Academic literature on the topic 'Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization. Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization'
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Journal articles on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization. Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization"
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Sung, Hsin-Chen, Yiong-Shing Sheu, Bing-Yuan Yang, and Chun-Han Ko. "Municipal Solid Waste and Utility Consumption in Taiwan." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (2020): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083425.
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In Taiwan, 3,130,735 t of refuse for disposal and 4,113,808 t of recycled recyclable waste were generated in 2017. The government of Taiwan has been actively promoting a resource recycling program since July 1998. To pursue sustainability and locate waste minimization opportunities, the correlation between utility consumption and population and the quantity of refuse and recyclable waste from municipalities in Taiwan was studied. There are six special municipalities and 16 cities and counties covering a great variety of urbanization and settlement characteristics, such as registered populations, electricity, and water consumption. The above parameters of the municipalities were correlated with the quantities of refuse and recycled urban waste. Residential electricity consumption, overall population, and business electricity consumption were found to be major parameters correlating the generation of refuse and recycled urban waste. Due to their higher levels of business activities, the waste generation behaviours of these six special municipalities are more diverse than those of the 16 municipalities. Due to the discrepancy of the registered population system, the utility consumption values within administrative boundaries can better predict municipal solid waste, (MSW) generation than utility consumption at a per capita. Utility consumption within administrative boundaries is more convenient as a measure to predict refuse and recycled urban waste than other complex social–economic indicators.
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Yola, I. A., and I. S. Diso. "Compost making from refuse sourced from Kano Metropolitan, Kano State, Nigeria." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i2.5.
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Municipal-solid waste (MSW) in towns and cities of Nigeria are either allowed to rot or burnt which causes the release of greenhouse gases in the process. The heap of uncollected refuse in Kano municipal causes serious health hazards and menacing public disorder. This research investigated the Kano municipal refuse for compost making, instead of using waste disposal technique such as landfilling. Refuse samples from Dorayi/Zage and Rimin Kira refuse dumping sites Kano Municipal, Kano State Nigeria were collected. The refuse samples were sorted and all the non-biodegradables materials were removed. A compost was made from Sample N in 20 days while 9 days was required to produce a compost from sample P. Kjeldahl Nitrogen determination method and simple procedure for total carbon determination method were used to determine the percentages of nitrogen and carbon in the samples. The results have shown that, the percentages of nitrogen in the samples were found to be 1.64% for sample N and 1.71% for sample P. The percentages of carbon in the samples are 6.8% for sample N and 6.3% for sample P. The C/N ratio for sample N was 4.15:1 and that of sample P was 3.69:1.Kano municipal refuse contains a lot of organic wastes which are very difficult to incinerate. Therefore, Composting method is the best option for the disposal of the refuse rather than directly dumped in the streets.
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Zhou, Ke, Wen Qiang Fan, Yang Fu, Wen Pu Yuan, and Xiao Xiao Lin. "The Innovation of Miniaturized Continuous Efficient Refuse Disposal System." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1400–1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1400.
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There are mainly three measures for waste disposal: combustion, landfill and composting. Among them, combustion is believed to be the most efficient way. It is the most convenient way to reduce the amount of waste at utmost. Meanwhile, it is not only harmless, but contributes useful heat source. Therefore, most of developed countries employed combustion in waste disposal. Today, China is contributing 30 percent of the waste in the world; however, landfilling is still the most common way for waste disposal. To change this situation, the government of China has taken steps to generalize the use of combustion in waste disposal. Besides the policies by the government, another exciting thing is that the Beijing Honyuanmao CO. Ltd. Of environmental protection machinery successfully invented an advanced miniaturized continuous efficient refuse disposal system. after three years investigation. This invention finds a new way to develop environment friendly society, green economics and cyclic economics.
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Sufiyan, Ibrahim. "ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ON SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN SOUTHERN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Wastes and Biomass Management 2, no. 1 (2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.01.2020.15.18.
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Solid waste comprises all specks of dirt discarded which are unwanted be human as well as harmful to our environment. There is a rapid increase in the generation and disposal of solid waste such as refuse, garbages, dry leaves, old irons aluminum and many more. The southern Kaduna is a region with rapid growth in population. The rise in the per capita income of the individual increases the rate of their consumption. The rate of population growth also escalates the disposal of solid waste. The human health is in danger of communicable diseases, air and waterborne diseases because of the reckless disposal of solid waste in Southern Kaduna; (Sanga, Jemaa and Kaura Local Government area). The public sector participation is low which increases refuse dumpsite that affects the environment. The blockage of the street by the heap of refuse, the bad smile or odour, the groundwater contamination and spoil soil structure and it affluent. The use of statistical methods of correlation analysis proves that there is a significant relationship between public participation and waste dumping in the study area. About 330 samples of respondents were taken and the result of 0.97 correlation of weekly waste disposal, 0.96 correlation of monthly disposal and 0.98 correlation coefficient of annual solid waste disposal waste was obtained.
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Sun, Xiaojie, Yingjie Sun, Youcai Zhao, and Ya-Nan Wang. "Leachate recirculation between alternating aged refuse bioreactors and its effect on refuse decomposition." Environmental Technology 35, no. 7 (2013): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.852625.
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Gu, An Qi, Guo Qing Shi, and Yu Qi Lou. "From the Perspective of Social Stratification: Social Assessment Research on Waste Incineration BOT Projects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.746.
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With acceleration of urbanization, BOT project on waste incineration in China has been developing rapidly in recent years. Starting from present situation of waste disposal, and combining generating electricity through refuse incineration in a city, this paper analyzes content and characteristics of social risk assessment on waste incineration project and further draws the frame of social risk assessment on waste incineration BOT project. Accordingly, put forward risk response suggestions on generating electricity project through refuse incineration of urban solid waste.
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Colten, Craig E. "Chicago's waste lands: refuse disposal and urban growth, 1840-1990." Journal of Historical Geography 20, no. 2 (1994): 124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.1994.1011.
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Pohland, F. G., and J. P. Gould. "Co-Disposal of Municipal Refuse and Industrial Waste Sludge in Landfills." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 12 (1986): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0173.
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The results of a 2-year pilot-scale investigation on the codisposal of heavy metal sludge with municipal refuse, under the influence of leachate containment and recycle, are used to illustrate and describe the effects of various metal loadings on the normal progress of waste stabilization and to assess associated assimulative capacity. Evidence of metal precipitation as sulfides or hydroxides and subsequent removal by filtration and sorption in the refuse mass was demonstrated. Conversely, the mobilization of heavy metals was shown to be enhanced by complexation with humic-like substances which also tended to reduce overall toxic effects. Whereas, high heavy metal loadings exhibited a clear inhibitory effect, a definite capacity for assimilation and acclimation at low to moderate levels was established.
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Verbruggen, Aviel. "Pooling domestic refuse incineration plants." Journal of Environmental Management 34, no. 4 (1992): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(11)80006-x.
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Watson-Craik, Irene A., and Eric Senior. "Treatment of phenolic wastewaters by co-disposal with refuse." Water Research 23, no. 10 (1989): 1293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(89)90191-7.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization. Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization"
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Cheng, Hoi-cheung. "Planning on treatments of solid domestic waste in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19131756.
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Wong, Wai-yuen. "Waste management towards sustainability : a criticial review of the existing policy and way forward /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25140838.
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Cheng, Hoi-cheung, and 鄭凱章. "Planning on treatments of solid domestic waste in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259376.
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Tahulela, Aifani Confidence. "Effect of social norms and attitudes towards domestic waste in a selected formal settlement in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2564.
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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.<br>The communities of Khayelitsha face problems with regard to managing waste. Increase on the generation of solid waste in the households by the members of the community; far exceed the townships’ ability and capability for safe disposal. Littering in the township is also a persistent problem, despite various clean–up and anti-litter promotional campaigns and programs introduced by local government, private organizations and other community interest groups. The persistent problem of litter and mismanagement of solid waste in the household should be addressed. The rationale and assumption underpinning this study was that waste management problems are related to social norms and attitude of the people of Khayelitsha. To investigate this phenomenon, the study adopted a qualitative paradigm. 300 heads of household residing in Khayelitsha for more than 5 years were surveyed, and door to door interview questions were conducted in 2016 June. Data from the questionnaire were analysed using Thematic and coding analysis. NVivo software was used to generate frequency tables. The responses to most interview questions were consistent for all categories of respondents and did not vary according to respondents’ background, such as gender, location household size or education. The study showed that social norms and attitudes towards waste minimisation in Khayelitsha are related to the entire waste management operation, and householders in Khayelitsha think similarly. To improve waste management in Khayelitsha the following are recommended:
• Government and business need to consider incentives to minimise waste;
• Government needs to improve waste management service facilities and build recycling centre which are accessible to the community; and
• Government and non-governmental organizations and community members should consider awareness, education and training programs on waste wise management.
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Cheung, Mei-cheung, and 張美翔. "How is the pay as you throw (PAYT) principle viewed by housing estatesin Hong Kong and how are they preparing for its possibleimplementation: a multiple case studyapproach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48542908.
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This study investigates “how is the Pay As You Throw (PAYT) principle viewed by housing estates in HK and how are they preparing for its possible implementation”. A multiple case study approach is adopted. The research findings are based on five case studies with in-depth interviews with the respective property managers and site visits to the housing estates.
Based on the data analysis of the research, four findings are highlighted. First, Environmental management system is the trend for property management companies to adopt in order to upgrade their quality of service in Hong Kong. Second, Hong Kong housing estates are willing to join the programmes related to waste recovery and reduction which are organized by EPD and charitable organizations. Third, the quantity-based charging system is regarded as the fairest system; however, the property managers have the greatest reservation on its implementation. Finally, there is a dilemma of role conflict between the enforcement of law and the provision of customer service.
Four recommendations are suggested to be put in place alongside the future waste charging policy. Mandatory participation with comprehensive recycling scheme should be adopted. Measures against illegal dumpling and environmental education for the public should be simultaneously worked out to complement the waste charging policies as well.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Environmental Management<br>Master<br>Master of Science in Environmental Management
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Manhica, Elsa Alberto Pondja. "An evaluation of solid waste management with specific reference to the municipality of Maputo City (Mozambique)." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2107.
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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.<br>One of the greatest problems Mozambique is currently facing is the increased involvement of
sectors in producing large amounts of solid waste on a daily basis. These sectors are involved in
activities that take place in homes, industry, mining, agriculture and commerce. As a result, this
problem needs to be treated efficiently by the Municipality of Maputo. Solid waste produced
each day in Maputo is not only an aesthetic problem but poses a threat to citizens' health and it
damages the environment. With the production of large amounts of waste each day, the
Municipality of Maputo is faced with an ineffective solid waste management system. This
ineffectiveness is due to a number of reasons, which include lack of resources, inadequate or no
staff training, poor management of solid waste by both the municipal and the government,
inappropriate laws to regulate solid waste collection, poor control of such laws in terms of
removal and disposal of the waste, using past colonial methods for dealing with solid waste and
poor community involvement, The problem not only affects the Municipality of Maputo but it
also affects both citizens and the environment. Ineffective solid waste management is linked to poor management, lack of resources, poor staff
training, and unskilled public officials.
The city gets dirtier as the amount of waste increases day by day, due to the fact that citizens
living in rural areas have immigrated to the city looking for work after the civil war, which took
place between 1977 and 1994. Emerging from a severely damaged war-torn economy,
Mozambique is still in the process of reconstituting many of its public institutions. Communities, local government, industry, commerce, civil society, academics and religious
organisations can no longer turn a blind eye to poor solid waste management. Instead, they need
to join to fight against poor management of solid waste.
The current situation demonstrates that too few individuals, non-profit organisations and private
companies are involved in solid waste management activities. Effective solid waste management
can only be effective if it engages all producers of waste and captures the policy strategies,
planning and challenges of sustainable development.
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Mohamed, Ayub. "Waste management practices at the University of Stellenbosch : an environmental management perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53218.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the world enters a new millennium, global awareness of environmental issues have
reached new heights. No longer is the environment seen as an all-absorbing and allproviding
resource. Rather, there exists a greater awareness that without active
management, the inherent risks and hazards - posed by both the natural environment
and humankind's interaction with this environment - will be realised. In order to
ensure a sustainable co-existence, humanity's interaction with the surrounding.
environment must be managed in a responsible manner. In this regard, all aspects of
this interaction require attention. Various frameworks, manifested in a variety of
forms, have been proposed.
One of the most basic aspects of species existence is the generation of waste. Human
existence is no different. However, as a result of the variety of activities that
characterise humans' existence on Earth, the generation of waste represents the most
tangible and probably the most threatening aspect of this interaction. This study
focuses on waste management from an environmental perspective at a specific
institution, namely the University of Stellenbosch.
In terms of its findings, the study has established the applicability of various
regulatory and institutional frameworks within which the University operate. These
frameworks address the role of the University both in terms of waste management and
sustainable development. It has established the types of waste generated, the
generating processes, the storage, and removal and disposal characteristics of waste
management at the University. Waste management at the University is determined to
be complex and fragmented, the result of a variety of activities occurring. It has
established that limited waste minimisation and reduction activities occur, even
though the University had identified effective and efficient resource use as a strategic
priority. Although attempts at improving waste management are admittedly underway,
the study has found that adopting an environmental management system approach to
waste management will enable the University to meet pending legislative and
institutional environmental commitments.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die binnetree van 'n nuwe millennium het wêreldwye bewustheid van
omgewingskwessies nuwe hoogtes bereik. Die omgewing word nie meer bloot beskou
as 'n alles-absorberende en alles-voorsienende hulpbron nie. Veel eerder groei
bewustheid van die noodsaak vir aktiewe bestuursingryping om die gevare en
bedreigings inherent aan die natuurlike omgewing, en die mens se interaksie daarmee,
die hoof te bied. Ter wille van volhoubare saambestaan moet die mens-omgewing
interaksie op verantwoordelike wyse bestuur word. Alle aspekte van hierdie interaksie
vereis aandag en 'n verskeidenheid raamwerke in 'n verskeidenheid formate is
hiervoor voorgestel.
Die produksie van afval is een van die mees basiese kenmerke van lewensbestaan.
Menslike bestaan is nie daarbo verhewe nie. Weens die verskeidenheid aktiwiteite wat
menslike bestaan kenmerk, is die produksie van afval die mees tasbare en waarskynlik
mees bedreigende manifestasie van mens-omgewing interaksie. Hierdie tesis fokus op
afvalbestuur uit die invalshoek van die omgewing, soos dit beslag kry aan 'n
spesifieke instansie, naamlik die Universiteit van Stellenbosch.
Die studie het ten aanvang die implikasies van die verskeidenheid regulatoriese en
institusionele raamwerke waarin die universiteit opereer, bevestig. Hierdie raamwerke
omvat die rol van die Universiteit beide in terme van afvalbestuur en volhoubare
ontwikkeling. Die tipes afval wat aan die instansie gegenereer word is geklassifiseer
en die genererings-, opbergings-, verwyderings- en verwerkingsprosesse en
verantwoordelikhede is vasgestel en gedokumenteer. Afvalbestuur aan die
Universiteit blyk kompleks en gefragmenteerd te wees, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die
wye verskeidenheid afval-skeppingsbronne wat hier aangetref word. Ook is bevind
dat, ten spyte van die instansie se identifisering van effektiewe hulpbrongebruik as 'n
strategiese prioriteit, slegs beperkte afval-inkorting en -reduksie aan die instansie
plaasvind. Hoewel daar tans 'n aktiewe proses geloods word om afvalbestuur te
verbeter, beveel die studie die aanvaarding, ontwerp en implementering van 'n veel
meer wydlopende en holistiese benadering in die vorm van 'n geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuurstelsel aan. Slegs hierdeur sal die Universiteit in staat wees om aan
die volgende vlaag wetgewing rakende afvalbestuur te voldoen en ook
verantwoordelike omgewingsverbintenis te demonstreer.
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Mralaza, Phumelele David. "Negative impacts of illegal waste dumping in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018650.
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South Africa is confronted by waste management challenges and the need to redress environmentally acceptable waste management practices. In seeking to address this challenge, the South African government has introduced waste management legislation, policies and strategies. Despite the legislation, policies and strategies on waste management, illegal waste dumping continues to exist as a major challenge in particular for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. This study focuses on illegal waste dumping in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality which negatively impacts on development. The study seeks to make recommendations which will assist the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality to improve its waste management services. This study involved a community participatory approach by communities in Motherwell, New Brighton and Gelvandale. The research follows a mixed method approach, employing both qualitative and quantitative approach. A Public Perception Survey is used as a method of data collection aimed at determining the present public opinions regarding the waste management services currently offered by the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). The study found that despite interventions by the NMBM to address illegal dumping, the problem continues to exist. Poor service provision by the NMBM in terms of waste collection services combined with the lack of awareness of the community‟s responsibility towards the cleanliness of its communities leads to littering and illegal dumping of waste by communities. The NMBM is not effective in the planning, coordination and implementation of its waste management services. Recommendations have been presented with regard to how effective waste management services in NMBM can be enhanced.
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黃偉圓 and Wai-yuen Wong. "Waste management towards sustainability: a criticial review of the existing policy and way forward." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967097.
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Niu, Ru Xuan. "Life cycle assessment of solid waste collected from household in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2493033.
Full textBooks on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization. Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization"
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Handbook of solid waste management and waste minimization technologies. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.
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Program, San Francisco (Calif ). San Francisco Recycling. Waste reduction at work: A San Francisco business guide to reducing workplace waste. San Francisco Recycling Program, 1994.
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New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment. Review of targets in the New Zealand waste strategy. Ministry for the Environment, 2004.
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South Pacific Regional Environment Programme., International Waters Project, Global Environment Facility, and Strategic Action Programme for the International Waters of the Pacific Small Island Developing States., eds. The impact of the greenbag on waste generation in South Tarawa, Kiribati. SPREP, 2006.
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Gomi puranningu: Haikibutsu mondai kaiketsu no tame no shinshuhō. Tsukiji Shokan, 2005.
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Leney, Alice. Kaoki mange project: Final report . Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific Kiribati, 2006.
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Solid waste management: Policy and planning for a sustainable society. Apple Academic Press, 2015.
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Frable, G. W. Pay-as-you-waste: State of Iowa implementation guide for unit-based pricing. East Central Iowa Council of Governments, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization. Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization"
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Buffoli, Maddalena, Andrea Rebecchi, Carlo Signorelli, and Stefano Capolongo. "Waste-to-Energy as a Method of Refuse Disposal: An Analysis of Sustainable Technologies and Their Environmental Impact." In Handbook of Solid Waste Management. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7525-9_85-1.
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"Waste disposal Recycling, waste bins, dustbins, waste disposers, refuse compactors." In Architect's Pocket Book of Kitchen Design. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080455099-13.
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Gupta, Charu, and Dhan Prakash. "Novel Bioremediation Methods in Waste Management." In Waste Management. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch075.
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Bioremediation technologies are one of the novel methods in the field of waste and environment management and are presently gaining immense credibility for being eco-compatible. Bioremediation using microbes has been well accepted as an environment friendly and economical treatment method for disposal of hazardous petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated waste (oily waste). Besides this, earthworms can be used to extract toxic heavy metals, including cadmium and lead, from solid waste from domestic refuse collection and waste from vegetable and flower markets. Other novel methods used recently for treatment of wastes are plasma incineration or plasma assisted gasification and pyrolysis technology. The technologies applied for conditioning include ultrasonic degradation, chemical degradation, enzyme addition, electro-coagulation and biological cell destruction. Genetic engineering is another method for improving bioremediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Transgenic plants and associated bacteria constitute a new generation of genetically modified organisms for bioremediation.
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Gupta, Charu, and Dhan Prakash. "Novel Bioremediation Methods in Waste Management." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9734-8.ch007.
Full textAbstract:
Bioremediation technologies are one of the novel methods in the field of waste and environment management and are presently gaining immense credibility for being eco-compatible. Bioremediation using microbes has been well accepted as an environment friendly and economical treatment method for disposal of hazardous petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated waste (oily waste). Besides this, earthworms can be used to extract toxic heavy metals, including cadmium and lead, from solid waste from domestic refuse collection and waste from vegetable and flower markets. Other novel methods used recently for treatment of wastes are plasma incineration or plasma assisted gasification and pyrolysis technology. The technologies applied for conditioning include ultrasonic degradation, chemical degradation, enzyme addition, electro-coagulation and biological cell destruction. Genetic engineering is another method for improving bioremediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Transgenic plants and associated bacteria constitute a new generation of genetically modified organisms for bioremediation.
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Adeyeye, Olufemi Patrick, Adekunle Alexander Balogun, and Oladapo Fapetu. "Financing Green Electricity in Nigeria for Economic Growth." In Handbook of Research on Climate Change and the Sustainable Financial Sector. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7967-1.ch018.
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Green finance connotes the financial activities designed to aid the recovery of the environment from degradation. In Nigeria, the danger posed by solid waste to the environment is enormous. In particular, refuse collection and disposal mechanisms have not been adequately executed. The urban landscapes in the country are littered with plastics, polythene, and various non-degradable materials. In this chapter, the authors present an efficient way to clean up the Nigerian environment of solid wastes through a waste-to-energy strategy by exploring the green finance options or sources and structure to deliver renewable and clean electricity for Nigeria. The authors concluded by highlighting that green finance is useful for efficient waste management and the generation of green electricity to the Nigerian national grid.
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Tammemagi, Hans. "Historical Perspectives: What Can We Learn?" In The Waste Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128987.003.0006.
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More than any other single event, the seemingly endless wandering of the garbage barge Mobro 4000 symbolizes the frustrating situation we find ourselves in. The barge, laden with refuse from the town of Islip on Long Island, New York, set sail on March 22,1987, and roamed for 55 days from port to port down the Atlantic seaboard, along the coast of Central America, and into the Caribbean in search of a place that would accept its smelly load. None would. Eventually, after having traveled more than 9,600 kilometers, the barge returned to New York, where the waste was finally incinerated and the ashes placed in a landfill. A garbage crisis is at hand. The situation has not improved since the Mobro incident. As a society we are generating far too much waste, especially in North America. At the same time, places to dispose of it are becoming limited. The public and politicians have recognized the inherent dangers of existing landfills and are refusing to build new ones—or, as in the case of the Mobro, they are refusing to accept any more waste than is necessary. How did we get into such a mess? The first recorded regulations to control municipal waste were implemented during the Minoan civilization, which flourished in Crete from 3000 to 1000 B.C. Solid wastes from the capital, Knossos, were placed in large pits and covered with layers of earth at intervals (Wilson, 1977). This basic method of landfilling has remained relatively unchanged right up to the present day. In Athens, by 500 B.C. it was required that garbage be disposed of at least 1.5 kilometers from the city walls. Each household was responsible for collecting its own garbage and taking it to the disposal site. The first garbage collection service was established during the period of the Roman Empire. Householders tossed their refuse into the streets, and then it was shoveled onto horse-drawn carts and transported to an open pit, often located within the community. The bodies of dead animals (and sometimes people) were buried in pits outside the towns to spare inhabitants their odor.
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Kayyal, Mohamad K. "Estimation of Amounts of Waste Generated from Healthcare Facilities." In Environmental Information Systems in Industry and Public Administration. IGI Global, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-02-0.ch014.
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In response to government and public pressures, the healthcare industry has in the past few years directed a significant effort toward the proper and safe management of its medical waste streams. Medical waste is classified as a biohazardous waste, which according to a study published by the United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1990), may result in human infection and transfer of disease. This includes injury and infection with the Hepatitis B Virus (HVB) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), by janitorial and laundry workers, nurses, emergency medical personnel, and refuse workers who may come into contact with medical waste. In a recent survey conducted in the United States and Japan, and reported by the World Heath Organization (WHO) (1994), it was found that injuries by sharps constitute about 1% to 2% per annum for nurses and maintenance workers and 18% per annum for outside waste management workers. In Japan, the survey indicated that injuries by sharps constitute about 67% for in-hospital waste handlers and 44% for outside waste management workers. In order to reduce the risks associated with medical waste, proper management mechanisms should be adopted by healthcare facilities to protect the health of the staff within the medical facility, waste collectors/workers, and the public once the waste has left the facility for final disposal. These mechanisms include waste identification, segregation, storage, and treatment. However, and as a first step in the implementation of a waste management system, the management of a medical facility should conduct an audit of the generated waste streams.
Conference papers on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization. Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization"
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Gesell, Greg, and Stephen Langham. "Handling Oahu’s Waste Disposal." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2346.
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Oahu has special needs and requirements when it comes to dealing with solid waste on the island. The City and County of Honolulu has successfully addressed this problem in the past and is working on solutions for the future. Five percent of the island’s electrical power has been generated reliably from the 2000 tons per day of waste processed by their H-POWER Waste-to-Energy Facility. The facility has been processing waste for nearly twenty years and the volume of refuse going to the landfill is reduced by 90 percent. Honolulu is considering the best solutions for the island’s waste for the coming years. Waste-to-energy works in partnership with recycling to reduce the island’s increasing waste volumes. Recycling programs are in place and additional recycling measures are being considered. Landfill space is limited and questions exist regarding the ongoing use of the existing landfill and what will happen when it is closed. In an island setting, some alternatives available to other areas such as long haul to distant landfills are not available to bridge solid waste issues. Therefore practical solutions must be found and implemented in a timely manner. A number of initiatives and plans are in development. Measures are underway to prepare the H-POWER facility for future emission requirements and operation for the next twenty years. Steps have been taken toward expansion of the existing facility. Permitting and negotiations with agencies and utilities are under way. This paper will explore and expand upon these issues showing how they are interrelated to one another.
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Schauer, Raymond H. "Keeping Up With Growth by Recommitting to a Long-Term Waste-to-Energy Future." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1902.
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The Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has owned the North County Resources Recovery Facility (NCRRF) since 1989, producing clean, economical and renewable energy from refuse derived fuel while preserving precious landfill space. As with any facility as it approaches the end of its first 20-year operating term, the Authority found it necessary to initiate a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued effective operations. The operating agreement between the Authority and the Palm Beach Resource Recovery Corporation (PBRRC), a subsidiary of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W), is set to expire concurrently with the end of the this 20-year term. The Authority acknowledged that PBRRC has unparalleled institutional knowledge of the NCRRF and, as such, took the opportunity to renegotiate its operating agreement with PBRRC for an additional 20-year term. The Authority was also able to build into the new operating agreement conditions for PBRRC to provide assistance to a third party design-builder performing the refurbishment. Additionally, understanding that B&W produced many of the key combustion unit components of the original NCRRF construction, the Authority worked into the new agreement terms for B&W to provide several essential components for the refurbishment that will be installed by the design-builder. When the refurbishment is completed in 2011, the Authority will still only have disposal capacity through 2021 with its existing landfill. To be able to keep up with rapid growth in Palm Beach County, the Authority has initiated the due diligence phase for the development of a new mass burn waste-to-energy facility and landfill that will expand the disposal capacity of the Authority’s system for more than 100 years.
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Schauer, Raymond H., Leah K. Richter, and Tom Henderson. "Renewable Energy Expansion: A Model for the New Generation of Facilities." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5428.
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Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes franchised solid waste collections and the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Five Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Pelletization Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Household Hazardous Waste Facility. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented its current integrated solid waste management program to ensure disposal capacity through 2021. However, even in consideration of the current economic climate, the Authority anticipates continued population growth and associated new development patterns that will significantly increase demands on its solid waste system, requiring it to reevaluate and update its planning to accommodate future growth. The NCRRF, the Authority’s refuse derived fuel waste-to-energy facility, has performed very well since its start up in 1989 processing over 13 million tons of MSW, saving valuable landfill space and efficiently producing clean renewable energy. As the NCRRF has reached the end of its first 20 year operating term, it became necessary to complete a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued reliable service for a second 20 year term and beyond providing for continued disposal capacity and energy production for the Authority’s customers. Separately, the Authority also recognized that the refurbishment alone will not provide any additional disposal capacity for the County. The County’s anticipated growth necessitated that the Authority evaluate several options for long-term processing and disposal capacity, resulting in a decision to expand its WTE capacity with a new mass burn facility, the first facility of its kind to be constructed in Florida in more than a decade, reaffirming its commitment to waste-to-energy. The planned 3,000 TPD expansion will provide a total disposal capacity of 5,000 TPD generating approximately 150MW of renewable energy. The decision to proceed with the expansion was approved by the Authority’s Board in October 2008. The Authority, with its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., has since made significant progress in the facility’s implementation including the completion of the preliminary design, submittal of environmental permit applications, ongoing procurement of a full service vendor, issuance of revenue bonds for project financing, and commencing extensive public outreach. This paper will focus on the development of the new mass burn facility and an update of the status of activities conducted to date including, permitting, financing, vendor procurement, design, and public outreach, as well as will highlight several innovative design, procurement, permitting, and financing features of this landmark project for the Authority, such as: • Utilization of SCR technology for control of NOx emission; • Incorporation of rainwater harvesting and water reuse; • Utilization of iterative procurement process designed to obtain vendor input in a competitive environment; and • Financing approach designed to preserve alternative minimum tax benefits.
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Schauer, Raymond H., and Joseph Krupa. "Recommitting to a Long Term Waste to Energy Future Through a Comprehensive Refurbishment Program." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5427.
Full textAbstract:
Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes franchised solid waste collections and the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Five Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Pelletization Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Household Hazardous Waste Facility. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented its current integrated solid waste management program to ensure disposal capacity through 2021. However, like many communities, the Authority anticipates continued population growth and associated new development patterns that will significantly increase demands on its solid waste system, requiring it to reevaluate and update its planning to accommodate future growth. The NCRRF, the Authority’s refuse derived fuel waste-to-energy facility, has performed very well since its start up in 1989 processing over 13 million tons of MSW, saving valuable landfill space and efficiently producing clean, renewable energy. As the NCRRF approached the end of its first 20 year operating term, it became necessary to complete a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued reliable service for a second 20 year term and beyond providing for continued disposal capacity and energy production for the Authority’s customers. The Authority renegotiated and extended its operating agreement with the Palm Beach Resource Recovery Corporation (PBRRC), a Babcock & Wilcox Company, for an additional 20-year term. The Authority selected BE&K Construction Company (BE&K) and entered into an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction contract (EPC Contract) to perform the refurbishment. The Authority, with assistance from its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., developed the minimum technical requirements and negotiated the EPC Contract with BE&K. The design and procurement efforts were completed in early 2009 and on-site construction refurbishment activities commenced in November 2009. The refurbishment has a total estimated cost of $205 million. The refurbishment work is sequenced with the intent that one boiler train will remain operational to reduce the impact to the Authority’s landfill and maximize electrical production and revenues during the refurbishment period. This presentation will focus on the improvements to operations as a result of the refurbishment and its positive effects on the Authority’s integrated solid waste management system.
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McLarty, Rebecca, Valerie Going, and Raymond Schauer. "An Introduction to the Cascading Water Management System for Sustainable Water Conservation at Waste-to-Energy Facilities." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7044.
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Currently, there are 86 communities in the U.S. which employ waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities as a means of high quality solid waste disposal. The WTE process beneficially produces electricity while reducing the volume of landfill waste by up to 90 percent, thereby extending the remaining life of a community’s landfill more than ten-fold. However, the traditional WTE process requires a significant volume of water. This interdependency is often referred to as the “water-energy nexus.” An innovative approach was needed to optimize water conservation for a new 3,000-ton-per-day (TPD) mass burn WTE facility in Palm Beach County (PBREF2). With this in mind, a cascading water management system (CWMS) was developed that uses alternative water supply sources and a cascading hierarchy of water systems that maximize reuse to meet the new facility’s water needs. The selection of an air-cooled condenser to be used for cooling purposes, instead of the wet cooling systems traditionally in place at these facilities will also significantly reduce the amount of water needed in the overall process. The WTE facility will be constructed adjacent to an existing 2,000-TPD refuse-derived fuel facility (PBREF1), allowing beneficial reuse of some of the cooling tower blowdown from the RDF facility as a source of supply water in the new facility. The reuse of this process wastewater will conserve clean water sources that otherwise would have to be used as a source of makeup to the new facility, as well as reduce the amount of wastewater disposed through deep-well injection from the RDF facility. Harvested rainwater and industrial supply well water will also be used as alternative sources of supply to the new facility. The innovative CWMS will maximize reuse and reduce the amount of makeup water needed to the system. As water conservation continues to be of high concern in all areas of the globe, this concept can be applied to other WTE and industrial facilities. This paper will provide an overview of the innovative CWMS that has been designed for the PBREF2 facility.
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Gesell, Greg H., Stephen Langham, Robert L. Margolis, John R. Nelson, and Joshua R. Miller. "H-POWER Facility Expansion." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5426.
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The City and County of Honolulu on the Island of Oahu in the Hawaiian chain has been taking steps to reduce the need for landfilling and to continue to be self-sufficient for waste disposal. For an island, having the capacity to process all of its waste is crucial and producing power helps reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels. The City and County relies upon its waste-to-energy facility to manage the waste stream. The existing H-POWER Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Facility, which has been in operation for about twenty years, is a 2,000 ton-per-day (tpd) refuse derived fuel (RDF) two-unit plant with a single condensing steam turbine generator. Recent actions to enhance and expand the H-POWER Facility have been undertaken to ensure the needs to the island will be met for the foreseeable future. Enhancements and an expansion of the existing H-POWER Facility have begun and are well into construction. The enhancements will improve environmental performance and reliability and the expansion will add nearly fifty percent to the facility capacity. When complete, the expanded facility will have a number of unique features that will improve its ability to manage more types of municipal solid waste. The facility expansion will utilize mass burn technology in a single 900 tpd combustion unit with an associated turbine generator. The expansion unit will feature fabric filters for particulate control and state-of-the-art Covanta Very Low NOx (VLN™) technology intended to reduce NOx emissions well below that achieved with conventional selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) used at many other WTE plants in the USA. Independent of the expansion, the existing facility has been retrofitted with new fabric filters and induced-draft fans, which offer greater particulate and heavy metal control and improve control of other emissions. The existing facility is also getting much-needed improvements to boost reliability for many years to come. When the expansion comes on line, the facility will reliably generate about 7 percent of the island’s electrical power as opposed to 5 percent from the current 2,000 tpd of waste processed. This paper explores progress to date on the revitalization of the H-POWER Facility and its expansion.
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Breckel, Alex C., John R. Fyffe, and Michael E. Webber. "Net Energy and CO2 Emissions Analysis of Using MRF Residue as Solid Recovered Fuel at Coal Fired Power Plants." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88092.
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According to the waste management hierarchy published by the U.S. EPA, waste reduction and reuse are the most preferred modes of waste management, followed by recycling, energy recovery and lastly disposal. As many communities in the U.S. work towards sustainable waste management practices, recycling tends to be a cost-effective and common solution for handling municipal solid waste. With the introduction of single-stream recycling and automated materials recovery facilities (MRFs), where commingled recyclables are sorted into various commodity streams for sale to recycling facilities, recycling rates have steadily climbed in recent years. Despite increasing total recycling rates, contamination and diminishing returns for higher recovery ratios causes MRFs to landfill 5–25% of the incoming recycling stream as residue. This residue stream is composed primarily of plastics and fiber, both of which have high energy content that could be recovered instead of buried in a landfill. Plastics in particular are reported to have heat contents similar to fossil fuels, making energy recovery a viable end-of-life pathway. Sorting, shredding and densifying the residue stream to form solid recovered fuel (SRF) pellets for use as an alternative fuel yields energy recovery, displaced fossil fuels and landfill avoidance, moving more disposed refuse up the waste management hierarchy. Previous studies have shown that plastic, paper, and plastic-paper mixes are well suited for conversion to SRF and combustion for energy production. However, these studies focused on relatively homogenous and predictable material streams. MRF residue is not homogenous and has only a moderate degree of predictability, and thus poses several technical challenges for conversion to SRF and for straightforward energy and emissions analysis. This research seeks to understand the energetic and environmental tradeoffs associated with converting MRF residue into SRF for co-firing in pulverized coal power plants. A technical analysis is presented that compares a residue-to-SRF scenario to a residue-to-landfill scenario to estimate non-obvious energy and emissions tradeoffs associated with this alternative end-of-life scenario for MRF residue. Sensitivity to key assumptions was analyzed by considering facility proximity, landfill gas capture efficiency, conversion ratio of residue to SRF and the mass of residue used. The results of this study indicate that the use of MRF residue derived SRF in coal fired steam-electricity power plants realizes meaningful reductions of emissions, primary energy consumption, coal use and landfill deposition.
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Benshak, Alice Bernard. "An Assessment of the Approaches of Construction and Demolition Waste in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/sebh6010.
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The continuous rise in population, urbanization and expansion of cities has triggered a corresponding increase in construction and demolition activity. The frequent collapse of buildings attributed to poor structural design, building decay, and/or use of substandard materials has generated a substantial increase in construction refuse, also referred to as Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste. This waste stream originates from residential, commercial, agricultural, institutional and industrial building projects for new builds, reconstruction, expansion, and refurbishments/rehabilitation. Most studies in Nigeria have generally focused on solid waste management without considering the uniqueness of C&D and giving it the attention needed, in order to achieve sustainable urban spaces that are highly functional, safe, convenient, and livable. This study seeks to investigate the different approaches and processes of C&D waste management in the City of Jos, in the Plateau State of Nigeria. The mix method was adopted for this research whereby quantitative and qualitative data was collected through a structured questionnaire for construction enterprises, as well as face-to-face interviews with the agencies responsible for waste management in the city. A total of 21 construction companies (representing about 10%) were randomly selected for questionnaire administration while interviews were conducted with the Plateau Environmental Protection and Sanitation Agency (PEPSA) and the Jos Metropolitan Development Board (JMDB) who are responsible for waste management. Investigations revealed that C&D waste consists of heavy and non-degradable materials such as: sheet metal roofing, sand, gravel, concrete, masonry, metal, and wood to mention only a few. The construction companies are solely responsible for: the collection, storage, transportation and disposal of wastes generated from their activities. Approximately 60-70% of the C&D waste materials are either reused, recycled or resold, while the remaining residual waste is indiscriminately disposed. Although the PEPSA and JMDB are responsible for waste management, their focus has been on establishing solid non-hazardous waste infrastructure systems, policies and plans. The absence of records of the quantity of C&D waste generated, the lack of financial data, and the omission of policies and plans for the C&D waste stream has resulted in a missed opportunity for a comprehensive and sustainable waste management strategy for the City and the state. To protect public health, valuable resources, and natural ecosystems, it is recommended that the C&D waste stream be included as part of the state’s waste management program, in consideration of the growing construction and demolition activity, by including C&D policies and guidelines.
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Davis, John C., Mike Jones, and John Roderique. "Planning for Greater Levels of Diversion That Including Energy Recovery for the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority, California Region." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2342.
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The Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority is a California Joint Powers Authority (the JPA), consisting of nine communities in California’s San Bernardino County high desert and mountain region. In August 2008 the JPA contracted with Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to prepare the Victor Valley Resource Management Strategy (Resource Management Strategy). Working with RRT Design and Construction, Inc. (RRT), GBB prepared a coordinated forward-looking strategy to guide the JPA’s future program and facilities decisions. The Resource Management Strategy focused on the Town of Apple Valley, population 70,092, and the City of Victorville, population 107,408, the two largest JPA member communities, which have a combined total of more than 130,000 tons per year of material entering the JPA’s recycling system and the Victorville Landfill. The Resource Management Strategy is underpinned by a characterization of waste loads delivered to the Victorville Landfill. A visual characterization was carried out by RRT in September/October 2008. RRT engineers identified proportions of materials recoverable for recycling and composting among all loads collected from residential and non-residential generators for a full week, nearly 300 loads total. The JPA financed and manages the operations contract for the highly automated Victor Valley Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF today receives and processes an average of 130 tons per day (tpd), five days per week, of single stream paper and containers and recyclable-rich commercial waste loads. The waste characterization indicated that as much as 80 percent of loads of residential and commercial waste currently landfilled could be processed for recycling and composting in a combination manual and automated sorting facility. Residue from the MRF, which is predominated by paper, would provide potential feedstock for an energy recovery project; however, the JPA has two strategies regarding process residue. The first strategy is to reduce residue rates from existing deliveries, to optimize MRF operations. An assessment of the MRF conducted by RRT indicated that residue rates could be reduced, although this material would continue to be rich in combustible materials. The second strategy is to increase recovery for recycling by expanding the recyclable-rich and organics-dense waste load deliveries to the MRF and/or a composting facility. The Resource Management Strategy provided a conceptual design and cost that identified projected capital and operations costs that would be incurred to expand the MRF processing system for the program expansion. Based on the waste composition analysis, residue from a proposed system was estimated. This residue also would be rich in combustible materials. The December 2008 California Scoping Plan is the roadmap for statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. The Scoping Plan specifically calls out mandatory commercial recycling, expanded organics composting (particularly food residue), and inclusion of anaerobic digestion as renewable energy. The Resource Management Strategy sets the stage for JPA programs to address Scoping Plan mandates and priorities. California Public Resources Code Section 40051(b) requires that communities: Maximize the use of all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting options in order to reduce the amount of solid waste that must be disposed of by transformation and land disposal. For wastes that cannot feasibly be reduced at their source, recycled, or composted, the local agency may use environmentally safe transformation or environmentally safe land disposal, or both of those practices. Moreover, Section 41783(b) only allows transformation diversion credit (10 percent of the 50 percent required) if: The transformation project uses front-end methods or programs to remove all recyclable materials from the waste stream prior to transformation to the maximum extent feasible. Finally, prior to permitting a new transformation facility the California Integrated Waste Management Board is governed by Section 41783(d), which requires that CIWMB: “Hold a public hearing in the city, county, or regional agency jurisdiction within which the transformation project is proposed, and, after the public hearing, the board makes both of the following findings, based upon substantial evidence on the record: (1) The city, county, or regional agency is, and will continue to be, effectively implementing all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting measures. (2) The transformation project will not adversely affect public health and safety or the environment.” The Resource Management Strategy assessed two cement manufacturers located in the high desert region for their potential to replace coal fuel with residue from the MRF and potentially from other waste quantities generated in the region. Cement kilns are large consumers of fossil fuels, operate on a continuous basis, and collectively are California’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Resource Management Strategy also identified further processing requirements for size reduction and screening to remove non-combustible materials and produce a feasible refuse derived fuel (RDF). A conceptual design system to process residue and supply RDF to a cement kiln was developed, as were estimated capital and operating costs to implement the RDF production system. The Resource Management Strategy addressed the PRC requirement that “all feasible source reduction, recycling and composting measures” are implemented prior to approving any new “transformation” facility. This planning effort also provided a basis for greenhouse gas reduction analysis, consistent with statewide initiatives to reduce landfill disposal. This paper will report on the results of this planning and the decisions made by the JPA, brought current to the time of the conference.
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Brickner, Robert H. "Behind the Scenes: Historic Agreement to Develop U.S. Virgin Islands’ First Alternative Energy Facilities." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3516.
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In the summer of 2009, Governor John P. DeJongh, Jr. announced that the Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority (WAPA) had just signed two 20-year Power Purchase Agreements, and the Virgin Islands Waste Management Authority (VIWMA) had signed two 20-year Solid Waste Management Services Agreements with affiliates of Denver-based Alpine Energy Group, LLC (AEG) to build, own, and operate two alternative energy facilities that will serve the residents of St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas. The alternative energy facilities, to be built on St. Croix and St. Thomas, have a projected cost of $440 million and will convert an estimated 146,000 tons per year of municipal solid waste into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) using WastAway Services® technology, which will be combined with petroleum coke as fuel in fluidized bed combustion facilities to generate steam and electric power. These sustainable projects will provide 33 MW of electric power to St. Thomas and St. John and 16 MW of electric power to St. Croix, and will help to provide long-term cost stability for electric power and solid waste management in the Territory. Construction is expected to start in spring 2010 with an anticipated completion date during the fourth quarter of 2012. This procurement is a significant achievement for the U.S. Virgin Islands. When the projects are fully implemented, they will allow the Territory to reduce its dependence on oil, recover the energy value and certain recyclable materials from its municipal solid waste, and divert this waste from landfill. Since VIWMA has the responsibility to collect and/or dispose of solid waste year-round, having a system incorporating multiple solid waste processing lines and an adequate supply of spare parts on hand at all times is crucial to meeting the daily demands of waste receiving and processing, and RDF production. Also, with the location of the US Virgin Islands in a hurricane zone, and with only one or two combustion units available in each Project, the ability to both stockpile waste pre-RDF processing and store the produced RDF is very important. Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB)’s work has included a due diligence review of the Projects and providing professional support in VIWMA’s negotiations with AEG. GBB’s initial primary assignment centered on reviewing the design and operations of the RDF processing systems that will be built and operated under the respective Service Contracts. VIWMA needed to undertake a detailed technical review of the proposed RDF processing system, since this was the integration point of the waste collection system and waste processing/disposal services. GBB, in association with Maguire, was requested to provide this review and present the findings and opinions to VIWMA. In the completion of this effort, which included both a technical review and participation in negotiations to advance the Service Contracts for the Projects, GBB made direct contact with the key equipment suppliers for the Projects proposed by AEG. This included Bouldin Corporation, the primary RDF processing system supplier, with its patented WastAway technology, and Energy Products of Idaho, the main thermal processing equipment supplier, with its fluidized bed combustion technology and air pollution control equipment. Additionally, since the combustion systems for both Projects will generate an ash product that will require marketing for use and/or disposal over the term of the Service Contracts, GBB made contact with LA Ash, one of the potential subcontractors identified by AEG for these ash management services. Due to the nature of the contract guarantees of VIWMA to provide 73,000 tons per year of Acceptable Waste to each Project for processing, VIWMA authorized GBB to perform a current waste stream characterization study. Part of this effort included waste sorts for one week each in February 2009 on St. Croix and March 2009 on St. Thomas, with the results shared with VIWMA and AEG, as compiled. The 2009 GBB waste stream characterization study incorporated historical monthly waste weigh data from both the Bovoni and Anguilla Landfills that were received from VIWMA staff. The study has formed a basis for continuing to augment the waste quantity information from the two landfills with the additional current monthly results compiled by VIWMA staff going forward following the waste sorts. The final GBB report was published in December 2009 and includes actual USVI landfill receipt data through August 31, 2009. The information contained in this document provides the underpinnings to allow for better tracking and analysis of daily, weekly and monthly waste quantities received for recycling, processing and disposal, which are important to the overall waste processing system operations, guarantees and cost projections. GBB’s annual projections are that the total waste on St. Croix is currently over 104,000 tons per year and over 76,000 tons per year on St. Thomas. The thermal processing technology selected for both Projects is a fluidized bed process, employing a heated bed of sand material “fluidized” in a column of air to burn the fuel — RDF and/or Pet Coke. As such, the solid waste to be used in these combustion units must be size-reduced from the myriad of sizes of waste set out at the curb or discharged into the large roll-off boxes or bins at the many drop-off sites in the US Virgin Islands. While traditional RDF would typically have several days of storage life, the characteristics of the pelletized RDF should allow several weeks of storage. This will be important to having a sound and realistic operating plan, given the unique circumstances associated with the climate, waste moisture content, island location, lack of back-up disposal options and downtime associated with the Power Generation Facility. During the negotiations between AEG and VIWMA, in which GBB staff participated, in addition to RDF and pelletized RDF as the waste fuel sources, other potential fuels have been discussed for use in the Projects and are included as “Opportunity Fuels” in the Service Contracts. These Opportunity Fuels include ground woody waste, dried sludges, and shredded tires, for example. Therefore, the flexibility of the EPI fluidized bed combustion boilers to handle multi-fuels is viewed as an asset over the long term, especially for an island location where disposal options are limited and shipping materials onto and off of each island is expensive. This presentation will provide a unique behind-the-scenes review of the process that led to this historic agreement, from the due diligence of the proposed technologies, to implementation planning, to the negotiations with the contractor. Also discussed will be the waste characterization and quantity analysis performed in 2009 and the fast-track procurement planning and procurement of construction and operating services for a new transfer station to be sited on St. Croix.
Reports on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization. Refuse and refuse disposal Refuse and refuse disposal Waste minimization"
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Henghu Sun and Yuan Yao. Research and Development of a New Silica-Alumina Based Cementitious Material Largely Using Coal Refuse for Mine Backfill, Mine Sealing and Waste Disposal Stabilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1048945.
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