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Books on the topic 'Refractory ore'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

E, Gills T., and United States. National Bureau of Standards, eds. Summary of the coal, ore, mineral, rock, and refractory standards issued by the National Bureau of Standards. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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2

Mavrodineau, R. Summary of the coal, ore, mineral, rock, and refractory standards issued by the National Bureau of Standards. National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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3

Geological. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989.

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4

Yousefshahi, Fardin, Giuliano Michelagnoli, and Juan Francisco Asenjo. Ketamine Use and Opioid-Tolerant Cancer Patients. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0031.

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Pain occurs in up to 70% of cancer patients and it can be challenging to manage. The standard for analgesic therapy is the World Health Organization ladder; however, up to 25% of patients don’t reach a level of comfort using this approach. Ketamine has been recognized as an excellent adjuvant for cancer pain treatment, especially when other analgesics have failed. Some randomized clinical trials have confirmed ketamine’s efficacy in refractory cancer pain, but most had small sample sizes and low power. Some publications have confirmed the beneficial effect of oral, intranasal, subcutaneous, or

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Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., and Sarah L. Clark. Antiepileptic Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190684747.003.0006.

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Patients are often admitted to the neurosciences intensive care unit specifically for the treatment of a series of seizures or focal status epilepticus. Far more urgent is convulsive status epilepticus, which requires multiple intravenously administered antiepileptic drugs. The choices are different when the patient is in status epilepticus and refractoriness is mostly due to pharmacologic resistance. Use of an algorithm for decision making is common in the management of refractory status epilepticus. Antiepileptic drugs often interact with other antiepileptic drugs. This chapter discusses the

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Wells, Elizabeth M. Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0091.

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Anti- N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe but treatable recently identified form of immune-mediated encephalitis associated with antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) against the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR. Research has rapidly expanded the understanding of disease mechanisms and how the condition manifests in different populations (e.g., pediatrics vs. adult, cancer vs. noncancer, male vs. female). Immunocytochemical, physiological, and molecular studies of the effects of human CSF on the rodent and murine brain in vitro and in vivo indicate a noncytotox

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7

Arthur, Joseph. Palliative Sedation Therapy and Survival (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0045.

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Patients with advanced illness sometimes experience severe and debilitating physical and psychological symptoms at the end of life that may be refractory to all kinds of conventional treatments available for symptom relief. In such situations, palliative sedation therapy (PST) may be indicated. However, its utilization has been subject to debate. One viewpoint is that PST may hasten death. However, some studies have indicated otherwise. This chapter discusses a multicenter, prospective, observational, nonrandomized population-based study that compared the overall survival of a cohort of termin

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Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. Recurrent Headaches. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0033.

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Cavernous malformations may cause intracerebral hemorrhage and seizures. Surgical resection is considered in patients with accessible lesions and recurrent hemorrhage or refractory seizures. However, current nonrandomized data suggest that nonsurgical treatment of these lesions may be superior. Cavernous malformations may be familial.

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Barthélémy, Romain, Etienne Gayat, and Alexandre Mebazaa. Pathophysiology and clinical assessment of the cardiovascular system (including pulmonary artery catheter). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0014.

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Haemodynamic instability in acute cardiac care may be related to various mechanisms, including hypovolaemia and heart and/or vascular dysfunction. Although acute heart failure patients are often admitted for dyspnoea, many mechanisms can be involved, including left ventricular diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction and/or right ventricular dysfunction. Many epidemiological studies show that clinical signs at admission, morbidity, and mortality differ between the main scenarios of acute heart failure: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, right ventricula

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10

Stafstrom, Carl E. Alternative Therapies for Epilepsy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0046.

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Up to one third of patients with epilepsy suffer from seizures that are refractory to medications. For these patients, many of whom are not surgical candidates, dietary therapies provide a promising alternative. The best known dietary therapy is the ketogenic diet, which was developed in the 1920s; newer variants of the ketogenic diet, such as the medium-chain triglyceride diet, modified Atkins diet, and low glycemic index treatment, afford excellent seizure control with fewer dietary restrictions. Together, dietary approaches offer drug-resistant patients hope for seizure reduction and an imp

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Bryant, Richard J., and James W. F. Catto. General overview of bladder cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0074.

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Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy and is one of the most expensive to manage. This tumour typically affects middle-aged and elderly patients and is more common in men. These demographics reflect the aetiological links between BC and tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to carcinogens. While the presenting symptom of BC is usually painless visible haematuria, around one-quarter of tumours present with irritative voiding symptoms, recurrent or antibiotic-refractory urinary tract infections, non-visible haematuria, or are found by chance during the investigation of unrelated symptom

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12

Thien Lim, Thien, and Hubert H. Fernandez. Parkinson Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0003.

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Levodopa is the most efficacious medication to reduce motor impairment in Parkinson disease (PD). The effect of levodopa can wear off after time, which is treated by increasing the dose or shortening the inter-dose interval. Dyskinesias can be treated by a change in levodopa dosing or route of administration, such as by constant administration of levodopa as a gel through a jejunostomy tube or a change to dopamine agonists or amantadine. Non-motor signs including depression can be treated with several antidepressants. Surgical treatments including pallidotomy, thalamotomy, and deep brain stimu

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Macauley, Robert C. Palliative Sedation (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0009.

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Palliative sedation refers to lowering a patient’s level of consciousness so that she no longer suffers from intolerable and refractory symptoms. Some forms of palliative sedation are ethically uncontroversial, such as emergency or respite sedation. Continuous sedation to unconsciousness (CSU) is controversial in that a patient in such a state is unable to eat or drink and may not be able to protect her airway. Ethically relevant considerations include the inability to participate in subsequent decision-making, the uncertain quality of an unconscious life, and the impact on life expectancy (wh

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Kreit, John W. Respiratory Failure and the Indications for Mechanical Ventilation. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0007.

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Respiratory failure occurs when a disease process significantly interferes with the respiratory system’s vital functions and causes arterial hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both. Typically, respiratory failure is divided into three categories based on the underlying pathophysiology: ventilation failure, oxygenation failure, and oxygenation-ventilation failure. With severe disturbances in gas exchange, mechanical ventilation is often needed to assist the respiratory system and restore the PaCO2, PaO2, or both, to normal. Respiratory Failure and the Indications for Mechanical Ventilation defines and

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15

Cropsey, Christopher L., and Patrick B. Knight. Beta Blocker/Calcium Channel Blocker Overdose. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0088.

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Beta blocker and calcium channel blocker overdose is a rare perioperative complication that manifests with symptoms of altered mental status, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse. Although the clinical presentation is often similar, the underlying pathophysiology can differ between either cardiogenic or vasodilatory shock. Standard therapies such as calcium administration or beta-adrenergic agonists may be effective but often require much higher doses than normal. The evidence for targeted therapies, such as high-dose insulin infusion and glucagon, is mixed, but these should b

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Lynch, Tara A., and J. Christopher Glantz. Seizure Medications Effects on Fetus, Neonate, and Lactation. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0021.

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Medication use in pregnancy requires a careful balance between the risks of fetal teratogenicity and the maternal benefits of disease treatment. For women with epilepsy, there are many antiepileptic medications available for use in pregnancy. Each varies in their safety profile, risk for fetal anomalies, and effectiveness of seizure control. In most scenarios, the benefits of maternal treatment outweigh the risk of fetal effects, especially in cases of refractory epilepsy or severe disease. Many of the newer anti-epileptic drugs appear to have less teratogenic risk than the older medications.

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Taneja, Pravin. Seizures and Status Epilepticus. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0082.

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Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic neurological disorders both in the U.S. and worldwide, effecting ~1% of the world population. As a result, patients with a history of epilepsy frequently present for surgery. It is important to be aware of how to best characterize the severity of the disease, and treat seizures should they be encountered. In this chapter, we review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of epilepsy. We also discuss the most severe and life threatening form of the condition, status epilepticus. In this emergency situation it is critical that seizures be terminated, an

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18

Mozer, Anthony B., Konstantinos Spaniolas, and Walter J. Pories. Nutritional Deficiencies and Bariatric Surgery. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0014.

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Dietary intolerance and poor oral intake account for a disproportionate number of emergency department visits and readmissions after bariatric surgery. Micronutrient, vitamin, and protein deficiencies can occur after both malabsorptive and restrictive weight-loss operations, and they are best mitigated against by conscientious preoperative counseling and vigilance in follow-up. Routine vitamin supplementation can prevent the need for unnecessary laboratory testing, while symptoms of dumping syndrome can frequently be managed with dietary and behavioral modification alone. Alternative enteral f

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Nabbout, Rima. Ketogenic Diet in Status Epilepticus. Edited by Eric H. Kossoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0009.

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Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is associated with a significant risk of death or neurological morbidity. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a dietary therapy that succeeds in controlling seizures in otherwise RSE in children and adult patients. Inflammatory etiologies might be a particular target, but KD has reported efficacy in other etiologies. KD is well tolerated, and the effect is seen within days. Randomized and controlled studies are lacking in this area, and studies are needed to prove the efficacy of KD in RSE and to identify specific indications. This would help to increase its use and

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Lusardi, Theresa A., and Detlev Boison. Ketogenic Diet, Adenosine, Epigenetics, and Antiepileptogenesis. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0023.

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Epilepsy is common, affecting about 1% of the population. Conventional treatments are ineffective in about one third of patients, and current therapies do not prevent epilepsy or its progression. For individuals with drug-refractory epilepsy the ketogenic diet (KD) can provide seizure relief in approximately fifty percent of patients, with complete and permanent remission in some cases, suggesting possible antiepileptogenic effects of the diet. Whereas mechanisms underlying antiseizure effects of KD have been identified, mechanistic links between KD therapy and antiepileptogenesis constitute a

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21

Kellum, John A. Neurocritical Care. Edited by Lori Shutter and Bradley Molyneaux. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199375349.001.0001.

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Neurocritical Care provides “at the bedside” guidance on the medical knowledge and technical skills required to care for critically ill patients with neurologic conditions such as cerebrovascular disorders, neurotrauma, neuro-oncology, refractory seizures, neuromuscular diseases, infections, alterations in consciousness, and perioperative neurosurgical care. It provides information on the clinical conditions, basic and advanced neuro-monitoring, and addresses some unique special populations. Part of the Pittsburgh Critical Care Medicine series, this compact volume is an ideal reference for phy

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22

Masrani, Abdulrahman, and Bulent Arslan. Deployment of Direct Intrahepatic Portocaval Shunt (DIPS) from a Femoral Access. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0078.

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The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has been shown to be effective in management of esophageal varices bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis when endoscopic manuvers fail to control it. Ascites refractory to optimal medical therapy is another indication for TIPS procedure. Occasionally, TIPS cannot be performed due to vascular anatomical difficulties such as occluded central venous access, small hepatic veins, or portal vein occlusion. Direct intrahepatic portocaval shunt (DIPS) can be considered as an alternative option in such circumstances. DIPS is typically perform

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23

Ordoñez, Alex, Emanuele Lo Menzo, Samuel Szomstein, and Raul J. Rosenthal. Management of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0031.

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The increased popularity of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) can be attributed to its technical simplicity, coupled with its good results. Strictures after LSG are reported with a low incidence. The reasons for strictures are mostly mechanical and are related to the size of the bougie utilized, the proximity of the stapler to the bougie, and twisting of the stapler along the longitudinal axis. Mild cases of strictures immediately postoperatively are typically the result of temporary edema and can be managed expectantly. Strictures that do not resolve quickly with time or that present late

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Montgomery, Erwin B. DBS Effects on Motor Control. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0007.

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Use of DBS extends beyond what are typically referred to as “movement disorders,” for which issues of motor control are paramount; currently approved for treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) disorder, DBS is expected to gain approval as a treatment for epilepsy as well. Indeed, no neurological or psychiatric disorder ought to be excluded a priori from consideration as a potential indication for DBS. Post-operative management of DBS for these other disorders will benefit from a better understanding of the mechanisms of action. An understanding of the ways in which the bra

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Ellison, Justin C., Jason B. Rosenstock, and Michael J. Marcsisin. Somatic Treatments for Psychotic Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0006.

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A variety of somatic therapies can be used to treat individuals suffering from psychosis. Most commonly, providers will prescribe antipsychotics, which generally block dopamine receptors and are particularly useful at reducing positive symptoms. Second-generation antipsychotics have fewer movement side effects than older agents do, but they are more expensive and have more metabolic side effects. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics can be useful for improving outcomes, especially in non-adherent patients, and clozapine is the gold standard for treatment-refractory psychosis. Other agen

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Schreuder, Michiel F. Renal tubular dysgenesis. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0350.

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Renal tubular dysgenesis involves the absence or incomplete differentiation of proximal tubular nephron segments. Due to the lack of a patent nephron, it is characterized by (fetal) anuria and subsequent oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, premature birth with severe and refractory arterial hypotension, and fetal or neonatal death. The main cause for renal tubular dysgenesis is a genetic mutation in the renin–angiotensin system, which has shown an autosomal recessive trait. Maternal use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers during pregnancy can have

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Pearl, Phillip L., and William P. Welch. Pediatric Neurotransmitter Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0059.

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The pediatric neurotransmitter disorders represent an enlarging group of neurological syndromes characterized by inherited abnormalities of neurotransmitter synthesis, metabolism, and transport. Disorders involving monoamine synthesis include guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase deficiency (Segawa disease or classical Dopa-responsive dystonia as the heterozygous form), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, tyrosine hydrolase deficiency, sepiapterin reductase deficiency, and disorders of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. These disorders can be classified according to whether they feature

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Sterckx, Sigrid, and Kasper Raus. Continuous Sedation at the End of Life. Edited by Stuart J. Youngner and Robert M. Arnold. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199974412.013.7.

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This chapter examines continuous sedation as a way to relieve unbearable suffering in patients at the end of life. After considering consensus and guidelines on continuous sedation, it looks at the debate over terminology and definition. It then discusses the practice of continuous sedation in various countries and how it is performed, along with the importance of patient consent and autonomy in all sedation guidelines. The chapter goes on to analyze some of the commonly invoked justifications for continuous sedation, including the doctrine of double effect, last resort and refractory sufferin

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Krishnan, Vaishnav, Bernard S. Chang, and Donald L. Schomer. The Application of EEG to Epilepsy in Adults and the Elderly. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0019.

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Surface or scalp electroencephalography (EEG) has become an indispensable tool for the diagnosis, classification, and care of patients with epilepsy across the age spectrum. This chapter provides an overview of interictal and corresponding ictal scalp EEG patterns observed in adults with certain classical epilepsy syndromes. In patients with one or more new-onset seizures, the value of EEG testing begins with a close examination of the interictal record. The morphology, frequency, and topography of interictal epileptiform discharges (when present) are typically sufficient to broadly distinguis

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Arroyo, Vicente, Mónica Guevara, and Javier Fernández. Renal failure in cirrhosis. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0247.

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A major event in liver cirrhosis is the development of a progressive deterioration of circulatory function due to splanchnic arterial vasodilation and impairment in cardiac function. This feature determines a homeostatic activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and antidiuretic hormone. The splanchnic microcirculation is resistant to the vasoconstrictor effect of these systems. Therefore, the homeostasis of arterial pressure in cirrhosis occurs in the extrasplanchnic, mainly renal circulation. The activation of these systems produces renal fluid reten

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31

Dirzu, Dan, Ovidiu Palea, and Sarah Choxi. Postoperative Abdominal Wall Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0028.

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Abdominal pain accounts for almost 1.5% of office visits and nearly 5% of emergency department admissions each year in the United States. In 2% to 3% of patients with chronic abdominal pain, the pain arises from the abdominal wall. Postoperative abdominal wall pain is chronic, unremitting pain unaffected by eating or bowel function but exacerbated by postural change. A localized, tender trigger point can be identified, although pain may radiate over a diffuse area of the abdomen. Thorough history and physical examination can distinguish abdominal wall pain from visceral intra-abdominal pain. A

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32

Goodman, Wayne K., and Mark S. George. Neuromodulation and Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0010.

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An increasing number of approaches permit psychiatrists to directly stimulate the brain. Such therapies are sometimes referred to as neuromodulation, as psychiatrists can either excite or inhibit neuronal firing in the brain. This chapter reviews two such technologies—transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Both techniques have FDA approval and are moving into mainstream therapeutic use. Daily prefrontal TMS for 4–6 weeks is FDA approved for treating depression, with minimal side effects. It is now accepted in most treatment algorithms as an approach for patie

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Guffey, Patrick J., and Martin Culwick. Adverse Event Prevention and Management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0009.

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Adverse events are an unfortunate reality of caring for patients in our current healthcare system. Preventing and mitigating these events are an important part of quality improvement. First, an understanding of what events occur and how often they are occurring is critical to planning improvements. Incident reporting systems are one way of gathering this information. Then, events should be categorized and analyzed for improvement. The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) and bow-tie diagram are two tools for this purpose. Once an event has occurred, consideration should be given to the car

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Diaz, Roberto Jose, Gregory W. Basil, and Ricardo J. Komotar. Primary CNS Lymphoma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0008.

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Central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of any immunocompromised patient with a solid brain lesion. In such patients, diagnosis can be made via a careful review of important signs, symptoms, and classic radiologic findings. While there is no single physical exam finding classic for lymphoma, the clinician must carefully evaluate patients for the presence or absence of findings that may suggest an alternative diagnosis. Such findings include the stigmata of endocarditis, symptoms suggestive of pneumonia, or additional non-CNS mass lesions. Addition

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35

Šiaučiūnas, Raimundas, Edita Prichockienė, and Agnė Šmigelskytė. Ceramics Practicum. KTU leidykla „Technologija“, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/e01.9786090217344.

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The book presents all the methods of testing ceramic raw materials and products made from ceramic materials: first of all, the methods of testing of the properties of clay are discussed; further, determination of its chemical and mineral composition is described followed by methods for testing the key characteristics of a ceramic body and slurry, and, finally, a detailed description of methodologies for determining the performance of construction and fine ceramic products is presented. This textbook is primarily intended for English-speaking students studying the modules Chemical Technology of

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Sousa Alves, Gilberto, Felipe Kenji Sudo, and Johannes Pantel. The treatment of bipolar disorder in the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0022.

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Bipolar disorder (BD) is an extremely disabling condition characterized by mood switches, and cognitive and functional impairment. The current chapter discusses the updated review on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions targeting BD in the elderly. The risk of concurrent medical diseases (eg, metabolic syndrome) and relatively lower tolerability than young BD make the patient safety a major concern in most cases. Evidence-based guidelines, although useful for promoting rational and effective therapy, are generally lacking in elderly BD. Current recommendations for acute mania

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Krakauer, Eric L. Sedation at the end of life. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0182.

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Palliative sedation is a well-accepted therapy that should be considered in the rare situations when a terminally ill patient whose overriding goal is comfort experiences severe suffering that is refractory to all available standard palliative interventions. Typically, such suffering is caused by physical or neuropsychiatric symptoms such as pain, dyspnoea, vomiting, seizures, agitated delirium, anxiety, or depression. The level of sedation should be proportional to an individual patient’s suffering and should be just deep enough to provide the desired relief. In some cases, sedation to uncons

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Müller, Sabine. Ethical challenges of modern psychiatric neurosurgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0013.

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Psychiatric neurosurgery is defined as neurosurgery for treating psychiatric disorders that do not have identified structural brain anomalies. Early psychiatric neurosurgery procedures such as lobotomy became discredited in the 1970s because of severe complications. After a nearly 30-year hiatus until the late 1990s, psychiatric neurosurgery experienced a revival. Today, modern psychiatric neurosurgery is more precise and safer than its historical predecessors. Deep brain stimulation has become an established treatment for treatment-refractory Parkinson’s disease, and has been tested in severa

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Tracy, Derek K., and Fiona Gaughran. Treatment with medication: Side effects, adherence, and risk. Edited by Alec Buchanan and Lisa Wootton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738664.003.0009.

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Antipsychotic medications revolutionized the care of psychosis, but they have brought with them significant side effects and issues around adherence; these latter factors, and informed co-working with patients, are primary drivers for specific medication choices. The data remain limited for polypharmacy and above-maximum dose prescribing, though there may be individuals for whom this is considered. Long-acting injectables (LAIs or ‘depots’) have a good evidence base, and are probably underutilized, though clozapine remains our drug of choice in refractory illness. Forensic-population data show

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Smith, Martha J. Chronic Pelvic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0020.

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Nonmalignant chronic pelvic pain is defined as nonmenstrual pain below the level of the umbilicus that has continued for at least 6 months and is severe enough to seek medical or surgical treatment. In chronic pelvic pain, the pain and disability may often appear out of proportion to physical abnormalities, and this pain is often refractory to medical and surgical therapies. Significant psychiatric comorbidities and many medical comorbidities often accompany pelvic pain. Although most pelvic pain patients are female, several conditions can cause chronic pelvic pain in males. When evaluating an

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Shils, Jay L., Sepehr Sani, Ryan Kochanski, Mena Kerolus, and Jeffrey E. Arle. Recording Techniques Related to Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders and Responsive Stimulation for Epilepsy. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0038.

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Neuromodulation therapies are now common treatments for a variety of medically refractory disorders, including movement disorders and epilepsy. While surgical techniques for each disorder vary, electricity is used by both for relieving symptoms. During stereotactic placement of the stimulating electrode, either deep brain stimulation electrodes or cortical strip electrodes, intraoperative neurophysiology is used to localize the target structure. This physiology includes single-unit recordings, neurostimulation evoked response evaluation, and intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) to ensure

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Lussier, David, and Russell K. Portenoy. Adjuvant analgesics. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0097.

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In the management of pain associated with serious illness, ‘adjuvant analgesics’ usually are administered in concert with opioid therapy in an effort to improve outcomes when an opioid does not provide satisfactory relief with tolerable side effects. They may be divided into categories, including multipurpose drugs, and drugs used selectively for neuropathic pain, bone pain, pain due to bowel obstruction, or musculoskeletal pain. These drugs are selected for a trial based on limited data available and clinical experience; sequential trials may be undertaken when pain is refractory. Multipurpos

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Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0118_update_001.

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In all patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5, regular monitoring of serum markers of CKD-mineral and bone disorder, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase, is recommended. Target ranges for these markers are endorsed by guidelines. The principles of therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism include control of hyperphosphataemia, correction of hypocalcaemia, use of vitamin D sterols, use of calcimimetics, and parathyroidectomy. of hyperphosphataemia is crucial and may be achieved by means of dietary P rest

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Glannon, Walter. Psychiatric Neuroethics I. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.30.

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Severe psychiatric disorders may be resistant to conventional pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments. Invasive interventions such as deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and neurosurgical ablation (lesioning) can modulate dysfunctional neural circuits implicated in these disorders. Yet these two forms of psychiatric neurosurgery are still experimental and investigational and thus their safety and efficacy have yet to be established. This chapter is an examination and discussion of the main ethical issues surrounding the experimental use of DBS and lesioning for treatment-refractory psychiatr

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Servais, Aude, and Bertrand Knebelmann. Cystinuria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0024.

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Cystinuria (OMIM #220100) is an autosomal recessive disorder of a dibasic amino acid transport in the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the renal proximal tubule and small intestine. It leads to increased urinary cystine excretion and recurrent urolithiasis. The cystine transporter is an heterodimeric transporter which is composed of a heavy subunit, rBAT, linked to a light subunit, b0,+AT. Two genes, SLC3A1 (solute carrier family 3 member 1) and SLC7A9, coding for rBAT and b0,+AT, account for the genetic basis of cystinuria. Cystinuria may lead to obstruction, infections, and ultimately

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Mason, Peggy. Electrical Communication Within a Neuron. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0010.

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Postsynaptic potentials integrate across time and space within a single neuron. The influence of the length constant on spatial summation and of the time constant on temporal summation is described. Whereas passive properties give rise to graded potentials, the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) supports the all-or-none action potential. The action potential can be used to conduct information across long distances and is therefore used in the majority of neurons that have axons. How the inactivated state of VGSCs gives rise to the refractory period and dynamic polarization is described. The m

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Lee, Kyounghoon, and John M. Frankl. Cultural History of Modern Korean Literature. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666982732.

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A Cultural History of Modern Korean Literature: The Birth of Oppa examines the cultural and social impact of Japanese colonialism and modernity on the wider aspects of everyday life in Korea. Selected as an outstanding work in 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences in South Korea, is by any measure a remarkable work. Lee considers a wide range of literary and cultural texts, exploring significant historical moments and phenomena while critically assessing personal experience and social life, mainly how modernity, colonialism, and total war shaped national and cultural identities. This text a

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Lampman, Steve, ed. Weld Integrity and Performance. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.wip.9781627083591.

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Weld Integrity and Performance is a convenient reference and sourcebook for anyone involved in the application, fabrication, or assessment of welded structures. It provides detailed information on relevant topics including weld solidification, weldability testing, weld characterization, discontinuities and imperfections, cracking phenomena, inspection and evaluation techniques, fatigue and fracture control, fracture mechanics, fitness-for-service testing, repair welding, and weld corrosion. An entire section, the largest by far in the book, covers the basic metallurgy and engineering propertie

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Goffin, Eric, Laura Labriola, and Michel Jadoul. Bacterial and fungal infections in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0270.

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Infections specifically related to peritoneal dialysis include peritonitis on the one hand, and exit-site and tunnel infections on the other hand.The diagnosis of peritonitis rests on the classical triad of cloudy dialysate, abdominal pain, and presence of < 100 white-cells (including < 50 % polymorphonuclear cells) within the dialysate effluent. Because peritonitis is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, empiric antibiotics should be initiated without delay, covering both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Most regimens include vancomycin or a first-generation cep

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Rathod, Jigar, and Selim R. Benbadis. Diagnostic Challenges for the Neurologist. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0007.

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The diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) can be challenging for the neurologist. This chapter aims to help navigate such challenges and is organized into three sections: suspecting the diagnosis, establishing the diagnosis, and delivering the diagnosis of PNES. Often these patients present to an epilepsy center with a long-standing history of refractory “epilepsy,” have tried multiple antiepileptic drugs to no avail, and have had “abnormal EEGs.” Therefore, a clear history about the seizures needs to be obtained by the neurologist. The patient needs to be evaluated using gold

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