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Journal articles on the topic 'Refugees – Mental health – Botswana'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Sidandi, Paul, Philip Opondo, and Sebonetse Tidimane. "Mental health in Botswana." International Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (August 2011): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002605.

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Botswana is a landlocked country located in southern Africa. More than two-thirds of it (70%) is covered by the Kalahari Desert, known locally as the Kgalagadi. The majority (82%) of the nearly 2 million population live in the eastern part, along the railway line from Lobatse in the south-east to Francistown in the north-east, and the rest in the central part, including the Okavango River delta.

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2

Summerfield, D. "Mental health of refugees." British Journal of Psychiatry 183, no. 5 (November 2003): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.5.459-a.

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3

Maphisa, J. Maphisa. "Mental health legislation in Botswana." BJPsych International 16, no. 03 (September 11, 2018): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2018.24.

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The Mental Disorders Act of 1969 is the primary legislation relating to mental health in Botswana. Despite the country not being a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, its Act has a self-rated score of four out of five on compliance to human rights covenants. However, it can be argued that the Act does not adequately espouse a human rights- and patient-centred approach to legislation. It is hoped that ongoing efforts to revise the Act will address the limitations discussed in this article.

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4

Lindert, Jutta, Mauro G. Carta, Ingo Schäfer, and Richard F. Mollica. "Refugees mental health—A public mental health challenge." European Journal of Public Health 26, no. 3 (April 6, 2016): 374–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw010.

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5

McGuinness, Teena M., and Simone C. Durand. "Mental Health of Young Refugees." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 53, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20151116-01.

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6

Skuse, David. "The mental health of refugees." International Psychiatry 4, no. 1 (January 2007): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005051.

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7

E.B.B, &NA;. "Mental Health Services for Refugees." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180, no. 7 (July 1992): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199207000-00021.

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8

Coyne, J. C. "Mental Health Among Bosnian Refugees." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 1 (January 5, 2000): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.1.55.

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9

Black, Mary E., and Ozren Tosic. "Mental health of refugees from Kosovo." Lancet 354, no. 9173 (July 1999): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)75303-4.

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10

Ovitt, Nancy, Christopher R. Larrison, and Larry Nackerud. "Refugees' Responses to Mental Health Screening." International Social Work 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872803046002008.

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For a variety of reasons related to pre- and post-migration factors, refugees experience a high rate of mental health problems. The early detection of these problems among refugees arriving in the United States benefits those individuals, the agencies that sponsor them and the communities that absorb them. The development of culturally-sensitive mental health screening instruments to identify pathology among refugees has been the focus of some research. This study explores the reactions of eight Bosnian refugees who were administered the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 as part of a mental health screening during the resettlement process. Through structured interviews with this sample, the authors elicited qualitative data about the mental health screening, from which preliminary conclusions were drawn about including such screening in the resettlement process.

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11

Abou-Saleh, Mohammed T., and George N. Christodoulou. "Mental health of refugees: global perspectives." BJPsych. International 13, no. 4 (November 2016): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000001379.

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Refugees have high rates of mental health morbidity as a result of conflict. However, their needs for mental healthcare and psychosocial support are often unmet, despite the efforts of professional and humanitarian organisations. The war refugee crisis is a global challenge that needs a global solution. We call on all governments, regional and international organisations to take responsible humanitarian actions to intervene and support people affected by these disasters and for all humanity to unite against the forces of injustice and degradation. The thematic papers in this issue report on the Syrian crisis from a variety of perspectives.

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12

Craig, Tom, Peter Mac Jajua, and Nasir Warfa. "Mental health care needs of refugees." Psychiatry 8, no. 9 (September 2009): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2009.06.007.

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13

Rousseau, Cécile. "Addressing Mental Health Needs of Refugees." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 63, no. 5 (December 4, 2017): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743717746664.

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Throughout history, refugees have alternatively been seen as entitled victims of adversity or as threats or abusers of host countries scarce resources. Within the present globalized context, ambivalent public perceptions of refugees are shattering the protective nature of the post migratory environment in refugee receiving countries. This raises new challenges for refugees’ mental health and calls for systemic responses to address both pre-migratory trauma and losses and post migratory adversities. Recent evidence on the effectiveness of mental health treatment for refugees confirms the utility of trauma-focused psychotherapy and the limits of psychopharmacology for stress related disorders in this group. Training of mental health professionals may improve the quality of care for refugees by deconstructing prevalent prejudices about them and promoting empathic understanding. Mental health professionals may also advocate by providing information about social determinants refugee mental health to policy makers and promoting psychosocial interventions and protective social policies.

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14

Flaskerud, Jacquelyn H., and Nguyen Thi Anh. "Mental Health Needs of Vietnamese Refugees." Psychiatric Services 39, no. 4 (April 1988): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.39.4.435.

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15

Beiser, Morton, and R. Gary Edwards. "Mental health of immigrants and refugees." New Directions for Mental Health Services 1994, no. 61 (1994): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.23319946110.

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16

Pumariega, Andrés J., Eugenio Rothe, and JoAnne B. Pumariega. "Mental Health of Immigrants and Refugees." Community Mental Health Journal 41, no. 5 (October 2005): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1.

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17

Tribe, Rachel. "Mental health of refugees and asylum-seekers." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 8, no. 4 (July 2002): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.8.4.240.

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Refugees are not a recent phenomenon. Since the time of the Roman Empire there have been many examples of people fleeing persecution and seeking refuge and protection in other countries. Refugees flee war, internal unrest and persecution by their own governments because of their ethnic origin or their political, religious or social activities. Estimates of the number of refugees and displaced people worldwide range from about 23 million to about 50 million, this latter figure including those who are not officially registered. It is perhaps pertinent to realise that this number is larger than the entire population of Australia and almost the same as the number of refugees resulting from the Second World War. Refugees represent a variety of cultures, races and nations from all over the world. Summerfield (2000) claims that nearly 1% of the people in the world are refugees or displaced persons resulting from about 40 current violent conflicts.

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18

Craig, Tom, Peter Jajua, and Nasir Warfa. "Mental healthcare needs of refugees." Psychiatry 5, no. 11 (November 2006): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.mppsy.2006.08.009.

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19

Njenga, Frank G. "Refugee mental health challenges in Africa." International Psychiatry 4, no. 1 (January 2007): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005063.

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Nearly all low-income countries are either just themselves emerging from conflict or neighbour a country that has just emerged from one. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (http://www.unhcr.org), of the 38 million uprooted people in 2003 worldwide, Africa played host to 13 million internally displaced persons and 3.5 million refugees.

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20

Murphy, D., D. Ndegwa, A. Kanani, C. Rojas-Jaimes, and A. Webster. "Mental health of refugees in inner-London." Psychiatric Bulletin 26, no. 6 (June 2002): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.26.6.222.

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What follows is an attempt to describe the provision of mental health care for refugees (including asylum seekers). Our views are based on our work with refugees in inner-London and on consultation with service providers.

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21

Oucho, JO, and NO Ama. "Immigrants' and refugees' unmet reproductive health demands in Botswana: Perceptions of public healthcare providers." South African Family Practice 51, no. 3 (May 2009): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786204.2009.10873854.

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22

Kekelidze, Z. I., and D. P. Demonova. "S40.02 Mental Disorders in Refugees." European Psychiatry 15, S2 (October 2000): 295s—296s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)94294-9.

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23

Rutz, W., L. Urbina, and H. Wahlberg. "P02.356 Mental health support for war refugees." European Psychiatry 15, S2 (October 2000): 418s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)94763-1.

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24

Abdul-Hamid, W. K., and Nasir Warfa. "The mental health problems of Iraqi refugees." International Psychiatry 6, no. 4 (October 2009): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000837.

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25

Colborne, Michael. "Syrian refugees’ mental health is top priority." Canadian Medical Association Journal 187, no. 18 (November 2, 2015): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-5183.

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26

Friedrich, M. J. "Addressing Mental Health Needs of Balkan Refugees." JAMA 282, no. 5 (August 4, 1999): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.5.422-jmn0804-4-1.

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27

Lipson, Juliene G. "Afghan Refugees in California: Mental Health Issues." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 14, no. 4 (January 1993): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01612849309006903.

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28

Varkula, Mackenzie, Ambreen Ghori, and Carlos E. Molina. "Mental Health Impact on Immigrants and Refugees." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55, no. 10 (October 2016): S356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.109.

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29

Summerfield, Derek. "Mental health of refugees and displaced persons." Lancet 338, no. 8777 (November 1991): 1261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92120-q.

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30

Torales, Julio, Israel González, Iván Barrios, João Castaldelli-Maia, Margarita Samudio, and Antonio Ventriglio. "Mental Healthcare for refugees." Medicina Clínica y Social 1, no. 3 (January 5, 2018): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52379/mcs.v1i3.37.

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The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the difficulties that mental health providers face when trying to provide the best standard of mental healthcare to refugees, especially in countries where the political environment is skeptic of, or even hostile to, creating programs specifically designed to improve the standard of living of this population. We also focus briefly on the dichotomy between the need to do research in this population in order to obtain data that will help us offer the best care possible to them, and the peril of undermining their autonomy by subjecting them to studies they might have otherwise refused to be part of, if they were in a less precarious position. Throughout the article, we offer practical advice that mental healthcare providers can follow to ensure that they are offering the best possible care to their patients while remaining respectful of their rights. Keywords: Mental health providers; Mental healthcare; Refugees.

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31

Kalafi, Y., H. Hagh-Shenas, and A. Ostovar. "Mental Health among Afghan Refugees Settled in Shiraz, Iran." Psychological Reports 90, no. 1 (February 2002): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.1.262.

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This study was designed to investigate the mental health of Afghan refugees settled in Shiraz, the capital of a southern province of Iran. They were mostly refugees from Afghanistan by reason of internal war during the last two decades. A version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ–28) in Persian was administered on a group of randomly selected Afghan refugees ( n = 81) from a pool of Afghan residents in the Shiraz district. 34.5% of the subjects scored high enough to be considered as having psychiatric problems. There was a significant positive correlation between refugees' years of age and GHQ–28 factor scores, i.e., Physical Health and Social Functioning. The mental health of the subjects was not related to education or marital status. The years of settling in Iran were not significantly correlated with any GHQ–28 indices. The overall findings suggest that the rate of psychiatric problems in the refugees is higher than in the native population.

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32

Polcher, Kelly, and Susan Calloway. "Addressing the Need for Mental Health Screening of Newly Resettled Refugees." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 7, no. 3 (March 4, 2016): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131916636630.

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Background and Purpose: Refugees resettling to the United States are at increased risk for mental health disorders, which can lead to difficulty with adaptation and poor health outcomes. Standardized mental health screening of refugees is often neglected at primary care and community health clinics. A pilot project aimed to initiate early mental health screening for newly resettled adult refugees was implemented at a community health center in Fargo, North Dakota. Methods: Current refugee screening processes were evaluated to determine appropriate timing for refugee mental health screening. This took into consideration time, staffing, interpreter availability and the refugee “honeymoon” phase following resettlement. The Refugee Health Screener–15 (RHS-15) was identified as an efficient, valid, and reliable tool for assessing emotional distress in this population and was integrated into refugee health screening practices. Results: The RHS-15 was administered to 178 adult refugees with arrival dates between August 1, 2013 and July 31, 2014. Of those screened, 51 (28.6%) screened positive for risk of emotional distress. Follow-up with primary care provider was completed with 30 (59%) of those who screened positive. Half (15) requested mental health treatment. Although the largest group of refugees during this period of time were resettling from Bhutan, refugees from Iraq had greater incidence of positive screening compared with those from Bhutan. Refugees from Iraq were also found to have significantly higher scores on the RHS-15. Conclusions: Although there are some challenges to implementing a standardized mental health screening for refugees, this pilot reiterates the need for standardized mental health screening of refugees. Routine mental health screening should be a part of the overall comprehensive health assessment provided to refugees nationwide. Considerations should be taken in regards to how refugees from Iraq have even greater risk of mental health disorders compared to other refugee groups.

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33

Mangezi, Walter, and Dixon Chibanda. "Mental health in Zimbabwe." International Psychiatry 7, no. 4 (October 2010): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600006032.

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Zimbabwe is a landlocked country which has recently emerged from some marked political and socio-economic challenges. Against this background, mental health has fallen down the priority list, as matters such as food shortages and the AIDS scourge have taken prece dence. Zimbabwe is in southern Africa; Zambia and Botswana lie to the north, Namibia to the west, South Africa to the south and Mozambique to the east. Its population is 11.4 million. The capital city is Harare, which has a population of 1.6 million.

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34

Christodoulou, George N., and Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh. "Greece and the refugee crisis: mental health context." BJPsych. International 13, no. 4 (November 2016): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000001410.

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The recent influx of refugees and immigrants to Greece has coincided with the ongoing and deteriorating financial crisis. This situation does not allow the Greek authorities to provide help to the desired extent. Yet, the church, local communities, medical societies and non-governmental organisations are offering good psychosocial support. In parallel with support for refugees it is important to provide support for the citizens of the host country. The rich countries of northern Europe should help the poorer countries of southern Europe cope with the refugees. A number of important declarations on refugee mental health and related issues have been produced recently, including the Anti-war Declaration of Athens.

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35

Müller, Martin, Dana Khamis, David Srivastava, Aristomenis Exadaktylos, and Carmen Pfortmueller. "Understanding Refugees' Health." Seminars in Neurology 38, no. 02 (April 2018): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1649337.

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AbstractAccording to the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), 65.6 million people have been forcibly displaced worldwide. Several factors have a major influence on asylum seekers' health; so, their health profile is markedly different from that of the population in the country of asylum. The aim of this study is to review the major issues physicians need to be aware of when treating asylum seekers, with a special focus on the neurological problems of asylum seekers and refugees. The major impact factors on refugees' health are linked to experiences and exposure (1) in the country of origin, (2) in refugee camps and en route to Europe, and (3) in the process of immigration into the host country and living in European asylum centers. Refugees' health is also affected by psychological problems and by infectious diseases. Additionally, chronic diseases resulting in polymorbidity, cancer, and neurological diseases are easy to overlook and demand special attention. Neurological injuries/diseases may be traumatic (e.g., spinal cord injuries), posttraumatic (e.g., chronic pain syndromes), the result of cerebral infections, or the consequences of starvation (e.g., epilepsy, ataxia, and paraesthesia). The main challenges for physicians are lack of awareness of the asylum seekers' specific health care problems, language and intercultural communication problems, as well as access and integration of asylum seekers into the health care system. The health issues of asylum seekers are manifold and challenging to physicians. Awareness of these conditions is mandatory to ensure good clinical practice for this patient population, which has a huge burden in chronic, infectious, mental, and neurological diseases.

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36

Jokela, S., and J. Mäki-Opas. "PALOMA project – developing National mental health policies for refugees." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S337—S338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.292.

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IntroductionEarlier researches have established that migrants with refugee background have increased risk for variety of mental health problems due to often traumatic reasons for leaving their home country, hazardous journey and post-migration adversity. The challenge is that mental health work with refugees is not systematically organized in Finland. PALOMA (developing National mental health policies for refugees 2016-2018) project was launched to answer these challenges. The project is carried out through the combined effort of National institute for health and welfare, The Finnish association for mental health, Helsinki and Kuopio university hospitals, and the municipality of Hämeenlinna. PALOMA Project is founded by the Asylum, migration and integration fund (AMIF).ObjectivesPALOMA project focuses on exploring existing good practices and weaknesses in mental health services in use for refugees. The objectives of the project are to develop a national model for effective mental health services for refugees and implement it nationwide in Finland.AimsThe aim of PALOMA Project is to develop a national model for effective mental health services for refugees in Finland.MethodsPALOMA Project includes three phases: data collection (interviews, literature review, seminars), building the model in expert groups and implementing the model.ResultsAs a result of PALOMA Project, there will be guidelines for professionals working in different levels of administration with refugees in Finland.ConclusionRefugees’ mental health and wellbeing will be improved as a result of better prevention, recognition and appropriate care of mental health problems.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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37

Seloilwe, E. S., and G. Thupayagale-Tshweneagae. "Community mental health care in Botswana: approaches and opportunities." International Nursing Review 54, no. 2 (June 2007): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2007.00525.x.

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38

Anonymous. "Refugees Challenge Public Health Nursing." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 29, no. 2 (February 1991): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19910201-21.

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39

Kim Low, Sew, Soon Aun Tan, Jin Kuan Kok, Sarvarubini Nainee, and Glory Nancy Viapude. "THE MENTAL HEALTH OF ADOLESCENT REFUGEES IN MALAYSIA." PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 428–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2018.42.428439.

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40

Almoshmosh, Nadim. "Highlighting the mental health needs of Syrian refugees." Intervention 13, no. 2 (July 2015): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wtf.0000000000000085.

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41

Abo-Hilal, Mohammad, and Mathijs Hoogstad. "Syrian mental health professionals as refugees in Jordan." Intervention 11 (March 2013): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wtf.0b013e32835f0d2c.

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42

Montgomery, E. "Trauma, exile and mental health in young refugees." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 124 (August 9, 2011): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01740.x.

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43

Blair, Robert G. "Mental health needs among Cambodian refugees in Utah." International Social Work 44, no. 2 (April 2001): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087280104400204.

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A total of 124 Cambodian refugees in Utah were interviewed about their mental health and demographic characteristics. Results indicate that 51 percent met the DSM-III-R criteria for major depression and 45 percent for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Findings of other mental health diagnoses were less frequent. It was also found that in spite of high rates of psychopathology, utilization of health and mental health services was limited. A number of barriers prevented easy access to such services, particularly for those with PTSD.

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44

Williams, Carolyn L. "The Southeast Asian refugees and community mental health." Journal of Community Psychology 13, no. 3 (July 1985): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198507)13:3<258::aid-jcop2290130303>3.0.co;2-r.

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45

Pereira de Jesus Antunes, José António. "REFUGEES AND MENTAL HEALTH - HOSTING, UNDERSTAND AND TREAT." Psicologia, Saúde & Doença 18, no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15309/17psd180110.

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46

Pereira de Jesus Antunes, José António. "REFUGEES AND MENTAL HEALTH - HOSTING, UNDERSTAND AND TREAT." Psicologia, Saúde & Doença 18, no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15309/17psd1810.

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47

Hodes, Matthew. "Three Key Issues for Young Refugees’ Mental Health." Transcultural Psychiatry 39, no. 2 (June 2002): 196–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136346150203900206.

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48

Schlaudt, Victoria A., Rahel Bosson, Monnica T. Williams, Benjamin German, Lisa M. Hooper, Virginia Frazier, Ruth Carrico, and Julio Ramirez. "Traumatic Experiences and Mental Health Risk for Refugees." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061943.

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Refugees who settle in Western countries exhibit a high rate of mental health issues, which are often related to experiences throughout the pre-displacement, displacement, and post-displacement processes. Early detection of mental health symptoms could increase positive outcomes in this vulnerable population. The rates and predictors of positive screenings for mental health symptoms were examined among a large sample of refugees, individuals with special immigrant visas, and parolees/entrants (N = 8149) from diverse nationalities. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine if demographic factors and witnessing/experiencing violence predicted positive screenings. On a smaller subset of the sample, we calculated referral acceptance rate by country of origin. Refugees from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan were most likely to exhibit a positive screening for mental health symptoms. Refugees from Sudan, Iraq, and Syria reported the highest rate of experiencing violence, whereas those from Iraq, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo reported the highest rate of witnessing violence. Both witnessing and experiencing violence predicted positive Refugee Health Screener-15 (RHS-15) scores. Further, higher age and female gender predicted positive RHS-15 scores, though neither demographic variable was correlated with accepting a referral for mental health services. The findings from this study can help to identify characteristics that may be associated with risk for mental health symptoms among a refugee population.

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49

Opondo, Philip R., Anthony A. Olashore, Keneilwe Molebatsi, Caleb J. Othieno, and James O. Ayugi. "Mental health research in Botswana: a semi-systematic scoping review." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 10 (October 2020): 030006052096645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520966458.

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Mental and substance use disorders are a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite this, there is a paucity of mental health research in low- and middle-income countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We carried out a semi-systematic scoping review to determine the extent of mental health research in Botswana. Using a predetermined search strategy, we searched the databases Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCOhost (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL with Full Text, MEDLINE, MEDLINE with Full Text, MLA International Bibliography, Open Dissertations) for articles written in English from inception to June 2020. We identified 58 studies for inclusion. The most researched subject was mental health aspects of HIV/AIDS, followed by research on neurotic and stress-related disorders. Most studies were cross-sectional and the earliest published study was from 1983. The majority of the studies were carried out by researchers affiliated to the University of Botswana, followed by academic institutions in the USA. There seems to be limited mental health research in Botswana, and there is a need to increase research capacity.

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50

Author, The. "Syrian refugees’ health and mental health in Jordanian host communities." Annals of Global Health 82, no. 3 (August 20, 2016): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.04.205.

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