Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Refrigerants

Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers
Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Refrigerants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Refrigerants.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Refrigerants"

1

Rahul, V. Ikhar, and Farkade H.S. "Evaluation of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Using R407C and R507." International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT) 3, no. 4 (2017): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.439656.

Full text

Abstract:

<em>The existing refrigerant requirements are, system performance should not be compromised, refrigerant and lubrication interaction should be as required, it should be energy efficient, environment friendly etc. After Montreal protocol, use of refrigerants like CFC and HCFC banned because of high ozone depleting potential (ODP).</em><em> So there is need to find out a refrigerant which is environment friendly, such as HFC refrigerants as working fluids in refrigeration and air conditioning systems and which can be used long term substitute for existing refrigerants. The most important qualification for refrigerants is low ozone depleting potential (ODP).</em> <em>HFC refrigerants have suitable specifications such as non-flammability, stability, and similar vapour pressure to the refrigerant CFCs and HCFCs and zero ozone depleting potential (ODP) . They are used in many applications with safety of the leakage from the system also with these refrigerants it was found that, there was no need to change in the design of the refrigeration system. So we can look forward to HFC refrigerants. R407C and R507 are HFC refrigerants which are under study.</em>

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Pandav, Prashant P., S. B. Lokhande, and Shivprakash B. Barve. "Ecofriendly Refrigerants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 612 (August 2014): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.612.181.

Full text

Abstract:

The depletion of ozone layer and green house effects are worldwide problem. Refrigerants are part and source of depletion of ozone layer. As we using these Ecofriendly refrigerants then harm to ozone reduces. These are best option for recently running refrigerants. Eco-friendly refrigerant like hydroflurocarbons and hydrocarbons are replacing chlorofluorocarbons application.CFC is the most important member of CFC refrigerants. This paper, gives alternate to refrigerants that are causes ill effect on environment. Their performance with respect to recently used refrigerant compared. By this comparison benefits of Ecofriendly refrigerants discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Piyanut Saengsikhiao and Juntakan Taweekun. "Investigation and Analysis of R438A as an Alternative Refrigerant to R22 with Lower Global Warming Potential." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 95, no. 1 (2022): 164–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.95.1.164187.

Full text

Abstract:

This research presents the R438A refrigerant that non-flammable refrigerant and develop for retrofit to R404A. The hydrofluorocarbons/hydrocarbon (HFCs/HCs) R463A (GWP=2,265) was zeotropic mixture of R125 (45%), R134a (44.2%), R32 (8.5%), R600 (1.7%) and R600a (0.6%). The R463A refrigerants is no frame propagation class A1 and lower toxicity and used polyol ester oil (POE). The results will investigation and analysis of the environmentally friendly refrigerant for R22 replacement. All refrigerant properties in this research were based on results from the REFPROP and CYCLE_D-HX software of NIST under CAN/ANSI/AHRI540. The results of this work show that HCs R170, R290, R600, R600a, R601, R601a, R1150 and R1270 can be mixed in HFCs R417A, R417B, R422A, R422B, R422C, R422D, R424A, R437A, R438A and R453A and able to be further developed in the future. All refrigerants are non-flammable refrigerants, non-toxic and zero ODP. The R438A mixed with HCs R600 (1.7%) and R601a (0.6%) and is the refrigerant cooling coefficient of performance close to that of R22 refrigerant. In conclusion, it can be used as an environmentally friendly and energy efficiency replacement for R22. The result of R438A normal boiling was lower than R404A 4% that high cooling capacity and zero ODP. All refrigerants are also refrigerants that are matched with the 4th generation refrigerants with the use of natural refrigerants.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Ivana, Reza Taufiqi, Imron Musthofa, and Muhammad Rezki Fitri Putra. "ANALISA EFISIENSI LAJU PENDINGINAN REFRIGERAN R-32, R-134A, R410A, DAN LPG PADA SIMULATOR REFRIGERATOR." JTAM ROTARY 5, no. 2 (2023): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v5i1.8416.

Full text

Abstract:

Efisiensi sistem refrigeran dengan fungsi sebagai fluida yang menyerap panas dalam sistem sehingga terjadi penurunan suhu melalui mekanisme evaporasi dan kondensasi. Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui refrigeran yang mempunyai dampak laju pendinginan terbaik dengan tingkat temperatur yang berbeda sehingga dapat diamati laju pendinginan dari refrigeran R-134a, R-32, R-410a, dan LPG. Dalam prakteknya menggunakan simulator pendingin sebagai media pembelajaran dalam menerapkan prinsip kerja mesin refrigerasi. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah dengan mengukur temperatur pada waktu 30 detik untuk pengambilan 1 data dan pengambilan data dilakukan selama 300 detik untuk menghasilkan 10 data pada tiap jenis refrigerant pada tekanan 10 Psi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan refrigerant jenis LPG memiliki tingkat penurunan temperatur paling rendah diantara jenis refrigerant yang lain. Hal ini dikarenakan kinerja LPG dengan ODP sama dengan nol dan nilai GWP rendah. Kesimpulannya sistem pendingin domestik dapat menggunakan refrigeran jenis LPG di untuk penurunan temperatur yang lebih rendah. Refrigerant system efficiency by functioning as a fluid that absorbs heat in the system resulting in a decrease in temperature through evaporation and condensation mechanisms. This experiment was conducted to find out which refrigerant has the best cooling rate effect at different temperature levels so that the cooling rates of R-134a, R-32, R-410a, and LPG refrigerants can be observed. In practice using a cooling simulator as a learning medium in applying the working principles of refrigeration machines. The research method used is to measure the temperature for 30 seconds for 1 data collection and 300 seconds for data collection to produce 10 data for each type of refrigerant at a pressure of 10 Psi. LPG type refrigerant has the lowest temperature drop among other refrigerant types. This is because the performance of LPG with ODP is equal to zero and GWP is low. In conclusion, domestic refrigeration systems can use LPG type refrigerants for lower temperature drops.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

KAGAWA, NOBORU. "FUTURE ASPECT OF REFRIGERANTS: CONSIDERING THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CYCLE PERFORMANCE." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, no. 02 (2012): 1230002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132512300029.

Full text

Abstract:

Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipments (generally known as heat pumps) are very important for the civilized society. However, discharged refrigerants from heat pumps and exhausted carbon dioxide to drive heat pumps result in serious environmental problems. For this reason, fluorocarbon refrigerants are limited or regulated. To alleviate the problems, new refrigerants with lower GWP and higher cycle performance must be developed and used. In this paper, calculated thermophysical properties of hydrofluoroolefin refrigerants using databases are evaluated with experimental data. Then, the fundamental cycle performance of air conditioning by using major refrigerants is studied based on their thermophysical properties. The results show that there is no adequate refrigerant for air conditioning applications. Heat pumps with new refrigerants including refrigerant mixtures must be developed as fast as possible. It leads to that HFC refrigerants must be used taking care until the new refrigerants will be available.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Sharma, Vishaldeep, Brian Fricke, Praveen Cheekatamarla, Omar Abdelaziz, and Van Baxter. "Refrigerants for a Sustainable Future." Encyclopedia 5, no. 1 (2025): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010005.

Full text

Abstract:

Worldwide use of high global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants for space conditioning and food storage results in significant equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This is further exacerbated in developed countries by the current transition from hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants to HFC refrigerants. Under the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the proposed phase-out of currently used HFC and HCFC refrigerants has initiated a re-evaluation of some pre-existing refrigerants as well as the development and evaluation of new refrigerants. Making the ideal refrigerant selections for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) applications is thereby difficult in an already overabundant refrigerants market. In this paper, a study of key parameters required of a good refrigerant is conducted, followed by the analysis of refrigerants desired and refrigerants used in two major sectors of the HVAC&R industry, namely commercial refrigeration and residential air-conditioning and heat pumps. Finally, keeping in consideration the global environmental regulations and safety standards, a recommendation of the most suitable refrigerants in both sectors has been made.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Rilwan, Omogbolahan Anjorin*1 Sheyin Israel Amos2 &. Sunday Kanshio3. "EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANT FOR A 255000 KCAL/HR, 130KW VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM FOR PROPYLENE PURIFICATION PROCESS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 7 (2018): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1305832.

Full text

Abstract:

Common refrigerants such as CFCs and HCFCs have unfavorable environmental impacts and this has brought about concerns and regulations prohibiting their production and use as refrigerants by the year 2030. The 255000 kCal/h, 130 kW capacity refrigerating system uses R-22 refrigerant which is of the HCFCs’ family, hence, the need for alternative refrigerant because of the negative environmental impacts of this family of refrigerants. Natural refrigerants such as hydrocarbons and their mix in various ratios are currently being investigated to replace CFC and HCFC based solvents. In this study, propane (R-290), propylene (R-1270), ammonia (R-717) and ethane (R-170) were evaluated as alternative refrigerants for the <strong>255000</strong> <strong>kCal/h </strong>Freon (R-22) refrigerating system through modelling and simulation using Aspen Hysys V8.0. Combining energy efficiency, economics, environmental and safety criteria, propane was favoured amongst the studied refrigerants as the choice alternative refrigerant to replace R-22 even though there is need to also replace the existing compressor with a propane compressor because of the extra power of 79.6 kW required to compress propane.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

MIYARA, AKIO, YOJI ONAKA, and SHIGERU KOYAMA. "WAYS OF NEXT GENERATION REFRIGERANTS AND HEAT PUMP/REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, no. 01 (2012): 1130002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132511300023.

Full text

Abstract:

Since measures of the global warming are becoming urgent issues, various technical innovations and social system reformations are being promoted. In the engineering fields of heating, refrigerating, and air-conditioning, the global warming caused by the refrigerants is a big problem that must be solved. At the present stage, however, there are no perfect solutions for next generation refrigerants and heat pump/refrigeration systems by which the global warming is successfully prevented. Therefore, we have to search possible ways to the next generation. In this paper, important four ways which are (1) natural refrigerants, (2) low GWP synthetic refrigerants, (3) refrigerant management, and (4) refrigerant mixtures are introduced. For the refrigerant mixture which are CO2 /DME and HFO-1234ze(E)/HFC-32, cycle simulations have been conducted under different operation modes. COP of the mixtures has a maximum at certain concentration and they are higher than those of conventional refrigerants. From a drop-in test of HFO-1234ze(E)/HFC-32, feasibility of the refrigerant mixture has been proved.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Bilal, Mohammed* Ganpat Lal Rakesh. "REVIEW OF REFRIGERANT FLOW IN ADIABATIC CAPILLARY TUBE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 6 (2017): 515–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.817897.

Full text

Abstract:

After study of many literatures gives the knowledge of flow of characteristics of refrigerant through capillary tube as well as to know about the working fluids for refrigeration system. In present study, the many household refrigerators used a different type of refrigerants as per as their characteristic, the R600a refrigerant have been discussed. In study of many literatures it is concluded that the capillary tube used in refrigerator for refrigerant flow has been suitable for helix coiled tube. Also it is concluded that R600a refrigeratnt is low GWP and low flammable refrigerant, so application of this of refrigerant is suitable for replacing R12, R22 and R134a.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Siddiqui, M. U., Amro Owes, F. G. Al-Amri, and Farooq Saeed. "Recent Developments in the Search for Alternative Low-Global-Warming-Potential Refrigerants: A Review." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, no. 03 (2020): 2030004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520300049.

Full text

Abstract:

Conventionally, the CFC-type refrigerants were used until Montreal Protocol which stated that CFC refrigerants cause ozone depletion and should be replaced with alternative refrigerants. The alternative refrigerants are safe for ozone but they have comparatively high flammability, toxicity and global warming potential. Thus they need careful handling. In Kyoto Protocol, it was stated that the currently used refrigerants with high global warming potential need to be replaced with yet other alternative refrigerants with low global warming potential. This paper comprehensively reviews those recent studies that focused on the possible replacement of currently in-use refrigerant with a comparatively more environmental-friendly alternative refrigerant. Initially, the progression of refrigerants through different generations has been described and discussed. A list of currently in-use refrigerants has been presented. Then, the scientific developments for the replacement of listed refrigerants are thoroughly reviewed and critically analyzed. From the comprehensive review, it was found that R1234yf has the most potential to be a suitable low-flammable replacement for R134a for domestic refrigeration and automotive air-conditioning systems. Also, R32 has the most potential to be a suitable alternative of R410A.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Refrigerants"

1

Rabah, Ali A. "Flow boiling of pure refrigerants and binary refrigerant mixtures in a horizontal tube." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969263775.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Jarahnejad, Mariam. "New Low GWP Synthetic Refrigerants." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96118.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Rabah, Ali A. [Verfasser]. "Flow boiling of pure refrigerants and binary refrigerant mixtures in a horizontal tube / Ali A Rabah." Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1179039882/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Lindeman, Lukas. "Refrigeration system performance using alternative refrigerants." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188606.

Full text

Abstract:

When running a refrigeration system, the refrigerant will always leak into the atmosphere in various ways. The leakage of currently used refrigerants have a non-negligible impact on the global warming. The European Commission recently approved the Regulation No 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FGR). This regulation implies, among other, that refrigerants with GWP of 2500 or more will be restricted from being used in stationary refrigeration equipment being placed on European refrigeration market. In this study a number of new refrigerants are analysed and evaluated as potential replacements for R404A which is a popular commercially used refrigerant with high global warming potential. A few refrigerants from different manufacturers have been evaluated using a computer model of a basic vapour-compression system, as well as analysed from the position of refrigerant safety. It was found that the best short term replacement for R404A are two refrigerants called R448A and R449A and the best long term replacement is DR7.<br>I ett kylsystem kommer köldmediet alltid att, på ett eller annat sätt, läcka ut i atmosfären. Läckage av all världens köldmedium har en icke försumbar inverkan på den globala uppvärmningen. Den europeiska kommissionen nyligen godkänt en förordning kallad Regulation No 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FGR). Denna förordning innebär, bland flera saker, att kommersiella köldmedium med en global uppvärmningspotential på 2500 eller mer kommer att förbjudas för användning i stationära kylsystem. I denna studie har ett antal nya köldmedier analyserats och utvärderats i syfte att hitta ersättare till R404A vilket är ett populär kommersiellt köldmedium med en hög global uppvärmningspotential. Jämfört med R404A har nya köldmedier from olika producenter utvärderas i en databaserad modell av ett enkelt kylsystem för att utvärdera deras effektivitet. Studien fokuserar också på säkerhet kring köldmedier och tillsammans med resultaten från modellen framkom det att på kort sikt är det bästa alternativet för att ersätta R404A är två köldmedium kallat R448A R449A och på lång sikt ett köldmedium kallat DR7.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Eriksson, Peter. "Refrigeration system performance using alternative refrigerants." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175160.

Full text

Abstract:

The European Parliament has shown its legislative capabilities by adopting a tough approach on the reduction of fluorinated gases (F-gases). The EU Regulation No 517/2014, will phase out F-gases with high global warming potential (GWP) within a well-defined step down time schedule. This will affect refrigerants which are commonly used in commercial cooling applications. While the time schedule implies existence of replace- ment refrigerants, the market continues to develop alternatives for the refrigerants already in deployment. Though the R404A,which is a commonly used refrigerant in station- ary cooling applications, will be prohibited of use 1 January 2020. In this paper, the two alternatives R448A from Honeywell and R449A from DuPont were compared to the R404A baseline, within a theoretical model with empirical compressor and system input data. The key points of comparison were cooling capacity, compressor discharge temperature, coefficient of performance (COP) and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI). The outcome of the model showed a decrease in cooling capacity for both alternatives, as well as an overall increase in compressor discharge temperature. For low evaporator temperatures, a decrease in COP was present and vice versa for high evaporator temperatures, both for medium and high condenser temperature. However, the TEWI for the both refrigerants, showed a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent emissions during the refrigerant system lifespan, running on both R448A and R449A, regardless of which European country the electricity was produced in.<br>Det Europeiska Parlamentet har visat sin lagstiftande förmåga i och med antagandet av en tuff förordning om reducering av F-gaser. EU Förordningen Nr 517/2014 kommer att fasa ut flourinerade gaser med högt GWP värde och det med en väl definierad nedtrappningsperiod. Detta kommer bland annat att påverka köldmedier som ofta förekommer i kommersiella kylapplikationer. Medan tidsschemat förutsätter redan existerande ersättare fortsätter marknaden att utveckla alternativ för de köldmedier som idag är i bruk, samtidigt som användandet av det vanligt förekommande kylmediet R404A kommer att förbjudas i och med 1 januari 2020. I den här rapporten jämförs de två alternativa kylmedierna R448A från Honeywell och R449A från DuPont i en teoretiskt modell, med empiriska data för kompressor- och systemvariabler, där kylmediet R404A används som referens. Huvudsakligen jämfördes kyleffekt, kompressorns utströmningstemperatur, COP och TEWI. Resultaten från modellen visade en minskad kyleffekt för båda de båda alternativen, såväl som en ökad utströmningstemperatur för kompressorn. Låga evaporatortemperaturer resulterade i en minskning av COP och vice versa för höga evaporatortemperaturer, både för mellan och hög kondensortemperatur. Dock konstaterades för TEWI, en minskning av de sammanlagda CO2 ekvivalenta utsläpp under kylsystemets livslängd, under drift på både R448A och R449A oavsett i vilket Europeiskt land elektriciteten producerats i.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Mabrey, Burlin Davis. "Condensation of refrigerants on small tube bundles." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/22984.

Full text

Abstract:

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>The construction of an apparatus for the condensation performance testing of a horizontal bundle of four tubes with various refrigerants was completed. The apparatus was instrumented, and data reduction software was developed to provide bundle and single tube condensation data. Two tube bundles were tested, smooth copper tubes and low integral-fin copper-nickel tubes, with two refrigerants, R-114 and R-113. An enhancement ratio of about 2.0 for the overall heat transfer coefficient was demonstrated for the finned tubes over the smooth tubes. Internal contamination, possibly due to a breakdown of the refrigerant molecules when subjected to high temperatures in the boiling chamber, inhibited further meaningful data collection. Recommendations for improvement of the test apparatus are made.<br>http://archive.org/details/condensationofre00mabr<br>Lieutenant, United States Navy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

SOUZA, ADRIANO L. de. "Determinacao teorico-experimental da perda de carga durante evaporacao de refrigerantes puros e misturas refrigerante-oleo em tubos horizontais e em meias curvas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1995. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10411.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05724.pdf: 6566331 bytes, checksum: 217859b9c420011d3a1761390d6692db (MD5)<br>Tese (Doutoramento)<br>IPEN/T<br>Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - POLI/USP

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Galindo, Amparo. "Prediction of phase equilibria of associating fluids with the SAFT approach." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242291.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Moran, Daniel Gerard. "An investigation of the effects of an ester-based lubricant on the performance of a CFC-12 refrigeration system utilizing HFC 134A." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260972.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Ignatowicz, Monika. "Corrosion aspects in indirect systems with secondary refrigerants." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-65569.

Full text

Abstract:

Aqueous solutions of organic or inorganic salts are used as secondary refrigerants in indirect refrigeration systems to transport and transfer heat. Water is known for its corrosive character and secondary refrigerants based on aqueous solutions have the same tendency. The least corrosive from the aqueous solutions are glycols and alcohols. Salt solutions, such as chlorides and potassium salts, are much more corrosive. Nevertheless, it is possible to minimize corrosion risks at the beginning stage while designing system. Proper design can significantly help in improving system performance against corrosion. There are several aspects which need to be taken into account while working with secondary refrigerants: design of system, selection of secondary refrigerant, proper corrosion inhibitors, compatible materials used to build the installation and proper preparation of system to operation. While choosing proper materials it is advised to avoid the formation of a galvanic couple to reduce the risk of the most dangerous type of corrosion. Oxygen present in installation is another important factor increasing the rate of corrosion. Even small amounts of oxygen can significantly affect the system lifetime. The methods of cleaning, charging the system with refrigerant, and deaeration procedures are extremely important. The purpose of this thesis work is to present the problems of corrosion occurring in the indirect systems with secondary refrigerants. The thesis describes the mechanism of corrosion and its different types, most commonly used materials in installation, different corrosion inhibitors used to protect system. This thesis also lists the available secondary refrigerants on the market and briefly describes them. Further, it describes the important aspects related with designing, preparing and maintaining of indirect systems. This thesis is giving some clues and shows what should be done in order to reduce risks of corrosion.<br>Effsys 2 P2 project

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Books on the topic "Refrigerants"

1

Jasen, Neese, Oravetz Steve, and Technology & Development Program (U.S.), eds. Replacing chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1998.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Platzer, Bernhard, Axel Polt, and Gerd Maurer. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02608-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Platzer, B. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants. Springer-Verlag, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Liley, P. E. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1993.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

B, Stewart Richard. ASHRAE thermodynamic properties of refrigerants. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1986.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

B, Stewart Richard. ASHRAE thermodynamic properties of refrigerants. ASHRAE, 1986.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Oellrich, L. R. Indo-German project on alternatives to CFCS for refrigeration applications: Technical status report. Forschungszentrum Jülich, Zentralbibliothek, 1994.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. and American National Standards Institute, eds. Designation and safety classification of refrigerants. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2004.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Refrigeration, Institute of, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and Society of Environmental Engineers, eds. Refrigerants beyond the crisis: Practical solutions. [Institute of Refrigeration?], 1993.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

IIR-Gustav, Lorentzen Conference (4th 2000 West Lafayette Ind ). Final proceedings of the 4th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on natural working fluids at Purdue: July 25-28, 2000, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. Institut international du froid], 2001.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Refrigerants"

1

Koelet, P. C., and T. B. Gray. "Refrigerants." In Industrial Refrigeration. Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11433-7_3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Herwig, Heinz. "Kältemittel (refrigerants)." In Wärmeübertragung A-Z. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56940-1_25.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Grassi, Walter. "The Refrigerants." In Heat Pumps. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62199-9_5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Fox, Malcolm A. "Refrigerants and Halocarbons." In Glossary for the Worldwide Transportation of Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Materials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11890-0_66.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Platzer, Bernhard, Axel Polt, and Gerd Maurer. "Introduction." In Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02608-3_1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Platzer, Bernhard, Axel Polt, and Gerd Maurer. "Fundamentals." In Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02608-3_2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Platzer, Bernhard, Axel Polt, and Gerd Maurer. "Results." In Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02608-3_3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Yin, Jun-Ming, Zhao-Rui Peng, and Xin-Rong Zhang. "Natural Refrigerants and Carbon Dioxide." In Lecture Notes in Energy. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22512-3_2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Imamura, Tomohiko. "Evaluating the Ignition Hazard of Alternative Refrigerants for Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems." In Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6833-4_2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Llopis, Rodrigo, Daniel Sánchez, and Ramón Cabello. "Refrigerants for Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems." In Heat Transfer. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315368184-16.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Refrigerants"

1

Krapanić, Hrvoje, Nikolaos Barmparitsas, and Erlend Ingebrigtsen. "Re-Using Refrigerants – Recovery, Recycle, Reclaim." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.020.261.

Full text

Abstract:

HVAC industry looks for the ways how to mitigate its effect on global warming. European Union delivered Regulation EU 517/2014 which sets targets for the period 2015-2030 to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) which are in reality mostly used as refrigerants in HVAC industry. Since the phase down is planning reduction of HFCs, industry is worried that there will not be enough refrigerant on the market in following years. New refrigerants appear, and there is a question of availability of refrigerants needed for servicing. At the same time, there is not any real plan how to use potential of refrigerants recovered from machines, which are being replaced or retrofitted. This paper will describe one possible way of using the potential of recovered refrigerant through the market platform (working name 3R) which it should create transparent market place for used refrigerant owners and companies with recycling or reclamation capabilities, and enable trading. Specifics of the 3R platform is the collection of smaller quantities of refrigerant, recovered by individual installation or service companies. By re-using already existing refrigerant, we are safeguarding our environment from having it released into the atmosphere, and we support circular economy. Next to that, it should help securing enough refrigerant in the future period for the HVAC industry.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Kharazi, Amir A., and Norbert Mu¨ller. "Comparing Water (R718) to Other Refrigerants." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13341.

Full text

Abstract:

Even though water (R718) is one of the oldest refrigerants, state of the art technology is required to use water as a refrigerant in compression refrigeration plants with turbo compressors. To compare water (R718) to other refrigerants, a code is developed in which all refrigerants can be compared in a single p-h, T-s, or p-T diagram. Using the code, the COP isolines of water (R718) and any refrigerant can be generated in a graph to determine which refrigerant has a better COP for a certain evaporation temperature and temperature lift. In regard to using water (R718) as a refrigerant, some specific features complicate its application in refrigeration plants with turbo compressors. Because the cycle works at very low pressure, the volumetric cooling capacity of water vapor is very low. Hence, huge volume flows have to be compressed with relatively high pressure ratios. Therefore, the use of water (R718) as a refrigerant, compared to classical refrigerants, such as R134a or R12, requires approximately 200 times the volume flow, and about twice the pressure ratio for the same applications. Because of the thermodynamic properties of water vapor, this high pressure ratio requires approximately a two to four times higher compressor tip speed, depending on the impeller design; while the speed of sound is approximately 2.5 times higher. Reynolds numbers are about 300 times lower and the specific work transmission per unit of mass has to be around 15 times higher. Two factors are introduced to compare the irreversibilities of R718 and other refrigerants and the main source of irrevercibility in R718 cycle is identified. Finally, the current state-of-the-art R718 is reviewed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Yousef, Khaled, Abebayehu Assefa, Ahmed Hegazy, and Abraham Engeda. "Comparative Study of Using R-410A, R-407C, R-22 and R-134a as Cooling Medium in the Condenser of a Steam Power Plant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25033.

Full text

Abstract:

A step-by-step technique has been implemented in the analytical study of heat transfer and pressure gradient characteristics of refrigerants R-410A, R-407C, R-22 and R-134a used as cooling media in the condenser of a steam power plant. Refrigerants are optimized to replace water/air as coolant in the condenser of a steam power plant. Refrigerants have much lower temperatures and much higher heat transfer rates than water or air. The thermal resistances that affect heat transfer characteristics and surface condenser performance are included. The effect of inlet refrigerant temperature and mass flow rate are reported for the four refrigerants. Calculations are performed at two inlet refrigerant temperatures −21 °C and −30 °C and mass flow rate ranging from 92.905 to 132.905 kg/s. The results revealed that the overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate and condensation rate increased with refrigerant mass flow rate, with higher values at lower inlet refrigerant temperatures. For a given refrigerant mass flow rate and inlet temperature, the analytical study indicated that R-410A has higher values of overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate and condensation rate than R-407C, R-22 and R-314a, respectively. Moreover, it is found that R-410A, at −30 °C and 132.905 kg/s, is superior in condensing all steam entering the condenser than the other refrigerants; this corresponds to higher exergy efficiency. The condenser pressure was observed to be slightly higher for R-410A than the other refrigerants.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Zhang, Mingkan, Vishaldeep Sharma, and Brian A. Fricke. "A Numerical Study of Refrigerant Leakage From a Propane-Based Refrigeration System." In ASME 2023 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2023 17th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2023-107381.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Low Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, e.g. Propane (R290) (GWP = 3) and R1234yf (GWP = 4), are becoming a popular choice among refrigeration and HVAC systems, such as vending machines and air conditioning. However, most of Low GWP refrigerants are flammable (ASHRAE class A2 or A3), so safety is a very important consideration when designing and deploying low GWP refrigerants-based equipment in buildings. In the event of a refrigerant leak, the flammability of low GWP refrigerants depends on the local concentration of the refrigerant within the vicinity of the leak. In addition, the low GWP refrigerants concentration is affected by the indoor air environment, such as air flow rate and temperature. In the present study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to model the flow and temperature of air surrounding a propane-based refrigeration system, as well as the concentration of leaked low GWP refrigerants surrounding the refrigeration system. The model results reveal the concentration distribution of low GWP refrigerants within the building, and as a result, the flammable regions within the building can be identified. Moreover, different ventilation layouts will be tested using the model to improve the design of ventilation. The numerical model can assist in the design of ventilation systems to minimize flammable regions within buildings due to leakage of flammable refrigerants.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Shull, Robert D. "Magnetic refrigerants." In Superconductivity and its applications. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43569.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Fan, Xiaowei, Fang Wang, Huifan Zheng, Xianping Zhang, and Di Xu. "Behavior and Performance of Refrigerant Mixture HFC125/HC290 in Heat Pumps." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63552.

Full text

Abstract:

The refrigerant mixtures provide an important direction in selecting new environment-friendly alternative to match the desirable properties with the existing halogenated refrigerants or future use in the new devices, in which, HFCs refrigerants with zero ODP combined with HCs refrigerants with zero ODP and lower GWP are of important value in the fields of application. In the present work, research on HFC125/HC290 (25/75 by mass) binary refrigerant mixture used in heat pumps was carried out, and parameters, factors affecting the performance were investigated, and compared with that of HCFC22 under the same operating conditions. It has been found that the new mixture can improve the actual COP by 2 to 13% and hence it can reduce the energy consumption by 20 to 31.5%. The overall performance has proved that the new refrigerant mixture could be a promising substitute for HCFC22.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Kilicarslan, Ali, and Norbert Mu¨ller. "Comparison of Subcooling Effect of Water as a Refrigerant With the Current Refrigerants." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13122.

Full text

Abstract:

The performance comparison of water as a refrigerant (R718) with some prevailing refrigerants including R717, R290, R134a, R12, R22, and R152a is presented. A computer program simulating an actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle including subcooling was developed to calculate the coefficient of performances (COPs) for the different refrigerants. Evaporator temperatures above which water yields a better COP over the other refrigerants are investigated for subcooling case. The effect of degree of subcooling on the COPs is elaborated. For most of the refrigerants (R290, R134a, R12, R22, and R152a) the COP increases by around one percent (1%) per one Kelvin (1K) subcooling, while the COP for R718 and R717 increases by around 0.2 % and 0.5 % per one Kelvin (1K) subcooling. At constant evaporator temperature, increasing the degree of subcooling results in decrease of the relative COP gain of R718. R718 gives the highest relative COP increase at constant condenser temperature and polytropic efficiency. The effect of polytropic efficiency on the performance is also investigated. It is observed that the evaporator temperature range at which R718 presents a better COP than other refrigerants increases with increasing values of polytropic compressor efficiency if the degree of subcooling is kept constant.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Khalid, Rehan, Raffaele Luca Amalfi, and Aaron P. Wemhoff. "Rack-Level Thermosyphon Cooling and Vapor-Compression Driven Heat Recovery: Compressor Model." In ASME 2021 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2021-73271.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This paper introduces a novel thermal management solution coupling in-rack cooling and heat recovery system. System-level modeling capabilities are the key to design and analyze thermal performance for different applications. In this study, a semi-empirical model for a hermetically sealed scroll compressor is developed and applied to different scroll geometries. The model parameters are tuned and validated such that the model is applicable to a variety of working fluids. The identified parameters are split into two groups: one group is dependent on the compressor geometry and independent of working fluid, whereas the other group is fluid dependent. By modifying the fluid-dependent parameters using the specific heat ratios of two refrigerants, the model shows promise in predicting the refrigerant mass flow rate, discharge temperature and compressor shaft power of a third refrigerant. Here, the approach has been applied using data for two refrigerants (R22 and R134a) to achieve predictions for a third refrigerant’s (R407c) mass flow rate, discharge temperature, and compressor shaft power, with normalized root mean square errors of 0.01, 0.04 and 0.020, respectively. The normalization is performed based on the minimum and maximum values of the measured variable data. The technique thus presented in this study can be used to accurately predict the primary variables of interest for a scroll compressor running on a given refrigerant for which data may be limited, enabling component-level design or analysis for different operating conditions and system requirements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Escobar Nunez, Emerson, and Andreas A. Polycarpou. "Tribological Performance of Polymer Coatings in Carbon Dioxide Refrigerant Environment." In ASME/STLE 2009 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2009-15190.

Full text

Abstract:

Natural refrigerants have gained significant interest due to environmental reasons. Among different natural refrigerants such as water, air, and ammonia, Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main candidate to replace commonly used hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants in air-conditioning compressors due to its environmental benefits. One of the main advantages of implementing CO2, from an environmental point of view, lies in its relative low global warming potential (GWP) which is three orders of magnitude lower than commonly used HFC refrigerants. Coupled with the new refrigerants is also the need to use some form of protective coatings on the tribopairs. In this study unlubricated (presence of CO2 refrigerant only) experiments were performed to evaluate the tribological performance of three different polymeric-based coatings deposited on Durabar G1 gray cast iron disks. Specifically, Fluorolon 325, Impreglon 1704 PEEK, and PEEK/Ceramic/ PTFE blends were tested against 52100 hardened steel pins. Results showed lower friction coefficient and wear in the Fluorolon 325 case compared to the Impreglon 1704 PEEK and PEEK/Ceramic/PTFE coatings. These results are comparable with earlier studies using PTFE-based coatings [1].

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Timighe, P. S., A. T. Adeniyi, M. G. Omofoyewa, and A. Giwa. "Modelling and Simulation of a CO2 System as a Replacement for Propane in the Pre-Cool Loop of a Propane-Mixed Refrigerant Cycle." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/221605-ms.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract To fulfil the energy needs of the nations where it is regasified and delivered via pipelines, specialist tankers transport liquefied natural gas (LNG), a reliable and efficient energy source, across the sea. To improve efficiency and environmental acceptability, research is being done on substituting carbon dioxide for propane in the precool loop of the propane-precooled mixed refrigerant cycle. The primary goal of the research is to compare carbon dioxide and propane as refrigerants for the precooling loop of a propane-mixed refrigerant (C3-MR) cycle, which is utilised to liquefy natural gas, utilising Aspen HYSYS to design the plants. The performance of CO2 and propane were examined in this study using various process factors that were discovered through sensitivity analysis. The study determined both refrigerants’ coefficients of performance (COP), which show how well they cool while consuming less energy. In comparison to propane, which had a COP of 3.555, carbon dioxide showed a slightly higher COP of 3.728, indicating that it was more effective at transmitting heat under the given circumstances. The impact of variations in the precooling refrigerant pressure and molar flow rate on the compressor's duty for the carbon dioxide and propane precooling cycles was also examined in this study. Both refrigerants demanded more effort from the compressors as the molar flow rate was raised, but carbon dioxide fluctuated in compressor duty a little more than propane. In a similar vein, both refrigerants showed reduced compressor workload with increasing pressure, with carbon dioxide once more exhibiting somewhat greater compressor duty changes. Based on the data gathered, the study came to the conclusion that carbon dioxide, with its greater coefficient of performance, superior heat transfer efficiency, safety advantages, and less environmental impact, was the best refrigerant for the precooling loop in the C3-MR cycle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Refrigerants"

1

Kedzierski, Mark A., and Donggyu Kang. Horizontal convective boiling of R1234yf, R134a, and R450A within a micro-fin tube :. National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1966.

Full text

Abstract:

This report presents local convective boiling heat transfer and Fanning friction factor measurements in a micro-fin tube for R134a and two possible low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant replacements for R134a: R1234yf and R450A. Test section heating was achieved with water in either counterflow or in parallel flow with the test refrigerant to provide for a range of heat fluxes for each thermodynamic quality. An existing correlation from the literature for single and multi-component mixtures was shown to not satisfactorily predict the convective boiling measurements for flow qualities greater than 40 %. Accordingly, a new correlation was developed specifically for the test fluids of this study so that a fair comparison of the heat transfer performance of the low GWP refrigerants to that of R134a could be made. The new correlation was used to compare the heat transfer coefficient of the three test fluids at the same heat flux, saturated refrigerant temperature, and refrigerant mass flux. The resulting example comparison, for the same operating conditions, showed that the heat transfer coefficient of the multi-component R450A and the single-component R1234yf were, on average, 15 % less and 5 % less, respectively, than that of the single-component R134a. Friction factor measurements were also compared to predictions from an existing correlation. A new correlation for the friction factor was developed to provide a more accurate prediction. The measurements and the new models are important for the evaluation of potential low-GWP refrigerants replacements for R134a.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Johra, Hicham. Performance overview of caloric heat pumps: magnetocaloric, elastocaloric, electrocaloric and barocaloric systems. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau467469997.

Full text

Abstract:

Heat pumps are an excellent solution to supply heating and cooling for indoor space conditioning and domestic hot water production. Conventional heat pumps are typically electrically driven and operate with a vapour-compression thermodynamic cycle of refrigerant fluid to transfer heat from a cold source to a warmer sink. This mature technology is cost-effective and achieves appreciable coefficients of performance (COP). The heat pump market demand is driven up by the urge to improve the energy efficiency of building heating systems coupled with the increase of global cooling needs for air-conditioning. Unfortunately, the refrigerants used in current conventional heat pumps can have a large greenhouse or ozone-depletion effect. Alternative gaseous refrigerants have been identified but they present some issues regarding toxicity, flammability, explosivity, low energy efficiency or high cost. However, several non-vapour-compression heat pump technologies have been invented and could be promising alternatives to conventional systems, with potential for higher COP and without the aforementioned refrigerant drawbacks. Among those, the systems based on the so-called “caloric effects” of solid-state refrigerants are gaining large attention. These caloric effects are characterized by a phase transition varying entropy in the material, resulting in a large adiabatic temperature change. This phase transition is induced by a variation of a specific external field applied to the solid refrigerant. Therefore, the magnetocaloric, elastocaloric, electrocaloric and barocaloric effects are adiabatic temperature changes in specific materials when varying the magnetic field, uniaxial mechanical stress, electrical field or hydrostatic pressure, respectively. Heat pump cycle can be built from these caloric effects and several heating/cooling prototypes were developed and tested over the last few decades. Although not a mature technology yet, some of these caloric systems are well suited to become new efficient and sustainable solutions for indoor space conditioning and domestic hot water production. This technical report (and the paper to which this report is supplementary materials) aims to raise awareness in the building community about these innovative caloric systems. It sheds some light on the recent progress in that field and compares the performance of caloric systems with that of conventional vapour-compression heat pumps for building applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Zhaohui, Zhang, and Wang Ruonan. Climate-Safe Refrigerants. Asian Development Bank Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/cxbx8385.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Hamilton, L. J., M. A. Kedzierski, and M. P. Kaul. Horizontal convective boiling of refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures within a micro-fin tube. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7243.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Morrison, Graham. Application of a hard sphere equation of state to refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures. National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.tn.1226.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Pate, M. B., S. Zoz, and L. Berkenbosch. Materials compatibility and lubricants research on CFC-refrigerant substitute: Miscibility of lubricants with refrigerants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5187145.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

NMR Publicering. Information sheets on natural refrigerants. Nordisk Ministerråd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/na2014-908.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Starke, M. R. Potential Refrigerants for Power Electronics Cooling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/886015.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Doerr, R., and S. Kujak. Compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with motor materials. Volume 2, Effects of refrigerant exposures on motor materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10177149.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Pate, M. B., S. C. Zoz, and L. J. Berkenbosch. Miscibility of lubricants with refrigerants, Phase 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6445475.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!