Academic literature on the topic 'Refugees – Zimbabwe – Social conditions'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Refugees – Zimbabwe – Social conditions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Refugees – Zimbabwe – Social conditions"
1
Blaauw, Phillip F., Catherina J. Schenck, Anna M. Pretorius, and Christiaan H. Schoeman. "‘All quiet on the social work front’: Experiences of Zimbabwean day labourers in South Africa." International Social Work 60, no. 2 (2016): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815594223.
Full textAbstract:
Migration, particularly when triggered by economic or political hardship, has significant psychological and socio-economic consequences for the individuals concerned. While an impressive amount of research has been conducted by social workers into migration in North America, Europe and Asia, the same cannot be said for Africa. The continent has high numbers of displaced people and refugees, yet no Africa-linked research on migration has been published by the social work profession. This article addresses this gap in the literature by focusing specifically on Zimbabwean day labourers in South Africa. Survey results reveal that these migrants face intense competition for scarce jobs, and thus economic uncertainty, and are often victimised. It is incumbent upon the social work profession to expose the vulnerable conditions in which day labourers have to operate, and to mobilise a coordinated response from relevant government and non-profit organisations in the interests of greater social justice and harmony.
2
Roux, Veronique, and Didier Raoult. "Body Lice as Tools for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Reemerging Diseases." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 3 (1999): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.3.596-599.1999.
Full textAbstract:
Body lice are vectors of three bacteria which cause human disease:Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus;Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; andBorrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever. A recrudescence of body lice is being observed as the numbers of individuals living under social conditions which predispose individuals to infestation have increased. Because this phenomenon may lead to the reemergence of infections transmitted by body lice, we aimed to assess the occurrence and prevalence of the three agents described above in more than 600 body lice collected from infested individuals in the African countries of Congo, Zimbabwe, and Burundi, in France, in Russia, and in Peru. The presence of the three bacteria in each louse was determined by specific PCR amplification, and the identities of the organisms detected were confirmed by determination of the nucleotide base sequences of the amplification products. Using this approach, we were able to confirm the presence of R. prowazekii in lice collected from refugees in Burundi, among whom typhus was epidemic, and the presence of B. quintana in lice collected from all locations except the Congo. B. recurrentis was never found. Molecular approaches are convenient tools for the detection and identification of bacterial DNA in body lice and for the epidemiological study of louse-borne bacteria from countries where no medical and biological laboratory facilities are available.
3
Moolla, F. Fiona. "Zimbabwean Foodways, Feminisms, and Transforming Nationalisms in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions and NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names." Matatu 48, no. 1 (2016): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-04801015.
Full textAbstract:
Food studies are a productive lens through which to view the impact of social, cultural, historical and political shifts on conceptions of female identity. Nervous Conditions (1988) and We Need New Names (2013) are two novels which link the coming of age of two young women with the development of nationalism, in the first case, and the forced transnationalism of Zimbabwean refugees and exiles in the second. The story of these female and national identity transformations is conveyed, in part, through food—its production, sale, preparation, consumption, and cultural significance. The replacement of sadza and mbodza by the British cuisine of the 1960s in the novel of colonialism and national independence is paralleled in the replacement of food scarcity (symbolized by NGO beans, maize, and sugar) with the fast food of American consumer culture, and its impact on the Zimbabwean diaspora in the later novel of transnationalism. The centrality of the cultivation of mealies, which paradoxically both burdens and “liberates” in Nervous Conditions, occurs only as a pastoral backdrop to caricatured indigeneity in We Need New Names. In the later novel, the nutritional and cultural significance of maize is reduced to the mealie meal handed out by NGO workers. Maize’s centrality is replaced in We Need New Names by constipation-inducing guavas. But in this novel also, maize finally holds out the symbolic possibility of new senses of belonging and home.
4
Marume, Anesu, James January, and Julita Maradzika. "Social capital, health-seeking behavior and quality of life among refugees in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 14, no. 4 (2018): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-04-2017-0017.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Social capital is an essential determinant of health that contributes significantly to quality of life. Social capital has potential of improving the health and well-being of refugees. Refugees in Zimbabwe are confined to an isolation camp making social networks a necessity for survival and psychosocial support. The purpose of this paper is to identify if social capital has effects on wellness and well-being (quality of life) of individuals in a confined setting such as a refugee camp. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study was conducted at Tongogara Refugee Camp, Zimbabwe. The World Bank Integrated Questionnaire on Social Capital was adjusted to develop data collection tools. The parameters of social capital, economic, social and cultural capital, were used as the framework of study. Findings A total of 164 respondents were interviewed (62.8 percent females). A total of 98 percent were affiliated to a religious group and 30 percent of the interviewees stated that at least one member of their household was on social media. Only 18 percent communicated with people in their home country and 75 percent used social media to create new links. Practical implications The various opportunities for psychosocial support that exist within refugee populations can be used to formulate interventions aimed at improving health and quality of life of refugees. Originality/value This paper offers insight into the effects of social capital on refugee health and quality of life among refugees in Zimbabwe.
5
Vatamanyuk, Anastasiya. "Spain's benefits in providing refugees with social services." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 39 (June 16, 2019): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.39.110-115.
Full textAbstract:
The main idea of the article is survey the conditions provided by Spain the EU countries for migrants, especially Spain.. It reporters that government of EU countries gives different social aids for people seeking a sylum. First, author describes different social sources from EU countries such as Germany, Sweden, Italy, Greek, France and Great Britany. The article highlights issues such as the provision of temporary housing for refugees, cash benefits, employment opportunities and medical services. Then, particularly closely, author considers that migrants might have many benefits provided by the Spanish Government for refugees and for migrants with outrefugee status to compare with other countries. It spokes in detail about conditions for obtaining refugee status, penalties in case of violation of the law by illegal migrants and the conditions of their detention, medical and legal services, language courses, accommodations, and soon. In addition, the articles notes about help for minor children. To sum up, author stressed that migrants should be research for conditions of giving aids, rules and mentality of country for currently time.
Keywords: refugees, Spain, migrants, EU countries, social services, humanitarian status.
6
Fuller-Thomson, Esme, Shen (Lamson) Lin, Karen Kobayashi, Simran R. Arora, Hongmei Tong, and Karen Davison. "DEPRESSION AMONG OLDER CANADIAN REFUGEES: THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1980.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study’s objective was to identify which factors attenuate refugees’ higher odds of depression. A secondary analysis of 272 refugees and 29,398 non-refugees in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, a 2012 study of Canadians aged 45 to 85, was conducted. The prevalence of depression was higher among refugees than non-refugees (22.1% vs 15.2%, p<.001). The age-sex adjusted odds of depression for refugees (OR=1.70, p<.001) was only modestly attenuated when sociodemographic characteristics, physical health conditions, chronic pain, binge drinking and level of physical activity were taken into account (ORs ranged from 1.61 to 1.70, all p<.05). However, in the model adjusting for social support, the odds of depression for refugees was reduced to non-significance (OR=1.30, p=0.92). Refugees have higher odds of depression than non-refugees, and this excess vulnerability is associated with lower levels of social support. Targeted interventions to decrease isolation and improve refugees’ social support warrant greater attention
7
Bloch, Alice. "‘Labour Market Participation and Conditions of Employment: A Comparison of Minority Ethnic Groups and Refugees in Britain’." Sociological Research Online 9, no. 2 (2004): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.919.
Full textAbstract:
This paper draws on data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and from a survey of 400 refugees in Britain in order to present an up to data comparison of the labour market experiences of minority ethnic groups and refugees. It will show that refugees experience lower rates of employment than their ethnic minority counterparts and that those refugees in employment are more likely to be in temporary and part-time work with poorer terms and conditions of employment and with lower wages. The reasons why refugees experience greater disadvantage in the labour market than others include structural barriers due to policies such as dispersal that can leave refugees isolated from social and community networks that provide information and advice and informal routes into employment but also leave refugees in areas with higher levels of unemployment. Migration patterns are also influential with refugees for the most part arriving more recently in Britain than people from minority ethnic groups. Refugees are also increasingly reliant on agents and smugglers to plan their route and destination and so asylum seekers can find themselves in countries where they have no social networks. Social networks and community organisations play an important role in the early stages of settlement. Finally, the circumstances of exile, attitudes to the country of origin and the insecurity of having temporary status in Britain all prevent economic activity.
8
Hynie, Michaela. "The Social Determinants of Refugee Mental Health in the Post-Migration Context: A Critical Review." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 63, no. 5 (2017): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743717746666.
Full textAbstract:
With the global increase in the number of refugees and asylum seekers, mental health professionals have become more aware of the need to understand and respond to the mental health needs of forced migrants. This critical review summarizes the findings of recent systematic reviews and primary research on the impact of post-migration conditions on mental disorders and PTSD among refugees and asylum seekers. Historically, the focus of mental health research and interventions with these populations has been on the impact of pre-migration trauma. Pre-migration trauma does predict mental disorders and PTSD, but the post-migration context can be an equally powerful determinant of mental health. Moreover, post-migration factors may moderate the ability of refugees to recover from pre-migration trauma. The importance of post-migration stressors to refugee mental health suggests the need for therapeutic interventions with psychosocial elements that address the broader conditions of refugee and asylum seekers’ lives. However, there are few studies of multimodal interventions with refugees, and even fewer with control conditions that allow for conclusions about their effectiveness. These findings are interpreted using a social determinants of health framework that connects the risk and protective factors in the material and social conditions of refugees’ post-migration lives to broader social, economic and political factors.
9
Slonim-Nevo, Vered, Shirley Regev, and Yiftach Millo. "The Psycho-Social Conditions of Asylum-Seekers from Darfur in Israel." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 31, no. 2 (2015): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40307.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveThe study appraises the prevalence of pre-migration trauma exposure, the ability to secure basic living needs, and psychological functioning among Darfuri asylumseekers and refugees living in Israel.
MethodThe sample included 340 adults from Darfur. Standardized measures assessing socio-psychological functioning were utilized.
Results
The participants demonstrated high rates of pre-migration exposure to traumatic experiences. Thirty per cent of the participants met DSM–IV criteria PTSD, with a higher proportion for women than for men. Post-migration stressors were mentioned by the majority of the participants.
ConclusionsThe State of Israel should recognize past atrocities and traumas of Darfuris who arrived in Israel. Such recognition should be offered as acceptance of their rightful access to refugee status determination. Moreover, the State of Israel needs to modify government policies and legalization facilities so that Darfuri refugees and asylum-seekers will have access to basic human needs and support services.
10
Michelini, Enrico, Ulrike Burrmann, Tina Nobis, Jacqueline Tuchel, and Torsten Schlesinger. "SPORT OFFERS FOR REFUGEES IN GERMANY. PROMOTING AND HINDERING CONDITIONS IN VOLUNTARY SPORT CLUBS." Society Register 2, no. 1 (2018): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2018.2.1.02.
Full textAbstract:
After the long summer of migration, strong social and political movements of solidarity with and resistance against refugees developed in Europe. Expressions of solidarity and resistance were also recognisable in the sport system, especially in voluntary sport clubs (VSCs). As a result of this observation, the following article addresses the question: “Which organisational conditions of VSCs promote or hinder the implementation of sport activities for refugees?” To this aim, the article analyses and discusses the results of three research projects concerning sport offers for refugees in Germany. The interview material (n=49) collected in these projects was examined through the qualitative technique of thematic analysis and interpreted through a systems theoretical framework. The results show that conditions which promote and hinder the implementation of sport offers for refugees were identified in all formal (decision programmes, communication channels, and human resources) and informal (organisation culture) decision premises. Furthermore, the implementation of sport offers for refugees is particularly dependent on human resources within the sport clubs. The data show that the resolute will of individuals or small groups of people is highly relevant for the implementation of these sport offers. Finally, when it comes to organizing support for refugees, VSCs display an unexpected dynamic and a high capacity to mobilise resources within a short period of time. The discussion reflects these results and articulates strategies to safeguard, foster, and facilitate the social engagement of VSCs in relation to refugees.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Refugees – Zimbabwe – Social conditions"
1
Baumann, Chiara Manina. "A legal and ethical analysis of the South African government’s response toward Zimbabwean immigrants." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4347.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a study of the South African government‘s response toward Zimbabwean immigration, focusing on the period from 2000 to July 2009. The aim is to shed light on why the government has acted in the manner that it has, using a human security framework. South Africa‘s legal obligations under international, regional, and domestic law are investigated and the ethical debate concerning issues of entrance and borders is explored. Concepts of morality, universality, and human dignity are central to this discussion. Against this backdrop, the Zimbabwean migration is briefly analysed in terms of push and pull factors and numbers; and the legal debate concerning the classification of Zimbabweans is explored. The challenges Zimbabweans face in South Africa and how the government has dealt with the Zimbabwean immigration is covered. Key actors from civil society and government are interviewed in an attempt to engage opinions about the government‘s response. The main opinions as to why the government has responded in the manner it has are then discussed and other factors are considered. Issues of solidarity, land reform, and South Africa‘s involvement in the Zimbabwean mediation process are some of the factors considered. The conclusion of this study is that the South African government has not succeeded in meeting its legal obligations nor acted ethically concerning Zimbabwean immigrants. The particular sentiments of ex-president Thabo Mbeki, the solidarity amongst national liberation movements, regional considerations, and the capitalist interests of some South Africans are factors that carry the most weight in explaining the South African government‘s response to the Zimbabwean crisis and its subsequent migrants.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n studie van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se reaksie op die immigrasie van Zimbabwiërs na Suid-Afrika, met die klem op die tydperk tussen 2000 en Julie 2009. Die doel is om lig te werp op die regering se optrede in dié tydperk aan die hand van 'n menslike veiligheidsnetwerk. Suid-Afrika se regsverpligtinge onder internasionale, streek- en plaaslike reg, sowel as die etiese debat rakende kwessies soos die binnekoms van immigrante en grense, word ondersoek. Konsepte van moraliteit, universaliteit en menslike waardigheid , staan sentraal tot hierdie bespreking. Teen hierdie agtergrond word die Zimbabwiese migrasie kortliks ontleed in terme van die stukrag-en-trefkrag faktore en getalle; en word die regsdebat oor die klassifisering van Zimbabwiërs onder die loep geneem. Die uitdagings wat Zimbabwiërs in Suid-Afrika in die gesig staar en hoe die regering Zimbabiese immigrasie hanteer het, word bekyk. Onderhoude is gevoer met sleutelspelers in die burgerlike samelewing en die regering in ‗n poging om agter die kap van die byl te kom met betrekking tot die regering se reaksie op Zimbabwiese immigrasie. Die belangrikste standpunte ten opsigte van die regering se optrede word dan bespreek in die lig van faktore soos solidariteit, grondhervorming, en Suid-Afrika se betrokkenheid by die Zimbabwiese mediasieproses. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie studie is dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering nie daarin geslaag het om sy regsverpligtinge na te kom nie, en nie eties korrek opgetree het nie met betrekking tot Zimbabwiese immigrante. Die sentimente van oudpres. Thabo Mbeki, die solidariteit onder die nasionale bevrydingsbewegings, en die kapitalistiese belange van sekere Suid-Afrikaners, is van die belangrikste faktore aan die hand waarvan die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se reaksie op die Zimbabwiese immigrasie-krisis verklaar word.
2
Ravenscroft, Victoria. "A survey on the living conditions including housing, neighbourhood and social support of the Christchurch Refugee Community." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2182.
Full textAbstract:
Refugees come from diverse backgrounds and the issues they face depend on their particular circumstances. Some of the issues refugees face include cultural shock, language difficulties, lack of established networks and often discrimination. Christchurch has a growing refugee community with their own social needs. The survey detailed in this dissertation was undertaken in response to the Canterbury Refugee Council identifying the lack of comprehensive data available for refugee resettlement outcomes in Christchurch. The aim was to gain a better understanding of the living conditions experienced by the refugee community in Christchurch. The participants were from the four main refugee groups resettled over the past decade, namely people coming from Afghanistan, Kurdistan area, Ethiopian, Somalia and Eritrea. This survey was undertaken at a time when international literature concludes that refugees are one of the most vulnerable groups in society and emphasises the vital role that housing alongside other factors have on positive resettlement outcomes. A quantitative approach was adopted to gather information rather than test hypotheses; it was designed to investigate housing, neighbourhood and sources of income. It also included what, if any, social support is available from the wider community, and explored some of the main current problems faced by the refugee families. The survey concludes that despite good intentions and some successes, there are still many obstacles for refugees resettling into their new environment. Refugees continue to experience chronic unemployment and struggle to access suitable housing for their families. The issues raised in this survey highlight the importance of acknowledging and responding to refugee diversity.
3
Chereni, Simbarashe. "Smallholder farmers response to changes in the farming environment in Gokwe-Kabiyuni, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2950_1298634276.
Full textAbstract:
Following Bryceson&rsquo
s article, &lsquo
De-agrarianisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Acknowledging the Inevitable&rsquo
, and other related writings in the volume Farewell to Farms, rural development has become a contested academic and policy domain. One side of the debate is characterized by &lsquo
agrarian optimism&rsquo
, mirrored in various state policies and advice from the World Bank
the other side is typified by the de-agrarianisation thesis, which is sceptical regarding the agrarian path to rural development, because it doesn&rsquo
t accord with dominant trends. The main reasons given for the trend of de-agrarianisation are: unfavourable climatic trends, economic adjustments, and population growth. While the de-agrarianisation thesis seems to be a sensible proposition, it has failed to attract many disciples, evidenced by the continuation of current policy directions towards the agrarian optimistic path. The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of the de-agrarianisation thesis in the Gokwe-Kabiyuni area of Zimbabwe, during a time when the nation went through climatic, economic and political crises. The idea was to assess the influence of such an environment to smallholder farmers in terms of livelihood strategies by observing trends in climate, education, occupation, and crop yields over the period. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to establish whether the de-agrarianisation process can be noted in two villages over the period 1990-2008. A comparative analysis of the experiences of smallholder farmers in these two villages revealed the existence of a cultivation culture and differential agrarian resilience depending on natural resource endowment and levels of infrastructural development, notwithstanding the involvement of the villagers in non-farm activities to diversify their livelihood portfolios.
4
Rudy-Chapman, Christopher Paul. "Strategies for innovative urban planning projects in high density living areas : the case of Glen View - Harare, Zimbabwe." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941731.
Full textAbstract:
The population of Glen View, a high density residential area in Harare, Zimbabwe is increasing. The effects on area living conditions are deleterious. The situation is expected to deteriorate further due to projected population increases: This creative project presents strategic planning, through Recommendations and Guidelines, for the high density residential area of Glen View. This project involves recommending guidelines for innovative urban planning strategies to address the significant living difficulties existing in Glen View. The sources used were secondary and related published material along with the knowledge gained through my personal experience in the high density residential areas in Harare, Zimbabwe during the summer of 1990. It is intended that this project can serve as an example of how innovative planning can work to create a better quality of life for people living in high density residential areas in developing countries.Department of Urban Planning
5
Makuzva, Washington. "Tourists' perspectives of a tourism product in a selected Zimbabwean town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2847.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.A well-packaged tourism product is the deciding factor in the choice of tourists about which destination to visit. A tourism product can be bundled with many tourism elements such as accommodation, attractions, activities and tours, price, image and climate. The tourism elements that build up a tourism product are the principle factors that contribute to the decision to choose one destination over another destination. Tourists can put a number of tourism products on the table, based on their needs and wants. However, they opt for one tourism product that promises to satisfy their demands. Destinations that offer unique tourism products are the most successful in a competitive industry since tourists will visit such destinations to fulfil their needs. However, even though some destinations like Victoria Falls offer unique tourism products, it is important to understand the nature and trends of tourists visiting this destination and their perceptions of the tourism product. This will assist in planning how to address any areas of concern as well as maintaining areas that are performing well. Limited research exists on tourist perspectives of the Victoria Falls tourism product and hence this is the focus of the current research. It will help in broadening the knowledge of the relevant tourism bodies in Zimbabwe on how tourists view the tourism product, as well as aiding sustainable development and growth of the tourism product. This study followed a quantitative methodology design. The interviewer administered 377 questionnaires on face-to-face basis to tourists on a voluntary participation basis. Systematic sampling was used to collect the data.Key findings indicate that despite the increasing number of females visiting this destination, males still dominate the tourist numbers. The majority of tourists fell within the age bracket of 21-50 years. The findings further show that availability of attractions, price of the tourism product, and accessibility of the destination play a paramount role in influencing tourists to visit the destination. Most tourists’ expectations were met and they would visit again in future and recommend the destination to friends and relatives. The most satisfactory results were noted on the attractions, activities, tours, and tourist accommodation. Despite these positive results, tourists felt that prices of accommodation, activities, tours, as well as dining, was too high. Furthermore, too many police roadblocks and unnecessary fines were noted as being detrimental to the tourism product. The researcher noted all concerns and made recommendations to overcome these negative aspects. The experience of tourists at a destination is strongly associated with an amalgamation of different elements of a tourism product. It is crucial to understand the performance of each tourism element as this contributes significantly to the success of the tourism product. The results of this study will afford the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority and Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority an understanding of the Victoria Falls tourism product from a tourist perspective. These entities will be able to improve the product, make it more attractive to tourists, and hence grow future visitor numbers. In addition, the results of this study create a baseline for future research. Monitoring of tourist perspectives over time and an evaluation and assessment of the tourist demands can be done, which will help in the modification and upgrading of the tourism product to match the demands of the consumers (tourists).
6
Thompson, Guy. "'Native' policy in colonial Zimbabwe, 1923-1938." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56911.
Full textAbstract:
In the period between the granting of self-government in 1923 and 1938, the 'native' policy formulated by Europeans in colonial Zimbabwe had three dimensions. The first was a land and agricultural policy designed to restrict competition from Africans in the produce market. The second was a labour policy addressed at the chronic labour shortages in the European mining and agricultural sectors. The third was a series of control measures seeking to impede black political organization. The goals of these policies were largely achieved by 1938 due to a combination of government initiatives and the impact of the depression. Part of this success was directly due to the effects of the depression; as economic conditions improved, Africans regained some of their economic autonomy and reasserted themselves politically.
7
Kelly, Lynnette. "Programme, policies, people : the interaction between Bosnian refugees and British society." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1149/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses the situation of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina that arrived in Britain as part of an organised programme. It represents a contribution towards the theoretical understanding of refugees, and develops and refines the theories of other authors. The author used field research methods based on techniques developed in ethnographic studies to generate empirical evidence on the social organisation of Bosnian refugees in Britain. Throughout the thesis it is argued that the situation of the refugees can only be understood through an examination of the influences affecting the refugees, before, during, and after their arrival in Britain. At every stage of the refugees' experience, control over the course of their lives has been taken away from the refugees. The war that took place in Bosnia-Herzegovina became constructed as an ethnic conflict, although there was no strong Muslim identification before the war. The programme removed options over country and place of residence, and created a measure of dependency. Longer term policies of community development, originally designed to meet the perceived needs of labour migrants, have been directed towards the refugees and imposed a model of organisation. Combined with temporary protected status, this has removed control from the refugees and prevented the formation of a new collective or individual positive life project. Refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina represent a new type of refugee in Joly's typology. This is a type of refugee that had no collective project in the country of origin, and also no collective project in the country of exile, and that is unable to make a decision on return because of the constraints around them.
8
Murisa, Tendai. "An analysis of emerging forms of social organisation and agency in the aftermath of 'fast track' land reform in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003081.
Full textAbstract:
The fast track land reform programme resulted in a fundamental reorganisation of rural relations in Zimbabwe, changing the landscape in an irreversible way with people from diverse backgrounds converging on former white-owned farms. This thesis tells the story of how the newly resettled land beneficiaries are organising themselves socially in response to various economic challenges. It makes a contribution towards understanding how redistributive land reforms and local government restructuring influence rural social organisation and agency. Furthermore the study examines local perceptions on the meanings of the „farm‟ and „land redistribution‟. An utterance by one war veteran “what used to be your farm is now our land and you are free to take your farm but leave our land” provides an alternative rendition to contestations of restitution versus a purely farm productionist discourse. The study, through an analysis of primary and secondary data, provides a fresh understanding of the social outcomes of fast track. It traces the evolution of land and agrarian reforms in post-independence Zimbabwe and the political and social economic context that led to „fast track‟. Through an analysis of field findings the thesis is able to define the dominant social groups that were resettled during fast track and the challenges they face in utilising the land. The findings show that the majority of the land beneficiaries were from the customary areas, with limited agricultural experiences. Local cooperation within informal networks and local farmer groups has been identified as one of the ways in which social reproduction is being organised. These groups are responsible for enhancing production capacity but they face a number of constraints. The study derives its theoretical foundation from the post 1980s debates on rural society dominated by Mafeje (1993, 2003), Rahmato (1991) and Mamdani (1996). The debates centred on how institutions of inclusion, authority and cooperation such as the lineage groups, local farmer groups and traditional authority remain relevant in the organisation of post-independent rural African society especially in a context of increased commoditisation of rural relations of production. Using theoretical insights derived from analysing the role of the lineage groups in the allocation of critical resources such as land and the influence of traditional authority (indirect rule) as a form of local government, the study examines how social organisation is emerging in areas where neither lineage nor traditional authority are not dominant. The thesis of rural cooperation through local groups as advanced by Rahmato (1991) and Moyo (2002) provides partial insights into the response mechanisms that land beneficiaries invoke in this instance. It is not necessarily an autonomous space of organisation but rather the state is actively involved through various functionaries including extension officers who invariably advance a very productionist approach. The state‟s monopoly through its local functionaries hides its political cooptation effect by emphasising organisation for production without questioning the manner in which that production is externally controlled through limited rights over land, the state‟s monopoly over inputs supply and markets for commodities. Whilst land reform has been driven by local participation through land occupations, local government reform has been technocratically determined through Ministerial directives. There is however little innovation in the form of local government that is being introduced. It expands the fusion of authority between elected Rural District Councils and unelected traditional authority functionaries. The forms of social organisation and agency that have emerged remain subordinated to the state with no links to other networks of rural producers‟ associations and urban civil society organisations. These developments form part of a longheld tradition within the Zimbabwean state where the legitimacy of local organisation and authority is usurped to service the interests of the state. Thus whilst land reform has to a certain extent accommodated the majority poor, the ensuing local government and agrarian reforms are more focused on limiting their participation in broader processes of political engagement around distribution and accumulation and their own governance.
9
Chiweshe, Manase Kudzai. "Farm level institutions in emergent communities in post fast track Zimbabwe: case of Mazowe district." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003096.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis seeks to understand how emerging communities borne out of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe have been able to ensure social cohesion and social service provision using farm level institutions. The Fast Track Programme brought together people from diverse backgrounds into new communities in the former commercial farming areas. The formation of new communities meant that, often, there were 'stranger households'living next to each other. Since 2000, these people have been involved in various processes aimed at turning clusters of homesteads into functioning communities through farm level institutions. Fast track land reform precipitated economic and political crisis in Zimbabwe characterised by a rapidly devaluating Zimbabwean dollar, enormous inflation and high unemployment figures. This economic crisis has impacted heavily on new farmers who find it increasingly difficult to afford inputs and access loans. They have formed social networks in response to these challenges, taking the form of farm level institutions such as farm committees, irrigation committees and health committees. The study uses case studies from small-scale 'A1 farmers‘ in Mazowe district which is in Mashonaland Central Province. It employs qualitative methodologies to enable a nuanced understanding of associational life in the new communities. Through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, narratives, key informant interviews and institutional mapping the study outlines the formation, taxonomy, activities, roles, internal dynamics and social organisation of farm level institutions. The study also uses secondary data collected in 2007-08 by the Centre for Rural Development in the newly resettled areas in Mazowe. The major finding of the study is that farmers are organising in novel ways at grassroots levels to meet everyday challenges. These institutional forms however are internally weak, lacking leadership with a clear vision and they appear as if they are transitory in nature. They remain marginalised from national and global processes and isolated from critical connections to policy makers at all levels; thus A1 farmers remain voiceless and unable to have their interests addressed. Farm level institutions are at the forefront of the microeconomics of survival among these rural farmers. They are survivalist in nature and form, and this requires a major shift in focus if they are to be involved in developmental work. The institutions remain fragmented and compete amongst themselves for services from government without uniting as A1 farmers with similar interests and challenges.
10
Muruviwa, Addmore Tapfuma. "Livelihood strategies of the aged people in Mubaira Community, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/334.
Full textAbstract:
In today‘s changing demographic, economic, political and environmental context the livelihood strategies developed by the rapidly growing older population deserve particular attention. Lack of support by the state coupled with economic crises and decreasing family availability has meant that older people are increasingly expected to find their own means of support into old age, develop their own strategies and rely on their own resources. Heterogeneity in old age means that while some older people are amongst the most vulnerable and socially down and out, others have accumulated resources that enable them to implement diverse and enterprising livelihood strategies to maintain their wellbeing in old age. This study uses an explorative approach in its quest to understand the various livelihood strategies of the elderly. In-depth interviews and life histories have been utilized as data collection instruments. In addition to this inductive and qualitative research approach, the dissertation uses the sustainable livelihoods framework to examine the different kinds of livelihood strategies employed by the elderly in Mubaira to stave off poverty in old age in the absence of social security systems. A comparative analysis with other regional countries reveals that old age pensions have been able to reduce poverty at old age significantly. By engaging in different livelihood activities, in the absence of old age pensions, the elderly in Mubaira community in Zimbabwe have been able to make a living. Agriculture is the dominant activity the aged people engage in as they try to avert food insecurity. Besides agriculture, aged people diversify their livelihoods through self employments that add income value to their households. The impact of cash and non-cash remittances has seen aged people being able to buy basic goods and a few essentials. Although the state has been dysfunctional, civil society has stepped in to address the livelihood challenges faced by the aged population and in v particular to provide an alternative solution to the needs of the elderly people within the sustainable livelihoods framework which remains one of the most important models for the analysis of rural livelihoods. Through the livelihoods approach‘s vulnerability approach the study also analyses the various impacts affecting the attainment of sustainable livelihood outcomes. Through the utilization of the livelihoods framework in addition to the qualitative research methodology as indicated above, the study found that livelihood activities of the aged require a stock of capital assets which include natural, human, physical, social and financial capital. The life histories of the aged in Mubaira revealed that through the years the aged did accumulate various assets that assist them even now. As the life course perspective suggests events in earlier life do have a bearing on later life, access to a range of capital assets helped old aged people in Mubaira to fully engage in livelihood strategies that ensured their survival and escape from poverty.
Books on the topic "Refugees – Zimbabwe – Social conditions"
1
Batezat, E. Women in Zimbabwe. SAPES Trust, 1989.
2
Delchambre, Patrice. Zimbabwe, a passion shared. Boekenplan, 2010.
3
Cartage, Alfred J. Focus on Zimbabwe. Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
4
Cartage, Alfred J. Focus on Zimbabwe. Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
5
Die Frauen von Zimbabwe. 2nd ed. Frauenbuchverlag, 1985.
6
Palmer, Robin. Zimbabwe: A land divided. Oxfam, 1992.
7
Armstrong, Alice. Women and rape in Zimbabwe. Institute of Southern African Studies, National University of Lesotho, 1990.
8
Raftopoulos, Brian. Zimbabwe human development report, 1998. United Nations Development Programme, 1998.
9
Auret, Diana. A decade of development: Zimbabwe 1980-1990. Mambo Press, 1990.
10
A history of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and postcript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008. Cambridge Scholars, 2009.
Book chapters on the topic "Refugees – Zimbabwe – Social conditions"
1
Vella, Sue. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Malta." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_20.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter analyses social security benefits for migrants in Malta. Since the early years of the millennium, levels of immigration to Malta have increased sharply among both European Union (EU) nationals and third-country nationals. Malta’s accession to the EU, and its booming economy in recent years, has attracted a steadily rising number of EU nationals, while numbers of asylum seekers and other third-country nationals meeting labour shortages in Malta have also risen steadily. The chapter considers the conditions of migrants’ access to unemployment, healthcare, family benefits, pensions and guaranteed minimum resources. In the case of EU nationals, since 2004 they have been entitled to benefits on the same terms as Maltese nationals, except for social assistance which they cannot claim, at least in the first three months of their stay and the subsequent job search period. The case is more complex for third-country nationals whose eligibility differs according to whether they are long-term residents, refugees, asylum-seekers or in Malta on the basis of an employment licence. It is hoped that the recently introduced Integration Strategy may help provide a pathway to equal treatment of migrants who make Malta their home.
2
Calò, Francesca, Simone Baglioni, Tom Montgomery, and Olga Biosca. "Regulating Fortress Britain: Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Applicants in the British Labour Market." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67284-3_12.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to provide a detailed overview of the UK legal and institutional factors at the macro-level that can be regarded as decisive for explaining the effective capacity of the country to integrate migrants, refugees and asylum seekers into the labour market. By doing so, we aim to better understand the conditions within which integration policies for migrants, refugees and asylum applicants (MRA) may take place. We begin by providing an insight into the social and cultural context of migration in the UK, firstly by looking at the history of migration and the social and political instabilities of the country. Furthermore, we investigate how legislation concerning migration and asylum has developed within the UK context across the decades and analyse how legislation has been translated by UK policymakers in recent years. We then examine the current constitutional organisation of the British state, highlighting the importance of case law in developing MRA integration. Following this, we outline key legislation concerning the integration of MRA in the British labour market. The chapter then provides a critical overview of the integration strategies (or the lack thereof) promoted at the national level, outlining the institutional challenges that affect integration. We then conclude by highlighting the possible impact that Brexit will have on an already ‘hostile environment’ for migration.
3
İli, Kenan. "Turkey's Basic Education Policies for Syrian Refugees Under Temporary Protection." In Immigration and the Current Social, Political, and Economic Climate. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6918-3.ch019.
Full textAbstract:
Migration and asylum are common historical facts in our geography. Therefore, Turkey faces one of the greatest migration movements of its history. The number of asylum seekers exceeding the estimates, uncertainty of the asylum period and a greatly uncertain process necessitate attaching great importance to education dimension of the problem. The problem of Syrian asylum seekers whose official number is approaching 3 million as of February 2017 creates extraordinary conditions for Turkey. The effect of this situation is reflected in the decisions taken in the field of education. In this context, Turkey started educational campaign by taking important decisions on the education for Syrian neighbors who have strong cultural ties with Turkey and take refuge in her in the face of tragedy they suffered. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate Turkey's policies and practices for Syrian students within the scope of temporary protection.
4
Maisiri, Esabel. "Utilization of Indigenous Knowledge for Competitiveness among Curio Makers of Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe." In Handbook of Research on Social, Cultural, and Educational Considerations of Indigenous Knowledge in Developing Countries. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0838-0.ch011.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge-based creativity and competitiveness in the cultural industry is determined by the form of work organization and the knowledge enabling conditions prevailing in the operating environment of an organization. Against this background, a case study was conducted to assess the extent to which knowledge enabling conditions prevailing in the environment of curio makers that operated from Matobo National Park, supported competitiveness. Knowledge creation dimensions on intention, individual and group autonomy, fluctuation/creative chaos, information redundancy and requisite variety outlined in the Knowledge Creation Theory provided a perspective for understanding the study phenomena. Individual autonomy, fluctuation/creative chaos, requisite variety and intentional components on trust, collaboration, learning, and incentives and rewards were present. Information redundancy was absent. The curios showed creativity but lacked in uniqueness. The recommendations included development of structures that delineate and provide guidance on a knowledge vision.
5
Pavli, Androula, and Sotirios Tsiodras. "General health needs of migrants and refugees." In Oxford Textbook of Migrant Psychiatry, edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Oyedeji Ayonrinde, Edgardo Juan Tolentino, Koravangattu Valsraj, and Antonio Ventriglio. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198833741.003.0024.
Full textAbstract:
General health needs of migrants and refugees describes health problems while they are ‘on the move’, on arrival, and during their early settlement. The process of migration may increase their vulnerability to physical, mental, and social health issues. This chapter reviews common health problems on arrival in migrants and refugees usually related to situations in their country of origin, the journey, and during early settlement, including communicable and non-communicable diseases. The chapter also discusses barriers to access of health care, such as a lack of awareness of legal entitlements, socio-economic conditions, linguistic and cultural differences, and challenges confronted by healthcare professionals. Recommendations are also included regarding the provision of primary health care services by well-trained interdisciplinary teams, screening and immunization.
6
Anagnostopoulos, Dimitris C., Kalliopi Triantafyllou, and Nikos G. Christodoulou. "Needs of child refugees and economic factors." In Oxford Textbook of Migrant Psychiatry, edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Oyedeji Ayonrinde, Edgardo Juan Tolentino, Koravangattu Valsraj, and Antonio Ventriglio. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198833741.003.0043.
Full textAbstract:
Refugee families who move to a new country have a series of needs that have an impact on their well-being and adaptation process in the new community. Their main needs are easy accessibility to health services, access to education where appropriate, improvement of their socioeconomic position, access to their own social networks as well as those of the new community along with enabling of the acculturation processes. These needs are interrelated and interact with each other. A factor that impacts on these needs is the financial status of the individual as well as the economic state of the new country. This chapter initially discusses the global financial crisis as an economic factor that has an effect on refugees’ living conditions and subsequently considers the needs refugees have, and obstacles that they face in a new country.
7
Vukov, Nikolai. "The refugee question in Bulgaria before, during and after the First World War." In Europe on the Move. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on the circumstances of displacement, the reception and settlement of refugees, and the state’s attempts to address the political, economic and social shock of accepting thousands of refugees from the lost territories. It outlines the centrality of the refugee issue to the development of the modern Bulgarian state particularly after the Balkan wars. The chapter focuses on three main episodes: before 1912, when a quarter of a million refugees already fled to Bulgaria whose population was around 4.5 million in 1912; between 1913 and 1918, when 120,000 refugees settled in the country; and in the years 1919-25 during which time Bulgaria witnessed the influx of an additional 180,000 refugees. Some consideration is given to prevailing social and economic conditions, such as the impact of refugees on urban and rural life in Bulgaria, and to the role of refugee relief organisations. Attention is also devoted to the international repercussions of the refugee crisis.
8
Varvin, Sverre. "Specialist services." In Oxford Textbook of Migrant Psychiatry, edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Oyedeji Ayonrinde, Edgardo Juan Tolentino, Koravangattu Valsraj, and Antonio Ventriglio. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198833741.003.0053.
Full textAbstract:
Specialist services for asylum seekers and refugees have an important task in organizing prevention and treatment for vulnerable and affected groups. Specialist services for traumatized refugees must be developed as a discipline in itself and must be taught in basic training and for active professionals in all sectors of the healthcare system that serve refugees. Refugees have often multi-layered conditions with comorbidity, family problems, and social and relational problems. Families are often affected when members are traumatized and there is risk for transgenerational transmission of problems. What happens during flight and after resettlement is often crucial for traumatized refugees and this call for early interventions and chain of responses that secure continuity. Supporting development of resilience and resources in the family and the group is mandatory. A model for specialist services in a comprehensive approach is developed where specialist services such as psychotherapy have an important role.
9
Alaverdov, Emilia. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Vulnerable Groups." In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7164-4.ch002.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter deals with the most acute situation of the 21st century caused by a new type of infectious disease called COVID-19. It highlights the situation of such vulnerable groups of society as refugees, asylum seekers, and labor migrants, which even worsens their tough living conditions. In an alarming time of global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, major international actors are calling for increased protection of the most vulnerable groups, including victims of trafficking, migrants, and refugees, and advocate greater access to healthcare for all people regardless of their social and migration status.
10
Chirisa, Innocent, Liaison Mukarwi, and Abraham Rajab Matamanda. "Social Costs and Benefits of the Transformation of the Traditional Families in an African Urban Society." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2659-9.ch009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter analysed the social costs and benefits of changing lifestyles and livelihoods adopted by the families in Africa to fit in the obtaining urban environments. The transformation is in a way to minimise the cost and maximise the benefits of urbanism. The net overall effect of the transformation has been increasing household poverty signified by poor incomes, family instability, increased nucleation of families and disbanding of family rural ties for the city. In most cases, this means increased vulnerability and insecurity of the traditional family. How then do the urbanised traditional families cope with city pressures? The study draws cases from South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Egypt these being countries where urbanisation levels are in critical variation due to varying circumstances including the removal of apartheid restrictions, armed conflict, economic instability, population explosion, existence of pristine conditions, possibility of overurbanisation and proclivity to maintaining tradition, respectively.
Conference papers on the topic "Refugees – Zimbabwe – Social conditions"
1
Constantin, Mihai. "Management of the "Syrian Refugee Crisis" - Repercussions on European Security. Impact/Measures Analysis." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/17.
Full textAbstract:
The Syrian crisis is the most complex crisis (political, social, humanitarian, security) in the world, since World War II. In regards to the 1951 „Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees”, states have an obligation to provide refugees with a form of primary protection, which is not intended to replace asylum, but rather to provide an intermediate and immediate protection measure. At European level, for asylum seekers and refugees, there are several programs (developed by international institutions such as "UN for refugees" and "UNHCR") for integration into the host country during the temporary stay and return to the country of origin, when there are safety conditions. If this solution is not viable, they can opt for relocation to a third country. Effective management of the crisis created by the refugees flow requires the adoption of a common political agenda for European states to eliminate inequalities between states and focus on building viable economic strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop policies or strategies designed to provide refugees with a sense of security in the host country and their social assimilation, without being forced to give up their cultural identities. This article aims to analyse the strategies of the European states involved in this phenomenon, applied in the "Syrian refugee crisis". At the moment, the biggest part of the effort of counter-terrorism is focused on the criminal justice system. This means focusing almost exclusively on those who already intend to commit a crime and not on prevention. The legal repercussions can further encourage radicalization, which can degenerate later.
2
Alfayyad, Mohammed. "Earthen Domes as an Economical and Sustainable Alternative to the Refugees' Camps in the Northern Region of Syria." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021160n1.
Full textAbstract:
As a result of the years-long conflict in Syria, many Syrians have been forced to move to safer areas near the Syrian-Turkish border in the north. As a result of the deteriorating economic conditions, the displaced people are forced to live in tents in camps that lack the basic needs of human beings. In addition, these camps did not protect the residents from the severe weather conditions in summer and winter. This paper proposes a sustainable economic solution by building special earthen domes that provide independence and social interactions between the residents of the camp. The solution presents different architectural models that are adapted to the needs of the displaced and provide thermal insulation and consider the economic and social aspects by relying on earth in providing the building materials. The displaced may participate in building their own houses in a way that secures decent life.
3
De Bell, Leendert, and Linda Drupsteen. "How to scale the societal impact of work integration social enterprises? Evidence from The Netherlands." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10191.
Full textAbstract:
The number of social enterprises is increasing rapidly. Social enterprises are looking for new, innovative and economically sustainable ways to tackle structural societal challenges that generally fall outside the direct focus and objectives of the public and private sector. Social enterprises are primarily mission-driven, where profit is not a goal in itself but a means of creating social impact with regard to a specific social problem. The intended impact areas of social enterprises broadly range from poverty reduction, sustainability, healthcare, or labor participation of vulnerable groups. With respect to the latter impact area, many initiatives have been taken across Europe to prevent and combat marginalization of vulnerable groups as a result of long unemployment spells, which may cause financial and social pressure, as well as decay of physical and psychological health conditions. Nevertheless, the nature and extent of these initiatives vary considerably across countries (CEDEFOP, 2018). Social enterprises, in collaboration with other relevant stakeholders such as ‘conventional’ companies or local governments, can play a key role in addressing these challenges. This proposal builds on research that was completed earlier this year at HU concerning the scaling of social enterprises with a particular focus on work integration of people with a distance to the labor market (so-called WISEs) (e.g. people with low qualifications, young people disengaged from education, people with mental or physical disabilities, refugees, former prisoners, former addicts, or people who have difficulties finding a job due to their age etc.). One of the outcomes of this research showed that it is difficult for WISEs to transcend its societal impact beyond the local level. In practice, the effective realization of both social and economic value is not easy for many WISEs, but the interaction with and between different actors in the external environment or ecosystem also plays a crucial role in its success. More research is needed on what works in successfully addressing the work integration of vulnerable groups in different parts of Europe, and under what conditions. The aim is to come to a joint EU research proposal, in which WISEs play a central role, to contribute to innovative and more structural solutions for labor participation of vulnerable groups.
4
Mitrović, Ljubinko, and Predrag Raosavljević. "HUMAN RIGHTS OMBUDSMEN IN THE PANDEMIC: CHALLENGES IN PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18353.
Full textAbstract:
Pandemic of virus COVID-19 posed numerous and unprecedented challenges to citizens and authorities which required shift in behavior and actions of all segments of society. Representing Ombudsmen Institution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, authors shared their experience in monitoring implementation of the decisions of all levels of government and presented challenges in striking the right balance between interests of public health and protection of rights of vulnerable groups. Public authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina have passed emergency measures aimed at containing the spread of virus, but some of them failed to maintain human rights standards. Following the decisions of crisis centers to limit the freedom of movement, it was necessary to secure rights of children to education, protection from domestic violence and neglect in the family context. In introducing online education, authorities were asked to adapt recognition and grading system to the children in different conditions and circumstances, especially to the children with difficulties in development, children living in poverty and on margins of society such as Roma children or those living in institutions. Ombudsmen Institution registered increase in the number of domestic violence cases because measures limiting freedom of movement had impact on victims' ability to seek help from trusted sources, usually members of immediate family or representatives of law enforcement agencies. Having in mind that large number of citizens could not afford access to the official gazettes in any form, Ombudsmen requested that all enacted legislation be accessible online recommended that the decision banning reporters from conferences be reconsidered, guided by the right of citizens to be informed of their government actions. Examining the practice of placing COVID stickers on mail by the Post Office, Ombudsmen issued recommendation to stop such practice as it was deemed disproportional to the right to privacy and protection of personal data, while the protection of postal workers could have been ensured by other protective measures. It also became evident that national budgetary capacities had to be increased in order to prevent deterioration in provision of basic public services such as health and social protection, since economic consequences of the pandemic were disproportionally felt by the groups exposed to poverty, such as Roma, refugees or migrants. Drawing conclusion from concrete cases, authors offer review of particular emergency measures, analyze their adequacy, justifiability and timeliness, while presenting authorities’ response to Ombudsmen’s findings in formulating more adequate and efficient but, at the same time, least intrusive measures taken in response to the disaster. In search of common response to such widespread phenomenon, governments should recognize the intention of Ombudsmen Institutions to be in „permanent session“ over protection of vulnerable groups and should more actively involve it in discussions on emergency measures and their effect on human rights and freedoms. It proved to be better suited to act quickly, to apply more effective remedies and to correct government actions thanks to its knowledge of the local context than traditional institutions for protection of human rights, such as constitutional courts, international courts or treaty bodies.