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1
Goodall, R. "Thermomechanical properties of highly porous, fire-resistant materials." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599499.
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A combination of low density and good heat resistance is desirable for many applications. Porosity is used to develop low density, and high porosity materials are frequently associated with low thermal conductivity. Materials that display this property, coupled with heat resistance, may be useful for thermal applications. Porous materials can exhibit several different structural types. In this work the structures that can be formed from fire resistant materials to reduce the density are considered as three different types. The first structure is represented by a recently-developed composite material, which was created by TWI, Abington, Cambridge, and has been given the trade name Barrikade™. This material combines granules of an expandable natural mineral, vermiculite, with a sodium silicate binder, to produce an inexpensive material with high porosity and heat resistance. The structure of this material is that of a coarse agglomerate of particles, with much of the porosity being incorporated in the interparticle spaces. Possible applications are wide ranging, including the core material in domestic or marine fire doors, and as a low cost lagging material for industrial furnaces. A second structural type that is that of a fibre mat. An array of fibres, bonded at points or held together solely by friction and surface forces of the fibres, may include high levels of porosity in the spaces between fibres. Materials with this structure are made from melt spun mineral fibres, and exhibit a high degree of heat resistance. The example of these materials studied herein is Rockwool®, often used for building insulation purposes. The third structural type considered here is often used where low density is required; a foam. Foamed structures can have many attractive properties, but the fire resistance of the foams considered here, closed cell aluminium foams, has been frequently predicted to be favourable, without being demonstrated in controlled tests. Where the material properties are not already known, the microstructure, mechanical performance, fire and temperature resistance, creep behaviour and thermal conduction and expansion characteristics of the materials have been determined. The aim of the work is the assessment and ranking of the materials’ suitability for different applications, and determination of the critical aspects for the design of such systems.
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Autio, M. (Maija). "Studies on tailoring of thermomechanical properties of composites." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514254473.
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Layered composite materials consisting of thin orthotropic layers offer for a designer many possibilities to tailor the structure: the behaviour and properties of the structure can be influenced not only by varying the geometry and thicknesses of the structure but also by varying the lay-up of the laminate. As new orthotropic materials having high specific strength and stiffness are used in structures, the tailoring is essential to utilize all the benefits of these materials. In this thesis tailoring and optimization of thermomechanical properties of layered composite structures are considered.
The tailoring problemis formulated and solved as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. Different types of global thermomechanical properties, such as stiffnesses, coefficients of thermal expansion and natural frequencies and buckling loads of composite plates, as well as layer-wise properties, such as stresses and strains in a certain lamina, are considered. Also, coupled thermalstructural problems are studied.
When lay-up parameters, i.e. number of layers, and their orientations and thicknesses, are employed as design variables, global as well as layer-wise properties of the laminate can be considered. As relations between thermomechanical properties and lay-up parameters are highly nonlinear, optimization may suffer from various local optima. However, in tailoring the global minima or maxima are not the points of interest but rather the points of design space, where appropriate values for considered properties are achieved.
In the thesis optimization of global thermomechanical properties is presented also by applying so-called lamination parameters as design variables. The lamination parameters are defined as integrals of the functions, which consist of sines and cosines of the lay-up angles of different layers multiplied by the powers of the thickness co-ordinate z, through the thickness of the laminate. Thus, information of the lay-up of the laminate can be compressed into these parameters and only twelve lamination parameters are needed to describe the behaviour of a common laminate. The use of these parameters as design variables is advantageous, because the number of parameters needed is small and often formulating a convex optimization problem is possible. After finding optimal lamination parameters, a procedure is needed to generate a lay-up corresponding to these parameters. Explicit equations are derived for generating lay-ups having optimal bending lamination parameters. For creating a laminate having both optimal in-plane and bending lamination parameters, a new optimization problem searching laminates having lamination parameters as close as possible to the optimal ones is formulated. In that problem, also layer-wise properties and restrictions of manufacturing are taken into account. Agenetic algorithmsearch is employed for solving that later problem as the value of the objective function can be computed efficiently. Also, often the thicknesses and orientations of different layers can have only discrete values, which can be handled easily in the GA search, where all design variables are discrete in character.
3
Bansal, Shubhra. "Thermomechanical characterization of materials formicrominiaturized system board requirements." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14825.
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Warchal, Andrzej. "Study of the influence of additives (antioxidants) on the thermomechanical properties of carbon-bonded refractory composites." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0050.
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Les réfractaires alumine-carbone sont largement utilisés dans la coulée continue de l'acier. Ils sont responsables du contrôle du flux d'acier et de sa protection contre l'oxydation. Cependant, pour améliorer leur propre résistance à l'oxydation, plusieurs additifs tels que des carbures, des métaux, des composés à bas point de fusion et des frittes de verre sont ajoutés en tant qu'antioxydants. Dans cette étude, l'influence de ces additifs, ainsi que des conditions de cuisson, sur les propriétés liées à la résistance aux chocs thermiques des matériaux réfractaires à matrice carbonée a été étudiée. Des matériaux modèles, ayant une composition simplifiée par rapport aux matériaux industriels, ont été étudiés pour faciliter la compréhension des interactions entre les différents constituants du composite. Le comportement des matériaux réticulés (avant cuisson) et cuits a été étudié. La première partie de l'étude a montré que les antioxydants peuvent modifier les propriétés du réfractaire par différents mécanismes : cristallisation de la liaison carbone (B4C), guérison des microfissures (borax et fritte de verre) et formation de nouvelles phases (Al-Si). Cependant, puisque les additifs métalliques sont les antioxydants les plus largement utilisés dans les produits de Vesuvius, la deuxième partie de l'étude a porté sur leur impact (Al-Si,Al-Mg et Al) sur les propriétés clés influençant la résistance aux chocs thermiques. En plus, l'impact des conditions de cuisson (température et atmosphère) a également été étudié. Il a été prouvé que tous les antioxydants métalliques réagissent avec d'autres constituants pour former de nouvelles phases qui à la fois rigidifient le réfractaire et augmentent sa valeur du coefficient de dilatation thermique. Malheureusement, un tel comportement entraîne une détérioration de la résistance aux chocs thermiques. De plus, il s'est avéré que l'atmosphère de cuisson a une influence négligeable sur la réactivité des additifs et donc sur les propriétés finales du réfractaire. Ainsi, la température de cuisson est le paramètre qui a l'impact le plus important sur l'évolution réfractaire. Tous les résultats obtenus facilitent le choix des antioxydants et des conditions de cuisson pour obtenir les propriétés souhaitées du réfractaireAlumina-carbon refractories are widely used in the continuous casting of steel. They are responsible for the steel flow control and its protection against oxidation. However, to improve their own oxidation resistance, several additives such as carbides, metals, low melting point compounds and glass frits are added as antioxidants. In this study, the influence of these additives, as well as firing conditions, on the properties related to the thermal shock resistance of carbon-bonded refractories was studied. Model materials, having simplified composition compared to the real industrial ones, were investigated tofacilitate the comprehension of interactions between different constituents of the composite. Behavior of both cured (before firing) and fired materials was studied. The first part of the study proved that antioxidants may modify the properties of the refractory through different mechanisms: crystallization of the carbon bond (B4C), microcracks healing (anhydrous borax and glass frit) and formation of new phases (Al-Si). However, since the metallic additives are the most widely used antioxidants in Vesuvius' products, the second part of the study was focused on their (Al-Si, Al-Mg and Al) impact on the key properties influencing the thermal shock resistance. What is more, the impact of firing conditions (temperature and atmosphere) was also investigated. It was proved that all metallic antioxidants react with other constituents to form new phases which both rigidify the refractory and increase its value of the coefficient of thermal expansion. Unfortunately, such behavior results in worsening of the thermal shock resistance. Moreover, it turned out that the firing atmosphere has a negligible influence on the additives reactivity and thus the final properties of the refractory. Thus, firing temperature is the parameter that has the most important impact on the refractory evolution. All the obtained results facilitate the choice of antioxidants and firing condition to obtain desired properties of the refractory
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Yan, Kun, and 閆琨. "Size effects on the thermo-mechanical behavior on nano-structures/ materials." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41290513.
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Cowan, Richard Scott. "Development of tribological design strategies based on a thermomechanical wear transition model." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17976.
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Calcaterra, Jeffrey Ronald. "Life prediction evaluation and damage mechanism identification for SCS-6/Timetal 21S composites subjected to thermomechanical fatigue." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12548.
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Zhang, Xiaodong. "Modeling of materials with internal variables using a thermomechanical approach." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45355.
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In this thesis, the thermomechanical approach with internal variables has been thoroughly analyzed. This approach is based on the combination of thermodynamic principles and continuum mechanics. Therefore it reflects the physical essence of constitutive behavior of materials. Based on this approach, a one-dimensional constitutive model for the two-way shape memory effect and a one-dimensional constitutive model for piezoceramics have been developed, respectively.
In modeling the two-way shape memory effect, a residual stress σre is introduced as a controlling parameter for the two-way shape memory effect. A further refinement of the transformation kinetics expression for two-way shape memory is derived. It is demonstrated that the material parameters required by this model can be calculated or measured using a standard materials testing apparatus. A numerical study is conducted and the effectiveness of this model is verified.
In the constitutive modeling of piezoceramics, a new internal state variable is introduced to relate the macroscopic behavior of a piezoceramic with its micro-properties. A phenomenological formulation of polarization reversal is proposed, and then a fully-coupled thermo-electro-mechanical model is developed. It is shown that the theory developed can describe the electromechanical behavior of piezoceramics well.Master of Science
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Aronson, Joshua Boyer. "The Synthesis and Characterization of Energetic Materials From Sodium Azide." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7597.
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A tetrazole is a 5-membered ring containing 4 nitrogens and 1 carbon. Due to its energetic potential and structural similarity to carboxylic acids, this ring system has a wide number of applications. In this thesis, a new and safe sustainable process to produce tetrazoles was designed that acheived high yields under mild conditions. Also, a technique was developed to form a trityl-protected tetrazole in situ. The rest of this work involved the exploitation of the energetic potential of tetrazoles. This moiety was successfully applied in polymers, ionic liquids, foams, and gels. The overall results from these experiments illustrate the fact that tetrazoles have the potential to serve as a stable alternative to the troublesome azido group common in many energetic materials. Due to these applications, the tetrazole moiety is a very important entity.
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Farjam, Nazanin. "Effects of Size and Geometry on the Thermomechanical Properties of Additively-Manufactured NiTi Shape Memory Alloys." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo153333222254631.
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Aleknevičius, Marius. "The influence of oil cracking catalyst waste on the properties of refractory castables." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20110120_134405-85598.
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Fluidized bed catalytic cracking catalyst waste is a zeolite material. Its unique properties are underused in cementitious materials production technology. Various additives, modifiers used in refractory castables are very expensive, so the use of catalyst waste as a modifying additive of castable properties has not only an ecological (waste recycling) but also an economical basis. Medium cement refractory castable was developed using 70 % and 40 % of aluminium oxide containing aluminate cement and catalyst waste additive, respectively 2,5 % and 5,0 %. The work also reveals an efficient effect of catalyst waste on alumina cement hydration, structure formation during cement solidification and after treatment at high temperature.Naftos krekinge naudotas katalizatorius yra ceolitinė medžiaga, kurios unikalios savybės mažai išnaudojamos cementinių medžiagų gamybos technologijoje. Ugniai atspariuose betonuose naudojami įvairūs priedai-modifikatoriai yra labai brangūs, todėl naudoto katalizatoriaus panaudojimas, kaip modifikuojančio betono savybes priedo, turi ne tik ekologinį (atliekų utilizavimas) bet ir ekonominį pagrindą. Vykdant šį darbą sukurti vidutinio cemento kiekio ugniai atsparūs šamotbetoniai su 70 % ir 40 % aliuminio oksido turinčiais aliuminatiniais cementais ir naudoto katalizatoriaus priedu atitinkamai 2,5 % ir 5,0 %. Darbe taip pat atskleistas efektyvus katalizatoriaus poveikis aliuminatinio cemento hidratacijai, cemento akmens struktūros susidarymui kietėjimo metu ir jos pokyčiams veikiant aukštoms temperatūroms.
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Kuriakose, Sunil. "Analysis of damage in composite laminates under bending." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12054.
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Rowland, Harry Dwight. "Thermomechanical Manufacturing of Polymer Microstructures and Nanostructures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14642.
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Molding is a simple manufacturing process whereby fluid fills a master tool and then solidifies in the shape of the tool cavity. The precise nature of material flow during molding has long allowed fabrication of plastic components with sizes 1 mm 1 m. Polymer molding with precise critical dimension control could enable scalable, inexpensive production of micro- and nanostructures for functional or lithographic use.
This dissertation reports experiments and simulations on molding of polymer micro- and nanostructures at length scales 1 nm 1 mm. The research investigates two main areas: 1) mass transport during micromolding and 2) polymer mechanical properties during nanomolding at length scales 100 nm. Measurements and simulations of molding features of size 100 nm 1 mm show local mold geometry modulates location and rate of polymer shear and determines fill time. Dimensionless ratios of mold geometry, polymer thickness, and bulk material and process properties can predict flow by viscous or capillary forces, shape of polymer deformation, and mold fill time. Measurements and simulations of molding at length scales 100 nm show the importance of nanoscale physical processes distinct from bulk during mechanical processing. Continuum simulations of atomic force microscope nanoindentation accurately model sub-continuum polymer mechanical response but highlight the need for nanoscale material property measurements to accurately model deformation shape. The development of temperature-controlled nanoindentation enables characterization of nanoscale material properties. Nanoscale uniaxial compression and squeeze flow measurements of glassy and viscoelastic polymer show film thickness determines polymer entanglement with cooperative polymer motions distinct from those observed in bulk.
This research allows predictive design of molding processes and highlights the importance of nanoscale mechanical properties that could aid understanding of polymer physics.
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Lin, Brian E. "Stucture and thermomechanical behavior of nitipt shape memory alloy wires." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28233.
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The objective of this work is to understand the structure-property relationships in a pseudoelastic composition of polycrystalline NiTiPt (Ti-42.7 at% Ni-7.5 at% Pt). Structural characterization of the alloy includes grain size determination and texture analysis while the thermo-mechanical properties are explored using tensile testing. Variation in heat treatment is used as a vehicle to modify microstructure. The results are compared to experiments on Ni-rich NiTi alloy wires (Ti-51.0 at% Ni), which are in commercial use in various biomedical applications. With regards to microstructure, both alloys exhibit a <111> fiber texture along the wire drawing axis, however the NiTiPt alloy's grain size is smaller than that of the Ni-rich NiTi wires, while the latter materials contain second phase precipitates. Given the nanometer scale grain size in NiTiPt and the dispersed, nanometer scale precipitate size in NiTi, the overall strength and ductility of the alloys are essentially identical when given appropriate heat treatments. Property differences include a much smaller stress hysteresis and smaller temperature dependence of the transformation stress for NiTiPt alloys compared to NiTi alloys. Potential benefits and implications for use in vascular stent applications are discussed.
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Morel, Bayram Murat. "Investigation Of The Effects Of Temperature On Physical And Mechanical Properties Of Monolithic Refractory Made With Pozzolanic Materials." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606700/index.pdf.
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In recent years, scientific studies are carried out to find new refractory
material. Having good mechanical properties under very high temperatures,
refractories are widely used in industries like iron, steel, glass, cement and pottery.
Researches are focused on monolithic refractory making because of their superior
properties comparing to conventional firebrick refractories. Providing a mono-block
body, having no joints makes the monolithic refractories more durable at elevated
temperatures. Easier production and installation are two main points that people are
choosing monolithic refractories, thus an economy is made.
In this study, for monolithic refractory production, high alumina cement was
used as binding material. It is known that the increase in alumina (Al2O3) content
increases the high temperature resistance, so that crushed firebrick, having 85%
Al2O3 was used as aggregate. Pozzolanic materials, which are silica fume, fly ash,
ground granulated firebrick and ground granulated blast furnace slag, were added to
improve physical and mechanical properties of mortar. With the addition of steel
fibres, change in compressive strength and flexural strength was observed.Superplasticizer was used to understand its behaviour under high temperatures.
Portland cement containing mortars were also prepared to make comparison with
high alumina cement containing specimens.
Specimens were prepared in 5x5x5 cm and 4x4x16 cm prisms. They were
cured for one day at curing room, then heated to 105°C and then heated to 1100°
C. Weight, size and ultrasound velocity change, compressive strength and flexural strength tests were done to determine physical and mechanical properties of the monolithic refractories, before and after heating. Heated and non-heated specimens were pulverized for microstructural investigation with X-Ray diffraction (XRD) method. Using high alumina cement with 50 &ndash
60 % granulated blast furnace slag or granulated firebrick, by the weight of cement, and crushed firebrick as aggregate, a satisfactory monolithic refractory material was made. It was observed that, mechanical properties were decreased at the Portland cement used mortars after several times of heating and cooling cycles. Also, it was determined that the microstructure of the high alumina cement containing mortars did not deteriorate much at 1100°
C, as long as there was no change observed from the results.
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Paine, Jeffrey S. "Multi-functional SMA hybrid composite materials and their applications." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38219.
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Shape memory alloy (SMA) materials such as nitinol have unique properties associated with the shape recovery effect and the material’s phase changes that have been used in a variety of actuator and sensing applications. By embedding SMA elements into host composite materials, control or modification of the SMA hybrid composite’s structural properties can be accomplished inservice, thereby increasing the hybrid composite’s structural functionality. Previous studies addressed increasing composite materials’ functionality by enabling in-service control of their dynamic response. Utilizing the SMA’s substantial recovery stress and capacity to dissipate strain energy to increase the hybrid composite’s static functionality is addressed herein. Specific applications for SMA hybrid composites include improving composite material’s impact damage resistance and composite cylinder stress and deflection control.
In stress and deflection control of cylindrical structures, SMA actuators are placed within the composite cylinder to form an active compound cylinder. The active SMA elements can significantly reduce the internal pressure-induced radial dilation and creep so that under severe loading, piston to cylinder tolerances may be maintained. Similar to a conventional metallic compound cylinder, the active compound cylinder also reduces peak cylinder hoop stresses. Hybridizing composites with nitinol improves their impact resistance because of nitinol’s tremendous capacity to absorb impact strain energy through the stress-induced martensitic phase transformation. The amount of impact damage is reduced and the material’s resistance to impact perforation at various velocities is improved. The experimental response of nitinol hybrid composites and the associated mechanics are presented. The unique toughness and resistance to permanent deformation that is a result of the stress-induced martensitic phase transformation enables the nitinol to absorb on the order of 4 times the strain energy of high alloy steel and 16 times that of many graphite/epoxy composites.
In most static applications where SMA elements are used for reinforcement, maintaining the integrity of the interface between the SMA elements and the host polymeric matrix composite material is critical to operation. The relationship between preparation of SMA elements for hybrid composite fabrication and interfacial bond strength is presented to address this issue. The mechanics of interfacial shear failure between SMA element and composite is also presented.Ph. D.
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Du, Xiangdong 1967. "Scaling laws in permeability and thermoelasticity of random media." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102973.
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Under consideration is the finite-size scaling of two thermomechanical responses of random heterogeneous materials. Stochastic mechanics is applied here to the modeling of heterogeneous materials in order to construct the constitutive relations. Such relations (e.g. Hooke's Law in elasticity or Fourier's Law in heat transfer) are well-established under spatial homogeneity assumption of continuum mechanics, where the Representative Volume Element (RVE) is the fundamental concept. The key question is what is the size L of RVE? According to the separation of scales assumption, L must be bounded according to d<L<<LMacro where d is the microscale (or average size of heterogeneity), and LMacro is the macroscale of a continuum mechanics problem. Statistically, for spatially ergodic heterogeneous materials, when the mesoscale is equal to or bigger than the scale of the RVE, the elements of the material can be considered homogenized. In order to attain the said homogenization, two conditions must be satisfied: (a) the microstructure's statistics must be spatially homogeneous and ergodic; and (b) the material's effective constitutive response must be the same under uniform boundary conditions of essential (Dirichlet) and natural (Neumann) types.In the first part of this work, the finite-size scaling trend to RVE of the Darcy law for Stokesian flow is studied for the case of random porous media, without invoking any periodic structure assumptions, but only assuming the microstructure's statistics to be spatially homogeneous and ergodic. By analogy to the existing methodology in thermomechanics of solid random media, the Hill-Mandel condition for the Darcy flow velocity and pressure gradient fields was first formulated. Under uniform essential and natural boundary conditions, two variational principles are developed based on minimum potential energy and complementary energy. Then, the partitioning method was applied, leading to scale dependent hierarchies on effective (RVE level) permeability. The proof shows that the ensemble average of permeability has an upper bound under essential boundary conditions and a lower bound under uniform natural boundary conditions.
To quantitatively assess the scaling convergence towards the RVE, these hierarchical trends were numerically obtained for various porosities of random disk systems, where the disk centers were generated by a planar Poisson process with inhibition. Overall, the results showed that the higher the density of random disks---or, equivalently, the narrower the micro-channels in the system---the smaller the size of RVE pertaining to the Darcy law.
In the second part of this work, the finite-size scaling of effective thermoelastic properties of random microstructures were considered from Statistical to Representative Volume Element (RVE). Similarly, under the assumption that the microstructure's statistics are spatially homogeneous and ergodic, the SVE is set-up on a mesoscale, i.e. any scale finite relative to the microstructural length scale. The Hill condition generalized to thermoelasticity dictates uniform essential and natural boundary conditions, which, with the help of two variational principles, led to scale dependent hierarchies of mesoscale bounds on effective (RVE level) properties: thermal expansion strain coefficient and stress coefficient, effective stiffness, and specific heats. Due to the presence of a non-quadratic term in the energy formulas, the mesoscale bounds for the thermal expansion are more complicated than those for the stiffness tensor and the heat capacity. To quantitatively assess the scaling trend towards the RVE, the hierarchies are computed for a planar matrix-inclusion composite, with inclusions (of circular disk shape) located at points of a planar, hard-core Poisson point field. Overall, while the RVE is attained exactly on scales infinitely large relative to microscale, depending on the microstructural parameters, the random fluctuations in the SVE response become very weak on scales an order of magnitude larger than the microscale, thus already approximating the RVE.
Based on the above studies, further work on homogenization of heterogeneous materials is outlined at the end of the thesis.
Keywords: Representative Volume Element (RVE), heterogeneous media, permeability, thermal expansion, mesoscale, microstructure.
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Kirabira, John Baptist. "Properties of Ugandan minerals and fireclay refractories." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-225.
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Development of products which can be produced from a country’s natural resources is very important as far as the industrialization of a nation and saving foreign exchange is concerned. Presently, industries in Uganda and the other states in the Lake Victoria region import all refractory-related-consumables, as the demand cannot be met locally. Based on the abundance of ceramic raw materials for high temperature applications in the region and the demand for refractories by industries it is pertinent to develop and manufacture firebricks by exploiting the locally available raw materials.
This thesis thus, concerns the characterisation of ceramic raw mineral powders from the Lake Victoria region, more particularly, Uganda, with the aim of developing firebrick refractories from the minerals. Two main deposits of kaolin and a ball clay deposit were investigated to assess their potential in the manufacture of refractory bricks. Raw- and processed sample powders were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DTA-TG) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, the chemical composition, particle size distribution, density, and surface area of the powders were determined.
A comprehensive study on beneficiation of Mutaka kaolin was carried out using mechanical segregation of particles. The aim of the study was to explore other potential applications like in paper filling and coating. The beneficiation process improves the chemical composition of kaolin to almost pure, the major impurity being iron oxide.
A general production process scheme for manufacturing fireclay bricks starting with raw powder minerals (Mutaka kaolin and Mukono ball clay) was used to make six groups of sample fireclay brick. Experimental results from the characterization of formulated sample bricks indeed revealed the viability of manufacturing fireclay bricks from the raw minerals. Based on these results, industrial samples were formulated and manufactured at Höganäs Bjuf AB, Sweden. Kaolin from the Mutaka deposit was used as the main source of alumina while ball clay from Mukono was the main plasticizer and binder material. The formulated green body was consolidated by wet pressing and fired at 1350°C in a tunnel kiln. Characterization of the sintered articles was done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical composition (ICP-AES). In addition, technological properties related to thermal conductivity, thermal shock, alkali resistance, water absorption, porosity, shrinkage, permanent linear change (PLC), linear thermal expansion, refractoriness under load (RUL), and cold crushing strength were determined. The properties of the articles manufactured from the selected naturally occurring raw minerals reveal that the produced articles compare favourably with those of parallel types. Thus, the raw materials can be exploited for industrial production.
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Depp, Michelle McRae. "PVA cryogel optimization and diffusion studies." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11194.
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Kulkarni, Ambarish J. "Atomistic Characterization and Continuum Modeling of Novel Thermomechanical Behaviors of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19761.
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ZnO nanowires and nanorods are a new class of one-dimensional nanomaterials with a wide range of applications in NEMS. The motivation for this work stems from the lack of understanding and characterization of their thermomechanical behaviors essential for their incorporation in nanosystems. The overall goal of this work is to develop a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms controlling the responses of these nanostructures with focus on: (1) development of a molecular dynamics based framework for analyzing thermomechanical behaviors, (2) characterization of the thermal and mechanical behaviors in ZnO nanowires and (3) development of models for pseudoelasticity and thermal conductivity.
The thermal response analyses show that the values of thermal conductivity are one order of magnitude lower than that for bulk ZnO due to surface scattering of phonons. A modified equation for phonon radiative transport incorporating the effects of surface scattering is used to model the thermal conductivity as a function of wire size and temperature. Quasistatic tensile loading of wires show that the elastic moduli values are 68.2-27.8% higher than that for bulk ZnO. Previously unknown phase transformations from the initial wurtzite (WZ) structure to graphitic (HX) and body-centered-tetragonal (BCT-4) phases are discovered in nanowires which lead to a more complete understanding of the extent of polymorphism in ZnO and its dependence on load triaxiality. The reversibility of the WZ-to-HX transform gives rise to a novel pseudoelastic behavior with recoverable strains up to 16%. A micromechanical continuum model is developed to capture the major characteristics of the pseudoelastic behavior accounting for size and temperature effects. The effect of the phase transformations on the thermal properties is characterized. Results obtained show that the WZ→HX phase transformation causes a novel transition in thermal response with the conductivity of HX wires being 20.5-28.5% higher than that of the initial WZ-structured wires.
The results obtained here can provide guidance and criteria for the design and fabrication of a range of new building blocks for nanometer-scale devices that rely on thermomechanical responses.
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Fernandez-Zelaia, Patxi. "Thermomechanical fatigue crack formation in nickel-base superalloys at notches." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48991.
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Hot sections of gas engine turbines require specialized materials to withstand extreme conditions present during engine operation. Nickel-base superalloys are typically used as blades and disks in the high pressure turbine section because they possess excellent fatigue strength, creep strength and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures. Components undergo thermomechanical fatigue conditions as a result of transient engine operation. Sharp geometric features, such as cooling holes in blades or fir-tree connections in disks, act as local stress raisers. The material surrounding these features are potential sites of localized inelastic deformation and crack formation. To reduce customer costs associated with unnecessary overhauls or engine down-time, gas turbine manufacturers require accurate prediction methods to determine component endurances. The influence of stress concentration severity on thermomechanical fatigue crack formation is of particular importance as cracks often initiate in these hot spots. Circumferentially notched specimens were utilized to perform thermomechanical fatigue experiments on blade material CM247LC DS and disk material PM IN100. A parametric study on CM247LC DS was performed utilizing four notched specimens. Experimental results were coupled with finite element simulations utilizing continuum based constitutive models. The effects of applied boundary conditions on crack initiation life was studied in both alloys by performing experiments under remotely applied force and displacement boundary conditions. Finite element results were utilized to develop a life prediction method for notched components under thermomechanical fatigue conditions.
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Luscher, Darby J. "A hierarchical framework for the multiscale modeling of microstructure evolution in heterogeneous materials." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33968.
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All materials are heterogeneous at various scales of observation. The influence of material heterogeneity on nonuniform response and microstructure evolution can have profound impact on continuum thermomechanical response at macroscopic "engineering" scales. In many cases, it is necessary to treat this behavior as a multiscale process.
This research developed a hierarchical multiscale approach for modeling microstructure evolution. A theoretical framework for the hierarchical homogenization of inelastic response of heterogeneous materials was developed with a special focus on scale invariance principles needed to assure physical consistency across scales. Within this multiscale framework, the second gradient is used as a nonlocal kinematic link between the response of a material point at the coarse scale and the response of a neighborhood of material points at the fine scale. Kinematic consistency between two scales results in specific requirements for constraints on the fluctuation field. A multiscale internal state variable (ISV) constitutive theory is developed that is couched in the coarse scale intermediate configuration and from which an important new concept in scale transitions emerges, namely scale invariance of dissipation. At the fine scale, the material is treated using finite element models of statistical volume elements of microstructure. The coarse scale is treated using a mixed-field finite element approach. The coarse scale constitutive equations are implemented in a finite deformation hyperelastic inelastic integration scheme developed for second gradient constitutive models. An example problem based on an idealized porous microstructure is presented to illustrate the approach and highlight its predictive utility. This example and a few variations are explored to address the boundary-value-problem dependent nature of length scale parameters employed in nonlocal continuum theories. Finally, strategies for developing meaningful kinematic ISVs, free energy functions, and the associated evolution kinetics are presented. These strategies are centered on the goal of accurately representing the energy stored and dissipated during irreversible processes.
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Doche, Cécile. "Elaboration et caractérisation de composites céramiques réfractaires SiAlON-nitrure de bore." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG4204.
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Les si alon-bn sont des materiaux susceptibles de remplacer des refractaires carbones utilises en siderurgie en particulier pour l'elaboration d'acier a faible teneur en c. Deux familles de composites, obtenues par des voies d'elaboration differentes, ont ete etudiees: si#3n#4-bn par compression a chaud et si alon-bn par frittage naturel. Dans le premier cas, un precurseur organique du bn, qui semble activer le frittage, a aussi ete utilise. Pour tous ces materiaux, nous avons etudie les procedes de fabrication, les microstructures, les proprietes mecaniques, les resistances aux chocs thermiques, a l'oxydation, a la corrosion par le fer liquide. La presence de bn, si elle est nefaste aux proprietes mecaniques, est favorable dans le cas des utilisations a haute temperature. De tous les ajouts de frittage testes: y#2o#3, nd#2o#3, la#2o#3, ceo#2, les oxydes de neodyme et de lanthane semblent conduire a une resistance a hautes temperatures legerement meilleure
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Johnson, Janine. "Thermomechanical modeling of porous ceramic-metal composites accounting for the stochastic nature of their microstructure." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33857.
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Porous ceramic-metal composites, or cermets, such as nickel zirconia (Ni-YSZ), are widely used as the anode material in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). These materials need to enable electrochemical reactions and provide the mechanical support for the layered cell structure. Thus, for the anode supported planar cells, the thermomechanical behavior of the porous cermet directly affects the reliability of the cell. Porous cermets can be viewed as three-phase composites with a random heterogeneous microstructure. While random in nature, the effective properties and overall behavior of such composites can still be linked to specific stochastic functions that describe the microstructure. The main objective of this research was to develop the relationship between the thermomechanical behavior of porous cermets and their random microstructure. The research consists of three components. First, a stochastic reconstruction scheme was developed for the three-phase composite. From this multiple realizations with identical statistical descriptors were constructed for analysis. Secondly, a finite element model was implemented to obtain the effective properties of interest including thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and elastic modulus. Lastly, nonlinear material behaviors were investigated, such as damage, plasticity, and creep behavior. It was shown that the computational model linked the statistical features of the microstructure to its overall properties and behavior. Such a predictive computational tool will enable the design of SOFCs with higher reliability and lower costs.
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Chu, Chun. "Development of polymer nanocomposites for automotive applications." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37128.
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Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have gained significant interest because they have outstanding performance that allows cost reduction, weight reduction, and product improvement. This research study focuses on the manufacture and characterization of PNCs in order to explore their potential in automotive applications. More specifically, polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites reinforced with xGnP and nanokaolin were fabricated by manufacturing methods that optimize their performances. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) are promising nanofillers that are cost effective and multifunctional with superior mechanical, thermo-mechanical and electrical properties. Nanokaolin is a newly introduced natural mineral mind in Georgia that has not been studied as of now. PNCs reinforced with these two nanofillers were characterized in terms of mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and various other properties, and then compared to talc- reinforced PP composites, which are the current state of the art for rear bumpers used by Honda Motor. Characterization results indicated that xGnP had better performance than talc and nanokaolin. Furthermore, the addition of xGnP introduces electrical conductivity in the PNCs, leading to more potential uses for PNCs in automotive applications such as the ability to be electrostatic painted. In order to fabricate PNCs with a desired conductivity value, there is need for a design tool that can predict electrical conductivity. Existing electrical conductivity models were examined in terms of model characteristics and parameters, and model predictions were compared to the experimental data. The percolation threshold is the most important parameter in these models, but it is difficult to determine experimentally, that is why a correlation between thermo-mechanical properties and electrical conductivity is also investigated in this study.
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Moore, Zachary Joseph. "Life modeling of notched CM247LC DS nickel-base superalloy." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24813.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Committee Chair: Dr. Richard W. Neu; Committee Member: Dr. David L. McDowell; Committee Member: Dr. W. Steven Johnson.
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Narayanan, Vindhya. "Non-equilibrium Thermomechanics of Multifunctional Energetic Structural Materials." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7570.
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Shock waves create a unique environment of high pressure, high temperature and high strain-rates. It has been observed that chemical reactions that occur in this regime are exothermic and can lead to the synthesis of new materials that are not possible under other conditions. The exothermic reaction is used in the development of binary energetic materials. These materials are of significant interest to the energetic materials community because of its capability of releasing high heat content during a chemical reaction and the relative insensitivity of these types of energetic materials. Synthesis of these energetic materials, at nano grain sizes with structural reinforcements, provides an opportunity to develop a dual functional material with both strength and energetic characteristics.
Shock-induced chemical reactions pose challenges in experiment and instrumentation. This thesis is addressed to the theoretical development of constitutive models of shock-induced chemical reactions in energetic composites, formulated in the framework of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and mixture theories, in a continuum scale. Transition state-based chemical reaction models are introduced and incorporated with the conservation equations that can be used to calculate and simulate the shock-induced reaction process. The energy that should be supplied to reach the transition state has been theoretically modeled by considering both the pore collapse mechanism and the plastic flow with increasing yield stress behind the shock wave. A non-equilibrium thermodynamics framework and the associated evolution equations are introduced to account for time delays that are observed in the experiments of shock-induced or assisted chemical reactions. An appropriate representation of the particle size effects is introduced by modifying the initial energy state of the reactants. Numerical results are presented for shock-induced reactions of mixtures of Al, Fe2O3 and Ni, Al with epoxy as the binder.
The theoretical model, in the continuum scale, requires parameters that should be experimentally determined. The experimental characterization has many challenges in measurement and development of nano instrumentation. An alternate approach to determine these parameters is through ab-initio calculations. Thus, this thesis has initiated ab-initio molecular dynamics studies of shock-induced chemical reactions. Specifically, the case of thermal initiation of chemical reactions in aluminum and nickel is considered.
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Luchini, Bruno [Verfasser], Christos G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Aneziris, Christos G. [Gutachter] Aneziris, and Victor C. [Gutachter] Pandolfelli. "Processing and properties of bulk and cellular carbon-bonded refractory materials / Bruno Luchini ; Gutachter: Christos G. Aneziris, Victor C. Pandolfelli ; Betreuer: Christos G. Aneziris." Freiberg : Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1220636509/34.
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Kupkovits, Robert Anthony. "Thermomechanical fatigue behavior of the directionally-solidified nickel-base superalloy CM247LC." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28160.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Dr. Richard W. Neu; Committee Member: Dr. David L. McDowell; Committee Member: Dr. W. Steven Johnson.
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Holliday, Nathan. "Processing and Properties of SBR-PU Bilayer and Blend Composite Films Reinforced with Multilayered Nano-Graphene Sheets." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1458300045.
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Lakrit, Mohamed. "Comportement et cinétique de transformation martensitique sous sollicitation multiaxiale des matériaux métastables." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0021/document.
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La transformation de phase influence considérablement les propriétés thermomécaniques des matériaux métastables. Elle est prise en considération dans des modèles numériques qui simule le comportement de ces derniers dans des codes de calcul et qui nécessitent des résultats expérimentaux. Ainsi, ces travaux concernent la caractérisation du comportement axial et multiaxial de deux aciers iTRIP à savoir l’acier 301L et l’acier 304L ainsi qu’un alliage à mémoire de forme à base de CuAlBe. Cette caractérisation est couplée avec un suivi de la cinétique des transformation de phase entreprise par la mesure de la résistance électrique. Le premier chapitre est une étude bibliographique des deux classes de matériaux métastables cités précédemment ainsi que du phénomène de transformation de phase et les techniques permettant sa caractérisation. Le deuxième chapitre, s’intéresse aux essais uniaxiaux thermomécaniques réalisés sur un acier iTRIP afin de valider la méthode de dosage de phase. Aussi, les essais thermomécaniques multiaxiaux réalisés sur des éprouvettes tubulaires en acier iTRIP 304L y seront présentés. Le troisième chapitre est consacré aux essais uniaxiaux réalisés sur des éprouvettes de CuAlBe ainsi qu’au dosage de phase des cas biphasé et triphasé. Aussi, la validation de l’hypothèse de linéarité entre la fraction volumique de martensite et la déformation de transformation équivalente dans le cas de chargements multiaxiaux proportionnels et non proportionnels est faitePhase transformation considerably influences the thermomechanical properties of metastable materials. This is reflected in the numerical model that simulates the behavior of these materials for the calculation codes and require experiments.Thus, the present work concerns the characterization of the axial and multi-axial behavior of two iTRIP steels, 301L steel and 304L steel in addition to a shape memory alloy based on CuAlBe. This characterization is coupled with monitoring of phase transformation kinetics through the measurement of the electrical resistance.The first chapter is a bibliographic study of the two classes of metastable materials mentioned above as well as the phase transformation phenomenon and its characterization techniques. The second chapter deals with uniaxial thermomechanical tests on a steel iTRIP to validate the phase assay. The multiaxial thermomechanical testing performed on specimens tubular steel 304L iTrip will be presented.The third chapter is devoted to uniaxial tests performed on CuAlBe spicemens and realization phase doping in a three-phase case. Also, the validation of the assumption of linearity between the martensite volume fraction and the equivalent transformation strain in the case of proportional and non-proportional loading is done
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SANTOS, WILSON N. dos. "Contribuicao ao estudo da condutividade termica do material ceramico concreto refratario utilizando a tecnica de fio quente com ajustes por regressao nao linear." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1988. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9901.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Samson, Gabriel. "Synthèse et propriétés des mousses minérales." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAR0015/document.
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Les mousses minérales sont des matériaux alvéolaires utilisables en isolation thermique répartie. L’objectif de ces travaux de recherche est de développer, à partir d’une suspension très concentrée de liants hydrauliques, des mousses légères présentant de bonnes performances mécaniques et thermiques. L’introduction de tensioactif est nécessaire à la formation des mousses minérales. Six molécules tensioactives sont sélectionnées dans cette étude. Leurs capacités à réduire la tension de surface et à stabiliser une mousse aqueuse sont évaluées. Deux groupes de tensioactifs sont distingués sur la base de différents critères : tension de surface, CMC, stabilité de la mousse. Les suspensions minérales concentrées sont des fluides à seuil. L’étude du comportement de bulles formées dans de tels fluides est réalisée à l’aide d’un fluide à seuil modèle transparent, le Carbopol®, et d’un système d’injection à pression contrôlée. Le seuil de mise en écoulement affecte les conditions de formation, de croissance, de stabilité et d’évolution de la forme des bulles en modifiant la distribution des pressions au voisinage de la bulle. L’étude permet de proposer une équation de Laplace modifiée prenant en compte l’influence de la sphéricité et du seuil de cisaillement. L’introduction du tensioactif affecte les conditions de contact entre bulles et permet de contrôler le risque de coalescence. En cas de rupture de membrane, la présence du seuil de cisaillement conduit à une géométrie particulière des bulles coalescées. Les liants minéraux choisis sont un sulfate de calcium anhydre particulièrement réactif, un ciment Portland et un ciment prompt. La formulation des suspensions découle d’un critère de fluidité. La pâte fraîche est caractérisée par un seuil de cisaillement faible. Sa masse volumique apparente dépend de la nature et du dosage en tensioactif. Les mousses minérales sont générées à partir d’une composition identique. Deux méthodes de moussage traditionnelles : malaxage simple et mousse préformée et une méthode alternative : la méthode dissociée, sont exploitées. Les meilleures performances thermomécaniques des mousses durcies sont obtenues avec la méthode dissociée, méthode spécifique au laboratoire et peu énergivore. Un groupe de tensioactifs permet d’obtenir des mousses peu denses satisfaisant simultanément aux critères de performances thermomécaniques fixés. Pour ces tensioactifs, un dosage caractéristique est identifié permettant une optimisation des performances mécaniques. Des visualisations réalisées au MEB révèlent des modifications sensibles de la structure cristalline fonction du tensioactif employé et de son dosage. Les structures les plus fines et homogènes sont les plus résistantes. Les performances des mousses et leur structure porale sont donc liées. Pour analyser quantitativement la structure porale, les distributions alvéolaires surfaciques sont construites puis comparées aux distributions alvéolaires volumiques obtenues par tomographie. Une méthode analytique de passage 2D/3D est créée en s’appuyant sur les principes de la stéréologie. Un coefficient de correction est proposé pour tenir compte de la représentativité de la surface étudiée. La maîtrise de toutes les étapes de fabrication des mousses minérales ainsi que la compréhension des phénomènes physiques intervenant tout au long de la production d’une mousse (de la suspension minérale jusqu’à la mousse durcie) permettent d’obtenir des produits satisfaisant les objectifs fixés : légèreté, isolation et caractère porteurMineral foams are cellular materials usable as thermal insulation solution. The purpose of these PhD researches is to develop lightweight foams with good thermal and mechanical performances realized from highly concentrated mineral suspension. Surfactant addition is required for foaming. Six surfactants molecules are selected. Their abilities to reduce surface tension and to stabilize aqueous foam are evaluated. Two surfactants groups are detected based on different criteria: surface tension, CMC and aqueous foam stability. Concentrated mineral suspensions are yield stress fluids. The study of bubbles behavior in such fluids is performed with a transparent yield stress fluid, Carbopol® and an injection device with controlled pressure. Yield stress impacts bubbles creation, growth, stability and shape by changing local pressure distribution in the fluid nearby bubble. The study proposes a revised Laplace law depending on yield stress and bubble sphericity. Contact conditions between bubbles are influenced by surfactant addition allowing to control coalescence phenomena. In case of inter-bubbles membrane breakage, presence of yield stress leads to particular geometry of the coalesced bubbles. Mineral binders selected are a highly reactive anhydrous calcium sulfate, ordinary Portland and prompt cements. Mineral suspension formulations arise from expected fluidity criterion. Fresh paste is characterized by a low yield stress. Its bulk density depends on surfactant nature and content. Mineral foams are created with same composition. Two traditional foaming methods: mix-foaming and pre-foaming and an alternative one, the dissociated method are employed. Best thermo-mechanical performances are achieved with the dissociated method, a specific method of the laboratory. A surfactant group leads to lightweight foams which simultaneously fulfills both thermal and mechanical targeted objectives. For these surfactants a characteristic content is found leading to optimized mechanical performances. Visualizations performed with SEM reveal sensitive crystalline structure modifications depending on surfactant nature and content. Thinner and more homogeneous structures are associated with the best mechanical performances which demonstrates the existing link between the porous structure and mineral foams mechanical performances. To quantitatively evaluate porous structure, surface bubble-size distributions are built and then compared to volume bubble-size distributions obtained by tomography analysis. An analytic method linking 2D and 3D distributions is created based on stereology principles. A correction coefficient is proposed to take into account the analyzed representative surface. By controlling all production steps and associated physical phenomena during mineral foams production (from mineral suspension to solid foams), products satisfying all targeted objectives are realized: lightness, insulation and load-bearing ability
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Tran, Manh Tien. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation numérique du comportement thermomécanique à haute température des matériaux composites renforcés par des fibres." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1111/document.
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Les matériaux composites TRC (Textile Reinforced Concrete), consistant d'une matrice cimentaire et d'un renforcement par des textile ou fibres (en carbone, en verre ou en autre matière, …) sont souvent utilisés pour réparer ou/et renforcer les éléments structurels porteurs (dalle, poutre, colonne) d'anciens ouvrages de génie civil. Ils peuvent être également utilisés comme des éléments porteurs dans les structures neuves (éléments de préfabrications). Afin de développer des composites TRC avec de bonnes caractéristiques à température élevée, on a fait une combinaison entre les textiles de carbone qui possède une bonne capacité mécanique et une matrice réfractaire qui assurent une transmission de charge entre le textile de renforcement et les protège thermiquement contre l'action de température élevée. Le comportement thermomécanique des composites TRC de carbone est expérimentalement et numériquement étudié à l'échelle mésoscopique dans cette thèse. L'avancement scientifique sur ce sujet de thèse permettrait d'améliorer la stabilité au feu des structures qui sont renforcées par des matériaux composites TRC. Ce sujet contribuerait aux intérêts sociaux et économiques significatifs pour le génie civil dans le monde entier en général et au Vietnam en particulier. La thèse concerne la caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation numérique du comportement thermomécanique à température élevée des matériaux composites TRC à l'échelle mésoscopique. Dans une première partie expérimentale, les textiles de carbone (des produits commerciaux sur le marché), la matrice du béton réfractaire et l'interface textile/matrice ont été testés au régime thermomécanique à température constante (allant de 25 °C à 700 °C). Les résultats obtenus montrent un effet du traitement du textile sur le comportement et mode de rupture des textiles de carbone et de l'interface textile/matrice. Un modèle analytique a été également utilisé pour déterminer l'évolution des propriétés thermomécaniques des textiles de carbone en fonction de la température. Le transfert thermique dans l'éprouvette cylindrique du béton réfractaire a été réalisé pour valider les propriétés thermiques du béton réfractaire. Tous les résultats obtenus dans cette partie sont utilisés comme données pour le modèle numérique dans la partie de modélisation. La deuxième partie expérimentale explore le comportement thermomécanique des TRCs sous deux régimes : thermomécanique à température constante et thermomécanique à force constante. Deux textiles de carbone, qui ont donné les meilleures performances à température élevée, ont été choisis pour une fabrication des TRCs. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent un comportement thermomécanique avec l'écrouissage (trois ou deux phases) à température modérée et un comportement fragile à température supérieure de 500 °C. Au régime thermomécanique à force constante, deux composites TRCs peuvent résister plus long que les textiles de carbone seuls grâce à bonne isolation thermique de la matrice cimentaire. En comparant les deux résultats sur les éprouvettes de TRC, l'effet du renforcement de textile (le taux de renfort, le produit de traitement, la géométrie du textile) sur le comportement thermomécanique a été analysé. Tous les résultats expérimentaux de cette partie ont été utilisés pour valider et comparer avec ceux obtenus à partir du modèle numérique. La partie de modélisation numérique a deux buts : prédire le comportement thermomécanique global du composite TRC à partir des propriétés thermomécaniques des matériaux constitutifs ; valider le transfert thermique dans le composite en cas d'augmentation de la température pour prédire la température de rupture ou la durée d'exposition du composite [etc...]TRC materials, consisting of a cement matrix and a reinforcement by textiles or fibers (carbon, glass or other fibre, etc) are often used to repair or/and strengthen the loading structural elements (slab, beam, column) of old civil engineering works. They can also be used as loading elements in new structures (prefabrication element). In order to develop TRC composites with good characteristics at high temperature, a combination has been made between the carbon textiles which have a good mechanical capacity and a refractory matrix which provides a load transfer between the reinforcement textiles and thermally protects them against the action of high temperature. The thermomechanical behavior of carbon TRC composites is experimentally and numerically studied at the mesoscale in this thesis. Scientific advancement on this thesis topic would improve the fire stability of structures that are reinforced by TRC composite materials. This topic would contribute to significant social and economic interests for civil engineering worldwide in general and Vietnam in particular. My thesis work concerns the experimental characterization and numerical modeling of the high temperature thermomechanical behavior of composite materials TRC at the mesoscale. In a first experimental part, the carbon textiles (commercial products on the market), the refractory concrete matrix and the textile/matrix interface were tested at constant temperature thermomechanical regime (ranging from 25 °C to 700 °C). The results obtained showed an effect of the textile treatment on the mechanical behavior and failure mode of the carbon textiles and the textile/matrix interface. An analytical model was also used to identify the evolution of thermomechanical properties of carbon textiles as a function of temperature. The thermal transfer in the cylindrical specimen was carried out to validate the thermal properties of refractory concrete. All results obtained in this part are used as input data for the numerical model in the modeling part. The second experimental part explores the thermomechanical behavior of TRCs under two regimes: thermomechanical at constant temperature and thermomechanical at constant force. Two carbon textiles, which gave the best performance at high temperature, were chosen for the manufacture of TRCs. The experimental results showed a hardening behavior with three or two phases at moderate temperature and a brittle behavior at higher temperature of 500 °C. In thermomechanical regime at constant force, two TRC composites can resist longer than carbon textiles alone thanks to good thermal insulation of refractory matrix. By comparing the two results on the TRC specimens, the effect of textile reinforcement (reinforcement ratio, treatment product and textile geometry) on the thermomechanical behavior was analyzed. All the experimental results of this part were used to validate and compare with those obtained from the numerical model. The purpose of the numerical modeling part is to predict the global thermomechanical
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COSTA, FRANCINE A. da. "Sintese e sinterizacao de pos compositos do sistema W-Cu." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11176.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:00/00255-9
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Malakhova-Ziablova, Irina. "Asymptotic and numerical methods for fluid-structure interaction problems and applications to the materials science and engineering." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STET4003/document.
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Le but de cette thèse pluridisciplinaire est d’étudier le problème de l’interaction fluide-structure à partir du point de vue mathématique et physique. Des problèmes d’interaction d’un fluide visqueux avec une structure élastique décrivent, par exemple, des interactions entre le manteau terrestre et de la croûte terrestre, le sang et la paroi vasculaire dans un vaisseau sanguin, etc. En génie l’interaction fluide visqueux-structure apparaît lors de la formation de solution colloïdale quand un laser passe à travers le fluide influençant le substrat (ablation laser dans un liquide). Fusion sélective au laser (FSL) est utilisée pour étudier le comportement des contraintes résiduelles en dépendance des propriétés thermoélastiques et mécaniques du matériau et des formes variées des cordons rechargés. A partir du point de vue mathématique le système couplé “flux fluide visqueux – plaque mince élastique” en 3D lorsque l’épaisseur de la plaque, E, tend vers zéro, tandis que la densité et le module de Young du matériau élastique sont d’ordre 1 et E-3, respectivement, est considéré. Le solide est couché par le fluide qui occupe un domaine épais. La modélisation multi-échelle est effectuée pour la partie élastique. Le développement asymptotique complet est construit lorsque E tend vers zéro. L’existence, la régularité et l’unicité de la solution pour le problème initial sont étudiées au moyen de techniques variationnelles. La méthode de décomposition asymptotique partielle du domaine est appliquée pour le système couplé. L’erreur de la méthode est évaluéeThe goal of this multi-disciplinary thesis is to study the fluid-structure interaction problem from mathematical and physical viewpoints. Viscous fluid-structure interaction problems describe, for example, interactions between the Earth mantle and the Earth crust, the blood and the vascular wall in a blood vessels, etc. In engineering viscous fluid-structure interaction appears during colloidal solution formation when a laser pierce through the fluid influencing the substrate (laser ablation in a liquid). Selective laser melting (SLM) is used to study the behavior of residual stresses depending on the thermoelastic and mechanical properties of the material and on various forms of reloaded beads. From mathematical point of view the coupled system “viscous fluid flow-thin elastic plate” in 3D when the thickness of the plate, E, tends to zero, while the density and the Young’s modulus of the plate material are of order 1 and E-3, respectively, is considered. The plate lies on the fluid which occupies a thick domain. The multi-scale modeling is performed for the elastic part. The complete asymptotic expansion is constructed when E tends to zero. The existence, the regularity and the uniqueness of the solution for the original problem are studied by means of variational techniques. The method of asymptotic partial domain decomposition is applied for the coupled system. The error of the method is evaluated
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Solarek, Johannes. "Mechanisches Verhalten von kohlenstoffgebundenen Feuerfestwerkstoffen bis 1500°C." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 2019. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A37432.
Full textAbstract:
Die Arbeit führt Methoden zur Durchführung von Zugversuchen und bruchmechanischen Versu-chen ein und liefert mechanische Kennwerte für zwei kohlenstoffgebundene FFW im Bereich von RT bis 1500°C. Dafür standen ein grobkörniges MgO-C und ein feinkörniges Al2O3-C zur Ver-fügung. Die Werkstoffe zeigten bis 1200°C keine Duktilität und sprachen spröde. Die Schädigung erfolgte ausschließlich durch Risswachstum. Dieses fand beim MgO-C temperaturunabhängig auf Grund der rissbehafteten Mikrostruktur durch stabiles Risswachstum bereits vorhandener Risse statt. Es kam dabei zur Bildung von Rissnetzwerken sowie zu zahlreichen energiedissipierenden Prozessen. Beim Al2O3-C trat be RT instabiles Risswachstum auf. Bei hohen Temperaturen kam es durch thermisch aktivierte Prozesse zu duktilem Verhalten und stabilem Risswachstum. Beim grobkörnigen MgO-C wurden große Verformungen durch das starre Oxidgerüst verhindert. Zu-sätzlich zeigten die Werkstoffe auf Grund ihrer Mikrostruktur eine Zunahme der Festigkeit mit steigender Temperatur. Aus den Versuchen wurde ein Heißpressverfahren zur Herstellung von gradierten Werkstoffen abgeleitet.:1 Einleitung
2 Grundlagen
2.1 Feuerfestwerkstoffe
2.1.1 Einsatz und Beanspruchung von FFW
2.1.2 Einteilung von FFW
2.2 Kohlenstoffgebundene FFW
2.2.1 Kohlenstoff und seine Terminologie
2.2.2 Grundlegende Eigenschaften kohlenstoffgebundener FFW
2.2.3 Anwendungen kohlenstoffgebundener FFW
2.2.4 Aufbau und Mikrostruktur kohlenstoffgebundener FFW
2.2.5 Herstellungsparameter kohlenstoffgebundener FFW
2.2.6 Chemische Eigenschaften kohlenstoffgebundener FFW
2.3 Mechanische Eigenschaften kohlenstoffgebundener FFW
2.3.1 Mechanische Eigenschaften kohlenstoffgebundener FFW bei RT
2.3.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften kohlenstoffgebundener FFW bei HT
2.4 Grundlagen zur Werkstoffprüfung bei RT und hohen Temperaturen
2.4.1 Streuung und Einfluss der Probengröße
2.4.2 Belastungsrate
2.4.3 Zugversuche
2.4.4 Druckversuche
2.4.5 Biegeversuche
2.4.6 Bruchmechanische Untersuchungen
2.4.7 Temperaturwechselbeständigkeit
2.4.8 Kriechen
2.4.9 Spannungsrelaxation
2.4.10 Härtemessung
2.4.11 Hochtemperaturprüfung in Kaltkammerofen mit induktiver Heizung
2.4.12 Temperaturmessung mit Thermoelement, Pyrometrie, Thermographie
2.4.13 Bestimmung elastischer Konstanten mittels akustischer Methoden
2.4.14 Optische in situ Schadensbeschreibung mittels Mikroskopie und DIC
2.5 Heißpressverfahren
3 Experimentelles
3.1 Werkstoffe
3.1.1 Kohlenstoffgebundenes Magnesiumoxid (MgO-C)
3.1.2 Kohlenstoffgebundenes Aluminiumoxid (Al2O3-C)
3.1.3 Graphit (ISEM 8)
3.2 Mechanische Tests
3.2.1 Prüfmaschine für Druck- und Biegeversuche
3.2.2 Prüfmaschine für Zug-Druck-Versuche
3.2.3 Probengeometrien
3.2.4 Druckversuche
3.2.5 Biegeversuche
3.2.6 Bruchmechanische Versuche
3.2.7 Versuche mit Zugbeanspruchung
3.2.8 Versuchsabläufe der Hochtemperaturversuche
3.2.9 Temperaturmessung mittels Thermographie
3.3 Weitere Versuchsmethoden
3.3.1 Mikrostrukturuntersuchung mittels Mikroskopie und Röntgenbeugung
3.3.2 Porositäts- und Dichtemessung
3.3.3 Härtemessung
3.3.4 Dynamischer E-Modul
4 Methodische Erkenntnisse und Voruntersuchungen
4.1 Temperaturmessung und -verteilung
4.1.1 Temperaturmessung mittels Thermoelement und Pyrometer
4.1.2 Emissionskoeffizient und Probenbeschichtung
4.1.3 Temperaturverteilung
4.2 Dehnungsmessung
4.3 Zugversuche an Keramiken
4.3.1 Übertragung von Zugkräften
4.3.2 Axialität in Zugversuchen
4.4 Bruchmechanische Versuche
4.4.1 Kerbeinbringung
4.4.2 Überprüfung des optischen Messsystems
4.4.3 Bestimmung der Risslänge während des Versuchs
4.5 Überprüfung der Messmethodik mit dem Referenzwerkstoff Graphit ISEM-8
5 Ergebnisse
5.1 Mikrostrukturbeschreibung der untersuchten FFW
5.1.1 Mikrostruktur des MgO-C’s
5.1.2 Mikrostruktur des Al2O3-C’s
5.2 Mechanisches Verhalten bei RT
5.2.1 Mechanisches Verhalten von MgO-C bei RT
5.2.2 Mechanisches Verhalten von Al2O3-C bei RT
5.3 Mechanische Eigenschaften bei HT
5.3.1 Mechanisches Verhalten von MgO-C bei HT
5.3.2 Mechanisches Verhalten von Al2O3-C bei HT
5.4 Heißpressverfahren für kohlenstoffgebundene FFW
5.4.1 Beschreibung des Heißpressverfahrens
5.4.2 Physikalische Eigenschaften und Mikrostruktur des Presslings
5.4.3 Mechanische Eigenschaften des Presslings
6 Diskussion
7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick
Literatur
Anhang
38
Michel, Grégory. "Recherche de nouveaux superalliages de fonderie pour fibrage à très haute température." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10131.
Full textAbstract:
L'assiette de fibrage utilisée pour la production de la laine de verre d'isolation subit à haute température de nombreuses contraintes (chimiques, mécaniques et thermiques). La ruine des assiettes peut être due à l'oxydation par les gaz chauds, à la corrosion par le verre fondu ou à la déformation par fluage. La première partie des travaux de thèse a porté sur l'amélioration des propriétés mécaniques des alliages pour le fibrage à 1200°C. Dans un premier temps, la teneur en chrome au coeur d'alliages à base de cobalt a été réduite afin d'augmenter la réfractarité en conservant la microstructure. Cependant, cette réduction a dégradé le comportement en oxydation de ces alliages. Afin de conserver un bon niveau en oxydation, un enrichissement en chrome de la surface a été réalisé à l'aide de la technique de pack-cémentation. Le comportement en fluage de ces alliages a été maintenu à un niveau correct. Dans un second temps, de nouveaux systèmes métallurgiques ont été explorés, basés sur le nickel et le fer, et ont été renforcés mécaniquement par des éléments lourds en solution solide ou par des précipités intermétalliques. La réfractarité et le comportement en oxydation se sont révélés intéressants mais la tenue en fluage a été décevante. La seconde partie de ces travaux a consisté à améliorer le comportement en oxydation de l'alliage utilisé lors du fibrage à 1000-1050°C. Deux voies ont été explorées : un enrichissement en chrome de la surface de l'alliage par pack-cémentation ou l'addition d'un élément réactif, l'yttrium. La seconde solution a apporté des résultats intéressants avec une amélioration significative du comportement en oxydation cycliqueThe spinner used to product glass wool for thermal building insulation undergoes several stresses (chemical, mechanical and thermal) at high temperature. The lifetime of the spinner is limited by oxidation by hot gases, corrosion by molten glass or creep deformation. The first part of this thesis has concerned the improvement of the mechanical properties of the alloys for the fiberizing at 1200°C. First, the bulk chromium content of the usual cobalt-base alloys has been decreased to increase their refractoriness at constant microstructure. However, this reduction has degraded the oxidation behavior of these alloys. To keep a good oxidation behavior, a surface chromium enrichment of the Cr-impoverished alloys is achieved by pack-cementation technique. The creep behavior of these alloys is kept at a good level. Secondly, several new metallurgical systems were explored: alloys based on nickel and iron and reinforced by heavy elements in solid solution or by precipitates inter metallic particles. The refractoriness and the oxidation behavior appeared to be interesting but the creep deformation was disappointing. The second part of this work has concerned the improvement of the oxidation and corrosion properties of the alloys for the process at 1000-1050°C. Two ways have been explored: a chromium enrichment on the sub-surface or an addition of a reactive element, as yttrium. The second solution has given interesting results with a significant improvement of the oxidation behavior, and particularly in cyclic oxidation
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Lugisani, Peter. "Identification of refractory material failures in cement kilns." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22336.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering
Johannesburg, 11 October 2016Refractory lining failure of damaged magnesia bricks and used alumina bricks was investigated by XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS analysis and computational thermochemistry (phase diagrams). In addition, the effect of oxygen partial pressure towards the refractory lining and alkali sulphate ratio were also determined. The presence of low melting phases of KCl, (Na, K) Cl, K2SO4 and CaSO4 compromised the refractoriness of the magnesia bricks because they are liquid at temperatures below clinkerisation temperature (1450 °C). Sodium oxide and potassium oxide in the kiln feed and chlorine and sulphur in the kiln gas atmosphere migrated into the magnesia brick and react to form KCl, (Na, K) Cl and K2SO4. Components of the magnesia brick, CaO reacted with the excess sulphur in the kiln gas atmosphere forming CaSO4. The presence of these impurity phases indicated that the magnesia bricks suffered chemical attack. Potassium and part of components of high-alumina brick reacted to form K2 (MgSi5O12) impurity phase. Phase diagram predictions indicated that the presence of sodium at any given concentration automatically results in liquid formation in the high alumina brick. This confirms that the chemical attack is also the cause of the failure of the high alumina brick. The analysis of the microstructures of both unused and damaged magnesia bricks revealed that the fracture was predominantly intergranular whereas, in high alumina brick, the fracture was transgranular. The absence of evidence of micro-cracks in both magnesia and alumina bricks rules out thermal shock as a failure mechanism. The absence of clinker species and phases in the examined magnesia and alumina bricks indicated that corrosion by clinker diffusion was absent. The partial pressure of oxygen is low (1.333×10−4 atm), it indicates the stability of Fe3O4 and Mn3O4 and therefore does not favour the oxidation of Fe3O4 to formation of Fe2O3 and Mn3O4 to formation of Mn2O3. The values of alkali sulphate ratio indicated that the kiln operating conditions were favourable for chemical attack to occur.
MT2017
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Luchini, Bruno. "Processing and properties of bulk and cellular carbon-bonded refractory materials." 2019. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35080.
Full textAbstract:
In this manuscript, distinct problems concerning carbon-bonded materials processing and characterization were analyzed, from bulk to cellular samples. The main motivation was to address central topics that would enhance the comprehension of the material’s behavior, as well as trigger targeted improvements. Some of the topics this thesis covers are: Non-linear Young’s modulus behavior of carbon-bonded alumina at high temperatures; Influence of the processing route on the cold crushing strength of carbon-bonded alumina foam filters; Geometric characterization of ceramic foam filters as a tool to understand processing parameters; Use of advanced techniques such as computer tomography and finite element modelling to correlate processing parameters and mechanical behavior. In most of the analyses, non-standard computational strategies were adopted. In those cases, algorithms were written to facilitate the evaluations, or even enable it in the first place. All the algorithms’ concepts are described in this thesis and their codes are available in the Appendices. The current work was carried out within the framework of the Collaborative Research Center 920 (CRC 920) “Multifunctional filters for metal melt filtration - a contribution to zero defect materials” at the Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
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Zhao, Dan. "Tuning Nanoparticle Organization and Mechanical Properties in Polymer Nanocomposites." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8639Q1G.
Full textAbstract:
Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), mixtures of nanometer-sized particles and polymeric matrices, have attracted continuing interest over the past few decades, primarily because they offer the promise of significant property improvements relative to the pure polymer. It is now commonly accepted in the community that the spatial organization of nanoparticles (NPs) in the polymer host plays a critical role in determining the macroscopic properties of the resulting PNCs. However, till date there is still dearth of cost-effective methods for controlling the dispersion of NPs in polymeric hosts. In this dissertation, we are dedicated to developing practically simple and thus commercially relevant strategies to controllably disperse NPs into synthetic polymer matrices (both amorphous and semicrystalline). We first investigate the influence of casting solvent on the NP spatial organization and the thermomechanical properties in a strongly attractive PNC consisting of bare silica NPs and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) hosts cast from two different solvents - methylethylketone (MEK) or pyridine. In MEK, we show that P2VP strongly adsorbs onto the silica surface, creating a stable bound polymer layer and thus helping sterically stabilize the NPs against agglomeration. On the contrary, in pyridine, P2VP does not adsorb on the silica NPs, and the phase behavior in such case is a subtle balance among electrostatic repulsion, polymer-induced depletion attraction, and the kinetic slowdown of diffusion-limited NP aggregation. Using Brillouin light scattering, we further show that in pyridine-cast films, there is a single acoustic phonon, implying a homogeneous mixture of silica and P2VP on the mesoscopic scales. However, in MEK-cast samples, two longitudinal and two transverse acoustic phonons are probed at high particle content, reminiscent of two metastable microscopic phases. These solvent-induced differences in the elastic mechanical behavior disappear upon thermal annealing, suggesting that these nanocomposite interfacial structures in the as-cast state locally approach equilibrium upon annealing. Next, to disperse silica NPs into an energetically unfavorable polystyrene (PS) matrix in a controllable fashion, we have proposed a simple and robust strategy of adsorbing a monolayer of PS-b-P2VP block copolymer onto the silica surface, where the short P2VP block is densely coated around the silica particles and thus helps to reduce the inter-core attraction while the long PS block provides a miscible interface with the matrix chains. As a result, we have found that the silica particles can be uniformly dispersed in the PS matrices at a low grafting density of 0.01 chains/nm2. Even more interestingly, we have shown that the BCP coated NPs are remarkably better dispersed than the ones tethered with bimodal PS-P2VP brushes at comparable PS grafting characteristics. This finding can be reconciled by the fact that in the case of BCP adsorption, each NP is more uniformly coated by a P2VP monolayer driven by the strongly favorable silica-P2VP interactions. Since each P2VP block is connected to a PS chain we conjecture that these adsorbed systems are closer to the limit of spatially uniform sparse brush coverage than the chemically grafted case. Finally, we have examined the interplay between NP organization and polymer crystallization in a melt-miscible model semicrystalline nanocomposite comprised of poly(methyl methacrylate) or poly(methyl acrylate) grafted silica NPs in poly(ethyleneoxide) matrices. Here we have achieved active NP organization at a length scale of 10-100 nm by isothermal polymer crystallization. We have shown that the melt-miscible spherical NPs are engulfed by the polymer crystals and remain spatially well-dispersed for crystallization faster than a critical growth rate (G > Gc ~ 0.1 um/s). However, anisotropic sheet-like NP ordering results for slower G - the NPs are preferentially segregated into the interlamellar zone of the multiscale, hierarchical polymer crystal structure spanning lamellae (10-50 nm), fibrils (um) and spherulites (mm). This NP ordering is found to favorably impact the elastic modulus while leaving fracture toughness unaffected. We thus conclude that polymer crystal growth kinetics coupled to the unusual morphology of semicrystalline polymers represent a novel handle for in-situ fabricating hierarchical, anisotropic NP structures in a synthetic semicrystalline polymer, which could inspire significant applications.
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"Microstructural and Mechanical Property Characterization of Laser Additive Manufactured (LAM) Rhenium." Doctoral diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14777.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: This report will review the mechanical and microstructural properties of the refractory element rhenium (Re) deposited using Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM). With useable structural strength over 2200 °C, existing applications up to 2760 °C, very high strength, ductility and chemical resistance, interest in Re is understandable. This study includes data about tensile properties including tensile data up to 1925 °C, fracture modes, fatigue and microstructure including deformation systems and potential applications of that information. The bulk mechanical test data will be correlated with nanoindentation and crystallographic examination. LAM properties are compared to the existing properties found in the literature for other manufacturing processes. The literature indicates that Re has three significant slip systems but also twins as part of its deformation mechanisms. While it follows the hcp metal characteristics for deformation, it has interesting and valuable extremes such as high work hardening, potentially high strength, excellent wear resistance and superior elevated temperature strength. These characteristics are discussed in detail.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Materials Science and Engineering 2012
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Sob, Peter Baonhe. "Modelling stain rate sensitive nanomaterials' mechanical properties: the effects of varying definitions." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/332.
Full textAbstract:
M. Tech. (Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology): Vaal University of TechnologyPresently there exist a lot of controversies about the mechanical properties of nanomaterials. Several convincing reasons and justifications have been put forward for the controversies. Some of the reasons are varying processing routes, varying ways of defining equations, varying grain sizes, varying internal constituent structures, varying techniques of imposing strain on the specimen etc. It is therefore necessary for scientists, engineers and technologists to come up with a clearer way of defining and dealing with nanomaterials’ mechanical properties. The parameters of the internal constituent structures of nanomaterials are random in nature with random spatial patterns. So they can best be studied using random processes, specifically as stochastic processes. In this dissertation the tools of stochastic processes have been used as they offer a better approach to understand and analyse random processes. This research adopts the approach of ascertaining the correct mathematical models to be used for experimentation and modelling. After a thorough literature survey it was observed that size and temperature are two important parameters that must be considered in selecting the relevant mathematical definitions for nanomaterials’ mechanical properties. Temperature has a vital role to play during grain refinement since all severe plastic deformation involves thermomechanical processes. The second task performed in this research is to develop the mathematical formulations based on the experimental observation of 2-D grains and 3-D grains deformed by Accumulative Roll-Bonding and Equal Channel Angular Pressing. The experimental observations revealed that grains deformed by Accumulative Roll-Bonding and Equal Channel Angular Pressing are elongated when observed from the rolling direction, and transverse direction, and equiaxed when observed from the normal direction. In this dissertation, the different experimental observations for the grain size variants during grain refinement were established for 2-D and 3-D grains. This led to the development of a stochastic model of grain-elongation for 2-D and 3-D grains. The third task was experimentations and validation of proposed models. Accumulative Roll-Bonding, Equal Channel Angular Pressing and mechanical testing (tensile test) experiments were performed. The effect of size on elongation and material properties were studied to validate the developed models since size has a major effect on material’s properties. The fourth task was obtaining results and discussion of theoretical developed models and experimental results. The following facts were experimentally observed and also revealed by the models. Different approaches of measuring grain size reveal different strains that cannot be directly obtained from plots of the corresponding grain sizes. Grain elongation evolved as small values for larger grains, but became larger for smaller grains. Material properties increased with elongation reaching a maximum and started decreasing as is evident in the Hall-Petch to the Reverse Hall-Petch Relationship. This was alluded to the fact that extreme plastic straining led to distorted structures where grain boundaries and curvatures were in “non-equilibrium” states. Overall, this dissertation contributed new knowledge to the body of knowledge of nanomaterials’ mechanical properties in a number of ways. The major contributions to the body of knowledge by his study can be summarized as follows: (1) The study has contributed in developing a model of elongation for 2-D grain and 3-D grains. It has been generally reported by researchers that materials deformed by Accumulative Roll-Bonding and Equal Channel Angular Pressing are generally elongated but none of these researchers have developed a model of elongation. Elongation revealed more information about “size” during grain refinement. (2) The Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed the grain shape in three directions. The rolling direction or sliding direction, the normal direction and the transverse direction. Most developed models ignored the different approaches of measuring nanomaterials’ mechanical properties. Most existing models dealt only with the equivalent radius measurement during grain refinement. In this dissertation, the different approaches of measuring nanomaterials’ mechanical properties have been considered in the developed models. From this dissertation an accurate correlation can be made from microscopy results and theoretical results. (3) This research has shown that most of the published results on nanomaterials’ mechanical properties may be correct although controversies exist when comparing the different results. This research has also shown that researchers might have considered different approaches to measure nanomaterials’ mechanical properties. The reason for different results is due to different approaches of measuring nanomaterials’ mechanical properties as revealed in this research. Since different approaches of measuring nanomaterials’ mechanical properties led to different obtained results, this justify that most published results of nanomaterials’ mechanical properties may be correct. This dissertation revealed more properties of nanomaterials that are ignored by the models that considered only the equivalent length. (4) This research has contributed to the understanding of nanomaterials controversies when comparing results from different researchers.