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Journal articles on the topic 'Refrigerants'
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1
Rahul, V. Ikhar, and Farkade H.S. "Evaluation of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Using R407C and R507." International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT) 3, no. 4 (2017): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.439656.
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<em>The existing refrigerant requirements are, system performance should not be compromised, refrigerant and lubrication interaction should be as required, it should be energy efficient, environment friendly etc. After Montreal protocol, use of refrigerants like CFC and HCFC banned because of high ozone depleting potential (ODP).</em><em> So there is need to find out a refrigerant which is environment friendly, such as HFC refrigerants as working fluids in refrigeration and air conditioning systems and which can be used long term substitute for existing refrigerants. The most important qualification for refrigerants is low ozone depleting potential (ODP).</em> <em>HFC refrigerants have suitable specifications such as non-flammability, stability, and similar vapour pressure to the refrigerant CFCs and HCFCs and zero ozone depleting potential (ODP) . They are used in many applications with safety of the leakage from the system also with these refrigerants it was found that, there was no need to change in the design of the refrigeration system. So we can look forward to HFC refrigerants. R407C and R507 are HFC refrigerants which are under study.</em>
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Pandav, Prashant P., S. B. Lokhande, and Shivprakash B. Barve. "Ecofriendly Refrigerants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 612 (August 2014): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.612.181.
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The depletion of ozone layer and green house effects are worldwide problem. Refrigerants are part and source of depletion of ozone layer. As we using these Ecofriendly refrigerants then harm to ozone reduces. These are best option for recently running refrigerants. Eco-friendly refrigerant like hydroflurocarbons and hydrocarbons are replacing chlorofluorocarbons application.CFC is the most important member of CFC refrigerants. This paper, gives alternate to refrigerants that are causes ill effect on environment. Their performance with respect to recently used refrigerant compared. By this comparison benefits of Ecofriendly refrigerants discussed.
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Piyanut Saengsikhiao and Juntakan Taweekun. "Investigation and Analysis of R438A as an Alternative Refrigerant to R22 with Lower Global Warming Potential." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 95, no. 1 (2022): 164–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.95.1.164187.
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This research presents the R438A refrigerant that non-flammable refrigerant and develop for retrofit to R404A. The hydrofluorocarbons/hydrocarbon (HFCs/HCs) R463A (GWP=2,265) was zeotropic mixture of R125 (45%), R134a (44.2%), R32 (8.5%), R600 (1.7%) and R600a (0.6%). The R463A refrigerants is no frame propagation class A1 and lower toxicity and used polyol ester oil (POE). The results will investigation and analysis of the environmentally friendly refrigerant for R22 replacement. All refrigerant properties in this research were based on results from the REFPROP and CYCLE_D-HX software of NIST under CAN/ANSI/AHRI540. The results of this work show that HCs R170, R290, R600, R600a, R601, R601a, R1150 and R1270 can be mixed in HFCs R417A, R417B, R422A, R422B, R422C, R422D, R424A, R437A, R438A and R453A and able to be further developed in the future. All refrigerants are non-flammable refrigerants, non-toxic and zero ODP. The R438A mixed with HCs R600 (1.7%) and R601a (0.6%) and is the refrigerant cooling coefficient of performance close to that of R22 refrigerant. In conclusion, it can be used as an environmentally friendly and energy efficiency replacement for R22. The result of R438A normal boiling was lower than R404A 4% that high cooling capacity and zero ODP. All refrigerants are also refrigerants that are matched with the 4th generation refrigerants with the use of natural refrigerants.
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Ivana, Reza Taufiqi, Imron Musthofa, and Muhammad Rezki Fitri Putra. "ANALISA EFISIENSI LAJU PENDINGINAN REFRIGERAN R-32, R-134A, R410A, DAN LPG PADA SIMULATOR REFRIGERATOR." JTAM ROTARY 5, no. 2 (2023): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v5i1.8416.
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Efisiensi sistem refrigeran dengan fungsi sebagai fluida yang menyerap panas dalam sistem sehingga terjadi penurunan suhu melalui mekanisme evaporasi dan kondensasi. Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui refrigeran yang mempunyai dampak laju pendinginan terbaik dengan tingkat temperatur yang berbeda sehingga dapat diamati laju pendinginan dari refrigeran R-134a, R-32, R-410a, dan LPG. Dalam prakteknya menggunakan simulator pendingin sebagai media pembelajaran dalam menerapkan prinsip kerja mesin refrigerasi. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah dengan mengukur temperatur pada waktu 30 detik untuk pengambilan 1 data dan pengambilan data dilakukan selama 300 detik untuk menghasilkan 10 data pada tiap jenis refrigerant pada tekanan 10 Psi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan refrigerant jenis LPG memiliki tingkat penurunan temperatur paling rendah diantara jenis refrigerant yang lain. Hal ini dikarenakan kinerja LPG dengan ODP sama dengan nol dan nilai GWP rendah. Kesimpulannya sistem pendingin domestik dapat menggunakan refrigeran jenis LPG di untuk penurunan temperatur yang lebih rendah. Refrigerant system efficiency by functioning as a fluid that absorbs heat in the system resulting in a decrease in temperature through evaporation and condensation mechanisms. This experiment was conducted to find out which refrigerant has the best cooling rate effect at different temperature levels so that the cooling rates of R-134a, R-32, R-410a, and LPG refrigerants can be observed. In practice using a cooling simulator as a learning medium in applying the working principles of refrigeration machines. The research method used is to measure the temperature for 30 seconds for 1 data collection and 300 seconds for data collection to produce 10 data for each type of refrigerant at a pressure of 10 Psi. LPG type refrigerant has the lowest temperature drop among other refrigerant types. This is because the performance of LPG with ODP is equal to zero and GWP is low. In conclusion, domestic refrigeration systems can use LPG type refrigerants for lower temperature drops.
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KAGAWA, NOBORU. "FUTURE ASPECT OF REFRIGERANTS: CONSIDERING THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CYCLE PERFORMANCE." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, no. 02 (2012): 1230002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132512300029.
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Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipments (generally known as heat pumps) are very important for the civilized society. However, discharged refrigerants from heat pumps and exhausted carbon dioxide to drive heat pumps result in serious environmental problems. For this reason, fluorocarbon refrigerants are limited or regulated. To alleviate the problems, new refrigerants with lower GWP and higher cycle performance must be developed and used. In this paper, calculated thermophysical properties of hydrofluoroolefin refrigerants using databases are evaluated with experimental data. Then, the fundamental cycle performance of air conditioning by using major refrigerants is studied based on their thermophysical properties. The results show that there is no adequate refrigerant for air conditioning applications. Heat pumps with new refrigerants including refrigerant mixtures must be developed as fast as possible. It leads to that HFC refrigerants must be used taking care until the new refrigerants will be available.
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Sharma, Vishaldeep, Brian Fricke, Praveen Cheekatamarla, Omar Abdelaziz, and Van Baxter. "Refrigerants for a Sustainable Future." Encyclopedia 5, no. 1 (2025): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010005.
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Worldwide use of high global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants for space conditioning and food storage results in significant equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This is further exacerbated in developed countries by the current transition from hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants to HFC refrigerants. Under the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the proposed phase-out of currently used HFC and HCFC refrigerants has initiated a re-evaluation of some pre-existing refrigerants as well as the development and evaluation of new refrigerants. Making the ideal refrigerant selections for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) applications is thereby difficult in an already overabundant refrigerants market. In this paper, a study of key parameters required of a good refrigerant is conducted, followed by the analysis of refrigerants desired and refrigerants used in two major sectors of the HVAC&R industry, namely commercial refrigeration and residential air-conditioning and heat pumps. Finally, keeping in consideration the global environmental regulations and safety standards, a recommendation of the most suitable refrigerants in both sectors has been made.
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Rilwan, Omogbolahan Anjorin*1 Sheyin Israel Amos2 &. Sunday Kanshio3. "EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANT FOR A 255000 KCAL/HR, 130KW VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM FOR PROPYLENE PURIFICATION PROCESS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 7 (2018): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1305832.
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Common refrigerants such as CFCs and HCFCs have unfavorable environmental impacts and this has brought about concerns and regulations prohibiting their production and use as refrigerants by the year 2030. The 255000 kCal/h, 130 kW capacity refrigerating system uses R-22 refrigerant which is of the HCFCs’ family, hence, the need for alternative refrigerant because of the negative environmental impacts of this family of refrigerants. Natural refrigerants such as hydrocarbons and their mix in various ratios are currently being investigated to replace CFC and HCFC based solvents. In this study, propane (R-290), propylene (R-1270), ammonia (R-717) and ethane (R-170) were evaluated as alternative refrigerants for the <strong>255000</strong> <strong>kCal/h </strong>Freon (R-22) refrigerating system through modelling and simulation using Aspen Hysys V8.0. Combining energy efficiency, economics, environmental and safety criteria, propane was favoured amongst the studied refrigerants as the choice alternative refrigerant to replace R-22 even though there is need to also replace the existing compressor with a propane compressor because of the extra power of 79.6 kW required to compress propane.
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MIYARA, AKIO, YOJI ONAKA, and SHIGERU KOYAMA. "WAYS OF NEXT GENERATION REFRIGERANTS AND HEAT PUMP/REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, no. 01 (2012): 1130002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132511300023.
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Since measures of the global warming are becoming urgent issues, various technical innovations and social system reformations are being promoted. In the engineering fields of heating, refrigerating, and air-conditioning, the global warming caused by the refrigerants is a big problem that must be solved. At the present stage, however, there are no perfect solutions for next generation refrigerants and heat pump/refrigeration systems by which the global warming is successfully prevented. Therefore, we have to search possible ways to the next generation. In this paper, important four ways which are (1) natural refrigerants, (2) low GWP synthetic refrigerants, (3) refrigerant management, and (4) refrigerant mixtures are introduced. For the refrigerant mixture which are CO2 /DME and HFO-1234ze(E)/HFC-32, cycle simulations have been conducted under different operation modes. COP of the mixtures has a maximum at certain concentration and they are higher than those of conventional refrigerants. From a drop-in test of HFO-1234ze(E)/HFC-32, feasibility of the refrigerant mixture has been proved.
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Bilal, Mohammed* Ganpat Lal Rakesh. "REVIEW OF REFRIGERANT FLOW IN ADIABATIC CAPILLARY TUBE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 6 (2017): 515–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.817897.
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After study of many literatures gives the knowledge of flow of characteristics of refrigerant through capillary tube as well as to know about the working fluids for refrigeration system. In present study, the many household refrigerators used a different type of refrigerants as per as their characteristic, the R600a refrigerant have been discussed. In study of many literatures it is concluded that the capillary tube used in refrigerator for refrigerant flow has been suitable for helix coiled tube. Also it is concluded that R600a refrigeratnt is low GWP and low flammable refrigerant, so application of this of refrigerant is suitable for replacing R12, R22 and R134a.
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Siddiqui, M. U., Amro Owes, F. G. Al-Amri, and Farooq Saeed. "Recent Developments in the Search for Alternative Low-Global-Warming-Potential Refrigerants: A Review." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, no. 03 (2020): 2030004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520300049.
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Conventionally, the CFC-type refrigerants were used until Montreal Protocol which stated that CFC refrigerants cause ozone depletion and should be replaced with alternative refrigerants. The alternative refrigerants are safe for ozone but they have comparatively high flammability, toxicity and global warming potential. Thus they need careful handling. In Kyoto Protocol, it was stated that the currently used refrigerants with high global warming potential need to be replaced with yet other alternative refrigerants with low global warming potential. This paper comprehensively reviews those recent studies that focused on the possible replacement of currently in-use refrigerant with a comparatively more environmental-friendly alternative refrigerant. Initially, the progression of refrigerants through different generations has been described and discussed. A list of currently in-use refrigerants has been presented. Then, the scientific developments for the replacement of listed refrigerants are thoroughly reviewed and critically analyzed. From the comprehensive review, it was found that R1234yf has the most potential to be a suitable low-flammable replacement for R134a for domestic refrigeration and automotive air-conditioning systems. Also, R32 has the most potential to be a suitable alternative of R410A.
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Eltyshev, I. P., S. N. Kopylov, N. V. Golov, and I. R. Begishev. "On Potential Fire Hazard of Use of Environmentally Friendly Refrigerants in Refrigeration Equipment." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 2 (February 2024): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2024-2-24-29.
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Today, the most common domestic electric equipment is a household refrigerator. The use of flammable substances as refrigerants for refrigerators can lead to severe consequences. As the production of hydrofluorocarbon class refrigerants for refrigeration equipment was restricted by the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol, refrigeration technologies have been transferred from using hydrofluorocarbon class refrigerants to natural refrigerants (propane, butane, isobutane). The replacement of hydrofluorocarbon class refrigerants with natural refrigerants is already noticeable since in many cases isobutane (R-600a) is used as a refrigerant for refrigeration equipment. Isobutane is a combustible substance with a wide explosion limit (1.8–9.5 % vol.); hence, it is classified as an A2 refrigerant class of hazard (combustible substances). As R-600a is classified as an A2 class of fire hazard, its use in refrigeration technologies is limited with the refrigerant mass; therefore, the use of R-600a for refrigeration equipment is considered safe. According to international and Russian data, however, some accidents involving the use of flammable refrigerants in refrigeration equipment were registered. In the US, two explosions of serviceable household refrigerators were registered; in the Russian Federation, one explosion of refrigeration equipment during repair jobs was registered. According to the parameters of refrigeration equipment explosion, R-600а was used as a refrigerant. This study provides a calculation of excess pressure of explosion in case of leakage of R-600a from a refrigerator in the volume of a living accommodation (kitchen) in order to estimate the fire safety of combustible refrigerants. Based on the results of calculations, it has been concluded that the existing norms of the use of combustible refrigerants are insufficient and cannot ensure fire-explosion and fire safety for a person and refrigeration equipment.
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Parkash, Jai, Sanjeev Saini, Ankush Kohli, and Balkar Singh. "Comparative Analysis of Thermohydraulic Properties of Nano-Refrigerants." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.12 (2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.12.20988.
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The nano-particles achieved the focus of the researchers in the field of refrigeration, due to its capability to change the properties of refrigerants upto a large extent. Nanofluids based on refrigerant is known as nano refrigerants and provided an improvement in thermophysical properties of various refrigerants in different terms. Different theoretical and experimental models are provided by the researchers have been used for the evaluation of different properties of refrigerant in terms of thermal conductivity, density, specific heat and viscosity of the refrigerants. In this effort, a number of models, and correlations have been used to result in the improvement in these properties of nano refrigerants. This is achieved by the addition of nanoparticles with varying volume concentration of 1% to 5 %. The analyses have been made within a temperature range of 190K- 269K at a constant pressure of 0.3 MPa. The study is elaborated to compare the various refrigerants which are R11, R12, R22, R134a and R141b with the addition of different nano-particles which are TiO2, Al2O3, ZnO and CuO at evaporator conditions. The addition of ZnO has given a good impact on the thermal conductivity of refrigerants. Effective viscosity of nano refrigerants depends upon the viscosity of refrigerants and volumetric concentration of nano-sized particles. Specific Heat shows the negative variation with the addition of nanoparticles but increased with the rise in temperature. The density of nano refrigerants depends upon the density of base refrigerant, Density of nanoparticles, volumetric concentration of nanoparticles. In future, the study can be elaborated in terms of compressor work, power consumption and overall performance of refrigeration system.
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Ishchenko, Vitalii. "Waste Refrigerants Flows: A Case Study of Domestic Refrigeration in Ukraine." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 81, no. 1 (2025): 66–75. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.81.1.37057.
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Industrialization and advancement of living standards are increased rapidly driving the refrigerants market. In many countries, old-type refrigerants (including those not accepted in new equipment) are still in wide use. For domestic refrigeration, R134a and R600a are mainly used, their share is around 26% of total refrigerants amount. The purpose of this research is to assess the recovery potential and contribution of refrigerants to global warming through the calculation of their residual volumes in old equipment using household fridges as a case study. A comprehensive analysis of old household fridges in Ukraine was conducted: 42 household fridges (in use) were studied. Apart of R600a and R134a refrigerants as the most widely used, some very old household fridges contain R12 refrigerant. Generally, refrigerant content ranges from 0.032 to 0.175 kg per item with average value 0.075 kg. The average R134a content is higher comparing to R600a: 0.115 and 0.058 kg per item, respectively. The residual weight of R134a and R600a refrigerants in one fridge was estimated at 0.058 and 0.029 kg, respectively. Taking into account the number of waste household fridges, the average annual amount of residual R600a refrigerant is higher (1.4 tonnes) comparing to R134a (about 1 tonne). Total refrigerant recovery potential for domestic refrigeration was estimated at 2 tonnes per year (counting 80% recycling rate). Due to the lack of separate collection of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Ukraine, both the residual refrigerant and its loss contribute to greenhouse gas emission, which was estimated at about 2652 tonnes of CO2-equivalent/year with R134a refrigerant as the main contributor. This data can be used for improvement of waste household fridges and residual refrigerant management.
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Shen, Xueming, Xiumin Feng, Enyuan Gao, and Zhongbin Zhang. "Measures to expand the application range of ammonia refrigerant." E3S Web of Conferences 385 (2023): 03030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338503030.
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To cope with the climate issue, China has clearly stated the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Most of the refrigerants currently used are HCFCs and HFCs refrigerants. These refrigerants have high COP and GWP values and can cause a severe impact on the environment. Ammonia refrigerant is an environmentally friendly natural refrigerant, ODP and COP value are zero, and the cost is low, with significant environmental and operational advantages, large unit cooling capacity, moderate condensing temperature, good thermal conductivity, suitable for refrigerator and cold storage refrigeration, but at the same time ammonia is a toxic gas with a strong pungent odor. Studying measures to expand the application range of ammonia refrigerants is conducive to correctly understanding and using ammonia refrigerants and giving full play to the refrigeration potential of ammonia refrigerants. Promoting the utilization of ammonia, a clean energy, and achieve the purpose of environmental protection.
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Yan, Fei, Qiang Wang, Shucheng Ou, Ruiqiang Zhang, and Guoqiang Wang. "Molecular simulation study for adsorption and thermal energy storage analysis of refrigerants (R170, R161, R152a, and R143a) mixed with UIO-67 nanoparticles." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 30 (2020): 2050334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920503340.
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Generally, with the help of adding solid materials, the thermophysical behaviors of refrigerant can be modified. In this work, four kinds of organic refrigerants (i.e. ethane R170, 1-fluoroethane R161, 1,1-difluoroethane R152a, and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane R143a) mixed with metal–organic framework UIO-67 nanoparticles are selected as the objects, their thermodynamic energy, adsorption, desorption heat, and energy storage properties are investigated by means of molecular simulations and thermodynamic calculations. The simulation method and calculation details are elaborated. The results illustrate that the relationship between the change of thermodynamic energy and the temperature is linear, and the adsorption of refrigerants in UIO-67 can be reinforced owing to the fluorine atom in the refrigerants. However, R170, the fluorine-free refrigerant, has greater enthalpy variation of desorption than the other three refrigerants containing fluorine atom under some pressures. The thermal energy storage capacity of the refrigerant/UIO-67 mixture is greater than that of the pure refrigerant at low pressure. Meantime, as the refrigerant undergoes phase transition, the weakened improvement of the energy storage property of the refrigerant/UIO-67 mixture is found in some cases. This work can not only enrich the content of researches about metal–organic heat carrier nanofluids (MOHCs), but also provide guidance for the performance improvement and practical application of organic refrigerants.
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Subir, Lucianus Handri Gunanto, Bustani, Rizky Aprylianto Susilo, and Agustono. "ANALISIS UNJUK KERJA AIR CONDITIONING (AC) SPLIT 2 PAARDE KRACHT (PK) MENGGUNAKAN REFRIGERANT 22 DENGAN MUSICOOL 22 TERHADAP KONSUMSI LISTRIK." J-ENSITEC 11, no. 01 (2024): 10137–46. https://doi.org/10.31949/jensitec.v11i01.11869.
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The total use of electrical energy in a building or structure, one of them is the use of an air conditioning (AC) system. There are still many uses of air conditioning (AC) systems based on halocarbon refrigerants (R-22) in a building or structure. Refrigerant 22 is a type of halocarbon refrigerant that is widely used in Split ACs. The author conducted research on an LG 2 PK AC by replacing the refrigerant which was still based on Refrigerant 22 with the hydrocarbon refrigerant Musicool 22, then the data results were analyzed to determine the performance of the AC. From the results of the refrigerant retrofitting carried out on March 1, 2022, it was 1,715 Watts. After replacing the refrigerant type from refrigerant 22 to Musicool 22 refrigerant, the electric current dropped to 1,305 Watts in April 2022, 1,352 Watts in May 2022 and 1,346 Watts in June. so that the electrical power efficiency was obtained by 369 Watts and the percentage of electrical power savings was 21.51% compared to March 2022. An alternative to replace halocarbon-based refrigerants in the Split air conditioning (AC) system is hydrocarbon refrigerants, this is a solution in terms of using more environmentally friendly refrigerants and a small global warming effect.
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Wolf, Martin, Adam Meier, Bridget Nyland, Sejong Youn, and Wendy Jacobs. "Institutions and Governments Can Slow Climate Change by Regulating and Reducing Halocarbon Refrigerant Use." MIT Science Policy Review 1 (August 20, 2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.38105/spr.575mrlgdjw.
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Halocarbon refrigerant emissions are the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions around the globe. The continued use of these refrigerants poses serious environmental threats. In the absence of strong federal regulation on halocarbon use, state and local governments and institutions can commit to reducing halocarbon refrigerant emissions. Here, we outline policies that governments and users of these refrigerants can adopt to minimize their emissions. These policies include cataloging and maintaining their climate control equipment and committing to alternative refrigerants with lesser environmental impacts.
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ALKAN, Alpaslan. "Theoretical comparison analysis of R134a, R1234yf, R452A and R454C refrigerants used in automobile, trailer and commercial and industrial cooling systems." European Mechanical Science 8, no. 1 (2024): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26701/ems.1437841.
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The increasing environmental disasters in recent years are caused by the release of artificial substances into the environment. The majority of artificial-containing emissions originate from petrochemical products. It also contributes to artificially containing refrigerants used in cooling systems. Artificial refrigerants have contributed greatly to the depletion of the ozone layer and subsequently to global warming. Research on new refrigerants as an alternative to refrigerants that contribute to every environmental disaster is of great importance. In this study, theoretical performance comparisons were made between R1234yf, which is an alternative to R134a refrigerant used in automobile air conditioning systems, and R452A, R454C refrigerants, which are used as alternative refrigerants in industrial, commercial and trailer cooling systems. Performance analyses were carried out according to different condenser and evaporator temperatures. Analysis results are given depending on condenser/evaporator pressure ratio, mass flow rate, compressor power, cooling effect coefficient (COP) and compressor outlet temperature. According to the study results, it was observed that the COP value increased with the increase in evaporator temperature, while the compressor inlet-outlet pressure ratio, refrigerant flow rate, compressor power and refrigerant compressor outlet temperature decreased. It was observed that the refrigerant with the highest compressor power and mass flow rate was R452A, followed by R1234yf, R454C and R134a, respectively. R134a was found to have an average of approximately 5.4%, 8.6% and 0.6% higher COP than R1234yf, R452A and R454C, respectively.
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Vali Shaik, Sharmas, and TP Ashok Babu. "Theoretical energy performance assessment and environmental impact of various new ozone-friendly refrigerants used in residential air conditioners." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 4 (2020): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920928260.
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This study focuses on energy performance investigation and environmental impact analysis of various new ecofriendly refrigerant blends as alternatives to high global warming potential refrigerant R22 theoretically. In this study, 23 refrigerants were considered at various composition. The present work considered the practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle for the performance assessment of various R22 alternatives. Essential studies such as toxicity, flammability, and total equivalent warming index of various novel refrigerants were also conducted in this study. Results obtained from practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle revealed that the energy efficiency ratio of refrigerants such as R1270 (2.860) and RB03 (R290/R152a of 60/40 in mass %) (2.854) was closer to the energy efficiency ratio of R22 (2.940). Volumetric refrigeration capacity (VRC) of R1270 (3293 kJ/m3) was similar to that of R22 (3297 kJ/m3) whereas VRC of RB03 (2908 kJ/m3) was almost similar to that of R407C (2925 kJ/m3) which was an alternative to R22. Compressor discharge temperature of RB03 was 15.78 ℃ lower when compared to R22. Flammability study revealed that all the new refrigerant blends (RB01 to RB04) were classified into weakly flammable (A2) and flammable (A3) category refrigerants whereas toxicity study revealed that all the investigated refrigerants were classified into non-toxic group (A). Refrigerant blend RB03 was less flammable compared to R1270. Total equivalent warming index analysis revealed that the environmental impact of R422A was 27.88% higher than R22 whereas RB03 has 4.97% lower environmental impact compared to R22. Overall, performance of refrigerant blend RB03 was better compared to 23 investigated refrigerants and it was very nearer to the performance of R22 and hence, it could be considered as an ecofriendly alternative to replace high global warming potential refrigerant R22 used in air conditioners.
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Wang, Qiang, Zhengyong Huang, Shucheng Ou, and Ruiqiang Zhang. "The Energy Storage Properties of Refrigerants (R170, R134a, R143a, and R152a) in Mof-5 Nanoparticles: A Molecular Simulation Approach." Materials 12, no. 21 (2019): 3577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213577.
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The thermophysical properties of refrigerant can be modified via adding solid materials to it. In this paper, molecular simulations and thermodynamic calculations were employed to investigate the adsorption and energy storage of ethane (R170), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R143a), and 1,1-difluoroethane (R152a) in metal organic framework (MOF)-5 nanoparticles. The results show that the fluorine atom in the refrigerants will strengthen the adsorption of refrigerants in MOF-5. However, the fluorine-free refrigerant, R170, owns larger enthalpy difference of desorption than the other refrigerants with fluorine under high pressure. The thermal energy storage capacity of the refrigerant/MOF-5 mixture is larger than that of the pure refrigerant at low pressure. Also, the negative enhancement of the energy storage property of the mixture is found in some cases when the refrigerant experiences phase transition.
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Soujoudi, Ray, and Randall Manteufel. "Thermodynamic performance of ammonia in liquefied natural gas precooling cycle." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201227072s.
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The selection of proper refrigerants for natural gas liquefaction processes play a key role in cycle?s efficiency. Mixed refrigerants have been proven to improve cycle?s exergy efficiency over single pure refrigerant. However, the future of some of these refrigerants with higher global warming potential index (GWPI) are unknown due to the continuous restriction being enforced by the energy and environmental agencies over the past few decades. This study examines the benefits and drawbacks of mixing ammonia, a refrigerant with zero GWPI and a high occupational safety characteristic, with lighter hydrocarbon refrigerants such as methane and ethane as a mixed refrigerant in a natural gas liquefaction?s precooling cycle. Results showed, presence of ammonia in mixed refrigerant not only saved in capital cost due to the smaller footprint of plant and smaller cold box, it also lowers the plants precooling operation expense by reducing the required compression power needed for the precooling cycle up to 16.2%. The results of exergy analyses showed that by reducing the molar concentration of more pollutant refrigerant methane and replacing it with ammonia enhanced the cycle?s efficiency by 4.3% and lowered the heat exchanger total exergy loss up to 47.9 [kW.kgLNG-1].
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Khambali, Listiyono, and Vinan Viyus. "PENGARUH REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN HALOKARBON DAN HIDROKARBON TERHADAP TEMPERATUR EVAPORATOR." Jurnal Teknik Ilmu Dan Aplikasi 9, no. 2 (2021): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtia.v9i2.25.
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 Hydrocarbon refrigerant is a type of environmentally friendly refrigerant but it has disadvantages compared to halocarbon refrigerant which is flammable. The purpose of mixing hydrocarbon refrigerants with halocarbons in the study was to determine the effect of the percentage of the refrigerant mixture on the temperature of the evaporator and reduce its flameability. The percentage of the mass of the mixed refrigerant mixture that is loaded and time is used as the independent variable, the evaporator temperature as the dependent variable. So the relationship between time and evaporator temperature will be known for each percentage of the mass of the refrigerant mixture. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi campuran massa refrigeran hidrokarbon dengan halocarbon berpengaruh terhadap laju perubahan temperatur evaporator. Persentase hidrokarbon dalam campuaran refrigeran HC-HCFC semakin besar dapat meningkatkan laju penurunan temperatur pada evaporator. Semakin besar persentase hidrokarbon dapat menghasilkan pencapaian temperatur semakin rendah pada evaporator.
 
 
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Wang, Haiying, Yue Wang, Hong Mi, Jianbin Zang, and Shuangshuang Wang. "Analysis of Carbon Emission Energy Inventory from Refrigerant Production and Recycling Carbon Compensation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010001.
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At present, the massive emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides and other greenhouse gases caused by human activities have caused more and more serious negative effects on global climate change. In order to cope with global warming and achieve sustainable development, achieve “carbon neutrality” as soon as possible. In the refrigeration industry, it is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to refrigerants, including the production, use, and recycling of refrigerants. This paper has carried out the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions during the refrigerant preparation process, and compared and analyzed the emission reductions of refrigerant recycling and reuse; the research based on the energy consumption of the refrigerant production process uses the greenhouse gas emission inventory analysis method to Taking refrigerant R134a as an example, the carbon emission accounting boundary of the production process is set, the emission source is determined, the emission is calculated based on the emission factor method, and the emission inventory is established; the carbon offset effect of the recycling and reuse of the refrigerant is analyzed. The research results show that if the entire refrigerant industry fully recycles waste refrigerants, it can reduce carbon emissions by about 29.7% compared to just producing new refrigerants.
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Pandey, Sumit Kumar, and Dr Arun Kumar. "COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON PERFORMANCE OF NANO REFRIGERANTS USED IN MULTI-EVAPORATOR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM." Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 31, no. 1 (2024): 010270(1–17). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2024-01-e01393.
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Environmental concern is the major issue faced in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. The performance of a refrigeration system can be altered through altering the system or changing the properties of working fluids such as refrigerants. Traditionally, CFC is widely used as a refrigerant in refrigeration systems. But this CFC refrigerant has high ODP and GWP value. So, other refrigerants such as HCFC and HFC is developed as an alternative to CFC refrigerant. However, this refrigerant also haVE high GWP values. So, the researchers are focused on designing an effective-refrigerant that reduce the emission due to usage of reduced power consumption. Recently, the use of Nanoparticles had gained attention in many engineering fields due to its excellent properties. This review article summarizes the use of different nanorefrigerant in the refrigerant system along with its performance. Initially, this article covers the use of traditional refrigerants Such as CFC. After that, the use of conventional refrigerants such as HCFC and HFC as a substituent for CFC is displayed. After that integration of Nanoparticles along with conventional refrigerant for performance-improvement is studied. Following that various Nanoparticles such as TiO2, SiO2 and CuO dispersed along with conventional refrigerant are also studied. The analysis is done through evaluating the performance of nanorefrigerant based on COP and Power consumption. Analysis showed that the application of Nanoparticles along with refrigerant attains better performance in comparison with conventional refrigerant. Ultimately, the difficulties and possibilities for further study are highlighted, which will be helpful for the field's newcomers and manufacturers.
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Duarte, M. V., L. C. Pires, P. D. Silva, and P. D. Gaspar. "Experimental comparison between R409A and R437A performance in a heat pump unit." Open Engineering 7, no. 1 (2017): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0011.
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AbstractThis paper reports an experimental comparison between the use of the refrigerants R409A and R437A in a heat pump unit designed and developed to work with R12. Although the use of both refrigerants in new equipments were abolished in EU and US according the new F-Gas Regulation of EU and SNAP, they still being used as options for R12 in old equipments, especially in developing countries. Both refrigerants were studied for the same test conditions, according to two groups of tests: group A (variation of the heat source temperature) and group B (variation of refrigerant flow rate). The results obtained showed that the R437A presents a higher discharge pressure and a lower discharge temperature. The heating and cooling capacities of both refrigerants were similar, as well as the exergetic efficiency. For the group A of tests the COP of both refrigerants was similar and for the group B of tests the R409A presented an average COP 15% higher. According to the results obtained it is recommended the use of R409A in old equipments (as transition refrigerant) until the acquisition of equipments operating with refrigerants with low-GWP becomes technically and economic feasible.
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Tyurikova, E. P., M. A. Kustikova, A. S. Maiurova, E. A. Bykovskaia, and I. V. Timofeeva. "Research of the features of measuring ozone-depleting substances." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 866, no. 1 (2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/866/1/012028.
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Abstract Monitoring of ozone-depleting substances takes place in global climate policy. To ensure accounting of used and transported ozone-depleting substances, it is necessary to develop high spectral identification systems. Multicomponent refrigerants with a high ozone-depleting potential and a potential for global warming are considered as ozone-depleting substances. The features of refrigerants as objects of research are described. Based on the characteristics of refrigerants, such identification methods as chromatography-mass spectrometry, absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were reviewed. Comparative analysis of refrigerant identification methods has been performed. According to the results of the data obtained in the analysis of refrigerants, the Raman spectroscopy method was chosen as the most selective one. The block-diagram for the identification system for ozone-depleting substances was proposed and experimental studies of the refrigerant R-22 were carried out.
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Uddin, Kutub, and Bidyut Baran Saha. "An Overview of Environment-Friendly Refrigerants for Domestic Air Conditioning Applications." Energies 15, no. 21 (2022): 8082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218082.
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Low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants for the next-generation air conditioning systems have been investigated with target domestic applications. High-GWP refrigerants are mostly used in climate control applications such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigeration systems. The majority of refrigerants are responsible for significant environmental issues such as ozone layer depletion and global warming. The Montreal Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol have been implemented to address such issues. In the meantime, authorities in many countries have taken the initiative to phase out the usage of environmentally harmful refrigerants in vapor compression refrigeration systems. Following the global warming mitigation scheme by many signatory countries, research interest has been focused on finding alternative refrigerants with low or ultra-low GWP. This study considered the research trend and development of low-GWP refrigerants while examining system performance, safety issues, and the equivalent environmental impact as the critical assessment parameters. Here, the focus is primarily set on the potential of refrigerant blends (HFCs + HFOs) where the GWP value of 300 is set as the threshold value. Targeted for domestic heat pump systems, the performance of such systems using various refrigerant blends is collated and discussed. Many blends offer innovative drop-in replacements for R410A-conforming F-gas regulations. The technical difficulties and realistic remedies for the existing refrigerants are also discussed.
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Huang, Shengzhong, Hui Zhang, and Conghui Li. "Research Progress and Prospects of Refrigerant Replacement Under the Background of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction: A Visualization Analysis of the CiteSpace Map." Sustainability 17, no. 5 (2025): 2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052199.
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As global environmental consciousness continues to expand, the issue of refrigerant alternatives has increasingly become a focal point for scholarly attention. Using CiteSpace visualization technology, a comprehensive and innovative research framework for refrigerant alternatives has been developed. This framework systematically organizes and analyzes not only the volume of publications related to refrigerant alternatives but also the collaborative relationships among authors and research institutions. By employing keyword co-occurrence maps, clustering diagrams, and timeline charts, an in-depth analysis of the academic literature on refrigerant alternatives has been performed, elucidating the core research themes, evolutionary trajectories, and emerging trends in this field. Research indicates an exponential increase in the number of studies on refrigerant alternatives; however, there is insufficient collaboration and communication among researchers and institutions. Key research hotspots in this field encompass the organic Rankine cycle, vapor-liquid equilibria, pressure drop characteristics, vapor compression refrigeration systems, exergy analysis, alternative refrigerants, and performance evaluation of carbon dioxide systems. In future research, the performance of various low GWP refrigerants in refrigeration cycle systems will continue to be a focal point. To address diverse application requirements, developing blended refrigerants represents a pragmatic technical approach. From a sustainability standpoint, natural refrigerants are anticipated to emerge as the ultimate alternative, with the technical challenges associated with their application constituting a critical area for future investigation.
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Serevina, Vina, Sumeru, Azhar Abdul Aziz, and Henry Nasution. "Performance Comparison of Automotive Air Conditioner Using Various Refrigerants." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.561.
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Working fluid of R134a is widely used as a refrigerant in automotive air conditioner. This refrigerant has a good performance on the automotive air conditioner. However, because R134a still has a high global warming potential, this refrigerant must be reduced and replaced by environmentally friendly refrigerants. Hydrocarbons of R600a, R290 and their mixtures are widely used as substitute refrigerant. These refrigerants are natural fluids, no effect on the climate, inexpensive and readily available. There are three performances will be discussed in the present study, namely COP, mass flow rate and compression ratio. The present study investigates the effect of three refrigerants, i.e. R134a, R600a and R290 on the performance of automotive air conditioner. The results show that the COP of R600a is higher than those R134a and R290. For the same cooling capacity, the mass flow rate of R600a is approximately 50% of R134a for all ambient temperatures. In addition, the compression ratio of R600a is lower than that of R134a.
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Abdulqadir, Ibrahim F., Badran M. Salim, and Omar Shamdeen. "Performance Investigation of refrigerant R-407C as a Replacement to refrigerant R22 in Window Air Conditioner Unit." Journal of Civil Engineering Frontiers 1, no. 2 (2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.38094/jocef1218.
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The present work deal with the experimental study to retrofit the refrigerant R407c with the refrigerant R22 in the air conditioning unit at an ambient temperature range between 30-45°C. The main component of the experimental rig includes a window air conditioner with a refrigeration capacity of 2 Ton refrigeration that used refrigerant R22 as a working fluid in the experimental work. The refrigerant R22 is replaced with refrigerant R407C due to similar operation properties for the two refrigerants. The experimental results displayed the refrigeration effect and coefficient of performance COP of the R22 system are high as with those of the R407C system. The falls in the evaporator and condenser for the R407C system is lower than that of the R22 system. The temperature of discharge in the compressor for the system of refrigerant R22 is greater than that of the R407C system. Moreover, condensation temperature along the tube of the condenser is decreased with the increase of the distance for both refrigerants. The refrigerant R407C may be selected as a good alternate for R22 with an agreement difference in the two refrigerants’ performance. The system did not require replacement for any part of the AC unit.
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Souayeh, Basma, Suvanjan Bhattacharyya, Najib Hdhiri, and Mir Waqas Alam. "Selection of Best Suitable Eco-Friendly Refrigerants for HVAC Sector and Renewable Energy Devices." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (2022): 11663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811663.
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This paper investigates the selection of the best suitable eco-friendly organic and in-organic refrigerants for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and renewable energy devices. Inorganic and organic refrigerants are used to cool renewable energy devices, such as solar cells, photovoltaics, and electronic devices. Owing to the renewable energy community’s importance, development in this area has rapidly improved over the past few years. R134a, R404, and R717 have become the most used refrigerants in the HVAC sector and supermarkets across the globe for both cooling and frozen food refrigeration. R134a and R404A have two significant drawbacks: (a) they do not attain optimal energy efficiency in many applications, and (b) they have a large global warming potential (GWP). Hence, optimization experiments were performed to select low global potential refrigerants for replacing R134a and R404A from the HVAC sector and supermarkets using multi-criteria making (MCDN) tools. The techniques used for investigation involved (i) the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), (ii) evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS), and (iii) multi-objective optimization based on ratio analysis (MOORA). The assessment criteria of optimization involved (i) thermo–physical properties of refrigerants, (ii) environmental aspects of refrigerants, and (iii) economic status of refrigerants. Out of 27 refrigerants chosen for the study, R290 (PROPANE) aced the selection by all the three techniques, i.e., TOPSIS, EDAS, and MOORA, with assessment scores of 0.6056, 0.6761, and 0.466, respectively. R41 (FLUOROMETHANE) is the least preferred refrigerant by EDAS (assessment score—0.3967) and MOORA, while R407C is the least preferred by TOPSIS (assessment value—0.5123). The likelihood of making a bad refrigerant decision may be reduced by the effective evaluation of the MCDM analysis. In conclusion, the suggested MCDM technique provides a practical tool and systematic way for reducing the number of options and may be utilized to identify the ideal refrigerant.
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Życzkowski, Piotr, Marek Borowski, Rafał Łuczak, Zbigniew Kuczera, and Bogusław Ptaszyński. "Functional Equations for Calculating the Properties of Low-GWP R1234ze(E) Refrigerant." Energies 13, no. 12 (2020): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123052.
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Legal requirements for the use of refrigerants increasingly restrict the use of high-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. As a result, there is a growing interest in natural refrigerants and in those belonging to the hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) class, which can be used on their own or in mixtures. One of them is the R1234ze(E) refrigerant, an alternative to the R134a refrigerant as well as being a component of numerous mixtures. The knowledge of thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants is required for the analysis and calculation of refrigeration cycles in refrigeration, air conditioning, or heating systems. The paper presents analytical equations for calculating the properties of the R1234ze(E) refrigerant in the state of saturation and in the subcooled liquid and superheated vapour regions that do not require numerical calculations and are characterised by small deviations. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm—one of the methods for non-linear least squares estimation—was used to develop them. A total of 26 equations were formulated. The formulated equations were statistically verified by determining absolute and relative deviations between the values obtained from CoolProp software and calculated values. The maximum relative deviation was not higher than 1% in any of them.
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Prasad, Uma Shankar, Radhey Shyam Mishra, Ranadip Kumar Das, and Hargovind Soni. "Experimental and Simulation Study of the Latest HFC/HFO and Blend of Refrigerants in Vapour Compression Refrigeration System as an Alternative of R134a." Processes 11, no. 3 (2023): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030814.
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Experimental and simulation investigation of the performance and characteristics of different refrigerants and blends of refrigerants is carried out to replace the existing refrigerant R134a for a vapour compression refrigeration system. The performance of VCRS systems was improved by several researchers by introducing the concept of mixing the family of refrigerants with low GWP in the working circuit. This research paper presents the performance results of different refrigerants and blends of refrigerants that can replace the R134a it is also an attempt to cover the mechanism and possible combination of different blends of refrigerants to improve the effectiveness as well as efficiency of the refrigeration system. Detailed analysis of different parameters of heat transfer and predictions of low-GWP refrigerants, including the HFO (hydro fluoro-olefin) class and the HC (hydrocarbon) class through energy and exergy analysis of commercial refrigerants such as R134a is performed. Results are obtained by using an experimental test rig and the input parameters of the experiments are kept the same with the simulation software (CYCLE_D-HX 2.0) and validated with the results to replace R134a.
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Nguyen, Van Vu, Szabolcs Varga, and Vaclav Dvorak. "HFO1234ze(e) As an Alternative Refrigerant for Ejector Cooling Technology." Energies 12, no. 21 (2019): 4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214045.
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The paper presented a mathematical assessment of selected refrigerants for the ejector cooling purpose. R1234ze(e) and R1234yf are the well-known refrigerants of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), the fourth-generation halocarbon refrigerants. Nature working fluids, R600a and R290, and third-generation refrigerant of halocarbon (hydrofluorocarbon, HFC), R32 and R152a, were selected in the assessment. A detail mathematical model of the ejector, as well as other components of the cycle, was built. The results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of R1234ze(e) was significantly higher than R600a at the same operating conditions. R1234yf’s performance was compatible with R290, and both were about 5% less than the previous two. The results also indicated that R152a offered the best performance among the selected refrigerants, but due to the high value of global warming potential, it did not fulfill the requirements of the current European refrigerant regulations. On the other hand, R1234ze(e) was the most suitable working fluid for the ejector cooling technology, thanks to its overall performance.
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Bouzghiba, Houria, and Gábor Géczi. "Comparative Analysis of the Environmental Load of Natural Refrigerant (R290)." Journal of Central European Green Innovation 10, Suppl 1 (2022): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.3506.
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Due to the detrimental environmental consequences of synthetic refrigerants, natural refrigerants have gained renewed interest as alternative refrigerants for a variety of applications due to their minimal ozone depletion potential (ODP) and insignificant global warming potential (GWP). This study compares the performance characteristics of R32-based Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) to those of R290 and R410A refrigerants. In this study, analyses of the cooling effect, heat output, compressor work input, and coefficient of performance (COP) for various refrigerants will be undertaken. Additionally, the environmental consequences of R32, R410A, and R290 are discussed. The results indicate that R290 is the most efficient refrigerant in terms of performance coefficient, followed by R410A and R32. Considering environmental protection aspects, R290 is a favorable substitute medium.
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Shaik, Sharmas Vali, and TP Ashok Babu. "Theoretical thermodynamic performance assessment of various environment-friendly novel refrigerants used in refrigeration systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 4 (2019): 914–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219884968.
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The present investigation focuses on theoretical performance of various new environment-friendly refrigerant mixtures as substitutes to high global warming potential refrigerant R22. In this investigation, 34 refrigerants were considered at various composition. In this work, both complex vapor compression cycle (actual cycle) and standard vapor compression cycle (ideal cycle) was considered for the performance assessment of refrigerants. Vital studies such as flammability, toxicity, and environmental impact of various novel refrigerants were also carried out in this study. Results obtained from actual cycle showed that the coefficient of performance of refrigerant mixture RM40 (R1270/R134a 90/10 in mass %) (2.728) was the greatest among 34 investigated alternatives and it was closer to the coefficient of performance of R22 (2.770). Compressor discharge temperature of RM40 was 13.36 ℃ lower when compared with R22. Volumetric refrigeration capacity of RM40 (3335 kJ/m3) was slightly higher than that of R22 (3297 kJ/m3). Power spent per ton of refrigeration of RM40 (1.288 kW/TR) was marginally higher than that of R22 (1.269 kW/TR). Global warming potential (GWP100) of RM40 (133) was very low compared to the GWP100 of R22 (1760). Total equivalent warming index (environmental impact) of RM40 was 5.61% lower than R22. However, performance results obtained from standard cycle for various investigated refrigerants were better than actual cycle, since various losses occur were neglected in the standard cycle. Overall, thermodynamic performance of refrigerant mixture RM40 (R1270/R134a 90/10 in mass %) obtained from both actual and standard cycle was the highest among 34 investigated refrigerants and it was very closer to the performance of R22 and hence, it could be considered as an environment-friendly alternative to replace high GWP refrigerant R22 used in refrigeration systems.
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Khalid Shaker Al-Sayyab, Ali. "Optimum Refrigerant Charge of Refrigerator Working with Alternative Refrigerants for R12 (R134a, R600a and R290)." Basrah journal for engineering science 14, no. 2 (2014): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.14.2.16.
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This study presents the impacts of suitable refrigerant charge to test the performance of laboratory refrigerator rig for using three refrigerants of (R134a, R600a and R290) instead of R12 .The coefficient of performance and maximum consumption amperes are taken as function to evaluate the optimum charge of these refrigerants. The results imply that the over refrigerant charge will reduce the system performance. Compared the optimum refrigerant charge of R600a is (45g), R290 is (70 g) and R134a is (60g), instead of R12. The results show that the refrigerator with R134a gives lowest capacity reduction with same performance to R12 from other alternative refrigerant, and can be taken as the best alternative refrigerant.
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Kivevele, Thomas. "Propane (HC – 290) as an Alternative Refrigerant in the Food Transport Refrigeration Sector in Southern Africa – a Review." Automotive Experiences 5, no. 1 (2022): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.5994.
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Most of the food transport trucks in Sothern Africa are equipped with refrigeration and air conditioning systems filled with fluorocarbon refrigerants such as R404A to facilitate the heat transfer process. These refrigerants are synthetic chemicals and have high potential to cause global warming and damage to the ozone layer. Currently, natural refrigerants are considered as alternatives to these man-made refrigerants to mitigate some of the environmental risks. The natural refrigerants are the substances that occur in nature such as hydrocarbons (HC), ammonia, and carbon dioxide. These type of refrigerants have been in the market for many years, but in some applications such as domestic refrigerators, heat pumps, chillers, and air conditioners, whereas fluorocarbons are the mostly used in the food transport refrigeration systems. Natural refrigerants such as propane (HC – 290) are now penetrating the market in food transport refrigeration systems where previously fluorocarbons were the favoured option. Therefore, this work reports the possibilities of using non-fluorinated hydrocarbon/natural refrigerant (propane – R290) in the food transport refrigerated systems in Southern Africa; a case study of South Africa. R290 has the potential to lower greenhouse gases emissions compared to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which are widely used in most of the existing food transport refrigeration systems in South Africa. R290 has negligible Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 3 which is well below the global threshold value of 150. The review revealed that refrigeration capacity of R290 is in the average of 10 – 30% higher than commonly used fluorocarbon refrigerants such as R404A and R134A. Since R290 is labeled as a flammable refrigerant, the present study also reviews its flammability safety measures.
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Ling, Yongjun, Ning Jiang, Xuan Zhou, et al. "Research on the Diffusion and Deposition Characteristics of Refrigerant Under Vertical Upward Leakage in a Confined Space." Applied Sciences 15, no. 4 (2025): 1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041918.
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In a confined space, the flammability of alternative refrigerants (such as R717, R290, R32, and R1234yf) poses significant safety risks during leaks. However, in the actual refrigeration systems, the direction of refrigerant leakage is difficult to predict, complicating explosion risk assessment. In this work, R717, R290, R32, and R1234yf were selected as the research objects to analyze the diffusion process and deposition characteristics of different refrigerants leaking vertically upward into a confined space, and to explore the migration characteristics of flammable refrigerants under different leakage amounts and flammability area in a confined space. The results show that after vertical upward leakage, the refrigerants tend to impact the top wall and then move along the top wall away from the leak source. High-density refrigerants diffuse primarily near the floor, while less dense refrigerant diffuses along the top and side wall of the space. After the refrigerant leakage stops, R1234yf, with the highest density, exhibited the most pronounced deposition, with the highest concentration near the floor and the lowest at the top (1.69% and 0.7%, respectively). Conversely, lower-density refrigerants showed decreasing floor concentrations and increasing top concentrations, with reduced overall deposition. Compared to the deposition concentration of R290 at the bottom of the room (1.32%), R744 demonstrated higher deposition near the floor than R290, likely due to its higher viscosity at similar densities. In addition, using R290 as an example, the study reveals that the increase in leakage amount and the prolonged time result in a gradual expansion and upward diffusion of the flammability area, encompassing the top of the space, walls, and floor.
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Rosero, Cristhian R., P. Sebastián Espinel, and Pablo V. Tuza. "New Refrigerant Molecules from Structure Optimization." Processes 9, no. 6 (2021): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060949.
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In the present work, various objective functions were formulated and optimized using the mixed integer nonlinear programming and the generalized reduced gradient nonlinear method from the solver tool of Microsoft® Excel 2016, respectively. The CH3FO2, C2H4F2O, CH2F2O2, CH2F2O, C3H4F2, and the C2H2F2O molecules were found to meet structural feasibility constraints and physical properties from refrigerant molecules and have not previously been reported in the literature. These new refrigerants present global warming potential values similar to that from the R-134a and Freon 12 refrigerants and null ozone depletion potential. Moreover, these molecules are normally flammable, as similar as to R-134a refrigerant. The CH3FO2, C2H4F2O, CH2F2O2, C2H2F2O, and CH2F2O show toxicity values similar to R-134a and Freon 12 refrigerants.
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Zhang, Mingkan, Vishaldeep Sharma, and Praveen Cheekatamarla. "A Modeling-Based Flammable Risk Treatment of Refrigerant Leakage from a Commercial R-290 Refrigeration Machine." Inventions 9, no. 3 (2024): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions9030053.
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Because of serious concerns about global warming, manufacturers have started phasing out high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants in commercial refrigeration equipment (e.g., R-134a). As a potential replacement, propane (R-290) is an environmentally friendly refrigerant for commercial refrigeration equipment because its GWP is only three. However, propane is flammable and is therefore classified as a Class A3 refrigerant per ASHRAE Standards, so safety is a very important consideration when propane-based equipment is designed and deployed in buildings. In the event of a refrigerant leak, flammability of the refrigerant depends on the refrigerant’s local concentration, which is highly affected by the indoor air environment, including temperature and air flow. In this study, a ventilation system attached to a commercial R-290 refrigeration device was designed to eliminate the flammability risk. Moreover, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to investigate the refrigerant leak, thereby evaluating effects of the ventilation system. The CFD model can visualize the flammable zones owing to the leak.
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V., Jamadar, and Awasare A. "Performance Analysis of Coefficient of Performance (COP) in Refrigerants." Research and Applications of Thermal Engineering 7, no. 3 (2024): 6–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789238.
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<em>This research paper presents a comprehensive review of the Coefficient of Performance (COP) in various refrigerants used in cooling systems. The study evaluates the thermodynamic properties, efficiency, and environmental impact of different refrigerants, focusing on both traditional and modern alternatives. By analyzing experimental data and theoretical models, the paper aims to provide insights into the factors affecting COP and the potential for enhancing energy efficiency in refrigeration systems. Key findings highlight the comparative performance of refrigerants such as R134a, R410A, R32, and natural refrigerants like CO<sub>2</sub> and ammonia. The review also discusses recent advancements in refrigerant technology and their implications for sustainable cooling solutions.</em>
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MESSINEO, ANTONIO, and DOMENICO PANNO. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS USING DIFFERENT REFRIGERANTS." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, no. 03 (2012): 1250010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132512500101.
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Due to the negative effects of synthetic refrigerants on the environment, natural refrigerants have obtained again interest as alternative refrigerants for different applications because of their zero ODP and negligible GWP. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of different two-stage cascade refrigeration systems using as refrigerant carbon dioxide (R744) in low-temperature circuit, and, respectively, ammonia (R717), propane (R290), butane (R600), R404A, R410A and R134a in high-temperature circuit. The operating parameters considered in this study include condensing and evaporating temperatures in high-temperature circuit, temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, and evaporating and condensing temperatures in the low-temperature circuit. The results obtained show that a cascade refrigeration system using natural refrigerants is an interesting alternative to systems using synthetic refrigerants for energetic, security and environmental reasons.
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Wang, Hong Li, Hui Qin Liu, Qi Long Tang, and Ning Jia. "Performance Analysis of Single Stage Compression Cycle with an Internal Heat Exchanger." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1068.
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With increasing of high pressure, the performances of all kinds refrigerants except for R744 are all declined, transcritical R744 compression cycle has an optimum high pressure. With increasing of the evaporating temperature, all cycle COP is an increasing trend, with increasing of outlet temperature of condenser, the performances of all cycles are decreased. Under the same comparison conditions, the performance of R22 refrigerant cycle is superior to the cycles of other refrigerants, and the cycle of R11 refrigerant has the worst performance.
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Tian, Jing Rui, Hong Li Wang, and Gui Jun Xue. "Performance Analysis of Single Stage Compression Cycle with a Throttle Valve." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 2679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.2679.
Full textAbstract:
With increasing of high pressure, the performances of all kinds refrigerants except for R744 are all declined and transcritical R744 compression cycle has an optimum high pressure. With increasing of the evaporating temperature, all cycle COP is an increasing trend, with increasing of outlet temperature of condenser, the performances of all cycles are decreased. Under the same comparison conditions, the performance of R134a refrigerant cycle is superior to the cycles of other refrigerants, and the cycle of R11 refrigerant has the worst performance.
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Besagni, Giorgio, Lorenzo Croci, Nicolò Cristiani, Gaël Raymond Guédon, and Fabio Inzoli. "Refrigerant selection for ejector refrigeration systems: a multiscale evaluation." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 10011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019710011.
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The selection of refrigerants for ejector refrigeration systems, within the broader discussion concerning refrigerant phase-out, is a cutting-edge and challenging research topic, owing to the multi-scale challenges in ejector performance. Indeed, it is known that the performances of ejector refrigeration systems depend on the local flow phenomena. For this reason, a precise selection of the refrigerant relies on the understanding of the fluid dynamic phenomena at the “componentscale”, and integrate such information within the so-called “system-scale”. This paper contributes to the current discussion proposing a screening of refrigerants based on an integrated Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Lumped Parameter Model (LPM) approach. In this approach, ejector performances for the different refrigerant are obtained by a validated CFD approach, whereas the cycle is modelled by a Lumped Parameter Model. For the different refrigerants, the energy performances of the systems are evaluated and the effects of the “component-scale” on the “system-scale” are analysed.
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Akriti, Gupta. "Theoretical Analysis of the Evolution and Properties of Nano Refrigerant to Improve Coefficient of Performance." Advancement in Mechanical Engineering and Technology 7, no. 2 (2024): 38–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12625224.
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<em>This article presents a theoretical evaluation of the development and properties of Nano refrigerants to improve the coefficient of performance (COP) of cooling systems. Nano refrigerants containing nanoparticles suspended in refrigerant valves have emerged as a promising method to improve the thermal conductivity and heat transfer properties of air conditioners. This study analyzes the incorporation of various nanoparticles such as Al2O3, investigating their impact on the COP of vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS). Examine theoretical models and empirical data to elucidate the mechanisms by which nano coolers improve heat transfer and reduce energy consumption. This study investigates the evolution and properties of Nano refrigerants, focusing on their ability to improve the coefficient of performance (COP) of cooling systems. Nano refrigerant is made by dispersing nanoparticles in simple refrigerant and has excellent thermal conductivity and heat transfer properties. These properties arise from the interaction between the nanoparticles and the cooling substrate and increase the energy efficiency and performance of the system.</em>
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Gupta, Sachin, Narasimha Kalyan Karanam, Ramakrishna Konijeti, and Abhishek Dasore. "Thermodynamic Analysis and Effects of Replacing HFC by Fourth-Generation Refrigerants in VCR Systems." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 26, no. 02 (2018): 1850013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201013251850013x.
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The third-generation refrigerants belonging to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) do not contribute to ozone depletion. However, HFCs are listed as greenhouse gases by Kyoto Protocol because of their relatively high global-warming potential (GWP). At present the research is now mainly focused on refrigerants with zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and less GWP, which are termed as Fourth generation refrigerants. This paper analyzes the advancement in refrigerants, and presented the different options in choosing a refrigerant with respect to international agreements to curb the stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. The hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) i.e., fourth generation refrigerants are available in limited quantities and also their performance is not completely tested in different applications. Hence this paper aims at assessing the performance of fourth generation refrigerants in terms of their mass flow rate requirement and COP for a specified cooling load and compared with the existing third generation refrigerants in usage. It is found that fourth generation refrigerants COP is low and mass flow rate and power requirements are high. However, HFO1234ze(E) can replace R134a as its performance is almost similar to R134a with an added advantage of low GWP.
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Aderibigbe, A. A., A. D. Ogunsola, E. A. Fadiji, et al. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Single-Stage Vapour Compression Refrigeration System in Nigeria Using Natural Refrigerants." Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports 19, no. 1 (2025): 161–69. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2025/v19i1870.
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Refrigeration systems play a critical role in various sectors of Nigeria’s economy, particularly in food preservation, healthcare, and industrial processes. However, the use of conventional synthetic refrigerants, which contribute significantly to global warming and ozone depletion, poses environmental challenges. This study presents a thermodynamic analysis of single-stage vapor compression refrigeration systems in Nigeria, focusing on the use of natural refrigerants as eco-friendly alternatives to identify eco-friendly refrigerant alternatives for Nigeria’s climate. This study conducts a thermodynamic analysis of single-stage vapor compression refrigeration systems in Nigeria, evaluating natural refrigerants such as ammonia (R-717), propane (R-290), and isobutane (R-600a) as alternatives to synthetic refrigerants that contribute to global warming and ozone depletion. Using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, the study assesses the impact of varying operational conditions on the coefficient of performance (COP) for each refrigerant The effect in the variation of five operating parameters of refrigeration system such as Condensing Temperature (TC), Evaporating Temperature (TE), Subcooling Temperature (TSub), Superheating Temperature (TSup) and refrigerant mass flow rate ( ) on the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of are R-600a, R-600, R-717 and R-290 refrigeration systems were investigated and performance comparison was made to get the most suitable replacement for the older systems. The results showed that R-717 yields the highest coefficient of performance of 3.858 when evaporating temperature (TE) is 0oC while R-290 (Propane) gave the lowest Coefficient of Performance of 3.555 when evaporating Tempearture (TE) is 0 oC. The results showed that as TC increases from 30 oC to 80 oC, COP decreased for all the four refrigerants. As TE decreases, COP reduced, also COP increased as TSub increases from 0 oC to 20 oC. COP of R-717 is consistently higher than that of the other three natural refrigerants. Findings reveal that R-717 yields the highest COP under Nigerian climatic conditions, positioning it as a promising, eco-friendly replacement. This research supports efforts to adopt sustainable refrigerants in Nigeria, contributing to climate goals and guiding policy and industry stakeholders in selecting efficient refrigerants for high-temperature regions.
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Górny, Kasper, Arkadiusz Stachowiak, Przemysław Tyczewski, and Wiesław Zwierzycki. "Mixtures of Lubricants and Ecological Refrigerants under Starved Lubrication Conditions." Materials 15, no. 21 (2022): 7747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217747.
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The presented results show that the presence of refrigerant significantly deteriorates the lubricating properties of compressor oil under starved lubrication conditions (with a small amount of oil). The change can be 40–120% compared to the properties of the oil alone. Additionally, in the group of oils that are substitutes (operational alternatives) compatible with a given refrigerant, the effect of the refrigerant on the lubricating properties varies. The differences can be as much as 25%. In order to evaluate and properly select compressor oils for the refrigerant, the lubricating properties should be tested in a mixture with the refrigerant under conditions similar to actual operation. Such an evaluation of lubricating properties is made possible by the author’s method of testing the wear of the block-on-ring friction node. The obtained rankings of lubricating properties for oils (due to the wear volume) can provide good guidelines for the suitable selection of a lubricant for refrigeration compressors (especially for new, environmentally friendly refrigerants, such as R452A). The research was carried out for mixtures of zeotropic refrigerants (R404A, R452A) with polyester oils (POE) and natural refrigerant (R600a) with mineral oils (MO). In each group of refrigerants, different mechanisms of oil–refrigerant mixture formation occur. Each refrigerant was tested with three different compressor oils recommended for each other for alternative uses in refrigeration systems.