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Journal articles on the topic 'Refugees – Bhutan'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Polcher, Kelly, and Susan Calloway. "Addressing the Need for Mental Health Screening of Newly Resettled Refugees." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 7, no. 3 (March 4, 2016): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131916636630.

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Background and Purpose: Refugees resettling to the United States are at increased risk for mental health disorders, which can lead to difficulty with adaptation and poor health outcomes. Standardized mental health screening of refugees is often neglected at primary care and community health clinics. A pilot project aimed to initiate early mental health screening for newly resettled adult refugees was implemented at a community health center in Fargo, North Dakota. Methods: Current refugee screening processes were evaluated to determine appropriate timing for refugee mental health screening. This took into consideration time, staffing, interpreter availability and the refugee “honeymoon” phase following resettlement. The Refugee Health Screener–15 (RHS-15) was identified as an efficient, valid, and reliable tool for assessing emotional distress in this population and was integrated into refugee health screening practices. Results: The RHS-15 was administered to 178 adult refugees with arrival dates between August 1, 2013 and July 31, 2014. Of those screened, 51 (28.6%) screened positive for risk of emotional distress. Follow-up with primary care provider was completed with 30 (59%) of those who screened positive. Half (15) requested mental health treatment. Although the largest group of refugees during this period of time were resettling from Bhutan, refugees from Iraq had greater incidence of positive screening compared with those from Bhutan. Refugees from Iraq were also found to have significantly higher scores on the RHS-15. Conclusions: Although there are some challenges to implementing a standardized mental health screening for refugees, this pilot reiterates the need for standardized mental health screening of refugees. Routine mental health screening should be a part of the overall comprehensive health assessment provided to refugees nationwide. Considerations should be taken in regards to how refugees from Iraq have even greater risk of mental health disorders compared to other refugee groups.

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2

HUTT, M. "Ethnic Nationalism, Refugees and Bhutan." Journal of Refugee Studies 9, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/9.4.397.

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3

Shekhar, Beulah, and Vijaya Somasundaram. "The Sri Lankan Refugee Crimes and Crisis: Experience and Lessons Learnt from South India." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 2, no. 2 (October 2019): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606919885524.

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Sharing porous borders with its neighbours, India has played a regular host to refugees from Nepal, Burma, Tibet, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. According to UNHCR, as of 2014, there are more than 200,000 refugees living in India. Notwithstanding the fact that India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and its additional 1967 Protocol, its open-door policy to refugees has had adverse political and socio-economic repercussions. This article3 analyses the experience of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with the Sri Lankan refugees from the first influx in 1983 up to 2000, when the refugees began returning to their homeland. The researchers identify the pull factors for the refugee influx and push factors that led to their return and in the process put together crucial learning that can be of significance to States dealing with the problem of refugees.

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4

Shaw, Brian C. "Bhutan in 1991: "Refugees" and "Ngolops"." Asian Survey 32, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645217.

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5

Shaw, Brian C. "Bhutan in 1991: "Refugees" and "Ngolops"." Asian Survey 32, no. 2 (February 1992): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1992.32.2.00p0145o.

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6

Pattanaik, Smruti S. "Nepal‐Bhutan bilateral talks and repatriation of Bhutanese refugees." Strategic Analysis 22, no. 10 (January 1999): 1607–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700169908458906.

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7

LEE, T. L. "Refugees from Bhutan: Nationality, Statelessness and the Right to Return." International Journal of Refugee Law 10, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1998): 118–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/10.1-2.118.

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8

Lee, T. "Refugees from Bhutan: nationality statelessness and the right to return." International Journal of Refugee Law 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 118–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/10.1.118.

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9

Clark, Alice, Andrew Gilbert, Deepa Rao, and Lorraine Kerr. "‘Excuse me, do any of you ladies speak English?’ Perspectives of refugee women living in South Australia: barriers to accessing primary health care and achieving the Quality Use of Medicines." Australian Journal of Primary Health 20, no. 1 (2014): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py11118.

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Reforms to the Australian health system aim to ensure that services are accessible, clinically and culturally appropriate, timely and affordable. During the reform consultation process there were urgent calls from stakeholders to specifically consider the health needs of the thousands of refugees who settle here each year, but little is known about what is needed from the refugee perspective. Access to health services is a basic requirement of achieving the quality use of medicines, as outlined in Australia’s National Medicines Policy. This study aimed to identify the barriers to accessing primary health care services and explore medicine-related issues as experienced by refugee women in South Australia. Thirty-six women participated in focus groups with accredited and community interpreters and participants were from Sudan, Burundi, Congo, Burma, Afghanistan and Bhutan who spoke English (as a second language), Chin, Matu, Dari and Nepali. The main barrier to accessing primary health care and understanding GPs and pharmacists was not being able to speak or comprehend English. Interpreter services were used inconsistently or not at all. To implement the health reforms and achieve the quality use of medicines, refugees, support organisations, GPs, pharmacists and their staff require education, training and support.

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10

Block, Azadeh Masalehdan, Leslie Aizenman, Adam Saad, Stephanie Harrison, Amanda Sloan, Simone Vecchio, and Vanessa Wilson. "Peer Support Groups: Evaluating a Culturally Grounded, Strengths-Based Approach for Work With Refugees." Advances in Social Work 18, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 930–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/21634.

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Many refugees will face unique socio-emotional stressors before, during, and after resettling in their new home country. The program presented herein focuses on the use of para-professionals, peer educators, from within refugee communities to build upon the Center for Torture and Trauma Survivors Clubhouse model. Group leaders seek to provide supports that will: 1) decrease feelings of isolation; 2) build community networks and; 3) increase feelings of empowerment within the community. To accurately represent the fluidity of the refugee population in this metropolitan region, background is presented on an established refugee population from Iraq and a more recent influx of refugees of Bhutan (ethnic Nepali). The juxtaposition of the two groups underscores the importance of presenting a dynamic program that is peer-led to provide the supports necessary to acclimate to their new environment. Program evaluation results from groups run in 2016-2017 indicate that the groups have been successful in helping participants make friends, get information, become more independent, and feel better about life in America. Additionally, participants report a significantly higher number of individuals who they can “talk to about problems or worries” and connect to with a sense of trust within their ethnic community. Finally, the utility of other therapeutic and support processes, such as horticultural and expressive arts therapies, are discussed apropos work with refugee populations.

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11

Smith, Laura, Ha Hoang, Tamara Reynish, Kim McLeod, Chona Hannah, Stuart Auckland, Shameran Slewa-Younan, and Jonathan Mond. "Factors Shaping the Lived Experience of Resettlement for Former Refugees in Regional Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020501.

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Refugees experience traumatic life events with impacts amplified in regional and rural areas due to barriers accessing services. This study examined the factors influencing the lived experience of resettlement for former refugees in regional Launceston, Australia, including environmental, social, and health-related factors. Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with adult and youth community members from Burma, Bhutan, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, Iran, and Sudan, and essential service providers (n = 31). Thematic analysis revealed four factors as primarily influencing resettlement: English language proficiency; employment, education and housing environments and opportunities; health status and service access; and broader social factors and experiences. Participants suggested strategies to overcome barriers associated with these factors and improve overall quality of life throughout resettlement. These included flexible English language program delivery and employment support, including industry-specific language courses; the provision of interpreters; community events fostering cultural sharing, inclusivity and promoting well-being; and routine inclusion of nondiscriminatory, culturally sensitive, trauma-informed practices throughout a former refugee’s environment, including within education, employment, housing and service settings.

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12

Frechette, A. "Unbecoming Citizens: Culture, Nationhood, and the Flight of Refugees from Bhutan." Journal of Refugee Studies 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/16.4.450.

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13

Whelpton, John. "Nepal and Bhutan in 2007: Seeking an Elusive Consensus." Asian Survey 48, no. 1 (January 2008): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2008.48.1.184.

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Amid continuing unrest in Nepal's Tarai (Lowlands) region and elsewhere, eventual abolition of the monarchy looks certain. But implementation of the country's peace process remains stalled with postponement of the Constituent Assembly elections originally scheduled for June 2007 and disagreement between the Nepali Congress Party and leftist parties over the electoral system to be adopted for these polls. In Bhutan, the process of democratization appears to be deepening and the economy is growing, but the issue of Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal continues to be an irritant both domestically and in terms of intra-state relations.

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14

Trieu, Monica M., and Chia Youyee Vang. "A Portrait of Refugees from Burma/Myanmar and Bhutan in the United States." Journal of Asian American Studies 18, no. 3 (2015): 347–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2015.0029.

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15

Alshadood, Maytham, Scott Butler Harpin, and Jini Puma. "Burmese and Bhutanese refugee utilization of healthcare services in Colorado." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 14, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-03-2018-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify factors, within a framework for integration, associated with healthcare utilization (primary care use, dental care, and insurance coverage) for Colorado refugees, by gender. Design/methodology/approach The Refugee Integration Survey and Evaluation project was a four-year longitudinal study of refugees that resettled in Colorado beginning in 2011. Refugees from Burma and Bhutan were used in this secondary data analysis. Various integration domains were explored as predictors, across gender groups, of the healthcare utilization outcome variables (physical exam in the past 12 months, dental exam in the past 12 months, and current healthcare coverage) using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Findings In 2015, 73.1 percent of the sample reported accessing primary health care in the past year, and only 13.2 percent used dental care services. Nearly three-quarters reported having health insurance at the time of survey. In the adjusted models, there was a strong positive association between the outcome variable “physical exam” and the predictor variables “employment and economic self-sufficiency” (OR=0.70, p<0.001), “social bonding” (OR=3.73, p<0.001), and “safety and stability” (OR=2.23, p<0.001). Additionally, education and training predicted dental visit (OR=2.06, p<0.01). None of the integration domains were statistically significant predictors of dental visits in the adjusted models. Originality/value This study offers insights about facilitators and barriers to healthcare utilization uptake after resettling in a major US city. These findings can be used by agencies and governmental organizations to best tailor healthcare services and promotion of those services for this vulnerable population.

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16

Shyangwa, Pramod M., and Arun Jha. "Nepal: trying to reach out to the community." International Psychiatry 5, no. 2 (April 2008): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005579.

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Sandwiched between India and China, Nepal is a small landlocked lower-middle-income country in South Asia. Once a peaceful country, it is striving to overcome the legacy of a 10-year Maoist rebellion, a royal massacre and continuing political chaos. Nepal has been in dispute with neighbouring Bhutan over the repatriation of hundreds of thousands of refugees in several camps in Nepal. In addition, the country experiences frequent natural disasters (floods and landslides) and faces several environmental challenges, including deforestation and a population explosion in southern Nepal.

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17

Benson, Jill, Christine Phillips, Margaret Kay, Murray T. Webber, Alison J. Ratcliff, Ignacio Correa-Velez, and Michelle F. Lorimer. "Low Vitamin B12 Levels among Newly-Arrived Refugees from Bhutan, Iran and Afghanistan: A Multicentre Australian Study." PLoS ONE 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2013): e57998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057998.

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18

Ziaian, Tahereh, Emily Miller, Helena de Anstiss, Teresa Puvimanasinghe, Maureen Dollard, Adrian Esterman, Helen Barrie, and Tamara Stewart-Jones. "Refugee Youth and Transition to Further Education, Training, and Employment in Australia: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study." JMIR Research Protocols 8, no. 7 (July 31, 2019): e12632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/12632.

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Background Young people with refugee experiences are widely acknowledged as encountering multiple disadvantages that affect their school completion and retention, university entry, and subsequent employment. This paper discusses the rationale for and protocol of a mixed methods investigation focusing on improving education and employment outcomes among refugee background youth aged 15 to 24 years from three focus regions: the Middle East (Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria), South Asia (Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar/Burma, Pakistan) and Africa (Sudan, South Sudan, Liberia, Ethiopia, Somalia, DR Congo). Objective The rationale of the project is to identify the facilitators and barriers to successful transition from school to further education and employment; investigate participant awareness of support systems available when faced with education and employment difficulties; redress the disadvantages encountered by refugee background youth; and bridge the gap between research, policy, and practice in relation to social inclusion and participation. Methods The study involves collecting survey data from 600 youth followed by individual interviews with a subset of 60 youth, their parents/primary caregivers, and their teachers. A cross-sectional survey will assess facilitators and barriers to successful transition from school to further education and employment. Individual interviews will provide context-rich data on key issues relevant to education and employment outcomes. Results The study began in 2016 and is due for completion by the end of 2019. The quantitative survey has been conducted with 635 participants and was closed in March 2019. The qualitative interview stage is ongoing, and the current total in April 2019 is 93 participants including educators, youth, and family members of the youth. Analysis and presentation of results will be available in 2020. Some preliminary findings will be available during the late half of 2019. Conclusions This project will contribute new and unique insights to knowledge in relation to key factors influencing education and employment outcomes among refugee youth. This research will enable effective planning for the needs of some of Australia’s most disadvantaged and marginalized young people, leading to a sustainable improvement in the education and employability of young refugees. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/12632

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19

Timalsina, Ramji. "The Dichotomy of Pain and Hope in Bhutanese Nepali Diasporic Poetry." Molung Educational Frontier 9 (December 22, 2019): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v9i0.33597.

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Diaspora is a locale where both the pain and hope work together. The pain of being separated from one’s homeland is compensated with the hope of a better life than that of home back. The creative writings of the diasporas reflect the same dichotomy of pain and hope. This exploratory study on Bhutanese Nepali diasporic poetry displays the same features: the Bhutanese Nepali diasporans have a life full of pain at the loss of their homeland, but they are living with the hope for good life in the days ahead. On the one hand, the trauma they have undergone because of expulsion from their homeland, the experience of being refugees in Nepal for about two decades, and the hardship of transition caused by the third country settlement has been expressed in their poems. On the other hand, their creations show the rays of hope for their life ahead in the host land. They have hopes for a good life, for the preservation of their culture, and real return to Bhutan. In both the themes and styles, many poems simultaneously display both of these aspects of their lives.

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20

Rizal, Dhurba. "The unknown refugee crisis: expulsion of the ethnic Lhotsampa from Bhutan." Asian Ethnicity 5, no. 2 (June 2004): 151–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1463136042000221861.

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21

"Suicide Awareness Needed for Bhutan Refugees in United States." JAMA 310, no. 8 (August 28, 2013): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.194707.

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22

Nelson, Andrew. "From Romance to Tragedy: House Ownership and Relocation in the Resettlement Narratives of Nepali Bhutanese Refugees." Journal of Refugee Studies, December 10, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa079.

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Abstract Based on 3 years of research with Nepali Bhutanese refugees in the Dallas–Fort Worth region of the southern US, this article asks how house ownership affects the meaning of home in third-country resettlement. While research participants initially depicted the owned house as a recovery of the pre-exile home, their narratives shifted when many started considering moves to the northern states of Ohio and Pennsylvania. In follow-up interviews based on future plans, an alternative image of home emerged based on the ability to relocate and seek better futures. In this spatially mobile and temporally open reconceptualization, home did not mean an end to displacement, but rather a continuous negotiation with conditions of alienation experienced as migrants in Bhutan and refugees in Nepal and the US. This shift suggests conceiving of refugee resettlement less as a romance of overcoming the liminality of exile, and more as a tragedy of enduring displacement.

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23

Goswami, Koushik. "Review Article: Rewriting Tibet in The Tibetan Suitcase: A Novel (2019) by Tsering Namgyal Khortsa." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 12, no. 4 (September 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n4.23.

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The Chinese invasion and occupation of Tibet in 1950 compelled a sizable number of Tibetans to leave their homeland. They were relocated to India, Nepal, Bhutan and different parts of the world as refugees. These displaced people do not want to forget their own history. Tibetan authors have taken upon themselves the responsibility of keeping alive the memory of the great exodus in which Dalai Lama was a participant and of what happened after that. The flame of patriotism and the desire for a return to the homeland filter through their literary works. These authors writing in English nurture a free Tibet in their national imaginary. As the Tibetans lack political and military power to overwhelm the might of the Chinese colonisers, the works of these writers of Tibetan origin are of paramount importance. Combining the functions of both creative authors and activists, they help sustain the Tibetan struggle for freedom, draw global attention to the plight of Tibetan refugees scattered all over the world and put pressure on the repressive Chinese regime in Tibet.

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24

Timalsina, Ramji. "Causes and Effects of Trauma in Bhutanese Nepali Diasporic Poetry." Molung Educational Frontier, December 25, 2020, 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i1.34036.

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This study aims to explore the causes and effects of trauma in Bhutanese Nepali diasporic poetry. It discusses the connection between the individual and collective trauma. Bhutanese Nepali diasporic poetry gives expression to centuries-long marginalization and sufferings of this community. The series of suffering started from the time the people of Nepali origin reached Bhutan for permanent settlement. It continued with their expulsion, life as refugees and finally in the resettled life in the West. Their experiences of suffering caused trauma on both the personal and collective levels. To explore how it is represented in their poetic creations, I have done this study with the use of constructivist trauma theory in the analysis of the six purposively selected poems that deal with causes and effects of trauma. Constructivist trauma theory deals with trauma as a social construct. The experiences of the people are traumatic, and the discourses on trauma make the individual and social trauma acute and understandable. The study has found that the history of sufferings and the consequent experiences are the causes of their trauma. As a result of trauma, their mentality has been badly affected. The speakers in the poems and the community at the level of representation have been fearful, purposeless and disoriented. The victims’ vulnerable existential condition has been reflected in their alternative mode of living on, disability, helplessness and aloneness that has caused significant bearing on the construction of their identity. Their psychology has been filled with troubling past and unstable present mentality resulting into the feeling of being demeaned and diminished. At the same time, these poems have depicted the combination of personal and collective trauma. I believe that this study paves way to further studies on Bhutanese Nepali diasporic literature from the perspective of trauma theory.

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