Journal articles: 'Refractive index matching'

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Mavrona, Elena, Felice Appugliese, Johan Andberger, et al. "Terahertz refractive index matching solution." Optics Express 27, no. 10 (2019): 14536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.014536.

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Wang, Jian Gang, Hua Lin Wang, Yi Fan, and Yuan Huang. "The Index Matching Method and its Application in V3V Measurements." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.946.

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In imaging measurements on the fluid flow, the quality of particle image is essential to the outcomes of the velocity field. The method to eliminate the problems of refraction and reflection is to match the refractive indices of the working fluid and the surrounding solid wall. In this article, a comprehensive summary of the refractive index matching method was presented. Three fluid materials, two organic and one non-organic was used to conduct index matching and their effect were compared. Results show the perfect index matching is effective to improve the measurement accuracy of imaging measurements.

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Ziming Sun, J., M. C. E. Erickson, and J. W. Parr. "Refractive index matching and clear emulsions." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 27, no. 6 (2005): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00290_3.x.

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Chen, Linyu, Yuye Wang, Degang Xu, et al. "Terahertz Computed Tomography of High-Refractive-Index Objects Based on Refractive Index Matching." IEEE Photonics Journal 10, no. 6 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2018.2877657.

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Tang, Jianxin, Chenfeng Wang, Fei Liu, Xiaoxia Yang, and Rijie Wang. "A Refractive Index- and Density-Matched Liquid–Liquid System Developed Using a Novel Design of Experiments." Processes 11, no. 7 (2023): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11071922.

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Refractive index and density matching are essential for optical measurements of neutrally buoyant liquid–liquid flows. In this study, we proposed a design of experiments (DoE) to develop refractive index and density matching systems, including objective setting, candidates screening, sampling and fitting, and a detailed matching process. Candidates screening criteria based on the density and refractive index ranges of the aqueous and organic phases were used. Using the DoE, we proposed a system with a ternary aqueous phase potassium thiocyanate (KSCN)/ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) solution and m-dichlorobenzene/tripropionin solution as the organic phase to achieve the tuning of the RI and density simultaneously. Empirical correlations of the refractive index and density with respect to the concentration and temperature for the three mixtures were obtained by combining Latin hypercube sampling with binary polynomial fitting. Correlations were validated with existing data in the literature and were found to align with deviations as low as 4×10−4 for the refractive index and 2×10−3 g⋅cm−3 for the density. Using the correlations, the refractive indices for the ternary aqueous phase, the binary organic phase, and the device materials were matched to be equal. Density matching was performed for the liquid–liquid phases as well. Refractive index- and density-matched recipes could be obtained for a wide range of temperatures (15–65 °C) and device materials (PMMA, borosilicate glass, quartz, and silica gel). These recipes provide options for the optical measurement of a liquid–liquid system required to neutralize buoyancy.

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Keaney, Erin, John Shearer, Artee Panwar, and Joey Mead. "Refractive index matching for high light transmission composite systems." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 24 (2018): 3299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318764787.

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Transparent optical polymer/filler systems can be produced into complex shapes for a range of applications, such as lenses, shields, and containers. This work used refractive index liquids as a model for polymer matrices to investigate the degree of refractive index match required to maintain high transmission in an inorganic-filled polymer system (cubic calcium fluoride with particle size of 1 to 5 µm) over the visible spectrum. It was determined that in order to achieve a transparent composite (>85% transmission with 10 mm pathlength) with this filler (using literature reported dispersion data), the materials must have a refractive index match within ±0.007 for 1.6 vol.% loading. With a loading of 3.1 vol.%, the matching range required was reduced to approximately ±0.002.

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Ferreira, Cláudio S. "Refractive index matching applied to fecal smear clearing." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 47, no. 6 (2005): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652005000600007.

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Thick smears of human feces can be made adequate for identification of helminth eggs by means of refractive index matching. Although this effect can be obtained by simply spreading a fleck of feces on a microscope slide, a glycerol solution has been routinely used to this end. Aiming at practicability, a new quantitative technique has been developed. To enhance both sharpness and contrast of the images, a sucrose solution (refractive index = 1.49) is used, which reduces the effect of light-scattering particulates. To each slide a template-measured (38.5 mm³) fecal sample is transferred. Thus, egg counts and sensitivity evaluations are easily made.

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Stanley, K. N., D. E. Nikitopoulos, and M. A. Khan. "Bubbly pipe flow study via refractive index matching." Chemical Engineering Communications 189, no. 6 (2002): 803–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440212474.

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Budwig, R. "Refractive index matching methods for liquid flow investigations." Experiments in Fluids 17, no. 5 (1994): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01874416.

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Daviero, G. J., P. J. W. Roberts, and K. Maile. "Refractive index matching in large-scale stratified experiments." Experiments in Fluids 31, no. 2 (2001): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003480000260.

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Li, Jun, Greg Baird, Yi-Hsin Lin, Hongwen Ren, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Refractive-index matching between liquid crystals and photopolymers." Journal of the Society for Information Display 13, no. 12 (2005): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.2150371.

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Meitav, N., E. N. Ribak, and A. V. Goncharov. "Improving retinal imaging by corneal refractive index matching." Optics Letters 38, no. 5 (2013): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.000745.

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Thompson, B. E., O. Bouchery, and K. D. Lowney. "Refractive-Index-Matching Laser Velocimetry for Complex, Isothermal Flows." Journal of Fluids Engineering 120, no. 1 (1998): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2819650.

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Refractive-Index-Matching Laser Velocimetry (RIMLV) obtains velocity distributions inflow through complex geometries. Laser velocimetry is used to measure the flow of a constant-temperature mixture that has the refractive index of acrylic models. This mixture can be used to obtain duct Reynolds numbers in the turbulent regime at moderate expense. Measurements can be obtained at desired locations, specifically inside complex models even if laser beams pass through multiple curved surfaces, which is advantageous when comparing measured and calculated results.

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Panteleev, Semen, and Mikhail Tokarev. "Investigation of immersion media and materials for optical diagnostics in curved wall channels by the matching index of refraction." E3S Web of Conferences 592 (2024): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202459202017.

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Five different refractive liquids and two possible transparent solid materials were tested to perform matched index of refraction (MIR) optical flow measurements and visualisation in channels with curved walls, for example, models of rods in fuel assemblies. The results of the tests showed that the selection of refractive liquid is always a compromise between effective and sometimes hazardous substances such as p-Cymene or essential oils and their less harmful substitutes with higher dynamic viscosity, such as white mineral oil.

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Hufnagel, Thomas, Matthias Rädle, and Heike P. Karbstein. "Influence of Refractive Index Differences on the Signal Strength for Raman-Spectroscopic Measurements of Double Emulsion Droplets." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (2022): 9056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189056.

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Double emulsions show great potential for encapsulating active substances and protecting them against external influences. However, they tend to become unstable during storage. Research on double emulsions, therefore, focuses on maintaining their microstructure during their shelf life. Optical measurement methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, have hardly been used to date to analyze the microstructure of double emulsions, mainly due to multiple scattering effects. This study investigates the influence of refractive index matching of double emulsion phases by measuring the Raman signal strength of the inner water phase for different refractive index combinations. Ammonium nitrate and glycerol are added to the inner and outer water phase, respectively, to change the refractive indices of both phases. Additionally, polyvinyl alcohol serves as an emulsifier in the outer water phase. The oil phase consists of silicone oil and Dowsil Resin XR 0497 as the emulsifier. The refractive index of the oil phase is kept constant. For individual phase boundaries of single droplets, the refractive index matching plays a minor role. However, if there are many droplets with correspondingly numerous phase boundaries, which leads to multiple scattering during the measurement, the matching has a significant influence on the signal strength of the inner phase. When measuring double emulsions, the phases should always be matched, as this results in higher signals and improves the sensitivity of the measurement.

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Leis, Andrew P., Sven Schlicher, Hilmar Franke, and Martin Strathmann. "Optically Transparent Porous Medium for Nondestructive Studies of Microbial Biofilm Architecture and Transport Dynamics." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 8 (2005): 4801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4801-4808.2005.

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ABSTRACT We describe a novel and noninvasive, microscopy-based method for visualizing the structure and dynamics of microbial biofilms, individual fluorescent microbial cells, and inorganic colloids within a model porous medium. Biofilms growing in flow cells packed with granules of an amorphous fluoropolymer could be visualized as a consequence of refractive index matching between the solid fluoropolymer grains and the aqueous immersion medium. In conjunction with the capabilities of confocal microscopy for nondestructive optical sectioning, the use of amorphous fluoropolymers as a solid matrix permits observation of organisms and dynamic processes to a depth of 2 to 3 mm, whereas sediment biofilms growing in sand-filled flow cells can only be visualized in the region adjacent to the flow cell wall. This method differs fundamentally from other refractive index-matching applications in that optical transparency was achieved by matching a solid phase to water (and not vice versa), thereby permitting real-time microscopic studies of particulate-containing, low-refractive-index media such as biological and chromatographic systems.

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Saarela, J. M. S., S. M. Heikkinen, T. E. J. Fabritius, A. T. Haapala, and R. A. Myllylä. "Refractive index matching improves optical object detection in paper." Measurement Science and Technology 19, no. 5 (2008): 055710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/19/5/055710.

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Christensen, Jon, and Amit Bandyopadhyay. "Reverse engineering of clear solids using refractive index matching." Rapid Prototyping Journal 6, no. 2 (2000): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552540010323592.

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Shortall, A. C., W. M. Palin, and P. Burtscher. "Refractive Index Mismatch and Monomer Reactivity Influence Composite Curing Depth." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 1 (2008): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700115.

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Limited cure depth is a drawback of light-activated composites. We hypothesize that curing light transmission and cure depth are influenced by monomer reactivity and filler/resin refractive index mismatch. Light transmission throughout cure was recorded for composites based on strontium (refractive index 1.51) or barium (refractive index 1.53) glass fillers. Fillers were mixed (70 wt%) with 4 bisphenol-A diglycidyl-ether-dimethacrylate (bis-GMA):triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) formulations with refractive indices ranging from 1.4703 to 1.5370. Following polymerization, cure depth and pre- and post-cure translucency parameters were determined. Transmission changes and cure depths related to monomer reactivity and filler/resin refractive index mismatch with significant interaction. Composites became more opaque or translucent on curing. Optimizing filler/resin refractive index mismatch provides increased curing depth and assists shade-matching.

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Niskanen, Ilpo, Veijo Sutinen, Göran Thungström, and Jukka Räty. "Image Information Obtained Using a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Camera During an Immersion Liquid Evaporation Process for Measuring the Refractive Index of Solid Particles." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 6 (2018): 908–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702818756660.

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The refractive index is a fundamental physical property of a medium, which can be used for the identification and purity issues of all media. Here we describe a refractive index measurement technique to determine simultaneously the refractive index of different solid particles by monitoring the transmittance of light from a suspension using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. An important feature of the measurement is the liquid evaporation process for the refractive index matching of the solid particle and the immersion liquid; this was realized by using a pair of volatile and non-volatile immersion liquids. In this study, refractive indices of calcium fluoride (CaF2) and barium fluoride (BaF2) were determined using the proposed method.

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Rivera, Yago, Dorian Bascou, David Blanco, et al. "Comparison of Refractive Index Matching Techniques and PLIF40 Measurements in Annular Flow." Sensors 24, no. 7 (2024): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24072317.

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This paper investigates non-invasive techniques for annular two-phase flow analysis, focusing on liquid film characterization to understand the interfacial phenomena that are crucial for heat and mass transfer. Limited methods allow the study of the temporal and spatial evolution of liquid film, such as Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). However, this method possesses optical challenges, leading to the need for improved techniques to mitigate refraction and reflection, such as Refractive Index Matching (RIM). This study utilizes an experimental annular flow facility to analyze both RIM and non-RIM PLIF over a range of liquid Reynolds numbers from 4200 to 10,400. Three configurations—PLIF RIM90, PLIF RIM40, and PLIF nRIM40—are compared from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. In the quantitative analysis, key variables of the liquid film are measured, namely mean film thickness, disturbance wave height, and frequency. Variations in the analyzed variables indicate minor deviations, which are not likely to be caused by the technique used. However, all three methodologies exhibited errors that are estimated to be within a maximum of 10%, with a mean value of approximately 8%.

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Gomes, Nelma M., Valery V. Tuchin, and Luis M. Oliveira. "Refractive Index Matching Efficiency in Colorectal Mucosa Treated With Glycerol." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 27, no. 4 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2021.3050208.

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Wang, Liping, Hongfei Wang, Samit Kumar Gupta, et al. "Second-harmonic phase-matching based on zero refractive index materials." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 58, no. 7 (2019): 072005. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/1347-4065/ab2832.

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Saito, Kotaro, Makoto Numata, Kazuhide Nakajima, and Toshio Kurashima. "Field Assembly Splice Technique With Solid Refractive Index Matching Material." Journal of Lightwave Technology 32, no. 2 (2014): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2013.2292871.

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Churmakov, D. Y., I. V. Meglinski, and D. A. Greenhalgh. "Influence of refractive index matching on the photon diffuse reflectance." Physics in Medicine and Biology 47, no. 23 (2002): 4271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/47/23/312.

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Fronza, B. M., S. Lewis, P. Shah, M. Giannini, and J. Stansbury. "Refractive index matching effect on depth of cure of composites." Dental Materials 34 (2018): e52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2018.08.109.

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Jose, Jibu Tom, Aviel Ben-Harush, Gal Friedmann, Dvir Feld, and Omri Ram. "A Refractive Index Matched Experimental Investigation Of The Dynamics Of Inertial Spheres Across Round Pipes And Buoyancy-Driven Flows." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 21 (July 8, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.21st.225.

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A series of refractive index-matched time-resolved tomographic PIV experiments are performed to study the dynamics of motion of solid spheres in flow. The refractive index matching of acrylic spheres with the working fluid facilitates unobstructed optical access around the spheres, enabling the simultaneous estimation of both the 3D flow field and the fluid-structure interactions governing the kinematics of the spheres. Additionally, using normal tracers as well as fluorescent tracers for PIV helps identify the most suitable approach for multiphase index-matched PIV studies. Two different test cases are presented: (1) solid spheres moving in a round channel with an abrupt area expansion and, (2) solid spheres rising in a quiescent flow at terminal velocity. Despite both falling under the category of solid-liquid flows, these cases exhibit entirely different mechanisms and flow characteristics. Nonetheless, refractive index matching provides a valuable tool that can be used to characterize the flow as well as the motion dynamics of the free spherical particles in a liquid. These time-resolved 3D experiments offer a comprehensive insight into the transient evolution of the flow fields and the pressure forces on the spheres, providing a complete picture of the dynamic process. The emphasis of the present paper lies in the experimental methodologies, challenges and data analysis techniques used for refractive index-matched multiphase flow studies.

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Yang, Fengying. "Study on the absorption characteristics and refractive index sensitivity characteristics of the periodic structure of double nanorods." Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials 5, no. 2 (2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/can.v5i2.1699.

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Metamaterial perfect absorber is very important in the study of refractive index sensor. The time domain finite difference method is used to simulate the surface plasmon structure. The double nanorod periodic structure is designed, and the parameters of the top layer structure are optimized according to the impedance matching principle, and the absorption rate of the structure to the light wave reaches 99.6% when the wavelength is about 12 mm. The absorption spectroscopy of the structure is studied with the change of the refractive index of the spatial medium around the structure, and the sensitivity of the double nanorod structure is 4,008 nm/RIU, which can be used to measure the refractive index of the gas.

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Hung, Phan Van, Nguyen Quoc Dinh, Yoshihide Yamada, Naobumi Michishita, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam. "Parametric Analysis of Negative and Positive Refractive Index Lens Antenna by ANSYS HFSS." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2020 (November 24, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9128921.

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Lens antennas with multibeam, high gain, and low sidelobe level are potential candidates for base station antennas in 5G mobile communication. In this paper, the authors perform simulation and parametric analysis of a lens antenna with positive and negative refractive indexes (NRI) using the modern electromagnetic field simulation software ANSYS HFSS. The simulation results of structures and theoretical calculations are analyzed and compared. The simulation results show the effectiveness of using negative refractive index lens antennas to minimize the dimension. The lens thickness with a negative refractive index decreased from 24.5 mm to 6.1 mm compared to the positive refractive index lens’s thickness. The results also indicate the similarities in gain, sidelobe level, amplitude, and electric field distribution on the aperture plane of the negative and positive refractive indexes (PRI) lens antennas compared to the theoretical calculation. In addition, the authors simulate a lens structure with additional quarter wavelength matching layers (MLs) to estimate the antireflection performance.

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Cao, Xiaolong, Yongli Che, and Jianquan Yao. "Conduction-band nonparabolicity effect on refractive index and phase match in asymmetric quantum wells pumped by two infrared beams." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 20 (2018): 1850216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218502168.

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An asymmetric quantum well (AQW) system that is pumped by two infrared beams is designed to generate terahertz (THz) waves. The refractive index and phase mismatch associated with the intersubband transition of the AQW structure are calculated and analyzed for both present and absent conduction band nonparabolicity. The calculated results reveal that, for increasing wavelengths, the refractive index of the AQW for the short-wavelength pump beam varies more than 0.83 and undergoes a 0.204 [Formula: see text]m redshift, when the conduction band nonparabolicity is considered. The variation of the refractive index of the AQW with the long-wavelength pump beam, changes from 0.225 to 0.316 after considering the conduction-band nonparabolicity. In addition, no redshift is observed. Whether the refractive index of one pump beam with its specific wavelength increases is determined mainly by the linear terms. However, for increasing the other pump wavelengths, the refractive index of one pump beam mainly depends on the nonlinear terms. Subband energy-levels and dipole transition matrix elements show noticeable changes due to conduction-band nonparabolicity, which change the refractive index. Phase matching can be achieved by adjusting the wavelength of the two pump beams. However, both phase mismatch and coverage increase when the conduction band nonparabolicity is considered.

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Stavroulakis, Petros Ioannis, Theodore Ganetsos, and Xenophon Zabulis. "Large Scale Optical Projection Tomography without the Use of Refractive-Index-Matching Liquid." Sensors 23, no. 24 (2023): 9814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23249814.

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The practical, rapid, and accurate optical 3D reconstruction of transparent objects with contemporary non-contact optical techniques, has been an open challenge in the field of optical metrology. The combination of refraction, reflection, and transmission in transparent objects makes it very hard to use common off-the-shelf 3D reconstruction solutions to accurately reconstruct transparent objects in three dimensions without completely coating the object with an opaque material. We demonstrate in this work that a specific class of transparent objects can indeed be reconstructed without the use of opaque spray coatings, via Optical Projection Tomography (OPT). Particularly, the 3D reconstruction of large thin-walled hollow transparent objects can be achieved via OPT, without the use of refractive-index-matching liquid, accurately enough for use in both cultural heritage and beverage packaging industry applications. We compare 3D reconstructions of our proposed OPT method to those achieved by an industrial-grade 3D scanner and report average shape differences of ±0.34 mm for ‘shelled’ hollow objects and ±0.92 mm for ‘non-shelled’ hollow objects. A disadvantage of using OPT, which was noticed on the thicker ‘non-shelled’ hollow objects, as opposed to the ‘shelled’ hollow objects, was that it induced partial filling of hollow areas and the deformation of embossed features.

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Qu, Yanyang, Jinglun Huang, Yinqiao Zhao, and Guangcheng Yang. "Refractive index matching cooling fluids for diode pump solid state lasers." Journal of Laser Applications 29, no. 1 (2017): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.4974780.

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KAKINOKI, Tetsuya, Gozo TSUJIMOTO, Kohji UNO, and Yuuki IWASA. "Computed Tomography Imaging inside the Beach by Matching of Refractive Index." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 70, no. 2 (2014): I_751—I_755. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.70.i_751.

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Shelton, D. P., and Victor Mizrahi. "Refractive-index dispersion of gases measured by optical harmonic phase matching." Physical Review A 33, no. 1 (1986): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.33.72.

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Sauls, Frederick C., and Michael R. Johnson. "A Demonstration of Refractive Index Matching Using Isopropyl Alcohol and MgF2." Journal of Chemical Education 83, no. 8 (2006): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed083p1170.

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Wiederseiner, Sébastien, Nicolas Andreini, Gaël Epely-Chauvin, and Christophe Ancey. "Refractive-index and density matching in concentrated particle suspensions: a review." Experiments in Fluids 50, no. 5 (2010): 1183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-010-0996-8.

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Ojeda-Mendoza, Gualberto J., Humberto Contreras-Tello, and Luis F. Rojas-Ochoa. "Refractive index matching of large polydisperse silica spheres in aqueous suspensions." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 538 (February 2018): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.10.088.

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Ward, Keeran, and David C. Stuckey. "Refractive index matching to develop transparent polyaphrons: Characterization of immobilized proteins." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 142 (June 2016): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.054.

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Tuniz, Alessandro, Alex Y. Song, Giuseppe Della Valle, and C. Martijn de Sterke. "Plasmonic Sensors beyond the Phase Matching Condition: A Simplified Approach." Sensors 22, no. 24 (2022): 9994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249994.

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The conventional approach to optimising plasmonic sensors is typically based entirely on ensuring phase matching between the excitation wave and the surface plasmon supported by the metallic structure. However, this leads to suboptimal performance, even in the simplest sensor configuration based on the Otto geometry. We present a simplified coupled mode theory approach for evaluating and optimizing the sensing properties of plasmonic waveguide refractive index sensors. It only requires the calculation of propagation constants, without the need for calculating mode overlap integrals. We apply our method by evaluating the wavelength-, device length- and refractive index-dependent transmission spectra for an example silicon-on-insulator-based sensor of finite length. This reveals all salient spectral features which are consistent with full-field finite element calculations. This work provides a rapid and convenient framework for designing dielectric-plasmonic sensor prototypes—its applicability to the case of fibre plasmonic sensors is also discussed.

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Zupkauskas, M., Y. Lan, D. Joshi, Z. Ruff, and E. Eiser. "Optically transparent dense colloidal gels." Chemical Science 8, no. 8 (2017): 5559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc00901a.

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Fluorinated latex particles were synthesized and functionalized with single stranded-DNA, facilitating controlled aggregation into porous gel networks; these can be studied deep into the bulk phase due to refractive-index matching.

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Brito, Margarida S. C. A. "Design of Model Fluids for Flow Characterization Experiments Involving Mixing of Dissimilar Fluids—Refractive Index Matching and Physical Properties." Processes 10, no. 7 (2022): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10071260.

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Aqueous solutions of glycerol are widely used as model fluids in flow phenomena experiments. The design of these experiments involves the description of the physical properties of liquids and the refractive index matching using a salt, i.e., calcium chloride. The first part of this paper describes the physical properties of aqueous solutions of glycerol. Refractive index, viscosity, and density were measured for a mass fraction of glycerol in a range from 0 to 1 and compared to the data in the literature. In the second part, calcium chloride was added to aqueous solutions of glycerol, and the variations of density, viscosity, and refractive index with the mass fraction of calcium chloride were reported, which is a new contribution to literature. The main novelties of this work are (1) the development and validation of a set of equations to predict the rheological and physical properties of model fluids for flow studies involving dissimilar fluids; (2) the introduction of an algorithm to match the refractive index of fluids using calcium chloride. The model fluids are designed for large throughput experiments of industrial units, and low-cost solutions were considered. A Matlab script is provided that enables the easy implementation of this method in other works.

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Smith, Gregory N., Matthew J. Derry, James E. Hallett, et al. "Refractive index matched, nearly hard polymer colloids." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2226 (2019): 20180763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0763.

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Refractive index matched particles serve as essential model systems for colloid scientists, providing nearly hard spheres to explore structure and dynamics. The poly(methyl methacrylate) latexes typically used are often refractive index matched by dispersing them in binary solvent mixtures, but this can lead to undesirable changes, such as particle charging or swelling. To avoid these shortcomings, we have synthesized refractive index matched colloids using polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) rather than as polymer latexes. The crucial difference is that these diblock copolymer nanoparticles consist of a single core-forming polymer in a single non-ionizable solvent. The diblock copolymer chosen was poly(stearyl methacrylate)–poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PSMA–PTFEMA), which self-assembles to form PTFEMA core spheres in n -alkanes. By monitoring scattered light intensity, n -tetradecane was found to be the optimal solvent for matching the refractive index of such nanoparticles. As expected for PISA syntheses, the diameter of the colloids can be controlled by varying the PTFEMA degree of polymerization. Concentrated dispersions were prepared, and the diffusion of the PSMA–PTFEMA nanoparticles as a function of volume fraction was measured. These diblock copolymer nanoparticles are a promising new system of transparent spheres for future colloidal studies.

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Genina, Elina A. "Tissue Optical Clearing: State of the Art and Prospects." Diagnostics 12, no. 7 (2022): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071534.

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The term “tissue optical clearing” (TOC) came into use at the end of the 20th century and is associated with the development of methods for controlling tissue scattering properties using the refractive index matching effect [...]

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Yan, Xin, Yao Wang, Tonglei Cheng, and Shuguang Li. "Photonic Crystal Fiber SPR Liquid Sensor Based on Elliptical Detective Channel." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040408.

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This paper proposes a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) refractive index sensor model based on the surface plasmon resonance effect. The proposed PCF model also uses the full vector finite element method to transfer the structure under the anisotropic Perfect Matching Layer (PML) boundary condition. Numerical calculations were carried out on the sensor characteristics. The calculation results show that the elliptical air hole on the left side of the PCF core is coated with a gold-nano film which serves as a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensing channel to detect the refractive index of liquid materials. Compared with other structures, the resonant peak generated by the excited SPR effect from the elliptical sensing channel has a high sensitivity to the change of the refractive index of the liquid to be measured. With the help of this attribute, it is relatively easy to adjust the sensitivity. The refractive index range of this structure is within 1.43–1.49 and the sensitivity is up to 12,719.97 nm·RIU−1. The linearity is good; R2 = 0.99927, which is very suitable for liquid sensing.

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Hao, Zhichao, and Yuankun Liu. "Transparent Object Shape Measurement Based on Deflectometry." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (2018): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05428.

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This paper proposes a method for obtaining surface normal orientation and 3-D shape of plano-convex lens using refraction stereo. We show that two viewpoints are sufficient to solve this problem under the condition that the refractive index of the object is known. What we need to know is that (1) an accurate function that maps each pixel to the refraction point caused by the refraction of the object. (2) light is refracted only once. In the simulation, the actual measurement process is simplified: light is refracted only once; and the accurate one-to-one correspondence between incident ray and refractive ray is realized by known object points. The deformed grating caused by refraction point is also constructed in the process of simulation. A plano-convex lens with a focal length of 242.8571 mm is used for stereo data acquisition, normal direction acquisition, and the judgment of normal direction consistency. Finally, restoring the three-dimensional information of the plano-convex lens by computer simulation. Simulation results suggest that our method is feasibility. In the actual experiment, considering the case of light is refracted more than once, combining the calibration data acquisition based on phase measurement, phase-shifting and temporal phase-unwrapping techniques to complete (1) calibrating the corresponding position relationship between the monitor and the camera (2) matching incident ray and refractive ray.

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RADI, AMR. "REPRESENTATION FOR DISPERSION FORMULA OF OPTICAL FIBER USING HYBRID TECHNIQUE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 19, no. 02 (2008): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183108012182.

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Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been used to find the optimal neural network (NN) solution (i.e., hybrid technique) which represents dispersion formula of optical fiber. An efficient NN has been designed by GA to simulate the dynamics of the optical fiber system which is nonlinear. Without any knowledge about the system, we have used the input and output data to build a prediction model by NN. The neural network has been trained to produce a function that describes nonlinear system which studies the dependence of the refractive index of the fiber core on the wavelength and temperature. The trained NN model shows a good performance in matching the trained distributions. The NN is then used to predict refractive index that is not presented in the training set. The predicted refractive index had been matched to the experimental data effectively.

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Ding, Carl-Philipp, David Vuilleumier, Namho Kim, David L. Reuss, Magnus Sjöberg, and Benjamin Böhm. "Effect of engine conditions and injection timing on piston-top fuel films for stratified direct-injection spark-ignition operation using E30." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 2 (2019): 302–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419869785.

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Mid-level ethanol/gasoline blends can provide knock resistance benefits for stoichiometric spark-ignition engine operation, but previous studies have identified challenges associated with spray impingement and wall wetting, leading to excessive particulate matter emissions. At the same time, stratified-charge spark-ignition operation can provide increased thermal efficiency, but care has to be exercised to avoid excessive in-cylinder soot formation. In support of the use of mid-level ethanol/gasoline blends in advanced spark-ignition engines, this study presents spray and fuel-film measurements in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine operated with a 30 vol.%/70 vol.% ethanol/gasoline blend (E30). Crank-angle resolved fuel-film measurements at the piston surface are conducted using two different implementations of the refractive index matching technique. A small-angle refractive index matching implementation allows quantification of the wetted area, while a large-angle refractive index matching implementation enables semi-quantitative measurements of fuel-film thickness and volume, in addition to fuel-film area. The fuel-film measurements show that both the amount of fuel deposited on the piston and the shape of the fuel-film patterns are strongly influenced by the injection timing, duration, intake pressure, and coolant temperature. For combinations of high in-cylinder gas density and long injection duration, merging of the individual spray plumes, commonly referred to as spray collapse, can cause a dramatic change to the shape and thickness of the wall fuel films. Overall, the study provides guidance to engine designers aiming at minimizing wall wetting through tailored combinations of injection timings and durations.

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Tu, Trang T. K., Dong Woo Kim, Yong Hyun Kim, Young-Seok Jeong, Yeong-Soon Gal, and Kwon Taek Lim. "High-refractive-index polymers of poly (carbazole phenoxy-based polyurethane) for a refractive index matching film in organic light-emitting diodes." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 659, no. 1 (2017): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2018.1452702.

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Nguyen and, T. T., Y. Biadillah, R. Mongrain, J. Brunette, and, J. C. Tardif, and O. F. Bertrand. "A Method for Matching the Refractive Index and Kinematic Viscosity of a Blood Analog for Flow Visualization in Hydraulic Cardiovascular Models." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 4 (2004): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1785812.

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In this work, we propose a simple method to simultaneously match the refractive index and kinematic viscosity of a circulating blood analog in hydraulic models for optical flow measurement techniques (PIV, PMFV, LDA, and LIF). The method is based on the determination of the volumetric proportions and temperature at which two transparent miscible liquids should be mixed to reproduce the targeted fluid characteristics. The temperature dependence models are a linear relation for the refractive index and an Arrhenius relation for the dynamic viscosity of each liquid. Then the dynamic viscosity of the mixture is represented with a Grunberg-Nissan model of type 1. Experimental tests for acrylic and blood viscosity were found to be in very good agreement with the targeted values (measured refractive index of 1.486 and kinematic viscosity of 3.454 milli-m2/s with targeted values of 1.47 and 3.300 milli-m2/s).

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Zhang, Linghao, Kegui Xia, Linglin Zhu, Aijun Zeng, and Huijie Huang. "Direct Stress Birefringence Distribution Measurement in Lens Using Refractive Index Matching Liquid." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 33, no. 13 (2021): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2021.3083097.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Refractive index matching'

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