ DA DÍVIDA. Dividômetro: quanto pagamos (juros e amortizações) – dívida pública federal. Auditoria Cidadã da Dívída. 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Abstract A growing body of literature has recently emerged establishing that political socialization influences foreign policy preferences of the public. But the empirical domain of this literature has been confined largely to American foreign policy and whether and how this empirical regularity holds in a non-democratic, non-western setting is unknown. Filling this lacuna, this research note studies the Vietnamese public attitudes toward Chinese economic expansion. I argue that Vietnamese citizens who grew up amid Doi Moi (renovation) had a political socialization experience very different from that of the birth cohorts who immediately preceded them. I demonstrate that the traditional ‘socialist brotherhood’ rhetoric that used to moderate otherwise hostile public opinions about China became insignificant through the course of the reform. This abrupt change led to markedly divergent views between the pre- and post-Doi Moi birth groups on China. Using the data from the latest Pew Global Attitude Survey, I demonstrate that Doi Moi increased the Vietnamese public's negative perception of Chinese economic expansion.

In Vietnam, English has been held in high regard since the country embarked on its economic reform known as Doi Moi (Renewal) in 1986 (Ngo, 2018a; Nguyen, 2016). Yet, over the past decades, the country's English teaching sector has consistently been underperforming (Le, in press; Ngo, 2018a, 2018b; Nguyen, 2016; Nguyen & Nguyen, 2019).

Although there has not been a reform like executive and judicial power , since the “Doi Moi” reform until now, the National Assembly - the legislative branch of Vietnamese government has achieved certain successes, but to implement 2013 Constitution better, there ‘s still a lot of work to do. First of all, we have to change our awareness: Legislative power is not simply the right to adopt a law, but also the right to suspend law drafting when the laws do not express the will of the people, nor do they reflect objective movement of society. Keywords: National Assembly, legislative power, right to cease the making law.

As the result of the “Doi-Moi” reform policy, Vietnam has experienced a remarkable phase of growth since 1986. In this period the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) quadrupled. Since the population of Vietnam (about 88.5 million people in 2010) is currently growing by more than one million people annually, the increase in per capita income lags behind GDP growth, but still reached 2900 U.S. dollars in 2009,which ranks 1652 in the world (see Table 1). In order to prevent its per capita income from falling off because of this huge increase in population growth, Vietnam needs a real GDP growth of over 5%. Although the poverty rate was decreased from 58% to 13% between 2003 and 2008, considerable regional disparities especially between rural and urban areas continue to persist.

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relationship between green finance, economic growth, renewable energy consumption (energy efficiency), energy import and CO2 emission in Vietnam using multivariate time series analysis.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected from 1986 to 2018 since Vietnam initiated the economic reforms, namely “Doi Moi” in 1986. The concept and methods of cointegration, Granger causality and error correction model (ECM) were employed to establish the relationship between the variables of interest.FindingsOur results confirmed the existence of cointegration among the variables. The Granger causality test revealed unidirectional causality running from renewable energy consumption to CO2 emission and green investment to CO2 emission.Originality/valueThis study results confirm the existence of cointegration among the variables. The results of the study imply that policies on economic development impose a significant impact on pollution in Vietnam. This study has described Vietnam, its economic development, green manufacturing practices, its environmental health and level of carbon dioxide emission which was enhanced due to COVID-19.

Vietnam is an intriguing country. Its long history has been complicated by the rise and fall of different political formations and the vicissitudes of modern politics. After the Vietnam War ended in April 1975, the country was torn apart. The human, environmental and economic costs of the war had been overwhelming. Around 2.4 million people had died, mostly Vietnamese civilians, and thousands of Vietnamese had fled to new countries as refugees in search of a better life. The war caused a huge refugee crisis, with thousands of deaths at sea. Vietnam’s infrastructure – from roads to railways, buildings to bridges, and ports to power stations – was severely disrupted. However, Vietnam has changed significantly with the economic reform “Doi Moi” which was introduced in 1986. After the Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991, Vietnam lost its main supporter and the country faced a tough new challenge. Despite its difficulties, Vietnam has changed and grown as a political geographic centre in Asia, and its economy is growing significantly. Vietnam is a resilient country with over 97 million people, enjoying a rich cultural heritage. It has recently seen dramatic changes regarding climate change, the landscape, population, ruling powers, and politics. It is one of the countries in the world most vulnerable to climate change, and has adopted solutions to deal with this. This article will examine Vietnam’s foreign policy, and show how the country has played a key role in complex international events in Asia since its political and economic reforms. It will examine what has happened in Vietnam in recent years, how its climate attracts foreigners both as tourists and as investors, and the challenges and issues affecting the country.

What explains economic growth in Southeast Asia? The region’s growth rate has generally varied very widely. Using the country’s specific base years and local currency, the time series results revealed that Myanmar grows the fastest and is to double production capabilities in only two years. Driven primarily by agriculture, garments, construction and tourism sectors Cambodia’s growth doubles in two years as well. Lao People’s Democratic Republic, a once centrally planned economy, doubles in three years. Doi Moi Reforms take Vietnam 10 years to realize fully development plans while Indonesia’s remarkable growth of 11.78% takes the country only six years to grow two folds. Philippines and Thailand need to wait 19 and 16 years respectively. Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Singapore though grow slowly, dominate welfare satisfaction indexes as governments continue to implement people centered policies. Overall, the manufacturing sector is largely fueling growth, supported heavily by construction, trade, public administration and other sectors. Hence, massive production and international trading are required to ensure growth. Heavy investments on construction, telecommunications, and electronics are essential as well. Behind all these, rests the effective capabilities of the public administration sector to manage efficiently the financial servicing and gigantic active trading of Southeast Asian countries. Keywords - Southeast Asian economies, economic performance, growth by industrial origin

Economic growth associated with the rapid industrialization and urbanization over the past 30 years since Doi Moi (Reform) has facilitated the establishment and development of many industrial zones (IZs) in major cities of Vietnam. The high concentration of IZs in the largest cities has attracted millions of industrial laborers and created large migration waves from rural to urban areas. Establishing and improving the living environment of workers have become a huge pressure for the Government and local authorities across the country to deal with. Although the Government has issued numerous policies and incentives to encourage and support housing development for factory workers, there are still many conflicts and challenges in policy implementation. Through observational and questionnaire surveys supported with in-depth interviews of experts in urban planning and management, the research aims to understand clearly the context of social housing development for IZ workers in Vietnam recently, to demonstrate outstanding characters of different types of housing for factory workers as well as crucial issues related to social housing and informal housing for factory workers. Furthermore, the research proposes solutions including legal institutions, management mechanisms, industrial worker housing database establishment, and basic technical solutions (planning and spatial organization) in order to find out some appropriate concepts for social housing targeted at industrial workers and then to achieve social sustainable development.

Abstract: Regarding the operational specifics of death penalty policy, David T Johnson and Franklin E Zimring have argued that it is extreme left or right wing authoritarian states′ aversion to a limitation of their own powers that determines high rates of executions in countries such as Vietnam, Singapore, China and North Korea as opposed to other, lesspunitive Asian nations which share similar cultural and religious characteristics. For a regime like Vietnam’s, the swift carrying out of a death sentence, especially when performed in public, serves to highlight the state’s power over life and death and enhance political control over the domestic constituency. At first glance then, little scope for the exercise of the clemency power as a form of lenient reprieve from the death sentence by the executive government appears possible under a repressive regime of this nature.However, unlike China and Singapore, a notable feature of Vietnam’s death penalty practice since the Doi Moi reforms of 1986 has been the executive’s willingness to reprieve a large minority of prisoners sentenced to death through Presidential clemency, even though executions themselves have continued. What official and unofficial justifications have been given for grants of Presidential clemency in Vietnam, and relatedly, what structural and cultural factors explain the use of clemency in a noticeable proportion of death penalty cases? These are the under-researched questions I provide plausible explanations for in this article, incorporating an empirical study of Vietnam’s death penalty clemency grants since the mid-1980s, interpreted through the lens of the relevant academic literature on clemency and pardon grants.

The article focuses on analyzing the content and relationship between the development of enterprises, enterprise-university models and governance in higher education institutions, thereby providing policy recommendations on innovation in university governance in Vietnam. In the article, documents from internationally published researches as well as arguments on the mentioned subjects are analyzed and synthesized. Results of surveys and analysis on the status of universities in Vietnam that are presented in the article also demonstrate a detailed picture of difficulties and issues in enterprise development and transition into enterprise-university model. On this basis, the article provides recommendations for universities and on the issues that require government’s intervention through supportive policies and mechanisms to accelerate the process of university governance reform in the current period of 4.0 revolution in university education. 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DOI 10.1007/s11365-007-0072-x.[15] Dinh Van Toan, Promoting university startups’ development: International experiences and policy recommendations for Vietnam, Vietnam’s Socio-Economic Development, Vol. 22, No. 90, 7/2017, tr. 19-42.[16] Rothaermel F.T., Agung S.D. and Jiang L., University entrepreneurship: a taxonomy of the literature, Industrial and Corporate Change, Volume 16, Number 4, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 691-791.[17] Bercovitz J. & Feldman M., Entrepreneurial Universities and Technology Transfer: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Knowledge Based Economic Development, The Journal of Technology Transfer (2006) 31: 175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-005-5029-z[18] Bercovitz, J., Feldman, M., Feller, I. và cộng sự, Organizational Structure as a Determinant of Academic Patent and Licensing Behavior: An Exploratory Study of Duke, John Hopkins, and Pennsylvania State Universities, The Journal of Technology Transfer (2001) 26: 21. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007828026904[19] Feldman, M., Bercovitz, J., Burton, R., Equity and The Technology Strategies of American Research Universities, Management Science, 48(1), 2002, 105-121.[20] Owen-Smith, J., Trends and transitions in the institutional environment for public and private science, Higher Education, 49, 2005, 91-117.[21] Owen-Smith J., Powell W. W., The Expanding Role of University Patenting in the Life Sciences: Assessing The Importance of Experience and Connectivity, Research Policy, 32(9), 2003, 1695-1711.[22] Colyvas J.A., Powell W.W., From Vulnerable to Venerated: The Institutionalization of Academic Entrepreneurship in The Life Science, in Martin Ruef, Michael Lounsbury (ed.) The Sociology of Entrepreneurship (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Volume 25) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2007, pp.219 – 259. [23] Luthje C., Franke N., Fostering entrepreneurship through university education and training: Lessons from Massachusetts Institute of Techolology, European Academy of Management, 2nd Annual Conference on Innovative Research in Management, Stockholm, 2002.[24] Trần Anh Tài, Liên kết nhà trường và doanh nghiệp trong hoạt động đào tạo và nghiên cứu khoa học - kinh nghiệm quốc tế và gợi ý cho Việt Nam, Đề tài cấp ĐHQG, 2009-2010. [25] G. Dalmarco, W. Hulsink, Creating entrepreneurial university in an emerging country: Evidence from Brazil, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.04.015] [26] Đinh Văn Toàn, 2018, Phát triển doanh nghiệp trong đại học: Kinh nghiệm trên thế giới và gợi ý chính sách cho Việt Nam, Tạp chí Kinh tế và dự báo, số 33, 12/2018, tr.58-60.[27] Nguyễn Hữu Đức, Nguyễn Hữu Thành Chung, Nghiêm Xuân Huy, Mai Thị Quỳnh Lan, Trần Thị Bích Liễu, Hà Quang Thụy, Nguyễn Lộc, Tiếp cận giáo dục đại học 4.0 – Các đặc trưng và tiêu chí đánh giá, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN: Nghiên cứu chính sách và quản lý, Vol.34, số 4, 2018.

Since the Doi moi of Vietnam in 1986, the Republic of Korea (ROK) has quickly invested in Vietnam. From the ROK’s foreign economic policy, Vietnam is currently the third largest investment partner, and the ROK considers Vietnam as an important destination with its competitive advantages such as potential market, statble political environment, geo-strategic position. For Vietnam, the ROK is the biggest FDI provider with a series of projects worth billions of dollars. It is no doubt for the positive impacts that the FDI inflows bring, the ROK’s investment in Vietnam also has its salient characteristics and poses complex security issues as well. Based on a review of the ROK’s FDI inflows in Vietnam, this article highlights the characteristics of these investment activities from an economic security perspective, since then it provides some recommendations for more efectively using reinforcement FDI inflows in Vietnam in the coming years. Keywords FDI, the Repubic of Korea, Vietnam, FDI, economic security References [1]: “Tình hình đầu tư nước ngoài Việt Nam quý I năm 2018”, Cục đầu tư nước ngoài, Bộ Kế hoạch & đầu tư, nguồn http://fia.mpi.gov.vn/tinbai/5473/Tinh-hinh-DTNN-Quy-I-nam-2018, truy cập ngày 1/4/2018.[2]: Kim, S.H., Understanding Vietnam, Yeonhap News Press, Seoul, 2015. [3] Theo thống kê của Bộ Kế hoạch và Đầu tư tính đến đầu năm 2018.[4], [5]: Ji Hyun Oh, Jai S. Mah, The Patterns of Korea’s Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam, Open Journal of Business and Management, 2017, 5, pp. 253-271; “Hàn Quốc và “làn sóng” đầu tư thứ ba vào Việt Nam”, VnEconomy, 18/11/2016.[6]: Nguyễn Chiến Thắng, Bùi Thị Hồng Ngọc, “Thu hút FDI của Hàn Quốc vào Việt Nam: Thực trạng và định hướng”, Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Kinh tế, số 430-Tháng 3/2014, tr. 59-67.[7]: Ngô Thị Trinh, “Bước phát triển mới trong quan hệ hợp tác đầu tư của Hàn Quốc”, Tạp chí Những vấn đề kinh tế và chính trị thế giới, số 11(139)/2007, tr. 75-80[8]: Anwar, S. and Nguyen, L.P., “Absorptive Capacity, Foreign Direct Investmentlinked Spillovers and Economic Growth in Vietnam”, Asian Business and Management, 2010, No. 9, pp. 553-570.[9]: Bạch Dương, “Hàn Quốc và “làn sóng” đầu tư thứ ba vào Việt Nam”, VnEconomy, 18/11/2016.[10]: Ji Hyun Oh, Jai S. Mah, “The Patterns of Korea’s Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam”, Open Journal of Business and Management, 2017, No. 5, pp. 253-271; [11]: Gill, A., “Internationalization of Firms: An Analysis of South Korean FDI in India”, Seoul Journal of Economics, 2014, No. 27, pp. 87-114.[12]: Tien, Q.T., “Reforms in FDI Policy and the Investment Climate in Vietnam”, Journal of World Trade, 2008, No. 42, 1179-1202.[13]: “Tiếp tục gia tăng đầu tư của Hàn Quốc vào Việt Nam”, Cục đầu tư nước ngoài, Bộ Kế hoạch & đầu tư, nguồn http://fia.mpi.gov.vn/tinbai/5131/Tiep-tuc-gia-tang-dau-tu-cua-Han-Quoc-vao-Viet-Nam, truy cập ngày 10/3/2018.[14]: Ngô Thị Trinh, “Bước phát triển mới trong quan hệ hợp tác đầu tư của Hàn Quốc”, Tạp chí Những vấn đề kinh tế và chính trị thế giới, số 11(139)/2007, tr. 75-80.[15]: Nguyễn Chiến Thắng, Bùi Thị Hồng Ngọc, “Thu hút FDI của Hàn Quốc vào Việt Nam: Thực trạng và định hướng”, Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Kinh tế, số 430-Tháng 3/2014, tr. 59-67.[16]: Vũ Hải Thanh, Lê Văn Mỹ, “Hợp tác giữa Hàn Quốc với các quốc gia tiểu vùng sông Mekong”, Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Đông Bắc Á, số 2(180) 2-2016, tr. 34-42.

Vietnam embarked on fundamentally building a public debt management system since 2009 as the Law of Public Debt Management was designed and promulgated. From then Vietnam has been following the typical model of public debt management used by developing countries, the market – based model which encompasses gradual building and completion of domestic market for government bond. However, because of several limitations in the national system of public debt management, the current model needs to be improved in alignment with the development level of Vietnam’s economy. Especially, economic shocks such as the 2009 financial crisis or Covid 19 which has increased dramatically the scope of public debt also urge a more technical and effective model. The paper focuses on analyzing the practical models of public debt management in the world and subsequently the current situation of Vietnam’s model. On that basis, the author figures out the limitations of the model and proposes a number of solutions to upgrade the model in accordance with the international practice regarding model of public debt management suitable with development level of economy. Keywords Public debt, sustainable public debt, public debt management, risk management, model of public debt management. References [1] D.Q. Bao, The science of Management and Organization Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi, 1999 (in Vietnamese),[2] IMF, Defining the Government’s debt and deficit, Working paper, WP/15/238, 2015.[3] IMF, Revised guidelines for public debt management, IMF Policy paper, 2014.[4] WB, Government debt management: Designing debt management strategies, Debt management learning & training note, 2017. [5] E. Currie, J. Dethier and E. Togo, Institutional arrangements for Public Debt Management, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3021, 2003.[6] E.C. Pascal, The debt office and the effective debt management functions: an institutional and operational framework, Public debt and Public Finance Working Paper, 2006.[7] H. Bohn, Tax Smoothing with Financial Instruments, American Economic Review, 80/5 (1990) pp 1217–1230.[8] J. Tobin, An Essay on the Principles of Debt Management, Fiscal and Debt Management Policies, 2 (1963), Reprinted in J. Tobin Essays in Economics, vol.1, Amsterdam: North Holland, 1971.[9] E. Togo, Coordinating Public Debt Management with Fiscal and Monetary Policies: An Analytical Framework, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 4369, 2007.[10] L. Hoogduin, B. Ozturk & P.Wierts, Public debt managers’ behavior: interactions with macro policies, DNB Working paper No.273, 2010.[11] WB, Debt management performance assessment (DeMPA) methodology, 2015.[12] R. Cabral, How strategically is public debt being managed around the globe? A survey on public debt management strategies, WB Financial advisory and Banking department report, 2015.[13] C. Aslan, A. Ajazaj & S.A. Wahidh, Study on Public debt management system and results of a survey on solutions used by debt management office, WB Financial advisory and Banking department report, 2018.[14] IMF, G-20 note: Improving public debt recording, monitoring, and reporting capacity in low and lower middle-income countries: proposed reforms, 2018.[15] A.A. Badurina, S. Svaljek, Public debt management before, during and after the crisis, Finance theory and practice, 36(1) (2012) 73 – 100.[16] I. Storkey, Sound practice, in: M. Williams and P. Brione (Eds.), Government Debt Management: New Trends and Challenge, Central Banking Publications Ltd, London, 2006, pp 300 – 325.[17] G. Wheeler, Sound Practice in Government Debt Management, The World Bank Publication, Washington D.C, 2004. doi. 10.1596/0-8213-5073-0.[18] National Treasury Management Agency, Ireland Information Memorandum 2010, National Treasury Management Agency, Dublin, 2010.[19] M. Williams, The growing responsibilities of debt management offices, in: M. Williams, P. Brione (Eds.), Government Debt Management: New Trends and Challenge, Central Banking Publications Ltd, London, 2006, pp 258 – 273.[20] H.N. Au, Public debt management in Vietnam in the international integration period (in Vietnamese), https://hcma.vn/Uploads/2018/8/8/Hoang%20Ngoc%20Au%20-%20Luan%20an%20-%20CN%20Quan%20ly%20kinh%20te.pdf, 2018 (accessed 20 August 2020).[21] T. Phung, Firmly maintaining the country’s credit rate (in Vietnamese), http://tapchitaichinh.vn/su-kien-noi-bat/tiep-tuc-giu-vung-muc-xep-hang-tin-nhiem-quoc-gia-325601.html, 2020 (accessed 21 August 2020).[22] N.T. Binh, The factors affecting the efficiency of public debt management in Vietnam (in Vietnamese), http://www.tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/cac-yeu-to-anh-huong-toi-hieu-qua-quan-ly-no-cong-o-viet-nam-73005.htm, 2020 (accessed 22 August 2020).[23] T. Anh, Six solutions for public management in the new context (in Vietnamese), http://tapchitaichinh.vn/su-kien-noi-bat/6-giai-phap-quan-ly-no-cong-trong-boi-canh-moi-308263.html, 2019 (accessed 23 August 2020).

Abstract: Nowadays, Vietnamese women are participating actively in parts of the economy that were previously deemed male domain. Women are involved in business activities at all levels in Vietnam, making significant contributions to the economic development of the country. By December 2011, there were 81,226 small and medium enterprises headed by women, accounting for 25% of the total number of enterprises in the country (GSO, 2013). In Vietnam, despite recent economic development, socio-cultural and legal barriers are still very difficult for women since the general perception in society is that a woman’s main duty is to be a good housewife and mother and they are also often perceived as weak, passive and irrational (VWEC, 2007). Even though the studies related to women entrepreneurship development are quite extensive, amongst them only a limited number of researches on the role of legal and socio - cultural barriers on women entrepreneurs in the context of Vietnam have been investigated. Thus, supported by the World Trade Institute (WTI) in Bern, Switzerland, the researchers have chosen this as the subject of this study. Based on a quantitative survey of 110 companies in Hanoi and adjacent areas, the research has taken legal and socio - cultural barriers and explored their effect on the development of women entrepreneurship in the context of Vietnam in order to indicate how women entrepreneurs perceive the impact of socio-cultural factors, economic impacts, and policy reforms on their entrepreneurial situations and initiatives, and to then provide policy implications for promoting women’s entrepreneurship and gender equality in Vietnam. Keywords Entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurs, gender equality, Vietnam References Acs, Z. & Varga, A. (2005) ‘Entrepreneurship, agglomeration and technological change’, Small Business Economics, 24, 323---334. Avin, R.M & Kinney, L.P (2014). Trends in Female Entrepreneurship in Vietnam Preliminary paper presented at the 23th Annual Conference on Feminist Economics sponsored by IAFFE, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, June 27-29, 2014.Avin, R.-M., & Kinney, L. P. (2014) ‘Trends in Women entrepreneurship in Vietnam’, 23rd Annual Conference on Feminist Economics, Ghana: 27 – 29 June.Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Obloj, K. (2008). Entrepreneurship in emerging economies: where are we today and where should the research go in the future. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 32(1), 1–14.Bunck, J. M. (1997) Women and Post Cold War Socialism: the cases of Cuba and Vietnam, 7th Annual Meeting, Association for the Study of Cuban Economy, University of Miami, Knight Center, Hyatt Hotel, August 7-9 1997 Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2010), The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results, Statistical Publishing House, available at: http://vietnam.unfpa.org/webdav/site/vietnam/shared/Census%20publications/3_Completed-Results.pdf Chari, M. D., & Dixit, J. (2015). Business groups and entrepreneurship in developing countries after reforms. Journal Of Business Research,68, 1359-1366.Djankov, S. , R. L. Porta , F. Lopez-de-Silanes and A. Schleifer (2002) The Regulation of Entry, Quarterly Journal of Economics CXVII (1): 1-37Food and Agricultural Organisation and United Nations Development Programme (2002) ‘Gender Differences in the Transitional Economy of Vietnam: Key Gender Findings – Second Vietnam Living Standards Survey, 1997 – 1998’. Vietnam: Food and Agricultural Organisation and United Nations Development Programme. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac685e/ac685e00.htm [Accessed 7 December 2015].Fuentelsaz, L., González, C., Maícas, J., & Montero, J. (2015). ‘How different formal institutions affect opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship’. Business Research Quarterly, 18(4), 246-258. Gallup, J (2004) The wage labor market and inequality in Vietnam. In Economic growth, poverty, and household welfare in Vietnam edited by Paul Glewwe, Nisha Agrawal, and David Dollar. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) (2014), Population and employment Report 2014Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2013). Vietnam report 2013. United Kingdom. Retrieved from: www.gemconsortium.orgHampel-Milagrosa, A., Pham, H., Nguyen, Q., and Nguyen, T. (2010) ‘Gender-Related Obstacles to Vietnamese Women Entrepreneurs’. Vietnam: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation and Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Available at: http://www.un.org.vn/en/publications/publications-by-agency/doc_details/294-gender-related-obstacles-to-vietnamese-women-entrepreneurs. html [Accessed 7 December 2015].Hang, T.T.T. (2008), “Women’s leadership in Vietnam: opportunities and challenges”, Signs, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 16-21. Hirschman, C. and V. M. Loi (1996) Family and Household Structure in Vietnam: Some glimpses from a recent survey, Pacific Affairs Vol 69 (No. 2 (Summer 1996)): 229-249Hoang, B.T. (2010), “Rural employment and life: challenges to gender roles in Vietnam’s agriculture at present”, paper presented at the FAO-IFAD-ILO Workshop on Gaps, Trends and Current Research in Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways Out of Poverty Rome, 31 March-2 April 2009, available at: www.fao-ilo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fao_ilo/pdf/Papers/16_march/Thinh_final.pdf Hoang, C., Hoang, C.L.T.S, Nguyen, T.P.C, Ngo, T.P.L, Tran, T.N, Vu, T.L (2013), The women’s access to land in contemporary Vietnam. UNDP Report 2013Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C.M., &Wright, M. (2000). Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 249–267.ILO (2011) ‘Creation of an enabling environment for women entrepreneur in Vietnam: Mainstreaming gender issues in government policy on enterprise development’, Hanoi.International Finance Corporation (2006) A National Survey of Women Business Owners in Vietnam. Joint survey with Gender and Entrepreneurship Markets (GEM) and the Mekong Private Sector Development Facility (MPDF), Washington, DC, IFCInternational Labour Organisation (2007) ‘Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Vietnam’. Vietnam: International Labour Organisation.International Labour Organization and the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam (2010), The Informal Economy in Vietnam, ILO/MOLISA, Hanoi.Kibria, N. (1990) Power Patriarchy and Gender Conflict in the Vietnamese Immigrant Community, Gender and Society Vol 4 (No 1 (March 1990)): 9-24 Luke, N. , S. R. Schuler , B. T. T. Mai , P. V. Thien and T. H. Minh (2007) Exploring Couple Attributes and Attitudes and Marital Violence in Vietnam, New York, Sage PublicationsMai thi Thanh Thai, Nguyen Hoang Anh (2016): The impact of culture on the creation of enterprises (2016), Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol.9, No.1, pp.1 – 22McChesney, F. (1987) Rent extraction and rent creation in the economic theory of regulation, Journal of Legal Studies 16 de Soto, H. (2000) The Mystery of Capital: Why capitalism Triumphs in the west and Fails everywhere Else, New York, Basic BooksMinniti, M. (2010) ‘Women entrepreneurship and Economic Activity’, European Journal of Development Research, 22, pp. 294 – 312.Nguyen, B. (2011) ‘The Changes of Women’s Position: The Vietnam Case’, International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 1, pp. 126 – 138.Nguyen, B. (2012) ‘Abortion in Present Day Vietnam’, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2 (1), pp. 56 – 61.Nguyen, C., Frederick, H., & Nguyen, H. (2014). Female entrepreneurship in rural Vietnam: An exploratory study. International Journal Of Gender And Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 50-67. Nijssen, E.J. (2014), Entrepreneurial Marketing: An Effectual Approach, Routledge, New York, NY.Raven, P., & Le, Q. (2015). Teaching business skills to women: Impact of business training on women’s microenterprise owners in Vietnam. International Journal Of Entrepreneurial Behaviour And Research, 21(4), 622-641. Rubio-Bañón, A., & Esteban-Lloret, N. (2015). Research article: Cultural factors and gender role in female entrepreneurship. Suma De Negocios Terrell, K., and Troilo, M. (2010) ‘Values and Women entrepreneurship’, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2 (3), pp. 260 – 286.Thanh, H.X., Anh, D.N. and Tacoli, C. (2005), “Livelihood diversification and rural-urban linkages in Vietnam’s red river delta”, Discussion Paper No. 193, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), available at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/fcnddp/193.htmlThe World Economic Forum (2015) ‘The Global Gender Gap Report 2015’. Switzerland: The World Economic Forum. Available at: http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/ [Accessed 8 December 2015].Thi, L. (1995) Doi Moi and female workers: a case study of Ha Noi, in: V. M. Moghadam (ed.), Economic reforms, women's employment and social politics, Helsinki, World Institute for Development Research Tien, P. N. (2010) Overarching view of Gender Equality in Vietnam”, 2010, Conference on Commemoration of International Women’s Day 2010, “Beijing + 15, Looking back, reaching forward, Gender Equality and Women Empowerment 15 years after the Fourth World Conference on Women, Ha Noi, 12 March 2010.United Nations Development Programme (2012) ‘Women’s Representation in Leadership in Vietnam’. Vietnam: United Nations Development Programme.United Nations Development Programme (2015) ‘Human Development Report 2014’. USA: United Nations Development Programme. Available at: http://hdr.undp. org/en/content/human-development-report-2014 [Accessed 10 December 2015].United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). (2010). Gender related obstacles to Vietnamese Women Entrepreneurs. Vienna, Austria.Vietnam Women Entrepreneurs Council (2007) Women’s entrepreneurship development in Vietnam. International Labor Organization, Vietnam.Vuong, H., and Tran, D. (2009) ‘The Cultural Dimensions of the Vietnamese Private Entrepreneurship’, The IUP Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 6 (3 & 4), pp. 54 – 78.VWEC (2007), Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Vietnam, Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) Report, Vietnam Women Entrepreneurs Council, available at: www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_100456.pdf Williamson, O. (2000) ‘The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking ahead’, Economic Literature, 38, pp. 595 – 693.World Bank (2011a) ‘Vietnam Country Gender Assessment’. USA: World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/11/15470188/vietnam-country-gender-assessment [Accessed 7 December 2015]. World Bank (2011b). 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Today's universities are transforming into the entrepreneurial university model. Along with that is a strong innovation in governance towards autonomy and associated with entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity. The article presents research results on the model of the entrepreneurial university and the advanced university governance in terms of structure and management methods to adapt to this model in the world. Through the review of studies on the current situation, the article contributes a number of policy proposals to meet the requirements of university governance innovation for Vietnamese public universities in the context of transition to a model of entrepreneurial university. Keywords University, Entrepreneurial university, University governance, Vietnam public universities. References [1] D.V. Toan, 2020, Factors Affecting Third Mission Implementation and The Challenges for Vietnam’s Universities in The Transitioning Period. VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business, 37(3) (2020) 75-84 (in Vietnamese), https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4355.[2] A. Bramwell, D.A. Wolfe, Universities and regional economic development: the entrepreneurial University of Waterloo, Res. Policy 37(8) (2008) 1175-1187.[3] K. Yokoyama, Entrepreneurialism in Japanese and UK Universities: Governance, Management, Leadership and Funding, High Education 52 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-1168-2.[4] C. Shore, L. McLauchlan, Third mission’ activities, commercialisation and academic entrepreneurs, Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale, 20 (3) (2012) 267-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2012.00207.x.[5] H. Etzkowitz The norms of entrepreneurial science: cognitive effects of the new university - industry linkages, Research Policy, 27(8) (1998) 823-833.[6] H. Etzkowitz, L. Leydesdorff, The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a Triple Helix of University - Industry - Government Relations, Research Policy, 29(2) (2000) 109-123.[7] L.B. Costa, A.L. Torkomian, Um Estudo Exploratório sobre um Novo Tipo de Empreendimento: os Spin-ffs Acadêmicos, Rev. Adm. Contemp. 12(2) (2008) 395-427.[8] J.J. Degroof, E.B. Roberts, Overcoming weak entrepreneurial infrastructures for academic spin-off ventures, J. Technol. Transf. 29(3–4) (2004) 327-352.[9] A. Vohora, M. Wright, A. Lockett, Critical junctures in the development of uni-versity high-tech spinout companies, Res. Policy 33(1) (2004) 147-175.[10] V. Revest, A. Sapio, Financing technology-based small firms in Europe: what do we know?, Small Bus. Econ. 39(1) (2010) 179-205.[11] E. Rasmussen, O.J. Borch, University capabilities in facilitating entrepreneurship: a longitudinal study of spin-off ventures at mid-range universities, Res. Policy 39(5) (2010) 602-612.[12] L. Aaboen, Explaining incubators using firm analogy, Technovation 29(10) (2009) 657-670.[13] M. Abreu, V. Grinevich, The nature of academic entrepreneurship in the UK: widening the focus on entrepreneurial activities, Res. Policy 42(2) (2013) 408-422.[14] E. Rasmussen, S. Mosey, M. Wright, The influence of university departments on the evolution of entrepreneurial competencies in spin-off ventures. Res. Policy 43(1) (2014) 92-106.[15] H. Etzkowitz, The Triple Helix: University-Industry-Government Innovation in Action, Taylor and Francis, London, 2008. [16] D.B. Audretsch, From the entrepreneurial university to the university for the en-trepreneurial society, J. Technol. Transfer. 39(3) (2014) 313–321.[17] B.R. Clark, Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organizational Pathways of Transformation, Issues in Higher Education, Elsevier, Oxford: IAU Press and Pergamon, New York 1998. [18] B. 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