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1
Tiwari, Garima. "Promoting Effective Refugee Protection in India: Balancing National Interests and International Obligations." Athens Journal of Law 10, no. 2 (March 29, 2024): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.10-2-3.
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This paper explores the situation of refugees in India, particularly Sri Lankan and Rohingya refugees who are seeking asylum in India and face the issue of statelessness due to the lack of a concrete refugee law in India. The Foreigners Act 1946 of India defines foreigners as individuals who are not Indian citizens and requires non-citizens to possess government-issued documentation. Failure to possess such documents exposes individuals to penalties outlined in section 14 of the Act, including potential imprisonment and fines. The Act also grants the government the authority to detain and deport foreign nationals residing unlawfully in India. Furthermore, the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 (“CAA”) addresses the plight of religious minorities, excluding Sri Lankan, Rohingya and other refugees, as it only applies to refugees from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The CAA allows eligible Hindu refugees who entered India before December 31, 2014, to obtain Indian citizenship. The absence of a concrete refugee law in India, coupled with concerns over the potential impact of the CAA on India’s secular constitutional fabric, has raised international apprehension. It is important to note that India is not a party to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, and its 1967 protocol, limiting its refugee protection obligations. By analysing relevant legal sources, judicial decisions and international standards, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal complexities surrounding refugee protection in India and the implications of the CAA within the context of India's international obligations. Keywords: Refugee; International Law; India; Secularism; Domestic Law.
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Shekhar, Beulah, and Vijaya Somasundaram. "The Sri Lankan Refugee Crimes and Crisis: Experience and Lessons Learnt from South India." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 2, no. 2 (October 2019): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606919885524.
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Sharing porous borders with its neighbours, India has played a regular host to refugees from Nepal, Burma, Tibet, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. According to UNHCR, as of 2014, there are more than 200,000 refugees living in India. Notwithstanding the fact that India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and its additional 1967 Protocol, its open-door policy to refugees has had adverse political and socio-economic repercussions. This article3 analyses the experience of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with the Sri Lankan refugees from the first influx in 1983 up to 2000, when the refugees began returning to their homeland. The researchers identify the pull factors for the refugee influx and push factors that led to their return and in the process put together crucial learning that can be of significance to States dealing with the problem of refugees.
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Panakkeel, Maneesh, and Aicha El Alaoui. "Manifestation of Atithi Devo Bhavah maxim on Sri Lankan Tamil refugees treatment in India." Simulacra 3, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/sml.v3i2.8402.
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This study discusses the reflection of Indian’s Athithi Devo Bhava policy towards Sri Lankan Tamil refugees during the hostility staged in the island since 1983. The enduring Indian practices of tolerance and goodwill resulted in following a benevolent policy towards all those who sought asylum. In ancient India, there were four cultural maxims: (1) Matru Devo Bhava, your mother is like God; (2) Pitru Devo Bhava, your father is like God; (3) Acharya Devo Bhava, your teacher is like God, and (4) Athithi Devo Bhava, your guest is like God. The refugee has considered as an Athithi (guest) to the country and treated them as God. India has accorded asylum to more than 25 million people in spite of the absence of strong refugee laws, but the treatment has been given on an ad hoc basis. The study is descriptive in nature. The information was collected from secondary sources. It underlines that the Indian government has been providing accommodation, food, and security to refugees. Subsequently, the services enjoyed by the Indian citizens are extended to refugees. There is a harmony between Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils in language and culture. Tamils in India and the Indian government has treated the refugee as a guest.
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Alexander, Atul, and Nakul Singh. "India and Refugee Law: Gauging India’s Position on Afghan Refugees." Laws 11, no. 2 (April 2, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws11020031.
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The turbulent transition of power from the Ghani administration to the Taliban regime has not only signalled a death knell to the fundamentals of representative democracy, but it has also provided fertile ground for the large-scale exodus of refugees into neighbouring nations. In view of this, a scrutiny of the Indian state’s response to the influx of Afghan refugees is warranted. India is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, nor to the 1967 Protocol, and, in the absence of any concrete national refugee law and policy, Afghans who are seeking refugee status are processed on a haphazard case-by-case basis. In chalking out a future course of action, this paper aims to analyse India’s response to the possible Afghan refugee inflow in the aftermath of the Taliban takeover and in light of India’s recent endorsement of the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR). Against the backdrop of the limited mandate of the UNHCR and the lack of “political will” from the successive governments, we contend that the Supreme and High Courts of India have been instrumental in construing a tentative shield of protection for persons already in the country, which is working out of a judicial form of the endorsement of the non-refoulment principle, in the absence of legislative and executive commitments, and the preferential “acts of kindness” strategy, which discriminates amongst different refugee groups as per origin or religious belief. Moreover, it is argued that the GCR has made few inroads into the overall paradigm as to how refugees are perceived in India. The research concludes that India must enact legislation on refugees for any constructive engagement beyond archaic quick-fix solutions.
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Mundhe, Rohidas. "Legal Policy On Rights and Issues of Refugees in India." Khazanah Hukum 2, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/kh.v2i3.9813.
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According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in India, there are 70.8 million people who were forcibly displaced worldwide. Of these 41.3 million people displaced internally, 25.9 million were refugees, 3.9 million were stateless and 3.5 million were asylum seekers. Even if we live in the 21st century, it is a very sad situation where millions of people are deprived of their natural rights around the world. They experience various types of discrimination and torture based on race, religion, nationality, language, place of birth, membership of certain social groups or political opinion. Aiming to analyze the legal policies implemented by the Indian government for refugees, this research used juridical normative method with qualitative approach, literature yuridis normati and field studies, resulting in India having adopted an open door refugee policy without limiting itself to any legal framework and accommodating millions of refugees from various countries.
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George, Miriam, Anita Vaillancourt, and S. Irudaya Rajan. "Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in India: Conceptual Framework of Repatriation Success." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 32, no. 3 (November 23, 2016): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40234.
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Repatriation to Sri Lanka has become a primary challenge to Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Indian refugee camps, and a matter of significant public discussion in India and Sri Lanka. Anxiety about repatriation among Sri Lankan Tamil refugees and lack of initiation from the Sri Lankan government threatens the development of a coherent repatriation strategy. This article proposes a conceptual framework of repatriation success for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, which the Sri Lankan government, non-governmental agencies, and Sri Lankan Tamil refugees may use to develop a concrete strategy for repatriation. Based upon the study results of two of the authors’ repatriation studies, this article identifies and describes the four key concepts of the repatriation framework: livelihood development, language and culture awareness, social relationships, and equal citizenship within a nation.
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Sarkar, Satabdi. "Refugee Crisis in India through Gender Lens: A Brief Study in Context to Assam." Praxis International Journal of Social Science and Literature 6, no. 8 (August 25, 2023): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51879/pijssl/060820.
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India especially Assam continues in receiving refugees notwithstanding its overpopulation where millions of humans are underneath poverty line and are debarred from basic facilities.. While refugees are seen as ‘unwanted’ and regarded as “stateless” in most societies today, the experience of migrants varies, depending on the socio-economic and political conditions of the particular territories where they find refugee. On August 31,2019, 1.9 million people in N.E.India’s state of Assam were identified as refugees from Bangladesh after government officials published the NRC .Although the exact religious demographics of this population are not yet officially available. By taking the case of refugees of India ,and most importantly of Assam, this paper highlights the conditions of refugees especially women refugees and their deteriorated problems and issues faced during their journey of life. Moreover, this paper also mentions about the constitutional and legislative framework for protection of refugees and also provided recommendations to the state for ensurement of rights of refugees.
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Madnani, Bhavika. "Rights of Refugees in India." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (August 31, 2018): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd17036.
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SEN, UDITI. "The Myths Refugees Live By: Memory and history in the making of Bengali refugee identity." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 1 (May 9, 2013): 37–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000613.
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AbstractWithin the popular memory of the partition of India, the division of Bengal continues to evoke themes of political rupture, social tragedy, and nostalgia. The refugees or, more broadly speaking, Hindu migrants from East Bengal, are often the central agents of such narratives. This paper explores how the scholarship on East Bengali refugees portrays them either as hapless and passive victims of the regime of rehabilitation, which was designed to integrate refugees into the socio-economic fabric of India, or eulogizes them as heroic protagonists who successfully battled overwhelming adversity to wrest resettlement from a reluctant state. This split image of the Bengali refugee as both victim and victor obscures the complex nature of refugee agency. Through a case-study of the foundation and development of Bijoygarh colony, an illegal settlement of refugee-squatters on the outskirts of Calcutta, this paper will argue that refugee agency in post-partition West Bengal was inevitably moulded by social status and cultural capital. However, the collective memory of the establishment of squatters’ colonies systematically ignores the role of caste and class affiliations in fracturing the refugee experience. Instead, it retells the refugees’ quest for rehabilitation along the mythic trope of heroic and masculine struggle. This paper interrogates refugee reminiscences to illuminate their erasures and silences, delineating the mythic structure common to both popular and academic refugee histories and exploring its significance in constructing a specific cultural identity for Bengali refugees.
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Frilund, Rebecca. "Tibetan Refugee Journeys: Representations of Escape and Transit." Refugee Survey Quarterly 38, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 290–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdz007.
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Abstract This ethnographic study contributes to the scholarly call to increase studies on refugee journeys. It explores Tibetan journeys via Nepal to India and provides a novel case study about the Tibetan refugees who commonly cross the Himalayas at least partly on foot without passports and head to the Tibetan Reception Centre in Kathmandu, Nepal, from where they are assisted to India. Conceptually, the study argues that combining the studies of refugee journeys and transit migration increases understanding of the (Tibetan) refugee journeys. The findings reveal that the risky journey has a remarkable meaning both for those Tibetans who have done the journey and collectively for the diaspora Tibetans in India. As Tibetans, like refugees in general are still often victimised and their subjectivities overlooked, the study also contributes to a fuller understanding of the Tibetan refugee agency through the journey narratives of the interviewees of this study.
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Field, Jessica, Anubhav Dutt Tiwari, and Yamini Mookherjee. "Self-reliance as a Concept and a Spatial Practice for Urban Refugees: Reflections from Delhi, India." Journal of Refugee Studies 33, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez050.
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AbstractIn India, urban refugees sit within a legal vacuum and often struggle to make ends meet in the socio-economic periphery. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and its implementing partners have focused on supporting refugees to achieve a level of self-reliance, primarily through market-based livelihood interventions. However, refugee lives in India’s cities continue to be characterized by economic insecurity, exploitation and marginalization. This article explores the limitations of a market-orientated approach to fostering refugee self-reliance in the context of Delhi and departs from the burgeoning literature on refugee self-reliance by examining it from a spatial perspective. Building on recent work in political geography, the article highlights historic and ongoing practices of spatial exclusion of refugees and other poor migrant groups in India’s capital city, as well as a diverse range of (non-economic) social networks and activities that have emerged as safety nets. We argue that, in addition to livelihoods, humanitarian actors must also explore non-economic initiatives that might contribute to refugee self-reliance and, importantly, must pay more attention to how the urban environment both delimits and enables these activities.
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Sengupta, Debjani. "The dark forest of exile: A Dandakaranya memoir and the Partition’s Dalit refugees." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 57, no. 3 (September 2022): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219894221115908.
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The Partition of India in 1947 has often been studied through the lenses of territoriality, communal identity, and the high nationalist politics of the attainment of the two nation-states of India and Pakistan. However, the history of nation-making is inextricably linked with the account of Dalit communities in divided Bengal, their aspirations and arrival in West Bengal, and their subsequent exile outside the newly formed state to a government-chosen rehabilitation site called Dandakaranya in central India. From the 1950s, the Dalit population of East Pakistan began migrating to West Bengal in India following their leader Jogendra Nath Mandal who had migrated earlier. Subsequently, West Bengal saw a steady influx of agriculturalist Dalit refugees whose rehabilitation entailed a different understanding of land resettlement. Conceived in 1956, the Dandakaranya Project was an ambitious one-time plan to rehabilitate thousands of East Bengali Namasudra refugees outside the state. Some writings on Dandakaranya, such as those by Saibal Kumar Gupta, former chairman of the Dandakaranya Development Authority, offer us a profound insight into the plight of Dalit refugees during post-Partition times. This article explores two texts by Gupta: his memoir, Kichu Smriti, Kichu Katha, and a collection of essays compiled in a book, Dandakaranya: A Survey of Rehabilitation. Drawing on official data, government reports, assessments of the refugee settlers, and extensive personal interaction, Gupta evaluates the demographic and humanitarian consequences of the Partition for the Dalit refugees. These texts represent an important literary archive that unearths a hidden chapter in the Indian Partition’s historiography and lays bare the trajectory of Scheduled Caste history understood through the project of rehabilitation and resettlement in independent India.
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Patnaik, Dabiru Sridhar, and Nizamuddin Ahmad Siddiqui. "Problems of Refugee Protection in International Law: An Assessment Through the Rohingya Refugee Crisis in India." Socio-Legal Review 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.55496/tdmj1227.
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The present article deals with the problems of refugees under international law. The purpose is two-fold – to understand the legal framework for the protection of refugees and to understand the manner in which the international legal framework is adopted by States in their domestic jurisdictions. The limitation of international law in addressing the refugee problem is highlighted through ‘contestations’ and ‘ fault-lines’. It is argued that such contestations and fault-lines exist in the manner in which conceptions like sovereignty, nationality, territoriality, jurisdiction, and legal obligation are clothed and implemented in the international legal discourse. The example of Rohingya refugee crisis from India is employed to contextualise the discussion. Some notable developments towards the construction of a more robust regime for refugee protection under international law have also been highlighted in the last section.
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Roy, Sohom, and Raoof Mir. "The Afghan refugees of Lajpat Nagar: The boundaries between them and Delhi." Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjmc_00025_1.
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The political and social implications of the refugee crisis have positioned refugee studies as a crucial discipline to understand politics in contemporary times. This article aims to contribute to the discipline by exploring the example of a community of Muslim Afghan refugees in Lajpat Nagar, Delhi, India, and studying their ‘refugee experience’ through the theoretical concept of ‘boundaries’ as developed by noted American sociologist Richard Alba. The article studies the various aspects of the segregation of the refugee community by focusing on the different constituents of the boundary separating them from the citizens. The article initially discusses legal boundaries, that is the legal marginalization of refugees in general and Muslim refugees in particular by the Indian state. Through the perceptual boundary, which involves the negative perception held among citizens towards the refugee community and vice versa, social distance between the citizens and the refugee community is widened. The spatial boundary, which is the de facto ghettoization of the refugee community to a certain geographical space, forces the citizens and refugee communities to maintain minimal contact with each other. Through the linguistic boundary, further conditions leading to reduced social contact are created. In the presence of so many intersectional boundaries, this article showcases how the boundaries are sometimes blurred, and how aspects such as food or commerce can help the process of boundary breaching. The study of boundaries, their formation, effect and permeability also throws light onto other important aspects of the lives of members of the refugee community – their perception regarding mainstream Indians, their daily problems and challenges, aspirations and demands.
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Thatra, Geeta. "Differentiated Rehabilitation and the Geographies of Unfreedom in Post-Colonial Bombay." Journal of Sindhi Studies 2, no. 2 (November 24, 2022): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26670925-bja10010.
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Abstract The “refugee crisis” after the 1947 Partition of British India generated new contestations over urban resources, especially for securing accommodation. It resulted in a proliferation of encampment laws and policies with outcomes at multiple levels: city, neighborhood, and community. This article traces the uneven geographies produced by Bombay’s encampment laws and the (spatial) politics of refugee rehabilitation. It focuses on the state’s use of “camps” to segregate impoverished refugees and consolidate the urban periphery. The article explores the interplay between law, space, and property to illustrate how refugee entitlements created and sustained various forms of power and precarity in the metropolis. Refugee camps provided “conditional access” to shelter for indigent Sindhi refugees and became markers of social identification. Middle-class Sindhi refugees, on the other hand, secured their place in the city by establishing cooperative housing societies. This article highlights how caste and regional distinctions in pre-Partition Sindh translated into class-based spatial divisions among the displaced Sindhis in post-colonial Bombay.
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Pathak, Urvi. "Statelessness And The Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019: The Case Of Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees." Socio-Legal Review 17, no. 2 (July 2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.55496/lunc3940.
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For decades since the Sri Lankan civil war, Sri Lankan Tamil refugees have lived as stateless persons in India. However, India does not recognise “refugees” and “stateless persons” as legally separate categories, and treats them in a common immigration system with “ foreigners”. This conflation of citizenship law with the immigration regime is a result of the introduction of the category of “illegal migrant” as a determinative tool of Indian citizenship. This paper explores recent shifts in Indian citizenship laws, which have been embroiled in the tension between jus soli and jus sanguinis bases of citizenship, particularly with the category of “illegal migrant” and the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, and their impact on Sri Lankan Tamil refugees’ citizenship. This paper finds that despite the influence of international human rights, formal citizenship continues to be the clinching factor in Sri Lankan Tamil refugees’ quality and security of life in India today – an echo of Hannah Arendt’s conception of the “right to have rights”, by which she meant that the right to citizenship is a gateway for an individual to access all other rights. Against this backdrop, this paper suggests interim solutions for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees to secure formal citizenship in India, and in particular, the role of courts in crafting jurisprudence that would support the alleviation of their statelessness. In the same breath, this paper strongly argues in favour of, first, the need for a forward-looking reconceptualization of Indian citizenship laws based on the jus soli principle; and second, a recognition of India’s burden under the UN Conventions on statelessness to reduce and prevent statelessness, particularly through eliminating documentation-heavy citizenship determinations.
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Dr. Magdalena Kumelska-Koniecko. "The Historical Narration of Polish Refugees in British India." Journal of European Studies (JES) 39, no. 2 (July 4, 2023): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56384/jes.v39i2.314.
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This paper aims to analyze the history of Polish refugees who came after the second world war in different areas between 1942-1946 especially resided in the temporary camps on the territory of today’s Pakistan i.e., Karachi and Quetta. It focuses on the main three camps including Quetta Camp, the Country Club Camp in Karachi and the Malir Camp. The Polish refugees who left the USSR during the second world war were called by many an “inhuman land”. Nearly 325,000 Poles migrated at the beginning and went to different parts of the world.
The very first Polish refugee camp was established in Iran but due to overpopulation, and because of the country’s political situation, it had to relocate them to other areas. Through, Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, they came to Karachi Port and Quetta too and between 1942 to 1946.
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Kuttikat, Miriam, Anita Vaillancourt, and Michael Massey. "Battered but bold: Sri Lankan Tamil refugee war experiences, camp challenges and resilience." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 14, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-04-2017-0013.
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Purpose The civil war prompted many Tamils to flee Sri Lanka as refugees. Several researchers have documented psychological distress and trauma among Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, but the literature lacks sufficient discussion of resilience among this population. Although Sri Lankan Tamil refugees have experienced conflict and loss, they have also demonstrated positive adaptation following these challenges. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The present study used an ecological approach, in which the effect of the environment on a person is regarded as significant, to explore resilience among Sri Lankan Tamils living in refugee camps in India. Findings Through a qualitative investigation of refugee experiences of war and camp life, the authors developed a conceptual framework for understanding individual and collective resilience among refugees. Research limitations/implications Additionally, the results of this study need to be interpreted with caution because participants were camp refugees, which may limit the applicability of these results with refugees who live in different settings. Practical implications The current research results show that intervention programs should have multiple components, including trauma intervention to address the individual and community psychological and psychiatric effects of war and migration experiences and psychosocial interventions to address individual, family, community dynamics and daily stressors. Social implications The study participants stated that Sri Lankan Tamil refugees are using their resilience traits including will power, positive talk, practical solutions, social support, religion and social networks to remake their broken souls. Originality/value Future studies need to be conducted with other refugee group to validate the findings of the paper.
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S Ghosh, Partha. "Refugees and National Security: Two South Asian Case Studies." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.51.3.
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Among non-traditional threats to security, the problem of refugees is an important one. Because of political turmoil in several parts of the world, refugee flows are going beyond the capacity of the international system of handle. In South Asia, because of the ongoing conflict between two major nations, India and Pakistan, the issue assumes a serious dimension. We can understand this by studying the following two case studies: the Bangladesh war and the Afghan war. In both cases, the number of refugees was massive and in both cases, America was the principal external actor. But while in the case of Bengali refugees, the host state tried to take advantage of the situation for promoting its foreign policy goals, in the case of Afghan refugees, the host nation tried to use the situation to promote its foreign policy as well as domestic political goals. Although every host state had to face unforeseen consequences, in the long run, it underlines the relevance of the discourse of the refugee-security interface.
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Akcapar, Sebnem Koser. "South Asian Refugees in India." Society and Culture in South Asia 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2017): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2393861717730477.
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TALBOT, IAN. "Punjabi Refugees’ Rehabilitation and the Indian State: Discourses, Denials and Dissonances." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 1 (November 29, 2010): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x10000284.
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AbstractStudies of Punjabi partition-related refugee resettlement have revealed a gap between official accounts and those provided by migrants. The former seek to legitimize the state by narrating its role in the transformation of helpless refugees into productive citizens. First hand accounts on the other hand frequently write the state out of the rehabilitation process. This paper seeks firstly to illustrate these processes at work by contrasting the narrative account contained in the Government of India publication, The Story of Rehabilitation, with interview material collected amongst former refugees. It then goes on to reveal the presence of state agency in cases of rehabilitation, despite refugee denial. Finally, it explores the refugee-state tensions arising from migrants’ experience of local level bureaucratic and police services’ corruption, which goes some way towards explaining the narrative dissonances.
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Hasanah, Nur Alfina, Mohamad Dziqie Aulia Al Farauqi, Khoirul Amin, Gilang Mukti Rukmana, Intan Kinanthi Damarin Tyas, and Devi Indah Paramitha. "Peran UNHCR dalam Menangani Climate Refugees India di Asia Selatan." Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 8, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v8n1.5.
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Abstrak
Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang dilema dan peran UNHCR dalam menangani permasalahan climate refugees di India. Dimana India adalah Negara tuan rumah bagi sebagian besar pengungsi di Asia Selatan namun belum meratifikasi Konvensi 1951 dan Protokol 1967 tentang penanganan Pengungsi. Asia Selatan merupakan salah satu kawasan yang sangat rentan perubahan iklim, kepadatan jumlah penduduk, kemiskinan, dan kurangnya sumber daya untuk adaptasi perubahan iklim menjadi kendala utama bagi kawasan tersebut, ditambah lagi kondisi wilayah geografis Asia Selatan yang berbatasan dengan pegunungan Himalaya di bagian Utara dan Timur, Samudera Hindia di bagian Selatan. Dimana dua batas geografis ini rentan terhadap perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori interaksi transnasional antar negara dan teori organisasi antar pemerintah atau Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs). Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif dan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini memiliki argumentasi awal yaitu Peran UNHCR di India adalah Refugee Status Determination (RSD) dalam bentuk wawancara pencari suaka dan memverifikasi dokumen untuk status pengungsi yang kemudian menerbitkan tempat tinggal sementara tersertifikasi kepada orang-orang yang memenuhi kriteria, dan membantu pemulangan sukarela para pengungsi dengan berkoordinasi dengan negara-negara terkait. Dengan Menjalankan tugasnya UNHCR juga bekerjasama dengan LSM yang ada di India seperti Don Bosco Ashalyan, Young Men Christian Association (YMCA), National Institution for Transforming India (Niti Ayong), Social Law Information Center (SLIC), Development and Justice Initiative (DAJI), Save the Children India (SCI), Indian Society of International Law (ISIL).
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Shivli Shrivastava and Dr. Anjuli Sharma. "Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 and Refugees in India." Legal Research Development: An International Refereed e-Journal 6, no. III (March 30, 2022): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v6n3.05.
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Citizenship is a privilege as it brings many rights and provides protection from the government. But refugees being out of their countries becomes like stateless people. The CAA, 2019, is a law enforced to give citizenship to refugees living in India but it has been opposed and criticized on several grounds. The law is a good step toward the recognition of refugees. The law gives citizenship to refugees who will give them an identity in the country as being a non-citizen make their lives poor and also becomes a hindrance to the enjoyment of basic rights.
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PROST, AUDREY. "The Problem with ‘Rich Refugees’ Sponsorship, Capital, and the Informal Economy of Tibetan Refugees." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (February 2006): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06001983.
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This article examines issues pertaining to the growth of ‘informal’ economic exchanges and relationships of patronage in the Tibetan refugee community of Dharamsala (H-P), India. I firstly review the theoretical and methodological challenges posed by investigations of Tibetan refugee modernity, then focus on one particular form of exchange in the informal economy of exiles: rogs ram, or the sponsorship of Tibetans by foreigners. The article argues that symbolic capital comes to play a particularly important role in communities where economic capital is scarce, acting in fact as a proviso to economic capital. The highly unstable character of symbolic capital means that, for Tibetan refugees as for other communities, its conversion into economic capital is arduous and engenders a tense field of negotiations between sponsors and beneficiaries.
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Pranav Vaidya, Aarav, Fr Joseph Chacko, Fr Joseph Chacko Chennattuserry, and L. T Om Prakash. "Language, Nationhood, and Isolation in the Lives of Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in India." MONDI MIGRANTI, no. 1 (March 2023): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mm2023-001004.
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Divisions and resentments between the Tamils and the Sinhalese, two major ethnic groups in Sri Lanka, led to the exodus of Tamils to the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu in India. From the beginning of the first major conflict in the early 1980s to the peak of the Eelam war in 2008-2009, it is estimated that over three millions lakh Sri Lankan Tamils have migrated to India, mostly to the southern state of Tamil Nadu. A majority of them were put in over 115 government-run refugee camps. These migrants preferred Tamil Nadu over other states in India for two major reasons: firstly, its proximity to the conflict area; secondly the common lin-guistic, cultural, and ethnic identities both the Sri Lankan Tamil migrants and the native Tamils share. The present paper is an attempt to understand the life of these refugees in Tamil Nadu, where they share many commonalities with the Tamil inhabitants. Earlier studies show that irrespective of these commonly shared identities between the migrant Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka and the native Tam-ils, a process leading to the repatriation of the former is preferred over their integration and assimilation with the latter. The present study attempts to capture the process of ‘othering' refugees although they share common linguistic and ethnic identities with the host community.
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Bhatia, Shushum, Tsegyal Dranyi, and Derrick Rowley. "Tuberculosis among Tibetan refugees in India." Social Science & Medicine 54, no. 3 (February 2002): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00041-7.
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Ghosh, Sreyasi. "India’s Partition through the lens of Gender: Trauma and Triumph interconnected." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 8, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 08–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n03.002.
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The horrible tragedy of modern Indian history is India’s Partition and the consequent refugee problem. A total of 18 million people were victims of this bloody incident; undoubtedly 10 million and more had been compelled by circumstances to abandon their homes. According to Ram Chandra Guha, author of India After Gandhi, nowhere in known history had the transfer of so many millions taken place in so few days. Women were the worst sufferers of Partition because their life was terribly affected by rape, murder, plunder and devastating bloodbath of communal riots. Prafulla Kumar Chakravarty in his book entitled Marginal Men depicted the fathomless trauma of uprooted people. Actually, refugee crisis was cause of severe headache of the newly created states. In the West the crisis did not take a never- ending shape and ended after a short while. The story of Eastern Frontier was quite different. According to Bipan Chandra, the flow of refugees did not stop upto 1971 in the Eastern Frontier and it can be added that the refugees from the East was an alarming problem for the Government of India.
Khwaja A. Khalique in his article entitled Genesis of Partition has rightly raised the pertinent issue that the unwanted incident of India’s Partition benefitted no one.
Undoubtedly the Partition benefitted none but affected the life of women in both Eastern and Western Frontiers in the ghastliest manner. In this article I have tried my best to discuss its tremendous influence on womenfolk of our beloved motherland.
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Tso, Lhamo, and Meenakshi Shukla. "Experiences of Tibetan Refugees in India during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 38, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40877.
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This study explores the experiences of 70 Tibetan refugees in India (28 male, 42 female; mean age = 30.90 years; SD = 8.11) during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of their stress, financial anxiety, perceived discrimination, dark future expectations, and resilience. Older, married, and working refugees experienced more problems but higher resilience. Female refugees reported more nervousness and stress than male refugees. Financial anxiety and dark future expectations predicted higher stress. Overall, the findings show low to moderate levels of mental health issues and high resilience among Tibetan refugees during the pandemic and highlight the importance of cultural beliefs and practices in maintaining good mental health and resilience.
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Gopalakrishnan, Murali. "Securitization of refugees in South Asia: Through the prism of Kautilya’s Arthashastra." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 5, no. 4 (November 10, 2019): 400–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891119881505.
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The acceptance of refugees and internally displaced persons represents the altruism of the countries of South Asia, which has witnessed the phenomenon of displaced persons since the early 19th century. The refugee phenomenon has a causal nature and will remain for a long time to come. The refugee situation in South Asia since 1947 has also resulted in protracted internal security conditions in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The dual paradigm of refugees for a host country – societal concerns and security issues – can be resolved by adopting the Kautilyan Arthashastra (a treatise written around the turn of 4 BC) model of empowerment and integration for outsiders and his philosophy on securing society both from external and internal threats. Modern thinkers such as Plessner on anthropological behaviour, and critical security theories by Welsh and Booth, corroborate the ideas of Arthashastra. Given the prevailing global perception of refugees, the UNHCR articulation of durable solutions with a multilateral framework of understanding (MFU) among nations is a viable long-term solution. Given the peculiarities of South Asian economies, the article recommends that the long-term answer to the refugee crisis lies in an empowerment model and within the framework of collective decision-making of regional institutions such as BIMSTEC/SAARC for a coordinated and cooperative platform.
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Pulla, Venkat Rao, and Kanchan Prasad Kharel. "The Carpets and Karma: the resilient story of the Tibetan people in two settlements in India and Nepal." Space and Culture, India 1, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v1i3.33.
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This paper is about the Tibetan people in two settlements, mainly in Nepal and India. Tibetan ref-ugees started crossing the Himalayan range in April 1959, in the wake of the Dalai Lama’s flight into exile and landed mostly in Nepal and India. Tibetans around the world do not know their fu-ture nor do they appear unduly worried. Most of them appear resilient and hopeful to see a ‘free Tibet’ a dream closer to their hearts, someday in the future. In this paper, we delve at their deep association between their philosophy of life based on the principles of ‘karma’ and their everyday economic avocation of weaving ‘carpets’. We find that these people weave their lives around kar-ma and the carpets. Karma embodies their philosophical and spiritual outlook while carpets, mats and paintings symbolise their day-to-day struggles, enterprises to cope, survive, thrive and flour-ish. The ‘karma carpet’ symbolises their journey into the future. The Tibetans although a refugee group do not have the same rights and privileges comparable to other refugees living in the world decreed under the United Nations Conventions. In this paper, we present the socio-economic situ-ation of these refugees, their enterprise and their work ethic that makes them who they are in the Nepalese and in Indian societies. For this research, we have triangulated both desk studies and personal narratives from focus groups and interviews to present a discussion centred on the Ti-betan struggle for human rights and their entrepreneurship through the carpet industry mainly in Nepal and India.
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Das, Dr K. C., and Adidur Rahman. "Statelessness : A Study of Chakma Refugees of Arunachal Pradesh." Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 25, 2015): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2015.v01i02.005.
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The word statelessness has long been recognized as an important problem in international law. Nowhere is the problem of statelessness more acute than in South East Asia. The Sri Lankans, Tibetan, Afghani etc. in India, Burmese in Thailand and in Bangladesh, Vietnamese refugees in Cambodia and many ethnic Chinese in all parts of South East Asia are currently stateless and thus specially vulnerable the same type of human rights abuses as those suffered by the Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh. The Chakmas are the victims of the partition of the country. They were displaced from their original homeland and migrated to Northeast India. They were rehabilitated in NEFA by the Government of India but still fighting for citizenship status. The present paper examines the statelessness of the Chakmas of North East India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh. It tries to analyze the origin of the problem of migration of the Chakmas from Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of erstwhile East Pakistan to Mizoram and Tripura and their rehabilitation in NEFA (now Arunachal Pradesh). It examines the causes of reactions from the Arunachali indigenous tribes, the All Arunachal Pradesh Students Union and from the State Government. The paper concludes with a study of the role of the Chakma organizations, the Union Government and the Supreme Court in the fight for Indian citizenship status of the Chakmas.
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Das, Dr K. C., and Adidur Rahman. "Statelessness : A Study of Chakma Refugees of Arunachal Pradesh." Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 25, 2015): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2015.v01i02.005.
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The word statelessness has long been recognized as an important problem in international law. Nowhere is the problem of statelessness more acute than in South East Asia. The Sri Lankans, Tibetan, Afghani etc. in India, Burmese in Thailand and in Bangladesh, Vietnamese refugees in Cambodia and many ethnic Chinese in all parts of South East Asia are currently stateless and thus specially vulnerable the same type of human rights abuses as those suffered by the Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh. The Chakmas are the victims of the partition of the country. They were displaced from their original homeland and migrated to Northeast India. They were rehabilitated in NEFA by the Government of India but still fighting for citizenship status. The present paper examines the statelessness of the Chakmas of North East India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh. It tries to analyze the origin of the problem of migration of the Chakmas from Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of erstwhile East Pakistan to Mizoram and Tripura and their rehabilitation in NEFA (now Arunachal Pradesh). It examines the causes of reactions from the Arunachali indigenous tribes, the All Arunachal Pradesh Students Union and from the State Government. The paper concludes with a study of the role of the Chakma organizations, the Union Government and the Supreme Court in the fight for Indian citizenship status of the Chakmas.
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Sharma, Anjani Kumar. "Refugees in India: Law and Policies Enforcement." RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53573/rhimrj.2022.v09i08.004.
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Refugee a term denotes about a critical situation of person in which he had to left his nation. Humanitarian Approach or fundamental rights also denied in respect of refugee. Many international conventions issued to protect fundamental rights of refugee. Some major factor reflects behind this problem like, religious, political, regional etc. Indian constitution give protection to refugee under article 21 and many supreme court or high court judgement also gave supporting judgement regarding violation of fundamental or human rights of refugee 1951 convention on refugee or 1967 protocol played a vital role regarding control of refugee problem on international level.
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Yankey, Tsering, and Urmi Nanda Biswas. "Impact of life skills training on psychosocial well-being of Tibetan refugee adolescents." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 15, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-11-2017-0049.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of life skills training (LST) to promote psychosocial well-being of Tibetan refugee adolescents in India. Design/methodology/approach A total of 300 students having low coping strategies, self-confidence and emotional intelligence (EI) participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to experimental (n=150) and control group (n=150). LST consisting of ten core skills was implemented on the experimental group. Findings ANCOVA and regression analysis revealed that LST was effective in enhancing coping strategies, self-confidence and EI among Tibetan refugee adolescents. Research limitations/implications This study was quantitative in its statistical design and approach. Further research combined with qualitative tools must be explored to gain deeper insight into the personal journey of these young refugees and to corroborate the impact of LST on their psychosocial well-being. Practical implications Results from this study will help to integrate LST into regular school curriculum, thereby ensuring its implementation on a daily basis. Originality/value Previous studies on Tibetan refugees have focused on physical and mental hardships experienced by them. There is limited research on strategies adopted to address the needs of these young refugees after migration. This is the first school-based intervention study that tailored the WHO recommended ten core skills to suit the social and cultural contexts of these young refugees and equip them with psychosocial skills to increase their capacity to cope with the complexity of migration.
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Acharjee, Sushrita. "The Poetics of Borderlands: Reflections on Oral Folk Poetry from Assam’s Barak Valley during Bangladesh Liberation War." IAFOR Journal of Arts & Humanities 10, no. 1 (August 16, 2023): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ijah.10.1.09.
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In 1971, the civil war in the Pakistani state and consequent genocide in present Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) led to a great influx of refugees who were desperately crossing the porous borderlands of the eastern states of India. Despite the abject living conditions in the saturated refugee camps and the stringent regimentation of the youth camps and muktijoddhā (Liberation Warrior) training sectors in West Bengal, Tripura and Assam borderlands, the space inhabited by the refugees was charged with powerful national imaginaries laced with an eclectic blend of emotions – resistance, hope, nostalgia, desire, aspiration. Drawing on ethnographic and anthropological research, the essay aims to explore various folk forms of poetry which emerged out of these refugee camps and guerrilla army training sectors during the war, such as kabigān (a form of lyrical oral poetry where the poet spontaneously composes verses to be performed at a public gathering) or hāture kabitā (poems to be read aloud in the middle of a hāt or marketplace) written and performed by refugees from Assam’s Barak Valley in North-East India, and later collected by Bangladeshi historian Shahid Quader Chowdhury. Besides problematising aesthetic practices and their relationship to the idea of border-crossing, refugeehood and national identities, to what extent do these poems – loka kabitā or oral folk poetry, open up a discursive space where shared cultures, histories and memories play a momentous role in political mobilisation and in the creation of a radical alterity within the “national” culture and history? To what extent do these aesthetic registers succeed in combating the irrepresentability of violence, injustice and trauma? These are primarily the questions that this essay aims to ask and resolve.
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Akcapar, Sebnem Koser. "Religious conversions in forced migration: Comparative cases of Afghans in India and Iranians in Turkey." Journal of Eurasian Studies 10, no. 1 (January 2019): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1879366518814666.
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This article examines closely the crucial link between religious conversions of two groups of refugees from Islam to Evangelism by taking up the cases of Afghan and Iranian refugees in India and in Turkey, respectively. India hosts many refugees from different parts of the world despite the absence of international protection laws, whereas Turkey is the country hosting the highest number of refugees since 2015, mainly due to the Syrian conflict. In this article, I first analyze the reasons why Afghan and Iranian refugees decide to change religious group membership from different sects of Islam and become members of the “born-again” evangelical Christian groups operating in South Asia and West Asia. By combining forced migration and religious identity issues in two different settings, I suggest that a combination of contextual and institutional factors explain this religious change and help us understand the sociocultural and political impacts of conversions.
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Khan, J. Mohammed. "Aparthedi attitude of India on Tamil refugees." Clarion- International Multidisciplinary Journal 5, no. 1 (2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-937x.2016.00012.5.
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CHIMNI, B. S. "The Legal Condition of Refugees in India." Journal of Refugee Studies 7, no. 4 (1994): 378–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/7.4.378.
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D'Silva, Rachel Irene. "Rohingya Refugees in South Asia: An Exploration of Social Borders and the Margins." Borders in Globalization Review 3, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr31202120261.
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By reviewing the case of the Rohingya, a marginalized community in the postcolonial state of Myanmar, this article (as part of a special section on South Asian border studies) explores the perspective of Rohingya refugees and conceptualizes social borders from the voices of the refugees. Juxtaposing postcolonial borders with narrations of Rohingya in India brings out the politics of the marginalized communities in the country’s borderlands. The article shows how borderscapes are shaped for refugees that articulate ideas of social justice and recognition. Building on international studies of the Rohingya, I conducted fieldwork into the situation of the Rohingya in India. The resulting interviews add to our understanding of Rohingya refugees and address a scarcity of literature on the Rohingya in border studies. Through the analysis, I discover the history of the Rohingya identity in Myanmar, which contextualizes their statelessness. Social borders and state legislation reinforce barriers to citizenship and sharpen the exclusion of migrants, refugees, and other stateless peoples in South Asia.
Keywords: South Asia, Refugees, Rohingya, post-colonial states, boundaries, borders, margins, Southeast Asia, marginal communities.
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Chima, Emmanuel, Subthiga Mathanamohan, Abdullahi Yussuf, Brandon Farnsworth, Cassandre Langlois, and Amritha Sruthi Radhakrishnan. "New Research." TURBA 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 18–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/turba.2023.020203.
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Abstract The refugee experience is exacerbated by hostile receiving environments, out of which have developed an essentialized refugee imaginary. Media reporting has evidently been rife with documentation of anti-immigration political rhetoric and prejudice toward refugees. In this article we employ a framework of migrant-directed artistic programming to examine the experiences of refugees hosted in Malawi, United Kingdom, and India as curated in their visual, literary, and performance artworks. We interrogate context, meaning, and practice for the annual Tumaini Festival at Dzaleka Refugee Camp, Malawi; Refugee Week Festival, United Kingdom; and the recently published collection of artistic works from India Why did I become an illegal migrant? Tamil refugee students and youth on citizenship. Our examination pays particular attention to the dynamics and interplay of refugees’ individual and collective agency and the paternalistic oversight of their host communities. The distinct and overlapping experiences of refugees in the three countries echo the salience of the resulting power relations in society. This article highlights the agency and tactful resistance of refugees across communities in three different countries. Using thoughtfully curated artwork and related experiences, the refugee communities highlighted in this article begin to remold the layperson's understanding of the refugee experience. Our article contributes to the growing body of literature on refugee experiences and underscores the importance of elevating the voices and perspectives of marginalized migrant communities. Following the author's experience of the performance SÅLE at the 2022 Ultima Oslo Contemporary Music Festival in Norway, this article argues that the concept of curating as deployed in contemporary music must be expanded beyond an understanding of the authorial individual carried over from the figure of the composer. Using Aneta Szyłak's (2013) concept of curating context, the text argues that a more open-ended understanding of the term will allow practitioners organizing musical events to think beyond this narrowly delimited role and engage in new ways with the organization and constitution of musical events. The text then addresses organizers of contemporary music events directly to detail what this wider view of the curation of musical context could entail for their practices, while speaking to the specificities and challenges of musical curating specifically. The article concludes by suggesting that an expanded notion of working with musical context facilitates the inclusion of new people and perspectives into contemporary music and serves to better frame and value the work of many people already working in this musical genre whose labor does not fit into established notions of musical work. This article questions the potential of pre-enactment to embody prototypical counter- strategic forms in artistic and curatorial practices, within the European context, in light of a resurgence of authoritarianism, political populism, and the presence of various conflicts, migratory phenomena, and environmental crises. Pre-enactment has been characterized, for example, in certain works of the duo Hofmann & Lindholm, the Public Movement and Interrobang collectives, and the director Milo Rau. According to Friederike Oberkrome and Verena Straub in the introduction to their book (2019), pre-enactment is the invention of hypothetical scenarios, speculations on possible futures, and the experimentation of fictitious times and spaces order in to act on the present. This article approaches pre-enactment from the perspective of performative action-exercises based on three examples: Training for the Future (2019–) by Jonas Staal and Florian Malzacher, la facultad (2021–) by Myriam Lefkowitz and Catalina Insignares, and The Truth Commission (2013–) by Chokri Ben Chikha and his company Action Zoo Humain. Festivals and their arrangements illuminate aspirational, economic, and aesthetic questions of societies and their citizens. However, to what extent do festivals reflect or represent the crucial concerns of the community they are a part of? This article addresses negotiations in the curatorial process of various festivals, while unraveling the layers of identity formation maneuvered through historical dance narratives. It addresses concerns about how festivals or cultural events become “sites” of curation that can speak to power. The attempt is to define the politics of curation and the need for “curation as a strategy of critique” for the existing presentation of “national” culture and its performance (display) in India. Considering the massive expansion of festivals in artistic arenas, national marketplaces, the international cultural industries, and scholarly programs in festival studies, this article tries to map out the historical context of the dance (performance) festival culture that exists in India.
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Das, Arunav. "Migration and Refugee Crisis in Poetry: Birth of Bangladesh." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (2023): 041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.82.6.
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This study will focus on the refugee crisis and migration due to the idea of nationalism in the poetry of Jibanananda Das’s “1946-47” and Allen Ginsberg’s “September on Jessore Road.”. There is an affinity between the experiences of the two poets. Das’s “1946-47” theme focuses on the refugee crisis and communal violence during the subcontinent's partition in 1947. On the other hand, Ginsberg experienced the refugee crisis on his travels to India during the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971. His famous poem “September on Jessore Road” describes the suffering of the refugees due to the genocidal attack by the Pakistani Army. Both poems are instrumental in poetic form and content regarding the contemporary refugee crisis in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). Das and Ginsberg also witnessed and acknowledged the social and political turmoil on both sides of the Bengal delta due to the uprising of extreme nationalism and religious identity in the subcontinent. So, this study will follow Benedict Anderson’s idea of “imagined communities” as the critical evidence. This paper will conceptualize and analyze how the paradoxes of nation and nationalism enable both poets to portray the complexities of migration, calamities of refugees, and humanitarian crises in these two historical poems.
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Bhatia, Mohita. "Citizenship as Politics and Performance of Religious Identity: Hindu Refugees from Sindh." Sociological Bulletin 70, no. 4 (October 2021): 522–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00380229211051037.
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Drawing from the ethnographic insights and experiences of Pakistani Hindu refugees in Rajasthan, India, this article examines their agency, politics and dilemmas. It illustrates how they actively participate in the process of their ‘becoming citizens’ by making use of the majoritarian political space and nationalist ‘Hindu India’ imagery. Their expressions of a cohesive Hindu identity, however, remain illusionary and incomplete as they do not correspond with the lived realities of fractures, antagonisms and heterogeneities within various Hindu communities. These differentiations also lay open the hierarchies within Hindu refugees and enable an analysis of citizenship as a continued, contested and differentiated process based on caste and class locations of the refugees. For the lower-caste/-class refugees, their citizenship assertions go beyond the point of acquiring legal citizenship and merges with the struggles of native Dalits. Through these variegated expressions and claims of citizenship of Hindu refugees, this article foregrounds the idea of citizenship as performative and processual, and not necessarily contingent on legal status or state’s sovereignty logic of citizen/non-citizen binary.
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Jain, Avi Anuj. "In The Pursuit of Happiness: Observations of Young Tibetan Refugees in Exile, India." South Asian Survey 29, no. 1 (February 7, 2022): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09715231211069948.
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Refugees often experience adverse circumstances as a consequence of displacement from their homes due to conflict, directly affecting their happiness and well-being. This study focuses on Tibetan refugees because of their relatively successful transition into other parts of the world, their effective advocacy to improve their plight and the gradual reduction of repression on the part of China’s government against them. The literature reveals that happiness among refugees is usually a consequence of the interplay of various factors in their destination country. This study seeks to verify the exact nature of these claims by considering the influence life satisfaction, life orientation and the environment has on the happiness of young Tibetan refugees in India. The study concludes with recommendations for stakeholders, including relief organizations, psychologists and counsellors.
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Paulose, Regina Menachery. "A New Dawn? Statelessness and Assam." Groningen Journal of International Law 7, no. 1 (August 27, 2019): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5d5141d9ebe6a.
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This article explores the ongoing crisis of statelessness that has been created because of a petition made by the people of Assam, India to update the electoral rolls in the state. As a result of the process, which has been approved by the Supreme Court of India, an estimated 4 million people have become stateless. The government has stated that these 4 million people risk deportation back to Bangladesh. This article will briefly examine the history of the situation that has unfolded in Assam; discuss the role of statelessness and how it may lead to genocide, underscoring the importance to act and find robust solutions. Finally, the author will conclude by discussing potential actions that India should take in order to resolve future cases of statelessness, specifically examining the Global Compact on Refugees and other instruments provided for within international refugee law.
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Desel, Tenzin, Naonori Tsuda, Tenzin Tsundue, Rangjung Lingtsang, Sonam Topgyal, Akahito Sako, Hidekatsu Yanai, and Tsetan Sadutshang. "775. An Epidemiological Analysis of Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Tibetan Refugees in India." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S277—S278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.782.
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Abstract Background Globally, refugee populations face an increased risk for tuberculosis (TB) due to malnutrition, overcrowding, and poor living conditions. Compared with the general Indian population, Tibetan refugees in India display a higher incidence rate of both TB and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The high incidence of MDR-TB in younger population is a serious public health concern. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with MDR-TB treated from January 2010 to December 2013 in Tibetan Delek Hospital, which is the center of TB control among Tibetan refugees. Patients were classified into either new cases (supposed infection by exposure to MDR-TB) or previously treated MDR-TB cases (suspected acquirement of MDR-TB through anti-TB treatment or by MDR-TB exposure after treatment). We compared patients’ age, sex, birthplace, residence type, occupation, contact history, and treatment outcome. Results Of 749 patients with TB, we enrolled 134 patients with MDR-TB [median age, 26 (interquartile range: 22–35) years; males, 55%]. The Tibetan ethnicity comprised 96% of the study population, whereas Indians (trans-Himalayan) comprised 4%. The birthplace was Tibet for 22% patients, India for 75%, and Nepal for 2%. New MDR-TB cases were 28% and previously treated MDR-TB cases were 72%. Failure was observed in 42% patients and cured and completed in 54% patients, during their previous TB treatment. The median age was significantly lower in new cases than in previously treated MDR-TB cases (24 vs. 28.5 years; P < 0.01). Tibet was the birthplace of 34% new cases and 18% in previously treated cases (P = 0.04). The residence was of the congregated type in 58% of new cases and 30% in previously treated MDR-TB cases (P = 0.01). The occupation was “student” and “unemployed” in 58% and 8% in new cases and 33% and 24% in previously treated cases, respectively (P = 0.03). Contact history with TB type and treatment outcome were not considerably different, although the rates of cured and completed were high in both new (82%) and previously treated (84%) MDR-TB cases. Conclusion This study shows that new MDR-TB correlates with younger age, birth in Tibet, congregated residence, and student occupation. Targeting the above-listed characteristics could be effective in further reducing the MDR-TB transmission among Tibetan refugees in India. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Vira, Bhaskar, M. Gadgil, and R. Guha. "Ecosystem People, Omnivores and Ecological Refugees of India." Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6, no. 5 (September 1997): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997343.
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Michael, Franz. "Survival of a Culture: Tibetan Refugees in India." Asian Survey 25, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2644241.
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Kapoor, Ria. "Nehru’s Non-Alignment Dilemma: Tibetan Refugees in India." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 42, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 675–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2019.1634872.
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Michael, Franz. "Survival of a Culture: Tibetan Refugees in India." Asian Survey 25, no. 7 (July 1985): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1985.25.7.01p02877.
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Samphel, Thubten. "A Culture in Exile: Tibetan Refugees in India." China Report 24, no. 3 (August 1988): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944558802400303.
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