Academic literature on the topic 'Refugee incorporation'

Being a citizen means more than simply possessing proper legal documents. It also entails notions of belonging that are defined and cultivated in large part by the nation-state. As Aihwa Ong (2003) observes, citizenship is a ‘social process,’ which, in the context of the United States, is tied to wealth accumulation and self-reliance. The role of the state in this process is clearly visible in refugee resettlement, where newly arrived refugees come into contact with a host of social services designed to create citizens who are appropriately "American."

In antithesis to the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development (socioeconomic inclusion for all) and a relatively progressive refugee policy framework (Refugee Act 130 of 1998), refugees in South Africa continue to face targeted exclusion and reduced living potentials. Impediments to refugee groups ability to ‘thrive and not just survive’ (as called for in the 2018 Global Compact on Refugees), are examined in this paper through a synopsis of the conditions surrounding their access to legal documents (a conduit to socioeconomic rights), their equitable participation/inclusion within the formal labour markets, financial sectors etc. In examining these issues, a case-study-based interpretive research design technique with eight FGD participants and two life history participants (drawn from Congolese refugees’ residing in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) was done. Several conceptual frameworks as well as a single principal theory (Murphy’s theory of monopolization) were utilized so as to fully examine forced migrant groups socioeconomic participation/inclusion in South Africa. This articles findings revealed that primary cultural, as well as structural agentive processes of obstruction significantly inhibit refugee groups full socioeconomic participating in the life of their host communities. The said obstructions included but were not confined to: adverse forms of incorporation, opportunity hoarding, as well as the normative unobtainability of social, cultural, and symbolic forms of capital.

Providing health care to newly arrived refugees within the primary health care system has proved challenging. The primary health care sector needs enhanced capacity to provide quality health care for this population. The Primary Care Amplification Model has demonstrated its capacity to deliver effective health care to patients with chronic disease such as diabetes. This paper describes the adaption of the model to enhance the delivery of health care to the refugee community. A ‘beacon’ practice with an expanded clinical capacity to deliver health care for refugees has been established. Partnerships link this practice with existing local general practices and community services. Governance involves collaboration between clinical leadership and relevant government and non-government organisations including local refugee communities. Integration with tertiary and community health sectors is facilitated and continuing education of health care providers is an important focus. Early incorporation of research in this model ensures effective feedback to inform providers of current health needs. Although implementation is currently in its formative phase, the Primary Care Amplification Model offers a flexible, yet robust framework to facilitate the delivery of quality health care to refugee patients.

This article describes the incorporation of a refugee simulation into an upper-division sociology course on globalisation at a liberal arts institution in the United States. The simulation is designed to inform students of the refugee process in the United States by inviting participants to immerse themselves in refugee experiences by adopting identities of actual refugee families as they complete four stages of the refugee application process. Student reactions to the refugee simulation suggest that it is an effective tool for demonstrating the complexities of the refugee experience in the United States and for evoking social empathy.

Abstract This article describes the incorporation of a refugee simulation into an upper-division sociology course on globalisation at a liberal arts institution in the United States. The simulation is designed to inform students of the refugee process in the United States by inviting participants to immerse themselves in refugee experiences by adopting identities of actual refugee families as they complete four stages of the refugee application process. Student reactions to the refugee simulation suggest that it is an effective tool for demonstrating the complexities of the refugee experience in the United States and for evoking social empathy.

This article will focus on how the Gulf, state and society, reacted to the Syrian crisis and the role of religious leaders in Gulf area and beyond in addressing when a Muslim should opt for migration as a response to the deterioration of their living conditions and how should behave in the host society. After examining statistics that contradict the Gulf’s official declarations concerning the number of Syrian refugees hosted by their countries, I will review briefly the debates in favor and against receiving Syrian refugees in the Gulf societies through conventional and social media. Finally, through the analysis of fatwas issued since 2011, I will argue that the landscape of religious scripts provides contradictory messages about migration, modes of migrant’s incorporation and hospitality. Some of these messages call upon Muslims to receive refugees in distress while others are either silent or discouraging refugees to go to non-Muslim countries.

Abstract The number of children fleeing and/or seeking asylum alone without parents or guardians has been increasing during the last decade worldwide, where Sweden has been receiving the largest number of asylum claims by unaccompanied minors in Europe. Despite the growing interest in the situation of this group in destination countries, there is a lack of research articles that address this group with nationwide comprehensive data. This study examines the labour-market situation of the whole population of the refugee youth who entered Sweden as unaccompanied minors or separated children and were registered during the years 2003–12. We investigate whether this group is in a disadvantageous situation regarding labour-market incorporation compared to their counterparts who arrived with their families due to their specific marginalized and vulnerable position within society. The results show that this group exhibits capacity and resilience in terms of finding employment and willingness to work. The results are discussed with a structural incorporation framework from a reception and integration policy perspective as well as from an immigrant wellbeing and a ‘whole-child’ approach.

The existence of Palestinian refugees remains an unresolved grievance at the heart of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and a major obstacle to peace. This paper places the Palestinian exodus in historiographical context, elucidates the arguments that have characterised the debate over the Palestinian refugees since their creation, and presents new research. The incorporation of the Palestinian viewpoint and British contemporary perspectives from oral histories and the documentary record demonstrate that the creation of the Palestinian refugees during the civil war period lay in the convergence of chaotic civil conflict, the British inaction to suppress the escalating violence, and Zionist offensive operations aimed at forcing out the Arab population.

Thesis advisor: Shawn McGuffey<br>Historically, the U.S. has been among the top nation-states of global refugee resettlement, and it continues to be, despite recent domestic political rhetoric against this policy. The U.S. welfare state provides resources to contracted nonprofit immigrant-serving organizations to carry out the U.S. resettlement policy. However, scholars under-examine front-line welfare policy practices with refugees. This area is critical to examine in this historical moment, because scholars argue the rise of neoliberalism has negatively affected the nonprofit human service sector’s capacity to provide social rights to the most vulnerable (Hasenfeld and Garrow 2012). Drawing on participant-observation at a northeastern resettlement organization and 50 semi-structured interviews with front-line bureaucrats and refugees between 2010-2015, I examine how bureaucrats perceive and shape refugees’ initial processes of resettling in the U.S., and how refugees also view this experience. My dissertation found competing restrictive and inclusionary perceptions of and practices with Iraqi, Darfurian, and Bhutanese refugees, which calls into question how, and why, welfare subjects with legal refugee status, are perceived distinctly by their social locations in the shrinking and stigmatized U.S. welfare context. Additionally, my dissertation illuminates how refugees evaluate their resettlement experiences and belonging in the U.S. I present my research in three articles: My first article, Rights and Responsibilities: Bureaucrats’ Competing Frames about U.S. Resettlement Objectives for Refugees, examines the salient frames that bureaucrats used to describe the objectives of U.S. resettlement for refugees. I found two competing frameworks informed their perceptions: market citizenship responsibilities and human rights. By this, I mean local level bureaucrats discussed their role to provide services either geared at making refugees responsible on a path to self-sufficiency, or to provide them with human rights. While I found the responsibilities frame was more dominant, contrary to past findings (Clevenger et al. 2014; Nawyn 2007), frame usage differed depending on one’s professional status and level of experience. Experienced (paid) bureaucrats tended to emphasize the responsibilities frame as most important for assisting refugees with becoming self-sufficient in American society. In contrast, less experienced, temporary (unpaid) bureaucrats generally emphasized the rights frame as most important to assist refugees with gaining membership in the U.S. These insights expand recent immigrant welfare scholarship by illuminating how different local level bureaucratic roles, in contrast to organizational (Nawyn 2010) or city level differences (Clevenger et al. 2014), correlate with distinct frames about refugees. Finally, I discuss how frame usage informs competing notions of the street-level politics of refugee belonging in American society. My second article, Refugees Will Be Poor! Managing Diverging Mobility Transitions to the American Welfare Class, explores how local level bureaucrats evaluate Iraqi and Bhutanese refugees’ “deservingness” of resettlement benefits in the U.S., based on their compliance with self-sufficiency resettlement goals. I argue that bureaucrats divide refugees into “deserving” and “undeserving” poor categories using ethnic and social class distinctions. Specifically, I examined how bureaucrats made decisions to discipline refugees to adhere to a self-sufficiency path. Consequently, these decisions revealed their distinct perceptions of refugee deservingness. Contrary to past scholarship that found race as most salient in informing welfare disciplinary practices and notions of deservingness (Schram 2005; Soss, Fording and Schram 2008), I found bureaucrats used refugees’ ethnicity as a marker for class origins to make decisions to discipline them. They identified Iraqis as having professional class origins; thus, they experienced “unwanted” downward mobility in the U.S. welfare class. In contrast, they viewed Bhutanese as having low class origins; thus, they experienced “desired” upward mobility in the same welfare class. As a result, bureaucrats thought more discipline was needed with Iraqis, compared to the Bhutanese because of their distinct behavioral reactions to their respective mobility shifts. Thus, bureaucrats marked Iraqis as “undeserving” and Bhutanese as “deserving” in their processes of resettling in the U.S. My third article, Waiting for Mobility: Refugee Incorporation as a Process of Temporal Belonging, examines Iraqi and Darfurian refugees’ sense of belonging, on their path toward social mobility in the U.S. I found Iraqis perceived waiting as a lasting obstacle on a generally blocked mobility path; consequently, they felt a sense of enduring social insecurity and a lack of belonging. In contrast, Darfurians perceived waiting as a temporary obstacle to achievable mobility; thus, they felt a sense of belonging, despite feeling a temporary state of social insecurity. Refugees who reconstructed a generally secure past professional class origin (Iraqis), compared to their insecure U.S. class location, expressed more frustration about waiting for mobility. In contrast, refugees who reconstructed a more politically and economically insecure past origin (Darfurians), compared to their secure conditions in the U.S., expressed positive hope for mobility. Bridging welfare theories of waiting (Auyero 2011; Reid 2013) with theories of belonging (Nawyn 2011; Yuval-Davis 2006), I build an immigrant incorporation process theory of temporal belonging to illuminate how refugees’ perceptions of waiting for mobility inform their feelings of belonging in the U.S<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Sociology

Research on immigration in the United States has commonly studied the employment experiences of refugees. Few studies on refugees have focused on both, refugees' employment and unemployment experiences in the United States. This article draws on twenty in-depth interviews with refugees, along with ethnographic observation at a local refugee resettlement agency, to investigate how refugees make sense of their employment and unemployment experiences in the United States. I find that refugee men and women experience different employment trajectories in the United States, which are shaped by gender inequality in the public and domestic spheres. I further find that refugees' navigation with work in the United Stated influences their unemployment experiences and work in the informal sector. My study extends previous literature on refugee incorporation by conceptualizing refugees' employment as a gendered process, which includes periods of formal paid work, informal paid work, and unemployment in the United States.

Meeting the psychological needs of the culturally and linguistically different has always posed challenges to mental health providers. The Haitian community in South Florida has been one such group for whom mental health services have been less than readily available. Some reasons include a lack of trust from the community, a pejorative cultural framework of mental health services, as well as, a lack of competent Haitian Creole speaking therapists armed with culturally congruent therapeutic skills. These present as challenges for community based-agencies attempting to meet the mental health needs of this population. It is even more problematic for humanitarian voluntary agencies (VOLAG) that sponsor refugees and support them throughout their resettlement efforts. Additionally, the 2010 earthquake has given rise to gender based violence disproportionally impacting women and girls (Amnesty International, 2011) who are now seeking safe haven in the U.S. and particularly South Florida. Tasked with assisting in the resettlement of Haitian refugees/asylees/parolees, many psychologically affected by pre and post migration traumas, these agencies must find unique solutions to help their clients toward the ultimate goal of resettlement, self-sufficiency (Stenning, 1996). This Applied Clinical Project (ACP) showcases a community-university partnership with a VOLAG. Participatory Action Research (PAR) protocol was used as an explorative tool to learn from stakeholders about the efficacy of incorporating Solution-Focused Group Therapy (SFBT) in a resettlement integrative program for Haitians. Results will also contribute to the future development of a toolkit to support family therapists in adapting their western trainings to provide culturally and linguistically competent mental health services.

The purpose of this study was to answer the following question: What was the perceived value to planners of incorporating information from ecotourists about their perceived needs in the standard system presently being used to plan interpretation? The Ecotourist Needs Assessment (ETNA) process was proposed as an external needs assessment. To exemplify this process, an instrument called Ecotourist Needs Assessment Instrument (ETNAI) was developed to collect input from ecotourists who visited the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. A case resulted from the process. The ETNAI case was used to obtain planners' opinions about whether ETNA had value in the context of data collection and inventory in interpretive planning. The ETNAI case included developing and validating the ETNAI and providing a procedure for implementing ETNAI. Upon completion of the ETNAI case, an interview guide was developed and administered to interpretive planners. Interpretive planners were asked how they currently plan interpretation and collect information to decide interpretive topics. Other questions dealt with their feelings regarding the usefulness of the ETNA and the data collected using the ETNA. The interpretive planners described the current system and provided information about the proposed system (ETNA). Currently, decisions involving interpretation are based on three factors: 1) money, 2) mandates/missions, and/or 3) management. The interpretive planner chose outside (external) groups except during a master planning process when the general public provided input. The outside groups included: professionals, the public, and recreation providers. The current methods used to collect information were informal or considered casual. When contrasted with the proposed method, the interpretive planners felt the ETNA had value. This was reflected in their suggestions for use: As an evaluation tool after an interpretive program is given to a specific audience. As a method to assess the interpretive needs of visitors and specific audiences for interpretation. As a technique to access visitors and the public, both general and specific. As a mechanism to collect data at public meetings. As a systematic routine to develop interpretation, to provide feedback for further development, and to evaluate interpretation embedded in the site system. As a method to effectively determine the distribution of funds.<br>Graduation date: 1993

Au Bhoutan, au Népal et au Québec, les religions minoritaires font l’objet de nombreux soupçons dans la population, par lesquels des acteurs de la scène publique et politique justifient leur encadrement, voire leur exclusion de l’espace national. Ces soupçons ne vont que s’amplifiant si la religion en question est étroitement associée à un groupe ethnique minoritaire. Ces craintes autour de la perception d’une élision ethnicité-religion perturbatrice de l’ordre social majoritaire reposent davantage sur des mythes nationaux construits autour de, et en réaction à certaines religions que sur une véritable contestation inhérente aux regroupements religieux. La contribution de la religion, particulièrement en contexte migratoire et minoritaire, à la participation pleine et active dans la nouvelle société-hôte a été amplement démontrée. La religion aide à faire sens des expériences migratoires, fournissant un ancrage notoire aux nouveaux arrivants dans leur milieu. Le groupe religieux fournit quant à lui aide matérielle, psychologique et social aux nouveaux arrivants. Cette étude, menée en région de Montréal, auprès de deux congrégations rassemblant des réfugiés Népalo-bhoutanais convertis au christianisme, fait la lumière sur le rôle de la religion en tant qu’espace de négociation entre les normes imposées – religieuses comme séculières – aux croyants et la subjectivité de leur expérience religieuse. En suivant le parcours migratoire forcé des Népalo-bhoutanais membres de ces congrégations, j’explore l’impact des impératifs d’intégration des localités, les environnements sociaux et matériels, géographiquement et historiquement situés, sur les négociations permises par la religion. Je fais voir que les tensions et les conflits qui peuvent émerger de ces négociations n’impliquent pas la fin de la cohésion sociale. Plutôt, ces négociations informent un vivre-ensemble caractérisé par une certaine convivialité. J’étudie deux manifestations de ces négociations et de leur impact sur le vivre-ensemble. La conversion au christianisme est la première de ces négociations. Performée en milieu hindou, elle fait voir comment la religion répond à un besoin de recomposition de soi à la suite d’expériences de souffrance, de perte de sens et d’exclusion. En dépit du défi qu’elle lance à l’ordre social hindou et du lot de conséquences qu’elle entraîne, la conversion permet de se projeter dans une identité dignifiée et un nouveau groupe de pairs. Performée en contexte québécois, la conversion est le point de départ d’une renégociation de sa lecture passée de la religion. Elle est l’occasion de réaliser un soi idéalisé, sans crainte de représailles sociales. Dans les deux contextes, la conversion constitue une négociation entre les impératifs d’intégration de la localité et les aspirations que le croyant porte. Le choix du groupe religieux, de la congrégation, est également le fruit de négociations. Les Népalo-bhoutanais chrétiens se rassemblaient initialement au sein d’une même congrégation multiethnique, l’Église Originelle. La majorité d’entre eux ont depuis quitté et fondé leur propre congrégation, Naya Mandali. Malgré le spectre ethnico-religieux qui plane sur cette décision en vertu de certains référents ethniques autour desquels s’est fondée Naya Mandali, ceux-ci n’expliquent pas à eux seuls le schisme. Le choix de langue, de style de célébration, et la division suivant les appartenances de jati recoupent effectivement des facteurs de divisions proprement sociologiques, tels qu’une transition de figure d’autorité, des styles de gouvernance préférés et des pressions d’acteurs extérieurs au groupe religieux. Des revendications proprement religieuses sont aussi évoquées, en dépit des référents ethniques. Ainsi, le choix du népali se veut davantage un outil facilitant la compréhension et la diffusion du message religieux. La langue vernaculaire de la localité ne s’en trouve pas pour autant évacuée de la présentation des cultes. La congrégation fait bel et bien de la visite de francophones une préoccupation. Ces visiteurs devraient pouvoir suivre minimalement le culte. L’objectif derrière la fondation de Naya Mandali est de s’actualiser en tant que chrétien bien plus qu’en tant que Népalo-bhoutanais. Chacune des congrégations issues du schisme traduit une façon de faire Église distincte. Plutôt qu’une menace à la cohésion de la société-hôte, la fondation de Naya Mandali est une manifestation des formes insoupçonnées d’incorporation permises par la religion. Fruit d’une des négociations entre les impératifs d’intégration inculqués par les sociétés-hôtes et les aspirations des croyants, la congrégation népalo-bhoutanaise a dû créer des contacts avec des chrétiens d’autres églises de la localité. Ainsi, ils ont tissé des liens avec des non-migrants qu’ils n’auraient autrement pas rencontrés. Par le biais de la religion, les schismatiques ont réalisé, de manière quelque peu subversive, différents impératifs d’intégration des localités traversées : l’autonomisation, la prise en charge et l’accomplissement de soi.<br>In Bhutan, in Nepal as in Quebec, minority religions are subjected to a number of suspicions justifying their regulations, if not their exclusion from national space. Those suspicions only increase if the religion in question is also closely associated with an ethnic minority group. Those fears concerned with a perceived ethnicity-religion elision disruptive of the majoritarian social order have more to do with national myths built around, and in reaction to, certain religions more than with any genuine contestation inherent to religious groupings. Religion’s contribution to, particularly in a migratory and minoritarian context, a full and active participation in a new host society has been amply demonstrated. Religion helps make sense of migratory experiences, contributing to a notable anchoring of newcomers to their surroundings. The religious group, for its part, contributes a material, psychological and social help to newcomers. This study, conducted alongside two congregations gathering Nepalo-bhutanese converts to christianity in a Montreal region, sheds light on religion’s role as a space of negociation between imposed norms – religious as well as secular – to believers and the subjectivity of their religious experience. By following the trajectory of the forced migration of the members of both congregations, I explore the impact of the integration imperatives of localities, the geographycally and historically situated social and material environnements, on the negociations enabled by religion. I show that tensions and conflicts which can arise from those negociations do not entail an end to social cohesion. Rather, they inform a vivre-ensemble caracterised by a certain conviviality. Two manifestations of these negociations and their impact on the vivre-ensemble are studied. Conversion to christianity is the first of them. Performed in a hindu context, it shows how religion answers a need for a recomposition of the self following experiences of suffering, loss of meaning and exclusion. Despite the challenge it levels at the hindu social order and of the consequences it carries, conversion enables to project oneself in a dignified identity and a new peer group. Performed in the Quebec context, conversion is the starting point of a renegociation with one’s past reading of religion. It is the occasion to realise an idealised self, without fear of social reprisal. In both contexts, conversion constitutes a negociation between the locality’s integration imperatives and the believer’s yearnings. The choice of the religious grouping, the congregation, is also the result of negociations. The Nepalo-bhutanese christians initially gathered in the same multiethnic congregation, l’Église Originelle. The majority of them have since left and created their own congregation, Naya Mandali. Despite the « ethnico-religious » spectre looming over their decision, the ethnic referents around which Naya Mandali was built cannot by themselves explain the division. Linguistic choice, celebrations’ style and Jati divisions intersect effectively with properly sociological divisive factors, such as a transition in authority figures, prefered leadership styles and pressure from figures external to the religious grouping. Properly religious claims are also made, despite ethnic referents. Thus, the choice of Nepali speaks more to the tools it represents in enabling a better understanding and transmission of the religious message. The locality’s vernacular language is not necessarily evacuated from the cult’s presentation for it, the congregation making the possibility of francophone visitors one of their preoccupation. The actualization of the self as a better christian is much more the objectif behind the creation of Naya Mandali than the actualization of a nepalese self. The two congregations that emerged from the schism translate a distinct way of doing Church. Instead of a meance to the host society,s cohesion, the creation of Naya Mandali is a manifestation of the unexpected modes of incorporation enabled by religion. The results of negociations between integration imperatives instilled by the host societies and the believers’ yearnings, the Nepalo-bhutanese congregation had to create contacts with the localities’ other christians. Thus, they established contacts with non-migrants who would have not met them otherwise. Through religion’s medium, the schismatics have fulfilled, in a somewhat subversive way, the integration imperatives of the localities they navigated across: autonomisation, responsabilisation and self-fulfilment.

The right to own property is something we generally take for granted. For refugees living in camps, in some cases for as long as generations, the link between citizenship and property ownership becomes strained. How do refugees protect these assets and preserve communal ties? How do they maintain a sense of identity and belonging within chaotic settings? Protection Amid Chaos follows people as they develop binding claims on assets and resources in challenging political and economic spaces. Focusing on Palestinians living in refugee camps in Lebanon and Jordan, it shows how the first to arrive developed flexible though legitimate property rights claims based on legal knowledge retained from their homeland, subsequently adapted to the restrictions of refugee life. As camps increased in complexity, refugees merged their informal institutions with the formal rules of political outsiders, devising a broader, stronger system for protecting their assets and culture from predation and state incorporation. For this book, Nadya Hajj conducted interviews with two hundred refugees. She consults memoirs, legal documents, and findings in the United Nations Relief Works Agency archives. Her work reveals the strategies Palestinian refugees have used to navigate their precarious conditions while under continuous assault and situates their struggle within the larger context of communities living in transitional spaces.

For years, humanitarian relief efforts have focused primarily on saving lives. Traditional methods of triage have been employed, and those thought likely to die have been placed in an “expectant” tent or area. Recently however there has been increasing recognition that palliative care should play an essential role in relief efforts. The goal of humanitarian aid really shouldn’t just be saving lives, but should also include management of suffering, regardless of expected outcome. Humanitarian crises come in many forms, each with their own unique set of challenges. The challenges faced in dealing with high-mortality infectious disease outbreaks may differ significantly from those faced dealing with the movement of massive refugee populations or those faced in environmental disasters. In each of these situations, there may be many patients who could potentially benefit from palliative care. In addition to those facing death or disability as a result of the crisis itself (e.g. Ebola) there may be others with preexisting conditions, chronic illnesses, or new injuries who would benefit from incorporation of palliative care. And, of course, there are the psychological, spiritual, and psychosocial wounds that many bear because of these crises, all of which could be helped by incorporation of principles of palliative care into relief efforts. There are simply not enough palliative care specialty-trained clinicians to staff every humanitarian aid mission. To that end we have collaborated with a group of clinicians from around the globe in creating this field manual of palliative care in humanitarian crises, a focused, easy to use guide for incorporating palliative care into international humanitarian aid operations of all sorts. This guide may be used in the field for on-site planning and management, for education of local personnel, and for training purposes in advance of deployment. There remains much work to be done. We hope to someday see more comprehensive textbooks and more formalized training programs to optimize integration of palliative care into humanitarian relief efforts. In the meanwhile, we hope that this manual provides some useful, practical guidance for those undertaking this incredibly important work.

The Conclusion argues that the nation’s attachment to policy romanticism prevents its social maturation. Incorporating freely chosen, widely cherished values, policy romanticism remains antagonistic to liberal democracy, or at least to the Enlightenment hopes for social progress. Americans are not innocent of American problems. The nation’s problems are created as the effects of consensual, embedded norms. In contrast, the control of social policy making by illegitimate elites is so improbable that mass preference and mass consent would seem to be a logical default position. Mass consent should be specifically refuted with hard evidence of conspiracies of one sort or another before considering other explanations. The political passivity of Americans signaling contentment or at least acceptance is a more reasonable surmise than the success of hidden evil forces in pacifying the population through a narcosis of liquor, drugs, and the nearly infinite diversions of numbing entertainment.

This chapter focuses upon the transformation from roughly 1400 to 1700 of the conception of conversation itself, both within treatises touching on theories of conversation and in the practice of the literary genre of dialogue, that literary emulation of sermo whose changing form registered conversation’s transformations. This transformation began with the Renaissance humanists, who intensified the Petrarchan abstraction of conversation-as-metaphor from actual conversation. The changing role of Renaissance conversation was linked to the simultaneous expansion of oratory’s ambitions, which inspired both the use of conversation as a refuge from oratory and, in a revolutionary riposte, the counter-claim that conversation should expand the scope of its subject matter supplant oratory. The innovative genre of Utopian dialogue provided a climax to this last development, by transforming the old debate as to the optimus status rei publicae into a conversation, and thus incorporating the ends of political action within the genre of sermo. Finally, in seventeenth-century France, the preceding expansion of conversation culminated in a revolutionary triumph, as conversation replaced oratory as the default mode of rhetoric. These changes collectively set the stage for the centrality of conversation in the intellectual world of early modern Europe.

In Chapter 3, Palestinians brokered agreements with the Jordanian government to create a formal system of rules. Jordanians hoped to control and co-opt the refugee camps after Black September. Though Palestinians enjoyed limited citizenship benefits in Jordan, Palestinians still resisted incorporation and pushed for protection through informal Palestinian practices of title adjudication and enforcement. A compromise was reached whereby Palestinian and Jordanian titling and enforcement practices were melded to protect assets from predation and resist total state incorporation.

The Introduction places the study in wider historiographical, theoretical and methodological context. It explores approaches to Jewish refugees from Nazism as well as refugee and forced migration studies in general and how the two rarely connect because of the self-contained nature of the former and the ahistorical tendency of the former. The memory of refugee movements is outlined as is the concept of the journey and concepts such as naming, the concept of illegality, performativity, space and place which inform the study as a whole. It also highlights the importance of incorporating the voices of refugees in the movements, many of them totally neglected to date, covered in this study.

Chapter 3 documents the emergence, composition, and political interactions of the Catawba Nation through the mid-eighteenth century. Between the Spanish incursions of the 1560s and the establishment of Charles Town in 1670, a group of Catawba Valley Mississippians known as Yssa rose to become the powerful Nation of Esaws that formed the core of the eighteenth-century Catawba Nation. In the late seventeenth century this polity was a destination for European traders as well as American Indian refugees fleeing hostilities associated with the Indian Slave trade and settler territorial expansion. While many of these refugees were from the Catawba River Valley, others—most notably the Charraw—were Piedmont Siouans who fled southward from the North Carolina-Virginia border. The incorporation of refugees had significant implications for Catawba politics and daily life, which are explored in subsequent chapters.

Using the concept of place, this chapter explores the child survivors who came to Britain after the end of the war and initially settled in the Lake District. It explores how the heritage of the area, which is dominated by William Wordsworth, both excluded but has recently managed to include the experiences of these children as ‘Wandering Jews’. It provides a longer term history of such child refugees by incorporating the experiences of Serbian refugees who were sent to British schools in the First World War and how and why they have subsequently been forgotten. The experiences of the Holocaust survivor children is explored, especially with regard to place identity. Finally the chapter concludes by considering contemporary child migrants with the focus on those who attempt to reach the USA from central America and why concepts such as children’s rights has not impacted on their negative treatment,

Industrial activity of aluminum surface coating, namely by electrostatic painting with a polyester powder based resin, generates a significant array of wastes. Among these wastes, paint dust is classified as 08 01 12 on the European List of Wastes. As consequence of the inexistence of adequate treatment routes for its correct management, this waste is currently landfilled, without any energy and / or material recovery. Therefore, the development of proper waste management technologies in line with the environmental policies is imperative in order to improve the industrial competitiveness and to preserve the natural resources. In the present work, RDFs (Refused Derived Fuel) were produced, as pellets, for energetic valorization. These experimental RDF pellets were manufactured by mixing the industrial paint dust with sawdust (1.5 and 3%) and with paperboard (1.5%). They were subsequently tested on a purpose built experimental boiler and the combustion efficiency was assessed in terms of gaseous emissions and chemical composition of the bottom and fly ashes. The paint dust waste was delivered by a local surface treatment company and characterized concerning chemical, physical and eco toxicological properties, proving to be rich in Carbon (50.2%) and Hydrogen (4.73%). The obtained RDFs were characterized for mechanical durability, elemental and chemical analysis, bulk density and lower heating value. Results show that the utmost lower heating value (19670 kJ/kg) was obtained for the maximum incorporation content of paint dust waste tested (3%). Combustion trials were carried out at a fuel flow rate between 2 and 3 kg/h. The results showed that the incorporation of paint dust waste resulted in a decrease of the thermal efficiency which suggests that the air fuel ratio was not properly adjusted to the varying heat value of the fuel blend. For all the tests, the mass flow rate and the quality of the gaseous emissions were evaluated for the most relevant pollutants such as particles, SO2, TOC, CO and NOx. All parameters, except for particles in one single case, comply with strict environmental limits applicable. Samples of ashes have also been collected and their chemical composition correlated with the fusibility behavior. The results show that such levels of incorporation could be an effective process for paint dust waste management from both the environmental and energetic points of view.

Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes franchised solid waste collections and the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Five Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Pelletization Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Household Hazardous Waste Facility. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented its current integrated solid waste management program to ensure disposal capacity through 2021. However, even in consideration of the current economic climate, the Authority anticipates continued population growth and associated new development patterns that will significantly increase demands on its solid waste system, requiring it to reevaluate and update its planning to accommodate future growth. The NCRRF, the Authority’s refuse derived fuel waste-to-energy facility, has performed very well since its start up in 1989 processing over 13 million tons of MSW, saving valuable landfill space and efficiently producing clean renewable energy. As the NCRRF has reached the end of its first 20 year operating term, it became necessary to complete a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued reliable service for a second 20 year term and beyond providing for continued disposal capacity and energy production for the Authority’s customers. Separately, the Authority also recognized that the refurbishment alone will not provide any additional disposal capacity for the County. The County’s anticipated growth necessitated that the Authority evaluate several options for long-term processing and disposal capacity, resulting in a decision to expand its WTE capacity with a new mass burn facility, the first facility of its kind to be constructed in Florida in more than a decade, reaffirming its commitment to waste-to-energy. The planned 3,000 TPD expansion will provide a total disposal capacity of 5,000 TPD generating approximately 150MW of renewable energy. The decision to proceed with the expansion was approved by the Authority’s Board in October 2008. The Authority, with its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., has since made significant progress in the facility’s implementation including the completion of the preliminary design, submittal of environmental permit applications, ongoing procurement of a full service vendor, issuance of revenue bonds for project financing, and commencing extensive public outreach. This paper will focus on the development of the new mass burn facility and an update of the status of activities conducted to date including, permitting, financing, vendor procurement, design, and public outreach, as well as will highlight several innovative design, procurement, permitting, and financing features of this landmark project for the Authority, such as: • Utilization of SCR technology for control of NOx emission; • Incorporation of rainwater harvesting and water reuse; • Utilization of iterative procurement process designed to obtain vendor input in a competitive environment; and • Financing approach designed to preserve alternative minimum tax benefits.

In the summer of 2009, Governor John P. DeJongh, Jr. announced that the Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority (WAPA) had just signed two 20-year Power Purchase Agreements, and the Virgin Islands Waste Management Authority (VIWMA) had signed two 20-year Solid Waste Management Services Agreements with affiliates of Denver-based Alpine Energy Group, LLC (AEG) to build, own, and operate two alternative energy facilities that will serve the residents of St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas. The alternative energy facilities, to be built on St. Croix and St. Thomas, have a projected cost of $440 million and will convert an estimated 146,000 tons per year of municipal solid waste into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) using WastAway Services® technology, which will be combined with petroleum coke as fuel in fluidized bed combustion facilities to generate steam and electric power. These sustainable projects will provide 33 MW of electric power to St. Thomas and St. John and 16 MW of electric power to St. Croix, and will help to provide long-term cost stability for electric power and solid waste management in the Territory. Construction is expected to start in spring 2010 with an anticipated completion date during the fourth quarter of 2012. This procurement is a significant achievement for the U.S. Virgin Islands. When the projects are fully implemented, they will allow the Territory to reduce its dependence on oil, recover the energy value and certain recyclable materials from its municipal solid waste, and divert this waste from landfill. Since VIWMA has the responsibility to collect and/or dispose of solid waste year-round, having a system incorporating multiple solid waste processing lines and an adequate supply of spare parts on hand at all times is crucial to meeting the daily demands of waste receiving and processing, and RDF production. Also, with the location of the US Virgin Islands in a hurricane zone, and with only one or two combustion units available in each Project, the ability to both stockpile waste pre-RDF processing and store the produced RDF is very important. Gershman, Brickner &amp; Bratton, Inc. (GBB)’s work has included a due diligence review of the Projects and providing professional support in VIWMA’s negotiations with AEG. GBB’s initial primary assignment centered on reviewing the design and operations of the RDF processing systems that will be built and operated under the respective Service Contracts. VIWMA needed to undertake a detailed technical review of the proposed RDF processing system, since this was the integration point of the waste collection system and waste processing/disposal services. GBB, in association with Maguire, was requested to provide this review and present the findings and opinions to VIWMA. In the completion of this effort, which included both a technical review and participation in negotiations to advance the Service Contracts for the Projects, GBB made direct contact with the key equipment suppliers for the Projects proposed by AEG. This included Bouldin Corporation, the primary RDF processing system supplier, with its patented WastAway technology, and Energy Products of Idaho, the main thermal processing equipment supplier, with its fluidized bed combustion technology and air pollution control equipment. Additionally, since the combustion systems for both Projects will generate an ash product that will require marketing for use and/or disposal over the term of the Service Contracts, GBB made contact with LA Ash, one of the potential subcontractors identified by AEG for these ash management services. Due to the nature of the contract guarantees of VIWMA to provide 73,000 tons per year of Acceptable Waste to each Project for processing, VIWMA authorized GBB to perform a current waste stream characterization study. Part of this effort included waste sorts for one week each in February 2009 on St. Croix and March 2009 on St. Thomas, with the results shared with VIWMA and AEG, as compiled. The 2009 GBB waste stream characterization study incorporated historical monthly waste weigh data from both the Bovoni and Anguilla Landfills that were received from VIWMA staff. The study has formed a basis for continuing to augment the waste quantity information from the two landfills with the additional current monthly results compiled by VIWMA staff going forward following the waste sorts. The final GBB report was published in December 2009 and includes actual USVI landfill receipt data through August 31, 2009. The information contained in this document provides the underpinnings to allow for better tracking and analysis of daily, weekly and monthly waste quantities received for recycling, processing and disposal, which are important to the overall waste processing system operations, guarantees and cost projections. GBB’s annual projections are that the total waste on St. Croix is currently over 104,000 tons per year and over 76,000 tons per year on St. Thomas. The thermal processing technology selected for both Projects is a fluidized bed process, employing a heated bed of sand material “fluidized” in a column of air to burn the fuel — RDF and/or Pet Coke. As such, the solid waste to be used in these combustion units must be size-reduced from the myriad of sizes of waste set out at the curb or discharged into the large roll-off boxes or bins at the many drop-off sites in the US Virgin Islands. While traditional RDF would typically have several days of storage life, the characteristics of the pelletized RDF should allow several weeks of storage. This will be important to having a sound and realistic operating plan, given the unique circumstances associated with the climate, waste moisture content, island location, lack of back-up disposal options and downtime associated with the Power Generation Facility. During the negotiations between AEG and VIWMA, in which GBB staff participated, in addition to RDF and pelletized RDF as the waste fuel sources, other potential fuels have been discussed for use in the Projects and are included as “Opportunity Fuels” in the Service Contracts. These Opportunity Fuels include ground woody waste, dried sludges, and shredded tires, for example. Therefore, the flexibility of the EPI fluidized bed combustion boilers to handle multi-fuels is viewed as an asset over the long term, especially for an island location where disposal options are limited and shipping materials onto and off of each island is expensive. This presentation will provide a unique behind-the-scenes review of the process that led to this historic agreement, from the due diligence of the proposed technologies, to implementation planning, to the negotiations with the contractor. Also discussed will be the waste characterization and quantity analysis performed in 2009 and the fast-track procurement planning and procurement of construction and operating services for a new transfer station to be sited on St. Croix.