Relevant bibliographies by topics / Refuse and refuse disposal – Employees

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Refuse and refuse disposal – Employees'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Employees"

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Krawczyk, Piotr, Krzysztof Badyda, and Aleksandra Mikołajczak. "The environmental impact of refuse derived fuel co-combustion with lignite." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824005013.

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Legal regulations on waste disposal require waste producers to limit landfilling and to find different ways of waste management, the preferred methods being recycling of material and energy potential. Currently, in Poland, the only consumers of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) are cement plants. However, their ability to utilize alternative fuel is far from the estimated potential. One solution would be to redirect the excess fuel to power and heat production facilities. Unfortunately, these sectors are facing a number of problems related to the thermal treatment of waste, mainly formal nature. Co-combustion of waste in power plants raises a lot of concern among their employees and local communities. Especially significant is the harmfulness of usage of fuel from waste for the people’s lives or health, or the environment. The article compares the environmental footprints of the combustion process of: waste - based fuel (RDF) and lignite. The analysis was performed for a standard pulverized coal fired boiler. Comparative assessment was made by analyzing the total environmental impact of all combustion products of the two fuels. Final results have shown, that the environmental footprint of waste-based fuels can be similar or even smaller than traditional coal-based fuels
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Goldstein, L. "Refuse disposal." Analysis 62, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/62.3.236.

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Horn, Marguerite E. "“Garbage” In, “Refuse and Refuse Disposal” Out." Library Resources & Technical Services 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/lrts.46n3.92.

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Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. "Constructing Community Through Refuse Disposal." African Archaeological Review 31, no. 2 (June 2014): 339–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-014-9159-2.

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Murphy, Ellen K. "Rights of pregnant employees to refuse assignment." AORN Journal 53, no. 4 (April 1991): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)69572-6.

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NAGATA, Katsuya, Ryouhei KAIDUKA, Tomohide OSHIO, and Morihiro OSADA. "Life Cycle Assessment for the New Refuse Disposal Technology : Assessment for the Combination of New Refuse Disposal Technology." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2000.10 (2000): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2000.10.188.

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Yola, I. A., and I. S. Diso. "Compost making from refuse sourced from Kano Metropolitan, Kano State, Nigeria." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i2.5.

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Municipal-solid waste (MSW) in towns and cities of Nigeria are either allowed to rot or burnt which causes the release of greenhouse gases in the process. The heap of uncollected refuse in Kano municipal causes serious health hazards and menacing public disorder. This research investigated the Kano municipal refuse for compost making, instead of using waste disposal technique such as landfilling. Refuse samples from Dorayi/Zage and Rimin Kira refuse dumping sites Kano Municipal, Kano State Nigeria were collected. The refuse samples were sorted and all the non-biodegradables materials were removed. A compost was made from Sample N in 20 days while 9 days was required to produce a compost from sample P. Kjeldahl Nitrogen determination method and simple procedure for total carbon determination method were used to determine the percentages of nitrogen and carbon in the samples. The results have shown that, the percentages of nitrogen in the samples were found to be 1.64% for sample N and 1.71% for sample P. The percentages of carbon in the samples are 6.8% for sample N and 6.3% for sample P. The C/N ratio for sample N was 4.15:1 and that of sample P was 3.69:1.Kano municipal refuse contains a lot of organic wastes which are very difficult to incinerate. Therefore, Composting method is the best option for the disposal of the refuse rather than directly dumped in the streets.
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Sun, Xiaojie, Yingjie Sun, Youcai Zhao, and Ya-Nan Wang. "Leachate recirculation between alternating aged refuse bioreactors and its effect on refuse decomposition." Environmental Technology 35, no. 7 (November 4, 2013): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.852625.

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ME Manamela. "The Contest Between Religious Interests and Business Interests ‒ TFD Network Africa (Pty) Ltd v Faris (2019) 40 ILJ 326 (LAC)." Obiter 41, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 961–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v41i4.10498.

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The right to freedom of religion is one of the fundamental human rights. This is evident from several sections of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution), including sections 9, 15 and 31. Section 9(4) prohibits unfair discrimination (whether direct or indirect) against anyone on one or more of the grounds listed in section 9(3), which includes religion. Section 15(1) states that everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief and opinion, while section 31(1)(a) provides that persons belonging to a religious community may not be denied the right to practise their religion with other members of the community.In line with the Constitution, labour legislation such as the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA) and the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EEA) also protects this right. Section 187(1)(f) of the LRA provides that if an employee is discriminated against and is dismissed based on religion, among other grounds, such a dismissal will be deemed to be an automatically unfair dismissal. Section 6(1) of the EEA prohibits unfair discrimination, whether direct or indirect, in any employment policy or practice based on prohibited grounds such as religion. It is evident from all the above provisions that the right to freedom of religion is vital to people’s lives, including employees’ lives.Although an employee has the right to practise religion, he or she also has the common-law duty to render services or to put his or her labour potential at the disposal of the employer as agreed in terms of the contract of employment – except during the employee’s annual leave, sick leave and maternity leave. An employee may therefore be in breach of this duty if he or she refuses to work or deserts his or her employment or absconds from his or her employment or is absent from work without permission. In addition to the above duty, employees have a duty to serve the employer’s interests and to act in good faith. Often, employees’ right to freedom of religion collides with their duty to render services and to serve the employer’s interests; employees present various reasons related to their religious practices for their failure to render services. As a result, employers are regularly required to be lenient and make efforts to accommodate employees’ religious beliefs in the workplace. At times, this becomes a burden to employers as they have to accommodate employees with diverse individual religious interests, but also ensure that their businesses remain operational. Religion remains one of the most contentious and problematic areas for employees and employers to deal with in the workplace.The discussion that follows evaluates the court’s finding in view of relevant constitutional provisions, labour law legislation and common law. It further considers the position under American law regarding religion and reasonable accommodation in the workplace.
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Verbruggen, Aviel. "Pooling domestic refuse incineration plants." Journal of Environmental Management 34, no. 4 (April 1992): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(11)80006-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Employees"

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Randall, Kim D. "Collecting recyclables at corporate sites : attempts to increase employee participation /." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020204/.

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Hamaamba, Tyson. "Training needs for municipal employees: a case study of Makana Municipality." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007952.

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This study investigated the education and training needs for municipal employees in order to inform an education and training strategy that would address environmental management challenges in Makana local municipality in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape province. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study that made use of questionnaires, document analysis, focus group discussions and interviews as instruments for data generation. Samples of respondents were selected from Makana Municipality employees in top and middle management positions, professionals/technicians and workers, including elected councillors. The study was contextualised through establishing environmental management issues in Makana municipality; establishing organisational needs; development of a learner profile; and through a review of policies and recent trends in adult education. The study established that the Makana Municipality employees are most concerned with the following issues: sanitation; solid waste management; livestock management and fire management. These issues require primary environmental competences among all council employees (top and middle management, professionals and technicians, workers and councillors who work on part-time basis). The educational implications needed to respond to these issues also require an understanding of legislation. The study also established that technical education and training which includes planning, project management, and financial and budgeting competences are necessary amongst the management and professionals. These competences may enable them to develop capacity in environmental management. This study further established the need for social education which includes competences such as communication and social justice. These competences should be developed amongst members of the same group as they need to involve the community in management of the environment. This should enable the municipality to create job opportunities and help change negative attitudes.
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Kwan, Woon-yin Patrick. "Policy review on domestic waste management in selected places." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-sa-b22107149a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007.
"A capstone project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Public Policy and Management at City University of Hong Kong." Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 12, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Cheng, Hoi-cheung. "Planning on treatments of solid domestic waste in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19131756.

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Wilson, Bruce Gordon. "Systems modelling of municipal solid waste collection operations /." *McMaster only, 2001.

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Anderson, Dylan Fitzgerald. "Who's going to pay to throw it away? : a study considering the use of green taxes in domestic waste management in South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva546.pdf.

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Tong, Cheuk-kei. "Municipal waste management in Shanghai, 1866-1949." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41634032.

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Nicholls, Philip Herschel. "A review of issues relating to the disposal of urban waste in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide : an environmental history." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn6153.pdf.

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Bibliography: p. 367-392. This thesis takes an overview of urban waste disposal practices in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide since the time of their respective settlement by Europeans through to the year 2000. The narrative identifies how such factors as the growth of representative government, the emergence of a bureaucracy, the visitation of bubonic plague, changed perceptions of risk, and the rise of the environmental movement, have directly influenced urban waste disposal outcomes.
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Leung, Carolina. "A review of the 1989 waste disposal plan /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301712.

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Lai, Yau-yu Edmond. "A review of solid waste management in Cheung Chau /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301736.

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Books on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Employees"

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Delaney, Lisa J. Waste Management, Inc., Outer Loop Landfill, Louisville, Kentucky. [Atlanta, Ga.]: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2003.

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Bedford, Deborah Jackson. Rubbish disposal. London: Franklin Watts, 2006.

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Dorion, Christiane. Waste disposal. London: Franklin Watts, 2007.

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Scotland, Accounts Commission for. Benchmarking refuse collection: A review of councils' refuse collection services. Edinburgh: Audit Scotland, 2000.

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Collins, John. Cheshire waste disposal local plan: Cheshire waste disposal plan : practice note: landfill sites. Chester: Cheshire Planning, Highways and Transportation, 1986.

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Madrid (Spain : Region). Dirección General de Medio Ambiente y Patrimonio Arquitectónico. Programa coordinado de actuación de residuos sólidos urbanos. [Madrid]: Consejería de Ordenación del Territorio, Medio Ambiente y Vivienda, Dirección General de Medio Ambiente y Patrimonio Arquitectónico, 1987.

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Bertolini, Gérard. Le marché des ordures: Économie et gestion des déchets ménagers. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1990.

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Andres, Dorothy L. Disposal of roadside litter mixtures. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1993.

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Rowh, Mark. Opportunities in waste management and recycling careers. Lincolnwood, Ill., USA: VGM Career Horizons, 1992.

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Jianrong, Lin, ed. Gu ti fei qi wu chu li: Waste disposal. Taibei Xian Wugu gong ye qu: Gao li tu shu you xian gong si, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Employees"

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Howard, Christopher A. "Refuse Disposal." In An Introduction to Building Services, 73–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09259-8_9.

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Lowbury, E. J. L., G. A. J. Ayliffe, A. M. Geddes, and J. D. Williams. "Laundry, Kitchen Hygiene and Refuse Disposal." In Control of Hospital Infection, 172–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6884-5_11.

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Daniels, W. Lee, and Barry R. Stewart. "Reclamation of Appalachian Coal Refuse Disposal Areas." In Agronomy Monographs, 433–59. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr41.c17.

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Seidel, K., and H. Happel. "Elimination of the Toxic Seepage Water at the Kirchlengern Refuse Disposal Site Using More Complex Plants." In Contaminated Soil ’88, 763–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2807-7_123.

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Buffoli, Maddalena, Andrea Rebecchi, Carlo Signorelli, and Stefano Capolongo. "Waste-to-Energy as a Method of Refuse Disposal: An Analysis of Sustainable Technologies and Their Environmental Impact." In Handbook of Solid Waste Management, 1–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7525-9_85-1.

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"Refuse disposal." In Building Services and Equipment, 145–49. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315843537-17.

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"refuse disposal [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 805. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_11249.

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"Refuse Disposal Patterns:." In Fragile Biography, 132–55. Peeters Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1q26z8q.11.

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DUNN, C. L., and D. D. PANDYA. "The Disposal of Refuse." In Indian Hygiene and Public Health, 63–72. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-0068-2.50009-7.

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MODI, RAI BAHADUR JAISING P. "THE DISPOSAL OF REFUSE." In Elements of Hygiene and Public Health, 203–47. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4831-9734-0.50020-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Employees"

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Adeyemo, Joke O., Oludayo O. Olugbara, and Emmanuel Adetiba. "Smart city technology based architecture for refuse disposal management." In 2016 IST-Africa Week Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2016.7530704.

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Gesell, Greg, and Stephen Langham. "Handling Oahu’s Waste Disposal." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2346.

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Oahu has special needs and requirements when it comes to dealing with solid waste on the island. The City and County of Honolulu has successfully addressed this problem in the past and is working on solutions for the future. Five percent of the island’s electrical power has been generated reliably from the 2000 tons per day of waste processed by their H-POWER Waste-to-Energy Facility. The facility has been processing waste for nearly twenty years and the volume of refuse going to the landfill is reduced by 90 percent. Honolulu is considering the best solutions for the island’s waste for the coming years. Waste-to-energy works in partnership with recycling to reduce the island’s increasing waste volumes. Recycling programs are in place and additional recycling measures are being considered. Landfill space is limited and questions exist regarding the ongoing use of the existing landfill and what will happen when it is closed. In an island setting, some alternatives available to other areas such as long haul to distant landfills are not available to bridge solid waste issues. Therefore practical solutions must be found and implemented in a timely manner. A number of initiatives and plans are in development. Measures are underway to prepare the H-POWER facility for future emission requirements and operation for the next twenty years. Steps have been taken toward expansion of the existing facility. Permitting and negotiations with agencies and utilities are under way. This paper will explore and expand upon these issues showing how they are interrelated to one another.
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Schauer, Raymond H. "Keeping Up With Growth by Recommitting to a Long-Term Waste-to-Energy Future." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1902.

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The Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has owned the North County Resources Recovery Facility (NCRRF) since 1989, producing clean, economical and renewable energy from refuse derived fuel while preserving precious landfill space. As with any facility as it approaches the end of its first 20-year operating term, the Authority found it necessary to initiate a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued effective operations. The operating agreement between the Authority and the Palm Beach Resource Recovery Corporation (PBRRC), a subsidiary of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W), is set to expire concurrently with the end of the this 20-year term. The Authority acknowledged that PBRRC has unparalleled institutional knowledge of the NCRRF and, as such, took the opportunity to renegotiate its operating agreement with PBRRC for an additional 20-year term. The Authority was also able to build into the new operating agreement conditions for PBRRC to provide assistance to a third party design-builder performing the refurbishment. Additionally, understanding that B&W produced many of the key combustion unit components of the original NCRRF construction, the Authority worked into the new agreement terms for B&W to provide several essential components for the refurbishment that will be installed by the design-builder. When the refurbishment is completed in 2011, the Authority will still only have disposal capacity through 2021 with its existing landfill. To be able to keep up with rapid growth in Palm Beach County, the Authority has initiated the due diligence phase for the development of a new mass burn waste-to-energy facility and landfill that will expand the disposal capacity of the Authority’s system for more than 100 years.
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Schauer, Raymond H., Leah K. Richter, and Tom Henderson. "Renewable Energy Expansion: A Model for the New Generation of Facilities." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5428.

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Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes franchised solid waste collections and the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Five Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Pelletization Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Household Hazardous Waste Facility. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented its current integrated solid waste management program to ensure disposal capacity through 2021. However, even in consideration of the current economic climate, the Authority anticipates continued population growth and associated new development patterns that will significantly increase demands on its solid waste system, requiring it to reevaluate and update its planning to accommodate future growth. The NCRRF, the Authority’s refuse derived fuel waste-to-energy facility, has performed very well since its start up in 1989 processing over 13 million tons of MSW, saving valuable landfill space and efficiently producing clean renewable energy. As the NCRRF has reached the end of its first 20 year operating term, it became necessary to complete a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued reliable service for a second 20 year term and beyond providing for continued disposal capacity and energy production for the Authority’s customers. Separately, the Authority also recognized that the refurbishment alone will not provide any additional disposal capacity for the County. The County’s anticipated growth necessitated that the Authority evaluate several options for long-term processing and disposal capacity, resulting in a decision to expand its WTE capacity with a new mass burn facility, the first facility of its kind to be constructed in Florida in more than a decade, reaffirming its commitment to waste-to-energy. The planned 3,000 TPD expansion will provide a total disposal capacity of 5,000 TPD generating approximately 150MW of renewable energy. The decision to proceed with the expansion was approved by the Authority’s Board in October 2008. The Authority, with its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., has since made significant progress in the facility’s implementation including the completion of the preliminary design, submittal of environmental permit applications, ongoing procurement of a full service vendor, issuance of revenue bonds for project financing, and commencing extensive public outreach. This paper will focus on the development of the new mass burn facility and an update of the status of activities conducted to date including, permitting, financing, vendor procurement, design, and public outreach, as well as will highlight several innovative design, procurement, permitting, and financing features of this landmark project for the Authority, such as: • Utilization of SCR technology for control of NOx emission; • Incorporation of rainwater harvesting and water reuse; • Utilization of iterative procurement process designed to obtain vendor input in a competitive environment; and • Financing approach designed to preserve alternative minimum tax benefits.
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Schauer, Raymond H., and Joseph Krupa. "Recommitting to a Long Term Waste to Energy Future Through a Comprehensive Refurbishment Program." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5427.

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Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes franchised solid waste collections and the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Five Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Pelletization Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Household Hazardous Waste Facility. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented its current integrated solid waste management program to ensure disposal capacity through 2021. However, like many communities, the Authority anticipates continued population growth and associated new development patterns that will significantly increase demands on its solid waste system, requiring it to reevaluate and update its planning to accommodate future growth. The NCRRF, the Authority’s refuse derived fuel waste-to-energy facility, has performed very well since its start up in 1989 processing over 13 million tons of MSW, saving valuable landfill space and efficiently producing clean, renewable energy. As the NCRRF approached the end of its first 20 year operating term, it became necessary to complete a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued reliable service for a second 20 year term and beyond providing for continued disposal capacity and energy production for the Authority’s customers. The Authority renegotiated and extended its operating agreement with the Palm Beach Resource Recovery Corporation (PBRRC), a Babcock & Wilcox Company, for an additional 20-year term. The Authority selected BE&K Construction Company (BE&K) and entered into an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction contract (EPC Contract) to perform the refurbishment. The Authority, with assistance from its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., developed the minimum technical requirements and negotiated the EPC Contract with BE&K. The design and procurement efforts were completed in early 2009 and on-site construction refurbishment activities commenced in November 2009. The refurbishment has a total estimated cost of $205 million. The refurbishment work is sequenced with the intent that one boiler train will remain operational to reduce the impact to the Authority’s landfill and maximize electrical production and revenues during the refurbishment period. This presentation will focus on the improvements to operations as a result of the refurbishment and its positive effects on the Authority’s integrated solid waste management system.
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McLarty, Rebecca, Valerie Going, and Raymond Schauer. "An Introduction to the Cascading Water Management System for Sustainable Water Conservation at Waste-to-Energy Facilities." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7044.

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Currently, there are 86 communities in the U.S. which employ waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities as a means of high quality solid waste disposal. The WTE process beneficially produces electricity while reducing the volume of landfill waste by up to 90 percent, thereby extending the remaining life of a community’s landfill more than ten-fold. However, the traditional WTE process requires a significant volume of water. This interdependency is often referred to as the “water-energy nexus.” An innovative approach was needed to optimize water conservation for a new 3,000-ton-per-day (TPD) mass burn WTE facility in Palm Beach County (PBREF2). With this in mind, a cascading water management system (CWMS) was developed that uses alternative water supply sources and a cascading hierarchy of water systems that maximize reuse to meet the new facility’s water needs. The selection of an air-cooled condenser to be used for cooling purposes, instead of the wet cooling systems traditionally in place at these facilities will also significantly reduce the amount of water needed in the overall process. The WTE facility will be constructed adjacent to an existing 2,000-TPD refuse-derived fuel facility (PBREF1), allowing beneficial reuse of some of the cooling tower blowdown from the RDF facility as a source of supply water in the new facility. The reuse of this process wastewater will conserve clean water sources that otherwise would have to be used as a source of makeup to the new facility, as well as reduce the amount of wastewater disposed through deep-well injection from the RDF facility. Harvested rainwater and industrial supply well water will also be used as alternative sources of supply to the new facility. The innovative CWMS will maximize reuse and reduce the amount of makeup water needed to the system. As water conservation continues to be of high concern in all areas of the globe, this concept can be applied to other WTE and industrial facilities. This paper will provide an overview of the innovative CWMS that has been designed for the PBREF2 facility.
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Gesell, Greg H., Stephen Langham, Robert L. Margolis, John R. Nelson, and Joshua R. Miller. "H-POWER Facility Expansion." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5426.

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The City and County of Honolulu on the Island of Oahu in the Hawaiian chain has been taking steps to reduce the need for landfilling and to continue to be self-sufficient for waste disposal. For an island, having the capacity to process all of its waste is crucial and producing power helps reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels. The City and County relies upon its waste-to-energy facility to manage the waste stream. The existing H-POWER Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Facility, which has been in operation for about twenty years, is a 2,000 ton-per-day (tpd) refuse derived fuel (RDF) two-unit plant with a single condensing steam turbine generator. Recent actions to enhance and expand the H-POWER Facility have been undertaken to ensure the needs to the island will be met for the foreseeable future. Enhancements and an expansion of the existing H-POWER Facility have begun and are well into construction. The enhancements will improve environmental performance and reliability and the expansion will add nearly fifty percent to the facility capacity. When complete, the expanded facility will have a number of unique features that will improve its ability to manage more types of municipal solid waste. The facility expansion will utilize mass burn technology in a single 900 tpd combustion unit with an associated turbine generator. The expansion unit will feature fabric filters for particulate control and state-of-the-art Covanta Very Low NOx (VLN™) technology intended to reduce NOx emissions well below that achieved with conventional selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) used at many other WTE plants in the USA. Independent of the expansion, the existing facility has been retrofitted with new fabric filters and induced-draft fans, which offer greater particulate and heavy metal control and improve control of other emissions. The existing facility is also getting much-needed improvements to boost reliability for many years to come. When the expansion comes on line, the facility will reliably generate about 7 percent of the island’s electrical power as opposed to 5 percent from the current 2,000 tpd of waste processed. This paper explores progress to date on the revitalization of the H-POWER Facility and its expansion.
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Breckel, Alex C., John R. Fyffe, and Michael E. Webber. "Net Energy and CO2 Emissions Analysis of Using MRF Residue as Solid Recovered Fuel at Coal Fired Power Plants." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88092.

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According to the waste management hierarchy published by the U.S. EPA, waste reduction and reuse are the most preferred modes of waste management, followed by recycling, energy recovery and lastly disposal. As many communities in the U.S. work towards sustainable waste management practices, recycling tends to be a cost-effective and common solution for handling municipal solid waste. With the introduction of single-stream recycling and automated materials recovery facilities (MRFs), where commingled recyclables are sorted into various commodity streams for sale to recycling facilities, recycling rates have steadily climbed in recent years. Despite increasing total recycling rates, contamination and diminishing returns for higher recovery ratios causes MRFs to landfill 5–25% of the incoming recycling stream as residue. This residue stream is composed primarily of plastics and fiber, both of which have high energy content that could be recovered instead of buried in a landfill. Plastics in particular are reported to have heat contents similar to fossil fuels, making energy recovery a viable end-of-life pathway. Sorting, shredding and densifying the residue stream to form solid recovered fuel (SRF) pellets for use as an alternative fuel yields energy recovery, displaced fossil fuels and landfill avoidance, moving more disposed refuse up the waste management hierarchy. Previous studies have shown that plastic, paper, and plastic-paper mixes are well suited for conversion to SRF and combustion for energy production. However, these studies focused on relatively homogenous and predictable material streams. MRF residue is not homogenous and has only a moderate degree of predictability, and thus poses several technical challenges for conversion to SRF and for straightforward energy and emissions analysis. This research seeks to understand the energetic and environmental tradeoffs associated with converting MRF residue into SRF for co-firing in pulverized coal power plants. A technical analysis is presented that compares a residue-to-SRF scenario to a residue-to-landfill scenario to estimate non-obvious energy and emissions tradeoffs associated with this alternative end-of-life scenario for MRF residue. Sensitivity to key assumptions was analyzed by considering facility proximity, landfill gas capture efficiency, conversion ratio of residue to SRF and the mass of residue used. The results of this study indicate that the use of MRF residue derived SRF in coal fired steam-electricity power plants realizes meaningful reductions of emissions, primary energy consumption, coal use and landfill deposition.
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Benshak, Alice Bernard. "An Assessment of the Approaches of Construction and Demolition Waste in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/sebh6010.

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The continuous rise in population, urbanization and expansion of cities has triggered a corresponding increase in construction and demolition activity. The frequent collapse of buildings attributed to poor structural design, building decay, and/or use of substandard materials has generated a substantial increase in construction refuse, also referred to as Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste. This waste stream originates from residential, commercial, agricultural, institutional and industrial building projects for new builds, reconstruction, expansion, and refurbishments/rehabilitation. Most studies in Nigeria have generally focused on solid waste management without considering the uniqueness of C&D and giving it the attention needed, in order to achieve sustainable urban spaces that are highly functional, safe, convenient, and livable. This study seeks to investigate the different approaches and processes of C&D waste management in the City of Jos, in the Plateau State of Nigeria. The mix method was adopted for this research whereby quantitative and qualitative data was collected through a structured questionnaire for construction enterprises, as well as face-to-face interviews with the agencies responsible for waste management in the city. A total of 21 construction companies (representing about 10%) were randomly selected for questionnaire administration while interviews were conducted with the Plateau Environmental Protection and Sanitation Agency (PEPSA) and the Jos Metropolitan Development Board (JMDB) who are responsible for waste management. Investigations revealed that C&D waste consists of heavy and non-degradable materials such as: sheet metal roofing, sand, gravel, concrete, masonry, metal, and wood to mention only a few. The construction companies are solely responsible for: the collection, storage, transportation and disposal of wastes generated from their activities. Approximately 60-70% of the C&D waste materials are either reused, recycled or resold, while the remaining residual waste is indiscriminately disposed. Although the PEPSA and JMDB are responsible for waste management, their focus has been on establishing solid non-hazardous waste infrastructure systems, policies and plans. The absence of records of the quantity of C&D waste generated, the lack of financial data, and the omission of policies and plans for the C&D waste stream has resulted in a missed opportunity for a comprehensive and sustainable waste management strategy for the City and the state. To protect public health, valuable resources, and natural ecosystems, it is recommended that the C&D waste stream be included as part of the state’s waste management program, in consideration of the growing construction and demolition activity, by including C&D policies and guidelines.
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Davis, John C., Mike Jones, and John Roderique. "Planning for Greater Levels of Diversion That Including Energy Recovery for the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority, California Region." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2342.

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The Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority is a California Joint Powers Authority (the JPA), consisting of nine communities in California’s San Bernardino County high desert and mountain region. In August 2008 the JPA contracted with Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to prepare the Victor Valley Resource Management Strategy (Resource Management Strategy). Working with RRT Design and Construction, Inc. (RRT), GBB prepared a coordinated forward-looking strategy to guide the JPA’s future program and facilities decisions. The Resource Management Strategy focused on the Town of Apple Valley, population 70,092, and the City of Victorville, population 107,408, the two largest JPA member communities, which have a combined total of more than 130,000 tons per year of material entering the JPA’s recycling system and the Victorville Landfill. The Resource Management Strategy is underpinned by a characterization of waste loads delivered to the Victorville Landfill. A visual characterization was carried out by RRT in September/October 2008. RRT engineers identified proportions of materials recoverable for recycling and composting among all loads collected from residential and non-residential generators for a full week, nearly 300 loads total. The JPA financed and manages the operations contract for the highly automated Victor Valley Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF today receives and processes an average of 130 tons per day (tpd), five days per week, of single stream paper and containers and recyclable-rich commercial waste loads. The waste characterization indicated that as much as 80 percent of loads of residential and commercial waste currently landfilled could be processed for recycling and composting in a combination manual and automated sorting facility. Residue from the MRF, which is predominated by paper, would provide potential feedstock for an energy recovery project; however, the JPA has two strategies regarding process residue. The first strategy is to reduce residue rates from existing deliveries, to optimize MRF operations. An assessment of the MRF conducted by RRT indicated that residue rates could be reduced, although this material would continue to be rich in combustible materials. The second strategy is to increase recovery for recycling by expanding the recyclable-rich and organics-dense waste load deliveries to the MRF and/or a composting facility. The Resource Management Strategy provided a conceptual design and cost that identified projected capital and operations costs that would be incurred to expand the MRF processing system for the program expansion. Based on the waste composition analysis, residue from a proposed system was estimated. This residue also would be rich in combustible materials. The December 2008 California Scoping Plan is the roadmap for statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. The Scoping Plan specifically calls out mandatory commercial recycling, expanded organics composting (particularly food residue), and inclusion of anaerobic digestion as renewable energy. The Resource Management Strategy sets the stage for JPA programs to address Scoping Plan mandates and priorities. California Public Resources Code Section 40051(b) requires that communities: Maximize the use of all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting options in order to reduce the amount of solid waste that must be disposed of by transformation and land disposal. For wastes that cannot feasibly be reduced at their source, recycled, or composted, the local agency may use environmentally safe transformation or environmentally safe land disposal, or both of those practices. Moreover, Section 41783(b) only allows transformation diversion credit (10 percent of the 50 percent required) if: The transformation project uses front-end methods or programs to remove all recyclable materials from the waste stream prior to transformation to the maximum extent feasible. Finally, prior to permitting a new transformation facility the California Integrated Waste Management Board is governed by Section 41783(d), which requires that CIWMB: “Hold a public hearing in the city, county, or regional agency jurisdiction within which the transformation project is proposed, and, after the public hearing, the board makes both of the following findings, based upon substantial evidence on the record: (1) The city, county, or regional agency is, and will continue to be, effectively implementing all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting measures. (2) The transformation project will not adversely affect public health and safety or the environment.” The Resource Management Strategy assessed two cement manufacturers located in the high desert region for their potential to replace coal fuel with residue from the MRF and potentially from other waste quantities generated in the region. Cement kilns are large consumers of fossil fuels, operate on a continuous basis, and collectively are California’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Resource Management Strategy also identified further processing requirements for size reduction and screening to remove non-combustible materials and produce a feasible refuse derived fuel (RDF). A conceptual design system to process residue and supply RDF to a cement kiln was developed, as were estimated capital and operating costs to implement the RDF production system. The Resource Management Strategy addressed the PRC requirement that “all feasible source reduction, recycling and composting measures” are implemented prior to approving any new “transformation” facility. This planning effort also provided a basis for greenhouse gas reduction analysis, consistent with statewide initiatives to reduce landfill disposal. This paper will report on the results of this planning and the decisions made by the JPA, brought current to the time of the conference.
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Reports on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Employees"

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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON DC. Socioeconomic Impact Analysis Study. Disposal and Refuse of Carswell Air Force Base, Texas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada277687.

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Wright, Thomas. Government Policy and Private Organizational Forms: Analysis of Refuse Collection and Disposal in Three Metropolitan Cities. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1174.

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Henghu Sun and Yuan Yao. Research and Development of a New Silica-Alumina Based Cementitious Material Largely Using Coal Refuse for Mine Backfill, Mine Sealing and Waste Disposal Stabilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1048945.

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Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-90-348-2135, Grosse Pointes-Clinton Refuse Disposal Authority, Mount Clemens, Michigan. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshheta903482135.

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