Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Refractive Errors, diagnosis

Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Refractive Errors, diagnosis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Refractive Errors, diagnosis.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Refractive Errors, diagnosis"

1

Hazarika, Himanto Nath, Dipak Bhuyan, Suranjana Chaliha Hazarika, and Sujit Addya. "Refractive errors in age group seven to fifteen years: North-east India scenario." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 6 (2017): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172151.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: The objectives of study were to find out the different types of refractive errors in children between seven to fifteen years age group and the cause of uncorrected defective vision.Methods: A prospective study was designed of two thousand children aged between seven to fifteen years, attending outpatient department. Study period was one year. Consent was obtained from their guardian. Inclusion criteria were children with refractive errors. Children presenting with organic defects of ocular structures, infections, corneal opacity, cataract, choroid and retinal disorders were excluded from study. Data were collected by history taking and comprehensive ocular examination, visual tests for both near and distant vision. Refractive error assessed by cycloplegic drug with one percent Homatropine eye drops, by streak retinoscopy. Objective refraction were carried out and documented. Subjective refraction was done after one week. Both BCVA and uncorrected refractive errors were ascertained and recorded.Results: Out of two thousand children examined, myopic = 34%, hypermetropic = 11%, and astigmatic = 55%. M: F = 900:1000. Study showed headache as the commonest symptom. 17% of the patients had positive family history. Correctable errors constitute 91% of the total cases.Conclusions: Myopic astigmatism was found to be the most frequent refractive error in children. Mass screening is required for early diagnosis of refractive error. Prescribing corrective glasses for children with refractive errors at an early age will prevent childhood morbidity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Lemzyakova, Olga. "Types of refractive errors and methods for their diagnosis." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2007-04.

Full text

Abstract:

Refraction of the eye means its ability to bend (refract) light in its own optical system. In a normal state, which is called emmetropia, light rays passing through the optical system of the eye focus on the retina, from where the impulse is transmitted to the visual cortex of the brain and is analyzed there. A person sees equally well both in the distance and near in this situation. However, very often, refractive errors develop as a result of various types of influences. Myopia, or short-sightedness, occurs when the light rays are focused in front of the retina as a result of passing through the optical system of the eye. In this case, a person will clearly distinguish close objects and have difficulties in seeing distant objects. On the opposite side is development of farsightedness (hypermetropia), in which the focusing of light rays occurs behind the retina — such a person sees distant objects clearly, but outlines of closer objects are out of focus. Near vision impairment in old age is a natural process called presbyopia, it develops due to the lens thickening. Both myopia and hypermetropia can have different degrees of severity. The variant, when different refractive errors are observed in different eyes, is called anisometropia. In the same case, if different types of refraction are observed in the same eye, it is astigmatism, and most often it is a congenital pathology. Almost all of the above mentioned refractive errors require correction with spectacles or use of contact lenses. Recently, people are increasingly resorting to the methods of surgical vision correction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Krithiga M and Xavier Jayaseelan C. "Evaluation of Refractive Errors in Children." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (2020): 2249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4449.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors in children. Children of selected ages will be identified for visual acuity measurement, and primary eye examination will be performed. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the refractive errors in children in Saveetha medical college. A comprehensive eye examination was performed, and children with different types of refractive errors were found out. A total of 100 children were taken for the study. The sample size of the study is 100. Eye examination was performed, and refractive error was evaluated. The refractive errors that are most common in the affected age groups can be found out. The most common refractive error was found to be myopia, followed by hypermetropia and then astigmatism. This study helps to identify the most common type of error, and the causes can be found out. This is also helpful in the prevention of these errors. Early diagnosis will lead to proper and effective treatment. When these errors are left untreated, it can cause other severe effects in the eye. Awareness should be created among both the children and the parents about this problem, and the importance of regular eye examination can be stressed through this study.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Mohammed Dhaiban, Tawfik Saleh, Femina Purakaloth Ummer, Hanan Khudadad, and Shajitha Thekke Veettil. "Types and Presentation of Refractive Error among Individuals Aged 0–30 Years: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study, Yemen." Advances in Medicine 2021 (July 5, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5557761.

Full text

Abstract:

Background. Refractive errors are the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Its proportion varied among societies and is considered as a public health challenge. Symptoms and signs associated with refractive errors are the most worrisome and common presentations in the general practice in eye clinics. Aim. The goal of this study was to determine the types and presentations of refractive error among the 0–30-year-old Yemeni population to aid early identification, diagnosis, referral, and treatment. Methodology. A cross-sectional study including 1,500 out-patients aged from 0 to 30 years attending the ophthalmology clinic in Sanaa, Yemen (between 2012 and 2015). All patients underwent visual acuity examination, autorefractometer, and anterior and posterior segment examination and were grouped according to type, that is, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Results. Hyperopia was the most common single diagnosis (53.3%) followed by myopia (33.3%). Astigmatism was uncommon as a single diagnosis (13.4%) but commonly associated with hyperopia or myopia. Myopia was more common in males (42.9%) than in females (25%). Hyperopia was more in females (62.5%) than in males (42.9%). Age groups most affected by refractive errors were 13–18 years (27.7%), 19–24 years (24.8%), and 25–30 years (24.6%), respectively. Decreased vision (53%) was a common presentation in myopia and astigmatism (41.5%) and less in hyperopia (39.6%). Headache was common in astigmatism (56%), hyperopia (28.8%), and myopia (17.8%). Muscle imbalance, namely, exotropia (27.2%), is mainly found in myopia and esotropia (24.3%) in hyperopia. Conclusions. In addition to decreased vision, our patients with refractive errors mostly complain of headaches with clear variations with age and type of refractive error. Early identification and proper categorization of refractive errors by age, gender, and other demographics by general physicians in primary care can better deduce and make useful referrals to eye specialists.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Martín Algarra, Laura Victoria, Martha Fabiola Rodríguez Álvarez, and Andrés Gené Sampedro. "Analysis and applicability of protocols for the diagnosis of refractive errors in children." Ciencia & Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular 16, no. 1 (2018): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/sv.5063.

Full text

Abstract:

Currently, a large part of the world population does not have access to quality visual health services. Most of this population lives in developing countries, thus it is necessary to screen the general population to identify ocular abnormalities such as refractive errors and amblyopia in schoolchildren. The protocols for complete visual screening or examination vary widely regarding the type of tests and procedures, although most of them use visual acuity (VA) and refraction as the main diagnostic criteria. These clinical tests should have good quality and precision, that is, a high sensitivity and specificity. Unfortunately, in most clinical and epidemiological studies, the quality and accuracy of the tests used are unknown, which makes it difficult to compare results and to estimate the real conditions of visual problems in the population. Therefore, the objective of this literature review was to describe the main tests and protocols used in epidemiological and clinical studies for the detection of refractive errors in children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Kovalevskaya, M. A., and V. B. Antonyan. "Analysis of color perception in students with refractive errors." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-3-216-220.

Full text

Abstract:

There are more than 1.6 billion people in the world with various types of refraction. Dysfunction of the eye color function is a consequence of the pathology of the retina and optic nerve. Myopia ranks first among the types of refractive errors, accompanied by a high probability of complications. Thanks to the early screening of students, we were able to identify changes in refractive errors, and as a result, to form an exemplary algorithm for preventive and typed treatment. Purpous.To assess the role of timely diagnosis in the detection of diseases of the organ of vision. Timely predict the likelihood of diseases of the optic nerve and retina. Material and methods. The study involved 53 people, 20 female students (79 %), 7 male students (21 %). In young men, the right eye is myopia 60 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 20 %, left eye myopia 60 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 20 %. In girls, the left eye: myopia 73 %, emmetropia 22 %, hyperopia 5 %, right eye: myopia 75 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 5 %. Results. The analysis showed that the number of errors (right eye) had no statistically significant changes (p = 0.686), visual acuity (right eye) showed statistically significant changes (p = 0.029), and visual acuity (left eye) had statistically significant changes (p = 0.008), the number of errors (left eye) did not show statistically significant changes (p = 0.154). Conclusions. Today, the problem of violation of refractive in young people is a significant problem. Introspection-based functional tests such as the FM 100 make it possible to monitor disorders at the retinal and optic nerve levels. Keywords: violation of refraction, color perception, Farnsworth-Munsell test (Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Markova, El Yu, L. Yu Bezmel’nitsyna, O. V. Kurganova, N. A. Pron’ko, and L. V. Venediktova. "Problem of Ametropia in Children in Russian Federation." Ophthalmology in Russia 15, no. 2S (2018): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2018-2s-40-44.

Full text

Abstract:

Refractive errors are remaining one of the most important problems in pediatric ophthalmology. At present, there are changes in organization approaches of prophylactic medical examinations in children. It causes the necessary of comprehensive clinical and economic assessment of their effectiveness.Purpose: to develop the recommendations for improvement of ophthalmological care for children with refractive errors. For diagnostics we used visometry, determination the vision characteristics, determination of chromosensitivity, biomicroscopy, definition of refraction of manifest and cycloplegic, determination of volume and accommodation reserves, ophthalmoscopy, electrophysiological study (EFI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundusography.Methods. A retrospective analysis of typical practice of treatment patients with amblyopia and strabismus was organized. Data was processed with mathematical methods and descriptive statistics. Modeling, Budget impact and burden of diseases analyses were used for clinicoeconomical evaluation.Results. 636 patients aged from 5 to 7 years old were included. Depending on the age of the diagnosis of ametropia, three groups were identified. Group I (318 patients): the diagnosis was detected up to 1 year, group II (190 patients) — at the age from 1 to 3 years, Group III: (127 patients) from 3 to 7 years. A direct correlation between the age of ametropia diagnostics and frequency such complications as amblyopia, disturbance of binocular vision and strabismus development of strabismus was established. According to the results of clinical and economic analysis, uncorrected refractive errors in children are characterized by a high level of economic and social burden of disease (the older the age of ametropia diagnosis caused increase of direct medical and non-medical costs). With regard to non-medical costs, we established that a reduction the frequency of courses in vision office and operational treatment results in a reduction in payments to parents on temporary incapacity sheets.Conclusion: the optimal age for diagnostics of refractive errors in up to 1year from both clinical and economic perspective.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Braverman, Rebecca. "Diagnosis and treatment of refractive errors in the pediatric population." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 18, no. 5 (2007): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icu.0b013e328244dfed.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Pradhan, Nitesh, Abhishek Sachdeva, Tushar Goel, Bhumika Bhola, and Dolly Jha. "Prevalence of refractive errors among school children of 6-12-years of age group and reason for not using spectacles even after correction." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 3 (2018): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20180444.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: As your eyes are one of the most important organ in the human body and vision is one of the most wonderful gift. But often many people neglect the importance of eye care and do not pay proper attention towards eye care. An estimated 180 million people world- wide are visibly disabled, of whom nearly 45 million are blind, four out of five of them live in developing countries. Blindness is one of the most significant social problems in India with uncorrected refractive errors as the second major cause accounting for 19.7% of blindness and low vision. Refractive error is an optical defect, intrinsic to the eye which prevents light from being brought to a single point focus on the retina, thus reducing normal vision. Diagnosis and treatment of refractive errors is relatively simple and is one of the easiest ways to reduce impaired vision. Three main types are considered as refractive errors: hypermetropia (farsightedness), myopia (nearsightedness) and astigmatism.Methods: This study was conducted in various schools of Haryana. It included 1000 school going children of age group of 6 to 12 years enrolled in 6 rural schools (619 students) and 4 urban schools (381 students). Cases were defined is visual acuity <6/6 without spectacles. Details regarding socio-demographic factors and visual examination were noted in detail, follow up with children and their parents were conducted to know the reasons for not using spectacles even after correction.Results: The study which included 620 students from rural schools and 380 students from urban schools revealed that prevalence of refractive errors was 7.0% in which Myopia is the most common refractive error 44(61.9%) followed by the astigmatism 16(24.1%) and Hypermetropia (14%) among the children with Refractive Errors.Conclusions: Now a day, refractive error is increasing due to edu-comp smart classes in school or use of laptops, TV viewing and computers or mobiles and if not diagnosed earlier and not managed timely can lead to complication like amblyopic and strabismus and some other ocular pathologies etc.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Shrestha, A., P. Shrestha, T. Shrestha, et al. "Prevalence of Refractive Error and Ocular Pathologies among School Children: Finding from the School Eye Program of Dhulikhel Hospital." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 19, no. 4 (2021): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v19i4.49757.

Full text

Abstract:

Background Childhood blindness and visual impairments could lead to the onset of blindness among children and adolescents. New cases appear particularly between the ages of 6-15 years and if uncorrected, runs a risk of developing Amblyopia, strabismus. There exists a mounting need to strengthen and modify established school eye health programs in Nepal as per the local needs and conditions. Objective To determine the prevalence of refractive error and ocular pathologies among school children in rural Nepal. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted in nine schools of Kavrepalanchowk and Bhaktapur district with 953 students screened from December 2018 to February 2020. The team of optometrist, ophthalmic assistants and ophthalmologist applied a standard protocol for screening of refractive error as a part of the school eye program of Dhulikhel Hospital. Other standard eye examinations were performed to note the ocular pathologies. The association of socio-demographic factors of students having refractive errors with that in emmetropes was identified using logistic regression analysis. Result A total of 953 students were screened in nine study sites, age ranged from 5-19 years. There were 183 students (19.2%) with refractive errors. Blurred vision was the common complaint reported by 2.5% of students. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed higher age group children (aOR=2.93; 95% CI: 1.62-5.29; P=0.01) and urban area children (aOR=4.37; 95% CI: 0.87-21.98; P=0.07) to have higher odds of refractive error. Conclusion Refractive error is the major eye problem among school children. Despite its high prevalence, there is still a major gap in timely diagnosis and treatment. Regular vision screening and timely treatment is required for better addressing refractive error among school-going children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Refractive Errors, diagnosis"

1

Bade, Annette. "Adaptation to Spectacle Wear in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Autism." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2014. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_opt_stuetd/9.

Full text

Abstract:

Objectives: This study compares wearing time for four months after receiving a new spectacle correction in subjects within Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) population to typically developing (TD) children and adolescents age 9 to 17 years old. Methods: Children and adolescents who were ASD or TD were enrolled from subjects recruited from another pilot study focused on eye examination testing for children and adolescents with ASD. A psychologist determined group status/ eligibility using American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria after review of previous evaluations and parent report of symptomology on the Social Communication Questionnaire. Parents provided the subject's age, level of parent education, gender, race, ethnicity and urbanization level. Parents completed a telephone survey at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after the child received their spectacles. The survey asked questions about wearing time, willingness to wear spectacles and amount of prompting required. Data was analyzed to determine if there were differences between the ASD and TD group. Results: 22 subjects were enrolled who met review criteria for ASD or TD group and needed refractive correction. No significant difference was found between ASD and TD wearing time (p > 0.05). Age, gender, ethnicity, level of parent education, urbanization level and grade in school did not demonstrate differences in adaptation between the TD and ASD groups. Conclusions: Parental reports of wearing time and resistant behavior demonstrate that children and adolescents with ASD adapt to spectacle wear for significant refractive error similarly to typical children and adolescents.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Refractive Errors, diagnosis"

1

C, Still D., ed. Eye examination and refraction. 2nd ed. Blackwell Science, 1998.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Valenti, Claude A. The full scope of retinoscopy. Optometric Extension Program, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

J, Norath David, and Reffner Richard, eds. The retinoscopy book: An introductory manual for eye care professionals. 4th ed. Slack Inc., 1996.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Lens, Al. Optics, retinoscopy, and refractometry. 2nd ed. SLACK Inc., 2005.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Optics, retinoscopy, and refractometry. Slack, 1999.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Optics, retinoscopy, and refractometry. 2nd ed. SLACK Inc., 2006.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. Session. Wavefront and emerging refractive technologies: Proceedings of the 51st annual sumposium of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology, New Lrleans, La., February 22-24, 2002. Kugler, 2002.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Clinical optics primer for ophthalmic medical personnel: A guide to laws, formulae, calculations, and clinical applications. SLACK Inc., 2009.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Allen, R. J., and D. Still. Eye Examination and Refraction. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1998.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

The Retinoscopy Book. 3rd ed. Slack, 1988.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "Refractive Errors, diagnosis"

1

Ahmed, E. "Refractive Errors." In Manual of Ophthalmic Diagnosis. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10477_19.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Ahmed, E. "Refractive Errors." In Manual of Ophthalmic Diagnosis. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11907_19.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Smith, Ronald. "Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis: Making the Correct Diagnosis and Preventing Treatment Errors." In Refractive Surgery. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10723_48.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

SHEEDY, J. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Refractive Errors for Computer Users." In Diagnosing and Treating Computer-Related Vision Problems. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-7404-1.50007-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Thurtell, Matthew J., and Robert L. Tomsak. "Unexplained Vision Loss." In Neuro-Ophthalmology, edited by Matthew J. Thurtell and Robert L. Tomsak. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0016.

Full text

Abstract:

When visual complaints are out of proportion to examination findings, nonorganic vision loss or a disorder of higher visual function may be suspected. However, certain ophthalmic causes of vision loss should also be considered. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing potential causes of unexplained vision loss, including refractive error, corneal disorders (e.g., keratoconus), optic neuropathy, and occult retinopathy. We next discuss clinical strategies and investigations that can help to identify certain causes of unexplained vision loss. Lastly, we discuss the clinical features, causes, and diagnostic evaluation of occult retinopathy, with a focus on conditions that cause cone photoreceptor dysfunction, such as cone dystrophy, cancer-associated retinopathy, and autoimmune retinopathy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Netland, Peter A. "Glaucoma Problems Associated with Aniridia." In Aniridia and WAGR Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195389302.003.0009.

Full text

Abstract:

Glaucoma is a potentially vision-threatening problem that is commonly encountered in aniridia patients. This condition may develop at birth, or shortly thereafter. More commonly, however, glaucoma is acquired later in childhood or even young adulthood. If unrecognized and untreated, glaucoma can result in blindness. For this reason, it is important to be vigilant in watching for this condition in children affected with aniridia. Vision lost due to glaucomatous damage cannot be regained at a later time. In addition to glaucoma, children with aniridia may demonstrate other problems with their vision. They may have refractive errors, corneal or retinal problems, or abnormalities of eye movement. Foveal hypoplasia (lack of development of the retina) may limit vision in some children. In aniridia patients, cataract (opacification or cloudiness of the lens) is seen with approximately the same prevalence as glaucoma. Cataract, however, differs from glaucoma in that the vision loss due to cataract is reversible. Glaucoma is suspected in aniridia patients when there is an increased intraocular pressure. Glaucoma can be definitely diagnosed when changes of the optic nerve occur due to this elevated intraocular pressure. At the later stages of the disease, visual field loss occurs. In the normal eye, the fluid (aqueous humor) in the front of the eye (the anterior chamber) is produced by the ciliary body, which is located behind the iris (see Figure 5.1). The fluid produced from the ciliary body flows forward into the anterior chamber, where it drains from the anterior chamber angle through tissue called the trabecular meshwork. When there is an abnormal situation, the fluid exits the eye poorly or not at all, and the intraocular pressure may be increased. The fluid may be blocked from exiting the eye by a closed angle, or may flow poorly out of the eye even though the angle is open (see Figure 5.2). The angle may be closed in aniridic patients when the stump of residual iris covers the trabecular meshwork in the anterior chamber angle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Refractive Errors, diagnosis"

1

Ventura, Liliane, Caio Chiaradia, Sidney J. F. de Sousa, and Jarbas C. de Castro. "Automatic diagnostic system for measuring ocular refractive errors." In Photonics West '96, edited by Jean-Marie A. Parel, Karen M. Joos, and Pascal O. Rol. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.240071.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!