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Brännvall, Evelina. "Accelerate ageing of refuse-derived-fuel (RDF) fly ashes." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17584.
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Ashes have properties that can be exploited in various applications, e.g. some ashes can be used in the construction of barriers in a landfill final top cover. A landfill top cover is a multilayer construction that protects the environment in several ways, for instance hindering gas emissions from the landfill body and water infiltration into the waste.Impervious natural materials like clay, synthetic materials like geomembranes or bentonite carpets, geosynthetic clay liners or combinations of such materials are commonly used in landfill top cover constructions. Since differential settlement may occur and the lifetimes of the synthetic materials are uncertain, it is advantageous to use thick mineral constructions. There is a great need for these materials, and substantial savings of resources can be made if alternative waste materials, like ashes, are used. Currently, ashes are either landfilled or used as construction materials. They are subject to weathering processes, including physical, chemical and mineralogical changes caused (inter alia) by fluctuations of temperature and humidity, atmospheric gases or acid rain. Ashes contain various potentially hazardous and non-hazardous chemical compounds. Therefore, precautions must be taken to avoid leaching of substances such as heavy metals into the surrounding environment. Mineral phases that are initially present and/or that form during the ageing are primarily responsible for the immobilization or leaching of diverse metals and salts. Newly formed mineral phases like clay minerals are of main interest, because of their very high cation exchange capacity, swelling and expansion properties.The conditions found in a landfill environment are likely to favour clay mineral formation. This thesis is based on studies on the effects of accelerated ageing on refuse-derived-fuel (RDF) fly ashes, in experiments under controlled laboratory conditions, intended to derive models to predict the stability of RDF fly ashes used in a landfill liner and the mineralogical changes that occur in them. A reduced factorial design was applied, followed by multivariate data analysis, to evaluate the effects of five factors - carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, temperature, relative air humidity (RH), time and the quality of added water - on mineral transformations within the ashes, and their acid neutralization capacity (ANC) and leaching behaviour.Minerals (ettringite and hydrocalumite) promoting the immobilization of hazardous compounds were found in both fresh ash and ash aged under atmospheric conditions, but these minerals disappeared upon carbonation. The main phases in ash at 20% and 100% CO2 were calcite, gypsum/anhydrite and vaterite. The abundance of gypsum and anhydrite was directly related to the temperature at which ashes were aged. The major mineral phases detected in ashes aged under 20% CO2, 65% RH and 30°C (corresponding to conditions generally found in a landfill cover) were calcite and gypsum/bassanite. The pH values of these ash specimens ranged from 7.2 to 7.6, indicating advanced carbonation. Ageing decreased pH values from 12.4 to 7.2, consequently affecting the leaching behaviour of most chemicals measured in the leachates. Levels of Ba, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Pb, K and Na decreased over the study period while those of Mg, Zn and SO4 increased. No clay minerals were detected by XRD and SEM analysis in either fresh or aged ashes. However, geochemical modelling indicated that such minerals may precipitate. The modelling also indicated that clay minerals like saponite, vermiculite, chrysotile and hydrotalcite were likely to precipitate in most leachates from ash aged for 3, 10 and 22 months. Smectite, montmorillonite and illite may precipitate in leachates of ash aged for 31 months. The formation of smectite, montmorillonite and vermiculite would be advantageous due to their very high cation exchange capacities, which would favour the stabilization/immobilization of heavy metals in the mineral phases.Askor har egenskaper som kan användas, en del askor kan t ex användas vid konstruktion av tätskikt i en deponisluttäckning. En deponisluttäckning är en flerskiktskonstruktion som skyddar miljön från t.ex. växthusgaser från deponin och hindrar vatteninträngning till avfall. Naturliga täta material som lera, syntetiska som geomembraner eller bentonitmattor eller en kombination av dessa är vanligt förekommande i sluttäckningskonstruktioner på deponier. Eftersom differentialsättningar kan uppkomma och de syntetiska materialens livslängd är osäker, är det en fördel om tjocka mineraliska konstruktioner kan användas. För dessa är materialbehovet stort och det är en stor resursbesparing om alternativa material, som aska, kan användas.Aska utsätts för åldringsprocesser både när den deponeras eller användas som byggmaterial. Materialet genomgår fysiska, kemiska och mineralogiska förändringar orsakade av t.ex. variationer av temperatur och luftfuktighet, atmosfäriska gaser eller surt regn. Aska innehåller olika farliga och ofarliga kemiska föreningar. Därför måste försiktighetsåtgärder vidtas för att undvika läckage av tungmetaller i miljön. Befintliga och nybildade mineralfaser är främst ansvariga för immobilisering eller utlakning av olika metaller och salter. Nybildade mineralfaser som lermineraler är av stort intresse på grund av deras mycket höga katjonutbyteskapacitet, svällnings- och expansionsegenskaper. Förhållandena som råder i en deponisluttäckning förväntas gynna lermineralbildning.Denna avhandling är resultatet av studier av effekten av accelererad åldring på flygaska från energiutvinning. För att förutsäga stabiliteten i flygaska som används i ett deponitätskikt har laboratorieexperiment utförts för att studera effekterna av accelererad åldring under kontrollerade förhållanden. Ett reducerat faktorförsök har gjorts för att utvärdera påverkan av fem faktorer: koldioxid (CO2), temperatur, relativ luftfuktighet (RH), tid och kvalitet på tillsatt vatten. Inflytandet av dessa faktorer på mineralomvandlingen i askan, askans syraneutraliserande förmåga (ANC) och urlakningsbeteendet har analyserats och utvärderats med hjälp av bl a multivariat dataanalys. Mineraler (ettringit och hydrocalumit) som främjar fixeringen av farliga ämnen finns i både färsk aska och prover som åldrats under atmosfäriska förhållanden men försvann efter karbonatisering. Aska som åldrats under 20 % och 100 % CO2 hade kalcit, gips / anhydrit och vaterit som huvudmineraler. Förekomsten av gips och anhydrit var direkt relaterad till temperaturnivån som askan hade åldrats i. Aska som åldrades under 20 % CO2, 65 % RH, 30 °C temperatur (motsvarande förhållandena i en deponitäckning) hade kalcit och gips/bassanit som huvudmineraler. pH-värdena i proverna varierade från 7,2 till 7,6 vilket indikerar en långt fortskriden karbonatisering. Åldrandet sänkte pH-värdena från 12,4 till 7,2 och påverkar därmed urlakningsbeteendet för många lakvattenkomponenter. Barium, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Pb, K och Na minskade under tiden, medan Mg, Zn och SO4 ökade jämfört med den färska askan. Inga lermineraler upptäcktes med hjälp av XRD och SEM i varken färsk eller åldrad aska. Geokemisk modellering visade dock möjligheten för dessa mineraler att bildas och fällas ut. Lermineraler som saponit, vermikulit, krysotil och hydrotalcit kunde enligt beräkningarna bildas i lakvatten från de flesta proverna som åldrades i 3, 10 och 22 månader. Smectit, montmorillonit och illit kan bildas i lakvatten från 31 månaders åldrad aska. Bildning av smectit, montmorillonit och vermikulit skulle var värdefull på grund av deras mycket höga katjonutbyteskapacitet, vilket gynnar stabilisering / immobilisering av tungmetaller i askan.
Godkänd; 2010; 20101020 (evebra); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Avfallsteknik/Waste Science and Technology Examinator: Professor Anders Lagerkvist, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Britt-Marie Steenari, Chalmers tekniska högskola Tid: Onsdag den 17 november 2010 kl 09.30 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Attili, Bassam Saleem. "Manufacturer [Sic] of Densified-Refuse Derived Fuel (d-RDF) Pellets and Methods for the Determination of d-RDF Pellet Densities." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500977/.
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There are 150 million tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) annually produced in the United States, which is approximately equivalent to 150 million barrels of oil. MSW production is inexhaustible, and is increasing on an annual per capita basis of approximately three per cent. After controlling the moisture and adding a binder, the combustible portion of MSW was converted to pellets. The objects of this project were to 1) evaluate the binder, 2) prepare the pellets, and 3) evaluate the pellets with regard to density. The manufacture of pellets was conducted at the Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida. The evaluation of the binders and the pellets was done at North Texas State University (NTSU). There were three procedures for measuring the density. The first, using water displacement, was from the American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). The second, using wax coating, was also from ASTM. The third, using sharply-cut cylindrical pellets, was developed at NTSU.
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Robinson, Travis. "Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass and Refuse Derived Fuel." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33157.
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In Canadian remote northern communities most electricity is generated by burning diesel fuel. However, because it is expensive to import fuel into remote communities the cost of electricity is very high. Waste management is also difficult in remote northern communities. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the co-gasification of refuse waste materials and biomass as a means of reducing solid waste volumes while also using locally available materials for power generation.
As part of this research, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was investigated as a potential means of characterizing refuse derived fuels (RDF). Laboratory sample preparation of RDF for TGA had not been thoroughly considered. Laboratory sample preparation is important since RDF is very heterogeneous compared to other solid fuels and since TGA typically requires a very small sample size. A TGA method was applied to a variety of materials prepared from a commercially available RDF using a variety of procedures. The repeatability of the experimental results was related to the sample preparation methods. Cryogenic ball milling was found to be an appropriate means of preparing RDF samples for TGA. Applicability of the TGA method to the determination of the renewable content of RDF was considered.
Air-blown auto-thermal gasification experiments using materials representative of waste and biomass were performed at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C, using a 0.15 m internal diameter bubbling fluidized bed gasifier located at NRCan CametENERGY in Ottawa, Ontario. Commercially prepared RDF and PET scrap were used to represent waste materials. Commercially produced hardwood pellets were used to represent biomass. The co-gasification of hardwood pellets and commercially produced RDF indicated that each fuel make a contribution to the results which is proportional to its fraction in the feed mixture. Inclusion of the RDF in the fuel mixture led to bed agglomeration at the 875°C temperature condition. Higher temperatures were found to provide better conversion of the fuel to gas, and the limitation which inclusion of RDF places on the operating temperature of the gasifier negatively affects conversion of biomass.
Results obtained with RDF suggested that utilization of mixed waste for a thermal conversion process located in a Canadian remote northern community is probably not a viable option. It was then decided to target plastic waste in particular. Plastic could be source-separated, collected, and gasified alongside biomass. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is often used for food and beverage containers, was chosen to represent plastic. Initially, attempts were made to co-gasify mixtures of PET pellets and hardwood pellets. These attempts failed due to the formation of coke above the bed. To alleviate these problems hardwood-PET composite pellets were manufactured and these were gasified at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C. Inclusion of PET in the pellets dramatically increased the amount of tar produced during gasification.
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Blanco, Sanchez Paula Helena. "Nickel based catalysts for hydrogen production from the pyrolysis/gasification of refuse derived fuel (RDF)." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7414/.
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Hydrogen can be used as fuel for power generation; however current hydrogen production processes are not sustainable as they involve considerable CO2 emissions, and are mostly based on production from fossil fuels. Municipal solid waste (MSW) in the form of refuse derived fuel (RDF) can be subjected to thermal processes such as pyrolysis and/or gasification to produce a hydrogen rich syngas. Nevertheless some operational problems associated with tar formation arise, which significantly reduces the overall process yield. In this work a two-stage reaction system was used for hydrogen production and tar reduction, during the pyrolysis/gasification of RDF, using different types of catalysts. Firstly RDF was pyrolyzed at 600ºC, the pyrolysis gases were then passed through a second gasification stage where the catalytic steam reforming process took place at 800ºC, in order to generate hydrogen and promote tar cracking reactions. Different analytical techniques were used in this work to characterise RDF, product gases, tars/oils, and fresh/reacted catalysts. Initially two different Ni/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared, and their catalytic activity towards hydrogen production and tar reduction were assessed during the pyrolysis/gasification of RDF. The results were compared with those obtained using a bed of sand. Using a 10 wt.% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst, about 45 vol.% of hydrogen in the syngas was obtained together with other gases: CO2, CO, CH4, C2-C4. Also the condensed tar fraction was analysed and was found to contain polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) constituents included naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene as the major components. Additionally, diverse Ni/SiO2 catalysts were prepared using different synthesis methods, including sol-gel,impregnation and homogenous precipitation. Among the catalysts tested for tar reduction, a 20wt.% Ni/SiO2 catalyst presented the highest activity resulting in a tar concentration of 0.15mgtar g-1RDF; PAH and oxygenated tar compounds were also identified within the analysed samples. For the catalysts tested in relation to hydrogen production, using a 10wt.% Ni/SiO2 catalyst prepared by homogeneous precipitation-sol-gel based method, resulted in a H2 concentration of 59 vol.%. Finally different Fe/SiO2 and Ni/SiO2 catalysts were prepared using nano-porous silica as the oxide support. Better catalyst activity in relation to H2 production was observed for the Ni/SiO2 catalysts. However the maximum H2 concentration obtained was around 44 vol.%. It was found that using calcination temperatures higher than 700ºC, both the surface area and the catalytic activity for hydrogen production was diminished for this series of catalysts.
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Basov, Mykhailo. "Návrh roštového kotle s přirozenou cirkulací na spalování RDF." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319264.
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This thesis deals with a project of steam boiler to combustion of refused-derived fuel. Considering the required fuel and output parameters of the steam was made the thermal calculation of boiler with it design and an individual calculation of heat exchange surfaces; hydrodynamic and aerodynamic calculations of the steam boiler.
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Sampaio, Raquel Paschoal. "Estudo de caso dos possíveis efeitos deletérios causados pelo combustível derivado de resíduos (CDR) em caldeiras voltadas a produção de energia elétrica queimando principalmente bagaço de cana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18147/tde-20072015-152703/.
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O estado de São Paulo produz cerca de 58.700 t/dia de resíduos dividido pelos seus 645 municípios nas vizinhanças de aproximadamente 170 usinas de açúcar e álcool. Diante deste fato, é evidente o potencial para se fazer o uso consorciado destes dois combustíveis na geração de energia. Este trabalho investigou os possíveis efeitos deletérios que a presença de cloro, flúor, sódio e potássio possam trazer nas caldeiras voltadas para a produção de energia elétrica, utilizando bagaço de cana e combustível derivado de resíduo (CDR). Foi realizada uma busca criteriosa na literatura internacional a fim de possíveis efeitos deletérios em caldeiras de biomassa para a produção de energia em razão do uso consorciado de resíduo, no aspecto da integridade da caldeira, principalmente no papel desempenhado pelos elementos, cloro, flúor, sódio e potássio, e em seguida uma análise criteriosa dos resultados encontrados. Esta análise foi realizada através de um estudo de caso, considerando uma caldeira de leito fluidizado borbulhante (BFB) de 60MW, queimando bagaço e parte do resíduo de uma cidade de 600.000 habitantes. Verificou-se que o resíduo que a cidade produz pode ser transformado em CDR que irá alimentar a caldeira como combustível auxiliar, produzindo energia elétrica de forma limpa e sustentável. Um parâmetro utilizado para se definir a quantidade máxima de CDR queimada na caldeira, foi o cloro específico, calculado pela razão entre o teor de cloro e o poder calorífico inferior (PCI) do combustível. Com base na literatura encontrada, limitou-se o cloro específico em 40 mg/MJ, para que não haja danos a integridade do equipamento. A combustão consorciada de bagaço de cana e CDR pode ser uma alternativa para o estado de São Paulo reduzir o problema da falta de aterros para descarte de resíduos e uma possibilidade para as usinas de açúcar e álcool produzirem energia elétrica por um período mais extenso no ano, economizando bagaço de cana.The state of São Paulo produces about 58,700 tons/day waste divided by its 645 municipalities in the vicinity of about 170 sugar and alcohol mills. Given this fact, the potential is evident to make the consortium use of these two fuels in power generation. This paper investigated the potential deleterious effects that the presence of chlorine, fluoride, sodium and potassium can bring the boilers focused on the production of electric power using bagasse and refuse derived fuel (RDF). A thorough search in the international literature with the view to possible deleterious effects on biomass boilers for power generation because of consortium use of residue in the boiler integrity aspect, particularly the role played by the elements chlorine, fluorine, sodium and potassium, and then a careful analysis of the results. This analysis was conducted through a case study, considering a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) boiler of 60 MW, burning bagasse and part of the residue of a city of 600,000 inhabitants. It was found that the residue that the city produces can be turned into RDF which will feed the boiler as an auxiliary fuel, producing electricity in a clean and sustainable manner. A parameter used to set the maximum amount of burned RDF in the boiler, was the specific chlorine, measured by the ratio between the chlorine content and the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel. Based on the literature found, the specific chlorine was limited to 40 mg/MJ, so there is no damage to the integrity of the equipment. The consortium combustion of bagasse and RDF can be an alternative to the state of São Paulo reduce the problem of landfills for waste disposal and a possibility for the sugar and alcohol mills producing electric power for a longer period in the year, saving bagasse.
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Ševčík, Martin. "NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY FOR REFUSE DERIVED FUEL : Classification of waste material components using hyperspectral imaging and feasibility study of inorganic chlorine content quantification." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-42376.
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This degree project focused on examining new possible application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for quantitative and qualitative characterization of refuse derived fuel (RDF). Particularly, two possible applications were examined as part of the project. Firstly, use of NIR hyperspectral imaging for classification of common materials present in RDF. The classification was studied on artificial mixtures of materials commonly present in municipal solid waste and RDF. Data from hyperspectral camera was used as an input for machine learning models to train them, validate them, and test them. Three classification machine learning models were used in the project; partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), and radial basis neural network (RBNN). Best results for classifying the materials into 11 distinct classes were reached for SVM (accuracy 94%), even though its high computational cost makes it not very suitable for real-time deployment. Second best result was reached for RBNN (91%) and the lowest accuracy was recorded for PLS-DA model (88%). On the other hand, the PLS-DA model was the fastest, being 10 times faster than the RBNN and 100 times faster than the SVM. NIR spectroscopy was concluded as a suitable method for identification of most common materials in RDF mix, except for incombustible materials like glass, metals, or ceramics. The second part of the project uncovered a potential in using NIR spectroscopy for identification of inorganic chlorine content in RDF. Experiments were performed on samples of textile impregnated with a water solution of kitchen salt representing NaCl as inorganic chlorine source. Results showed that contents of 0.2-1 wt.% of salt can be identified in absorbance spectra of the samples. Limitation appeared to be water content of the examined samples, as with too large amount of water in the sample, the influence of salt on NIR absorbance spectrum of water was too small to be recognized.FUDIPO
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Waite, Ian Vowles. "Refuse-derived fuel for electricity generation in the UK." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323891.
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Haj-Mahmoud, Qasem M. (Qasem Mohammed). "Pyrolysis Capillary Chromatography of Refuse-Derived Fuel and Aquatic Fulvic Acids." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331124/.
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Pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography combined with FID, ECD and MS detection were used to characterize refuse-derived fuel and aquatic fulvic acids. Different pyrolysis methods and programs were evaluated. Pyrolysis temperatures of 700-800°C produced the strongest signal for organics present in RDF and fulvic acid. Cellulose and fatty acids pyrolyzates were identifiable by GC-MS following preparative pyrolysis fractionation. At organic chloride content of 0.023%, only three halogenated compounds were detected in the GC-MS of the fractions. None of the priority pollutants were detected at lower detection limit of 0.72 to 24 mg/ kg RDF. Selective solvent extraction improves the reproduciblities of the technique and allows the detection of polymeric structures. Pyrograms of polyvinyl chloride and regular typing paper showed some common peaks that are present in the RDF pyrogram. About 65% of the peaks in the RDF pyrogram might be of paper origin. The organic chloride content of the RDF was evaluated by ion chromatography of the trapped pyrolyzates in 2% NaOH trap and it was found to be 221 mg Cl/ kg dry RDF.
Pyrolysis conditions and temperature programs for FA were systematically evaluated. Samples included purified FA, methylated FA and HPLC separated fractions. Characteristic pyrograms were developed. Profiles of benzene, toluene, phenol, m-cresol and biphenyl from FA were evaluated. The production of phenol was the largest at 800°C, at concentration of 1.61 mg per gram of FA pyrolyzed. The profiles of benzene and toluene followed the same pathways. Both pyrolyzates had at least two precursors. HPLC fractions of FA showed some regular retention patterns characteristic of polymeric material. DL-proline, seriene and vanillic acid pyrograms showed some peaks with the same retention times as those in FA pyrogram under the same conditions. A reproducibility of 6% relative standard deviation was achieved in the pyrolysis of RDF and 0.91% in the case of FA.
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Brooks, Cheryl L. (Cheryl Leigh). "An Analysis of Refuse Derived Fuel as an Environmentally Acceptable Fuel Alternative for the Cement Industry." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504331/.
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Resource recovery is an attractive alternative to the waste disposal problem. The chief by-product of this process, refuse derived fuel (RDF) can be co-fired in traditional coal burning facilities. The cement industry is a potential user of RDF. This study, based on a test burn done at Texas Industries Inc. in Midlothian, Texas, demonstrated the technical, environmental, and economic feasibility of using RDF fuel in a cement kiln. Technically, the cement showed no deleterious effects when RDF was substituted for coal/natural gas at 20% by Btu content. Environmentally, acid rain gases were reduced. Economically, RDF was shown to be a cost effective fuel substitute if a resource recovery facility was erected on site.
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Adefeso, Ismail Babatunde. "Techno-economic analysis of a gasification system using refuse-derived fuel from municipal solid waste." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2753.
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Thesis (Doctor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The search for alternatives to fossil fuel is necessary with a view to reducing the negative environmental impact of fossil fuel and most importantly, to exploit an affordable and secured fuel source. This study investigated the viability of municipal solid waste gasification for a fuel cell system. Potential solid fuels obtained from the study in the form of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) had high heating value (HHV) between 18.17 MJ/Kg - 28.91 MJ/Kg with energy density increased from 4142.07 MJ/m3 to 10735.80 MJ/m3. The molecular formulas of RDF derived from Ladies Smith drop-off site, Woodstock drop-off site and an average molecular formula of all thirteen municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal facilities were CH1.43O1.02, CH1.49O1.19, and CH1.50O0.86 respectively. The comparative ratios of C/H were in the range of 7.11 to 8.90. The Thermo Gravimetric Analysis showed that the dehydration, thermal decompositions, char combustions were involved in the production of gaseous products but flaming pyrolysis stage was when most tar was converted to syngas mixture. The simulation of RDF gasification allowed a prediction of the RDF gasification behaviour under various operating parameters in an air-blown downdraft gasifier. Optimum SFR (steam flowrate) values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were determined to be within these values 2.80, 2.50 and 3.50 and Optimum ER values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were also determined to be within these values 0.15, 0.04 and 0.08. These conditions produced the desired high molar ratio of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream. The molar ratios of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream for all the RDFs were between 18.81 and 20.16. The values of H2/CO satisfy the requirement for fuel cell application. The highest concentration of heavy metal was observed for Al, Fe, Zn and Cr, namely 16627.77 mg/Kg at Coastal Park (CP), 17232.37 mg/Kg at Killarney (KL), 235.01 mg/Kg at Tygerdal (TG), and 564.87 mg/Kg at Kraaifontein (KF) respectively. The results of quantitative economic evaluation measurements were a net return (NR) of $0.20 million, a rate of return on investment (ROI) of 27.88 %, payback time (PBP) of 2.30 years, a net present value (NPV) of $1.11 million and a discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) of 24.80 % and 28.20 % respectively. The results of the economic evaluations revealed that some findings of the economic benefits of this system would be viable if costs of handling MSW were further quantified into the costs analysis. The viability of the costs could depend on government responsibility to accept costs of handling MSW.
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Tai, Chia-Hui. "Trace Elemental Analysis of Ashes in the Combustion of the Binder Enhanced d-RDF by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501168/.
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Incineration is an attractive solution to the problems of disposing of municipal solid wastes and supplying energy. Because up to 25 percent of the waste in refuse-derived-fuel systems is ash, the physical and chemical characteristics of ash become more and more important for its potential impacts and methods suitable for their disposal. Trace elements concentration in ash is of great interest because of its relationship to regulatory criteria under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regarding toxicity and hazards. The applications of a microwave oven sample dissolution method has been tested on a variety of standard reference materials, with reproducible and accurate results. Fourteen trace elements, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, and Zn, from the dissolved ash samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
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Jahani, Aghamolla. "Comparative Toxicity of Refuse-Derived Fuel Fly Ash on Two Species of Earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris and E. foetida, Using an Artificial Soil Exposure Protocol." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504583/.
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Research estimated toxicity of refuse-derived fuel fly ash (RDF-FA) on two earthworms species, Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia foetida. Specific objectives were to: (1) Compare their 14-day LC50s under light and dark conditions; (2) separate toxicity due to osmotic, pH and physical factors from that of heavy metal contaminants; (3) compare relative differences of artificial soil and commercial soil as exposure media for evaluating toxicity to earthworms. The 14-d LC50s for L. terrestris in dark and light were 57.0 and 48.34 % RDF-FA, and 59.25 and 41.00 % RDF-FA for E. foetida using artificial soil. All of the toxicity resulted from heavy metals within the RDF-FA. Using L. terrestris, the LC50s for artificial soil and commercial soil were 52.30 and 64.34%.
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Moore, Paul 1962. "The Analysis of PCDD and PCDF Emissions from the Cofiring of Densified Refuse Derived Fuel and Coal." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330690/.
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The United States leads the world in per capita production of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), generating approximately 200 million tons per year. By 2000 A.D. the US EPA predicts a 20% rise in these numbers. Currently the major strategies of MSW disposal are (i) landfill and (ii) incineration. The amount of landfill space in the US is on a rapid decline. There are -10,000 landfill sites in the country, of which only 65-70% are still in use. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) predicts an 80% landfill closure rate in the next 20 years. The development of a viable energy resource from MSW, in the form of densified Refuse Derived Fuel (dRDF), provides solutions to the problems of MSW generation and fossil fuel depletions. Every 2 tons of MSW yields approximately 1 ton of dRDF. Each ton of dRDF has an energy equivalent of more than two barrels of oil. At current production rates the US is "throwing away" over 200,000,000 barrels of oil a year. In order to be considered a truly viable product dRDF must be extensively studied; in terms of it's cost of production, it's combustion properties, and it's potential for environmental pollution. In 1987 a research team from the University of North Texas, in conjunction with the US DOE and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), cofired over 550 tons of dRDF and bdRDF with a high sulfur Kentucky coal in a boiler at ANL. This work examines the emission rates of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) during the combustion of the dRDF, bdRDF, and coal. Even at levels of 50% by Btu content of dRDF in the fuel feedstock, emission rates of PCDDs and PCDFs were below detection limits. The dRDF is shown to be an environmentally acceptable product, which could help resolve one of the major social and environmental problems facing this country today.
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Jen, Jen-Fon. "Analysis of Acid Gas Emissions in the Combustion of the Binder Enhanced d-RDF by Ion Chromatography." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331848/.
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Waste-to-energy has become an attractive alternative to landfills. One concern in this development is the release of pollutants in the combustion process. The binder enhanced d-RDF pellets satisfy the requirements of environmental acceptance, chemical/biological stability, and being storeable. The acid gas emissions of combusting d-RDF pellets with sulfur-rich coal were analyzed by ion chromatography and decreased when d-RDF pellets were utilized. The results imply the possibility of using d-RDF pellets to substitute for sulfur-rich coal as fuel, and also substantiate the effectiveness of a binder, calcium hydroxide, in decreasing emissions of SOx.
In order to perform the analysis of the combustion sample, sampling and sample pretreatment methods prior to the IC analysis and the first derivative detection mode in IC are investigated as well. At least two trapping reagents are necessary for collecting acid gases: one for hydrogen halides, and the other for NOx and SOx. Factors affecting the absorption of acid gases are studied, and the strength of an oxidizing agent is the main factor affecting the collection of NOx and SOx. The absorption preference series of acid gases are determined and the absorption models of acid gases in trapping reagents are derived from the analytical results. To prevent the back-flushing of trapping reagents between impingers when leak-checking, a design for the sampling train is suggested, which can be adopted in sample collections. Several reducing agents are studied for pretreating the sample collected in alkali-permanganate media. Besides the recommendation of the hydrogen peroxide solution in EPA method, methanol and formic acid are worth considering as alternate reducing agents in the pretreatment of alkaline-permanganate media prior to IC analysis. The first derivative conductivity detection mode is developed and used in IC system. It is efficient for the detection and quantification of overlapping peaks as well as being applicable for non-overlapping peaks.
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Attili, Bassam Saleem. "Particle size distribution and qualitative/quantitative analysis of trace metals in the combustion gas and fly ash of coal/refuse derived fuel." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332571/.
Full textAbstract:
This work includes two different areas of research. Both areas are related to the combustion of the binder-enhanced densified refuse derived fuel (bdRDF) with high sulfur coal and examining trace elements. The first area of this work involved studying the trace metals in the combustion gas of bdRDF/coal blend and the effect of the binder, CA(OH)2, on reducing the trace elements emissions. The second area of work involved studying the trace elements in the fly ash and the effect of the dRDF and the binder of trace metals.
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Paštěka, Michal. "Návrh roštového kotle na spalování tříděného odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241207.
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The aim of the master’s thesis is design of grade boiler for combustion refuse derived fuel. There are specified the steam parameters and the fuel-element analysis, based on this analysis are determined stoichiometric calculation. Furthermore is calculated heat balance of the boiler, heat losses and thermal efficiency of the boiler. From the parameters are design main dimensions and parameters heat-transfer surfaces and the boiler.
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Poslusny, Matthew. "Analysis of PAH and PCB Emissions from the Combustion of dRDF and the Nondestructive Analysis of Stamp Adhesives." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331998/.
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This work includes two unrelated areas of research. The first portion of this work involved combusting densified refuse derived fuel (dRDF) with coal and studying the effect that Ca(0H)2 binder had on reducing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emissions. The second area of work was directed at developing nondestructive infrared techniques in order to aid in the analysis of postage stamp adhesives. With Americans generating 150-200 million tons a year of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and disposing of nearly ninety percent of it in landfills, it is easy to understand why American landfills are approaching capacity. One alternative to landfilling is to process the MSW into RDF. There are technical and environmental problems associated with RDF. This work provides some answers concerning the amount of PAH and PCB emissions generated via the combustion of RDF with coal. It was found that the Ca(OH)2 binder greatly reduced both the PAH and the PCB emissions. In fact, PAH emissions at the ten-percent level were reduced more by using the binder than by the pollution control equipment. If the Ca(0H)2 binder can reduce not only PAH and PCB emissions, but also other noxious emissions, such as acid gases or dioxin, RDF technology could soon be the answer to the current landfill problems. The second portion of this work focused on developing a method to analyze stamp adhesives nondestructively. Using this method, it was fairly easy to differentiate among the three different types of adhesives that have been used by the United States Postal Service: gum arabic, dextrin, and polyvinyl alcohol. Differences caused by changes in chemicals added to the adhesives were also detected. Also, forgeries were detected with as much success, if not more, than by conventional methods. This work also led to the construction of equipment that allows large samples to be analyzed by reflectance infrared methods.
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Mokriš, Lukáš. "Roštový kotel na spalování tříděného odpadu 70t/h,4MPa, 400°C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230882.
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The goal of this Master’s Thesis is to design a refuse derived fuel (RDF) fired steam boiler with 70 t/h processing ability. The assignment consists of requested output parameters of overheated steam and analysis of fuel components. This analysis was used for stoichiometric calculation of fuel. Furthermore, heat balance of the boiler was calculated, from which was determined the heat loss and the efficiency of the boiler. Individual designs and calculations of heating surfaces and boiler dimensions were carried out from requested output parameters.
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Krolák, Michal. "Roštový kotel na spalování tříděného odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-378710.
Full textAbstract:
This master's thesis deals with design of steam grade boiler for burning refuse derived fuel with power output of 70 t/h. The assignment contain a requiered steam output parameters and composition of fuel. From this composition of fuel is calculated stoichiometric calculation, the heat loss and the efficiency of boiler. After that follows a design of the boiler with closer design of each of the heating surfaces.
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Vítámvás, Zdeněk. "Parní kotel na spalování tříděného odpadu 85t/h." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229411.
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This thesis deals with a project of steam boiler to combustion of refused-derived fuel. With respect of required fuel and output parameters of the steam was worked out stoichiometry, energy loss and boiler efficiency, heat flows was allocate to individual heat exchange surfaces. The heat exchange surfaces was calculate and project in detail.
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Nobre, Catarina Pereira. "Thermochemical upgrading of Refuse Derived Fuel." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/77043.
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The main objective of this thesis was to study Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) upgrading by torrefaction and carbonization and to evaluate composition, fuel properties and adsorbent properties of the produced RDF chars
RDF is a solid fuel produced from non-hazardous wastes, such as municipal solid wastes, construc-tion and demolition wastes or regular industrial wastes, and it is destined for energy production through incineration or co-incineration. Despite the processing, RDF still exhibits unattractive fuel properties, namely high heterogeneity, high moisture and ash contents and low grindability.
In a first approach, torrefaction (200-300 ºC) and carbonization (350 and 400 ºC) were applied to an industrial RDF sample, at a laboratory scale, using residence times between 15 and 60 minutes. The produced chars were characterized for their proximate, elemental and mineral compositions, heating value and leaching behavior. The increase in temperature and residence time showed a positive effect on the decrease in volatile matter and increase in fixed carbon content, as well as carbon content and high heating value (HHV). Leaching tests of the produced chars showed that heavy metals are better retained by the char matrix than within the raw RDF. For temperatures in the torrefaction range, process energy yields were higher than 96.3 % and process energy efficiencies were higher than 85 %. Never-theless, the HHV of these RDF chars were lower than 19.4 MJ.kg-1. In the carbonization range, RDF chars presented HHV in the range of 20.1 to 26.2 MJ.kg-1, with energy yields from 84.5 to 91.7 % and process energy efficiencies from 70.8 to 79.2 %.
Torrefaction and carbonization tests were also carried out on a pre-pilot scale at 300 and 400 °C, and all products, namely char, condensates and permanent gases were collected and characterized. Chars showed high carbon contents (61.6 % and 80.2 %, 300 ° C and 400 ° C, respectively) and high calorific values (19.9 MJ.kg-1 and 23.5 MJ.kg-1, at 300 °C and 400 °C, respectively). Nevertheless, the ash content of the produced chars increased when compared to the raw RDF, reaching a maximum value of 28.8 wt.%. The thermal treatment caused the organic chlorine present in the RDF to be converted into inor-ganic species which could be removed by washing with water at room temperature. Gaseous emissions were mostly composed of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, with lower amounts of methane and hydrogen. The process condensates showed very high COD values and consisted mainly of oxygenated organic compounds, such as acids, furans and phenols.
Although the chars produced by torrefaction and carbonization have presented improved fuel prop-erties, hydrothermal carbonization was also tested in order to validate its potential in the production of hydrochars with reduced ash and chlorine contents. The effects of process temperature (250-300 °C), residence time (30 min and 120 min) and solid-to-water ratio (1:15 and 1:5) on the main characteristics of the hydrochars and process waters were evaluated. The hydrochars had a low ash content (3.3 % at 300 °C and 120 min) and good heating values (28.1 MJ.kg-1 at 275 °C and 120 min). The HTC process also revealed a maximum dechlorination efficiency of 55 % at 300 °C for 120 min. The energy efficiency calculations showed that the conditions of 275 °C, 30 minutes with a solid-to-water ratio of 1:5 had lower energy requirements (5.6 MJ), presenting a positive net energy (8.5 MJ) and a higher process efficiency (52.6 %). The process waters presented acid pH, high COD (maximum 27.2 gO2.L-1) and significant concentrations of total phenolic compounds and total reducing sugars. Several organic com-pounds have been identified in process waters, mainly organic acids, alcohols, furan derivatives, phe-nolic compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons. Remediation of the HTC process water was attempted through chemical precipitation and adsorption using activated carbon and RDF derived char. Although removal efficiencies for COD and phenolic compounds were higher for activated carbon, RDF char may be a more sustainable adsorbent to be used in the treatment of these liquid effluents, due to its availability and low cost when compared to activated carbon.
The evaluation of the energetic valorization of RDF char by gasification was carried out at a pre-pilot scale using pellets of pine waste fortified with 5 % and 10 % of RDF char. The gasification tests were carried out at the temperatures of 800 and 850 °C and equivalence ratios of 0.25 and 0.30. The product gas yield ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 m3.kg-1 and was higher for an equivalence ratio of 0.25. The carbon conversion efficiency and the cold gas efficiency ranged from 60.4 to 96.1 % and 42.2 to 73.5 %, respectively. The pellets with RDF char had a better gasification performance at 850 ºC and ER 0.25. The incorporation of RDF char increased the concentrations of heavy PAHs in the gasification tars.
Finally, the material valorization of the RDF char was tested through its use as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of the dye methylene blue or the heavy metal chromium (VI) from aqueous effluents. The experiments were carried out in batch and column modes and process parameters were varied, namely, contact time, solution pH, adsorbent mass, contaminant concentration, test temperature or col-umn height. RDF char showed potential to remediate methylene blue, and it has been found that the adsorption may follow a chemical adsorption mechanism. Activation of the RDF char by extraction with aqueous KOH improved its removal efficiency towards both analytes.
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Chang, ChinCheng, and 張志誠. "The Research on Formability of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF-5)." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12736386351175225113.
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碩士國立交通大學
機械工程系
91
RDF-5 is a fuel product recovered from combustible wastes. The producing processes of RDF-5 includes crushing, drying, separating and forming. This kind of product not only can solve the problem of municipal solid wastes but also have great advantage in recycling. This research focuses on the formability of RDF-5. After literatures survey, simplified material models such as continuum material and porous material were extruded numerically by FEM to obtain the basic relationships between extrusion pressure and extrusion parameters. On the bases of these relationships, extrusion experiments were conducted on wood saw dust and moisture contents of saw dust, extrusion ratios and half die angles were taken as controlled parameters to explore the formability of RDF-like saw dust. According to the results of experiments, the moisture content of saw dust was found to be the most significant effect on the formation of sound and solid extrusion product, while other extrusion parameters show inrelevant effect. Similar to results of metal extrusion, large extrusion ratio and higher half die angle require large forming pressure. Finally, straw, waste plastics and waste carton, which are typical ingredients in the RDF, were also extruded in the same experiment procedures to explore their formabilities. Similar results as those obtained from dust saw experiment were obtained.
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Chang, Chi-wen, and 張繼文. "A Preliminary Study on Refuse Derived Fuel(RDF-5,6) Produced from Automotive Shredder Residue." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59303143103290491366.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程研究所
100
The rise of the automobile industry in recent years has increased the amounts of vehicles, consequently increased the amounts of old vehicles, which cause negative impact on the environments. After removing available parts of scrap vehicles, smashing, sorting and magnetic separating the rest of the vehicles to recycle the available scrap metals and non-ferrous metals, and the residues are called Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR). The annual yield on ASR in Taiwan is about 30 to 60 thousand tons. ASR possess high heating values, thus can be made into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) by removing the non-combustibles and low heating-value parts through appropriate pretreatment procedures. The reuse value of ASR can be substantially elevated if the ASR is made into RDF-5 or RDF-6 by pyrolysis. This study is aimed to investigate and discuss the feasibility to make ASR into RDF-5 and RDF-6, and the difference of the process as well as the characteristics between RDF-5 and RDF-6. The results indicated that the compositions of ASR were unstable; the physical compositions of ASR were affected by the sampling pattern, time, and location. The combustible portion reached 85%~87% after removing the non-combustibles, and the heating value was approximately 7000 kcal/kg. The heating value decreased to 4000 kcal/kg resulted from adding dechlorination agents during the process of making ASR into RDF-5, while the heating value did not decrease during the process of making ASR into RDF-6. Conducting the pyrolysis reactor experiments with different temperatures, we found that the thermal cracking reaction had almost completed when the temperature was 600℃, and the gaseous as well as liquid yield rate reached 60%. Both the contents of sulfur and chlorine decreased,after making ASR into RDF-5 and RDF-6. The heating values of RDF-6 were higher than those of RDF-5. In addition, the RDF-5 produced more ashes after combustion than the RDF-6 did, which made the follow-up treatments a troublesome matter. Although the RDF-6 had no such concerns, the producing process was more complicated, and required more thermal energies.
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HAN, ZHANG KE, and 張可翰. "Study on recovery and reuse of epoxy resin waste for preparing Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jvaj2t.
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碩士弘光科技大學
環境工程研究所
106
With the booming industry, many synthetic materials are used in production and manufacturing processes. Wastes generated during production and process will be affected if they are improperly disposed of, which will indirectly affect people's living environment, such as mold factory. The epoxy resin waste generated after the mold is cut, these epoxy resin chips may be dispersed in the air without being properly treated or dissolved in the water body through an aqueous environment. The main focus of this study is the use of resource recycling. Epoxy resin wastes are processed to produce derivatized fuels (RDF). Elemental analysis (EA) is used to analyze the basic elemental composition of the epoxy resin. Epoxy resin is used as a derivative fuel. After the calorific value, calorific value, and combustion tri-component, the heavy metal content of the epoxy resin waste after the ashing was analyzed by ICP, and the combustion efficiency and weight loss rate of the epoxy resin waste were analyzed by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Finally, if the epoxy resin waste is discarded in a general body of water, the bisphenol A is eluted according to the unit time, temperature, and pH, and the double-elution solution is analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the carbon elements in the four elements of C, N, H, and S were the highest (36 %); the three-component analysis showed that the moisture content was approximately 1%, the ash content was 19 %, and the combustible content was 80 %; The results of the hot-value analysis showed that the calorific value of epoxy resin was 4100-4500 kcal/kg higher than that of general biomass fuel and was within the range of calorific value of Municipal solid waste; the analysis of heavy metals in ash showed that the proportion of calcium was the highest, reaching 30582.4 ppm; Thermogravimetric analysis shows a maximum weight loss temperature of -17.596 wt%/min at 300-400 °C; Bisphenol A dissolution test results show that epoxy does not release more bisphenol over time. A. The highest elution amount is 0.079 ppm at 40 °C. After adjusting the pH value, the highest elution amount is obtained under strong acid and alkali conditions. However, the above dissolution amount is less than the regulatory standard of 0.6 ppm. It was proved through experiments that epoxy resin was prepared Refuse Derived Fuel are feasible and the risk of contamination in the environment is very small.
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Chang, Jir, and 紀哲全. "The effects of Additive on the Pollutants Emission Characteristics during a Simulated Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF-5) Combustion Process." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29701115441525522928.
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碩士逢甲大學
環境工程與科學所
91
ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of additive on the potential for hydrogen chloride (HCl) formation in a single metal combustion system, using simulated densified refuse-derived-fuel (RDF-5) with spiked Ca(OH)2. To compare the efficiency of semi-dry injection system for removal of HCl during the RDF-5 combustion was also discussed. The experiments were conducted at 850℃ with the Ca(OH)2 addition in the RDF-5 production or injection in the flue gas treatment system. The results indicated that an increase of the ratio of the ratio of the Ca(OH)2 addition inhibits the potential for HCl formation in the flue gas and this potential is mainly affected by the presence of varied metals. In the case of spiked Ca(OH)2, it is interesting to find that in the Ca(OH)2 addition range from 0 to 5%, the potential for HCl formation in the single Cu, Zn, and Cd combustion system decreases significantly with increasing Ca(OH)2 addition ratio, while a corresponding increase in the amount of CaCl2 partitioned to the fly ash being observed. However, with the addition ratio of Ca(OH)2 was higher than 5%, the amount of HCl formation showed that it’s no further significant variation with an increasing Ca(OH)2 addition ratio. In the case of injected Ca(OH)2, the HCl formation potential reveal a decreasing tendency with increasing Ca(OH)2 ratio, especially for single Cd combustion system. According to the regression analysis results, the correlation coefficient shows a great relationship between the Ca(OH)2 ratio and HCl formation potential in the flue gas or fly ash (R2=0.5194~0.8747 for flue gas; R2=0.5735~0.8741 for fly ash, respectively). The HCl removal efficiencies of single Zn and Cr combustion system with semi-dry (Ca(OH)2) injection show the better efficiencies than spiked Ca(OH)2 in the RDF-5 production. On the other hand, in the cases with 20% Ca(OH)2 addition ratio and single Cd combustion system with Ca(OH)2 injection or spiked, the maximum HCl removal efficiencies were 74.12% and 78.04%, respectively. Based on the analysis of correlation of the metal organic bound fraction and carbon content in fly ash, the results indicated that the carbon content in fly ash increases significantly with increasing metal organic bound fraction in single Cd, Pb, and Cu combustion system. On the other hand, in single Cr and Zn combustion system, the relationship between the carbon content and metal organic bound fraction in fly ash was insignificantly. Accordingly, the result of metal species in fly ash identified by X-ray diffraction(XRD) technique were tested metal oxide, calcium chloride(CaCl2) and calcium oxide(CaO) in single metal combustion system. That is, in RDF-5 combustion process, in the case of injected or added Ca(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 would be dehydrated and formed CaCl2 in fly ash. The above results point toward the feasibility of Ca(OH)2 application as the additive for reduction of HCl formation during RDF-5 combustion.
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Sousa, Manuel Afonso Vidal de. "Production of methane via hydrogasification of Refuse Derived Fuel." Dissertação, 2002. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/115404.
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CHEN, KAI-CHI, and 陳凱齊. "Refuse Derived Fuel from Agricultural wastes and Oil Sludge." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7pfz2p.
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碩士國立高雄科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
107
The petroleum industry produces a lot of oil sludge during production process and storage, which contains amounts of hydrocarbons, is suitable for recycling and reuse as an available resource. Though the oil sludge contains high heating value, it is difficult to be ignited. In this study, waste mushroom bag with good combustion characteristics is added, and blended in different proportions to evaluate the feasibility of making refuse derived fuel (RDF). The blending ratio (weight ratio, g/g) is 8:2 (O8:M2), 7:3 (O7:M3), 6:4 (O6:M4), 5:5 (O5:M5). The results show that the combustibility(87.43, 87.37, 86.78, 86.75%) and heating value(9,176, 8,452, 7,871, 7,279 cal/g) of RDF decrease while the ratio of mushroom bag has increased. On the other hand, the results of the combustion characteristics analysis increase when the ratio of mushroom bag has increased, the comprehensive combustion characteristics are O5:M5 > O6:M4 > O7:M3 > O8:M2. According to the comprehensive evaluation and analysis results, the best ratio of oil sludge and waste mushroom bag is O6:M4(water 8.78%, ash 4.44%, combustibility 86.78%, heating value 7,871 cal/g), it can not only replace some fossil fuels as an energy source, but also assist in the treatment of agricultural waste, in line with the effective use of renewable resources, and achieves the goal of circular economy.
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Sousa, Manuel Afonso Vidal de. "Production of methane via hydrogasification of Refuse Derived Fuel." Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/115404.
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Sousa, Manuel Afonso Vidal de. "Production of methane via hydrogasification of Refuse Derived Fuel." Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/115404.
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Fong, Yen-Shou, and 馮彥碩. "The pellet research for rice straw in refuse derived fuel." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25026957787957423322.
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碩士國立中央大學
機械工程研究所
95
The agriculture of Taiwan developed prosperity. The treatment of agricultural wastes has been failed to deal carefully with all the time. RDF technology was used as the main shaft in this research and the agricultural wastes of rice straw carries on the discussion. The expectation can bring a good contribution for the treatment which discards the rice straw. The influential parameter of pelleting includes moisture content, mold design and pelleting pressure. The rice straw that was just gathered in nearly had 70% extremely high moisture content and was not suitable for pelleting, so regard reducing moisture content of rice straw as the main goal. The result of study found that if shines the rice straw under the fine condition on day, spend about 2 days can reduced moisture content of rice straw under 14% suitable for pelleting. Because the rice straw is very fluffy, so the purpose of pelleting lies in convenient transportation. The best pelleting condition includes mainly: it makes the density higher than 1 g/cm3 that the packing amount needs reaching, the moisture content is in 8-14% of the ranges, but if over 20% will cause the rice straw it was unable to pellet and pelleting pressure was higher than 40 kg/cm2. The difference of the moisture content is the greatest reason for influencing the volume expansion of the finished product; it will cause the volume of the finished product to have inflation by a large margin very that the moisture content is more than 20%. This research also probes into the energy consumed in the course of making RDF. The main purpose is because RDF process needs to use energy made to it, and then burning and giving us energy, so energy benefit is an important topic.
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Isaac, Kerina. "The co-combustion performance of South African coal and refuse derived fuel." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/29052.
Full textAbstract:
School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, November 2019This research focuses on the co-firing of low-quality coal with refuse derived fuel (RDF) as a means to utilise some of the abundant high-ash coal available in South Africa as a fuel co-fired with RDF in existing pulverised fuel boilers. The use of RDF is also a means to reduce the volume of waste dumped in landfill sites. The physicochemical characteristics of the RDF, run of mine coal (ROM) and discard coal were investigated, along with the co-combustion behaviour and kinetics of the RDFs, coal and their blends at different weight ratios. The blends tested contained 85%, 70%, 50% and 25% coal with the remaining proportion made up of RDF. The gaseous emissions and ash residue from the combustion of coal, RDF and coal/RDF blends were also analysed to determine the environmental impact of co-firing with RDF. The physicochemical analysis revealed that the run-of-mine and discard coal have relatively low calorific values of 21.7 MJ/kg and 16.7 MJ/kg, respectively. The RDF samples were comprised of plastic and paper, as well as smaller amounts of other materials. The RDF sample containing mostly plastic (PL) and the other containing mostly paper (PB) were found to have higher energy contents of 31.2 MJ/kg and 22.4 MJ/kg, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis was performed in an atmosphere of air, over a temperature range of 25 – 850°C, and the results showed that the RDF samples had lower ignition, devolatilisation, and burnout temperatures compared to the coals. The ignition temperatures for the blended fuel occurs in the lower temperature region when RDF is added to the blend, likewise the peak temperatures and burnout temperatures shifted to a lower temperature zone. The activation energies (Ea) were determined using the Coats-Redfern method. The Ea for the ROM coal of 104.4 kJ/mol, was found to reduce to 31.4 kJ/mol for 75% PB + 25% coal and 35 kJ/mol for 75% PL + 25% coal blends, respectively. The discard coal which had an Ea of 109.9 kJ/mol was reduced to 30.9 kJ/mol with the (paper blend) and 33.5 kJ/mol with the (plastic blend) for the 75% RDF + 25% coal discard blends. The analysis of the ash for the chloride and alkali metal content in the RDFs, coal samples and their blends were determined with the use of ion chromatography and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. The co-combustion ash of discard coal and RDF showed a decrease in chloride and alkali metal content as the ratio of coal was increased in the blend. The calculated slagging and fouling indices showed that as the coal ratio in the blend increases, the propensity of the fuel to slag and foul the boiler surfaces decreases. The propensity to slag was found to be low for the ash obtained from the co-fired blends, while the propensity to foul decreased from high to medium range for all the blends with less than 75% of the RDF PB. The concentration of gases emitted from the combustion and co-combustion test was determined with the aid of an MGA 11 mobile gas analyzer connected online at 1 scan per second. The co-combustion of RDF with coal showed a decrease in SO2 emissions from (387 ppm) for the discard coal to within the legislated maximum emission for South African new coal fired plants. This was attained with samples containing ˃ 15% PL and ˃ 30% PB RDF. The lowest SO2 emission of 50 ppm was achieved for the blend of 25% discard coal (C2) + 75% PL. The RDF sample (PL) emitted the highest NOx emission of 143 ppm. The peak concentration of NOx emitted was increased with the addition of RDF during co-combustion, however, the duration of the emission was greatly reduced and all samples were within the South African standard limits. There was also an increase in the emissions of CO and CO2 which could be due to the high volatile matter content of the RDF. The lowest CO2 emissions was 6000 ppm and this was achieved with the blend of 85% C2 + 15% PB. It was established in this study that the most favourable fuel blend that could be used for power generation is that of discard coal (70%) and PL (30%). This was based on the activation energy obtained from this blend, with the lowest apparent activation energies of 55.8 kJ/mol and 54.2 kJ/mol for the volatile and char combustion, respectively. This makes this blend the preferred alternative fuel to be fired in the existing pulverised fuel boilers, or other type of industrial boilers, in South Africa.
PH2020
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Wei-Cheng, Lin, and 林威呈. "Dehydrochlorination of Fuel Gas and Its Effect on Syngas for Refuse Derived Fuel Gasification." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70493404756159647835.
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CHENG, YU-HSUAN, and 鄭語萱. "The Study of Production of Refuse Derived Fuel by Using Straw." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8d3ma2.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立宜蘭大學
化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班
106
This study use agricultural wastes, straw, to produce the refuse derived fuel (RDF). The pretreatment of straw was drying, cutting, and milling. The straw after milling was then mixed with water in a ratio of 2:1, and then feed into screw extrusion machine to produce the RDF. The physical and chemical analyses were performed on the produced RDF. The physical and chemical analyses include calorific value, durability, compressive strength, proximate and element analysis. The combustion of the produced RDF was also exanimated by using a fix-bed furnace and a tubular furnace, respectively. As the results showed from proximate analysis, the moisture content and volatile content of RDF reduced by 4.02% and 3.46%, respectively, compared with straw. The calorific values for straw and RDF were 3502.98 cal/g and 3637.35 cal/g, respectively, while the fixed carbon of straw and RDF were 1.28% and 6.92%, respectively. The durability of RDF exceeds 99.9%, which showed its suitability for transportation and storage. The results of combustion test showed the produced RDF can decrease the emission of CO, CO2, NOX and SO2 while compared with straw. The results of fixed-bed furnace shoed the type of fuel feeding will affect the emissions of air pollutants. The continuous feeding can produced lower emissions while compared with batch-type feeding. The results of tubular furnace suggested a longer reaction time but higher reaction temperature, or a short reaction time but lower temperature, will be a better condition to lower the emission of air pollutants. This study also employed the gas chromatogram and mass spectrum (GC/MS) to analysis the trace specie in the emissions.
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張明益. "Analyses of Environmental and Economic Benefits of Refuse Derived Fuel System." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69856040081130956506.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
91
The refuse derived fuel (RDF) technique in our country has been stagnated in the stage of information collection and model test. In the assessment of energy, economic and environmental aspects regarding refuse derived fuel, we acquire relevant information through the statistic data obtained from the running plants in Japan. Yet, due to the deviation of some basic properties in the refuse origin, we cannot reach further exploring and study regarding the diverse benefits of refuse derived fuel that may possibly appear if it’s practically performed in Taiwan. Meanwhile, we are unable to predict actually if there is a sufficient economic-market-benefit for the refuse derived fuel plant operated in Taiwan. This study is mainly through the result of planning and design as well as beneficial assessment of real plants under operation to reach the following three purposes: 1. Analyze and compare the deviation of diverse benefits between the RDF plants in Taiwan and Japan, 2. Simulate various operation plans and find out the best plan and its incentive of investment through economic analysis, and then acquire the direction of market exploration, 3. Compare the contribution toward the environmental benefit (for example, take the reduction of greenhouse gases emission regarding the greenhouse effect) of RDF operation with other handling plans of refuse, to accommodate to the reduction of flue gas emission amount in regard of the greenhouse effect. The result of this study is abstracted as follows: in the aspect of energy input manufactured by RDF, if we use 1 kg refuse as the calculation base, then the requirements of power and fuel oil are 0.307 kwh and 0.07L respectively, which is higher than Japan case (0.17 kwh and 0.0435L), hence the energy recovery rate for Taiwan RDF is relatively lower than Japan. As a result of economic assessment, under the best operation mode, the net present value of investment in this study case is about 50,785,000 (the net present value rate is 84.55%), the retrieving period is 8.5 years and the internal rate of return to investment is 13.58%, which seems to be a sound investing plan. The analyzing result of plan sensitivity shows that the income of refuse treatment fee is the most significant factor influencing the feasibility of this plan. When the unit refuse- treatment cost is above 2,060/MT, the plan is feasible. In the analyzing result of environmental benefit with regard to the reduction of greenhouse gases emission amount corresponding to the greenhouse effect, it shows that there is 1.71 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide that can be reduced by producing one kwh electric power from the dealing of RDF in lieu of burning the refuse directly. If we estimate that we will handle 20% of national refuse generated using RDF process, then it will totally reduce approximately 2.06 million equivalent of carbon dioxide generated and emitted to the atmosphere annually. And the Eco-efficiency index of RDF method dealing with refuse is 1.94 times higher than the large-scale refuse incinerating plant as well.
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Lee, Taejin 1961. "Metal and organic emissions from RDF and large volume contributor combustion." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35934.
Full textAbstract:
The use of municipal refuse (RDF) as fuels has
received widespread attention for reason of its energy
equivalence and the increasing lack of available landfill
sites. The principal obstacle to the construction of combustion
facilities is that RDF produces toxic compounds,
including heavy metals and such organic compounds as PCDD
and PCDF.
In this study, the emissions of metal and organic
compounds were investigated under oxygen deficient and
oxygen surplus conditions for the RDF and such high volume
contributors as office papers and magazines. The principal
metal emissions of the RDF were Al, Ca, K, Si, and Zn.
Magazines significantly contribute B, Mg, Mn, Ti emissions,
whereas office papers contributed Ti and Zn emissions. The
metal emissions were not significantly different between
oxygen deficient and oxygen surplus conditions at a
temperature of 750��C.
The combustion of RDF produced a full range of PCDFs
and PCDFs, the source of which was determined to be RDF,
papers, and even untreated wood combustion effluents in the
parts-per-billion range. In contrast to metal emissions,
emission rates were higher under the oxygen surplus
condition than for the oxygen deficient condition and PCDD
and PCDF emissions were significant in relation to the
chloride contents of fuel, rather than by fuel type as was
the case for the large volume contributors.
With the exception of Hg, Se, S, Sr, and Pb, the metal
emissions were largely derived from the particles in the
effluent.Graduation date: 1993
Text is slanted on original. Best scan available.
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Wu, Yuea Tong, and 吳餘東. "Research of The Practicable and Potential Extension of Refuse Derived Fuel in Taiwan." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03195698612618739064.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元智大學
機械工程研究所
88
The basic task of resourcing waste material is to recycle useful components and energy from waste material using technical methods. Using waste material as a source of fuel could most efficiently minimize and resource waste material. In a small island like Taiwan, the scarcity of natural resources leads us to confront the problem of so-called “wrongly-allocated waste material” into useful resources. This study focuses on the national and foreign techniques of waste material fueling as well as the application of the methods. In addition the study concentrates on the economization and feasibility of the practice along with the potential and strategies of propagation the study. First of all the study collects the waste material fueling techniques and all related application studies. This step will enhance the understanding of the production process product quality method of application and type of suitable waste material for national development and extension purposes. Second the study analyzes the investment of feasible application the actual practice and the appropriate scope in the country. Third the study collects data on the formation of waste material and the techniques analyzing waste material fueling in three states: Gas liquid and solid. The study will focus on how the manufacturers treat waste material and the application patterns in order to master the potential of waste material fueling in Taiwan and the feasibility of current methods and future application . Finally the study analyzes foreign propagation of waste material fueling and then proposes suggestion.
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CHEN, YEN-TING, and 陳彥廷. "To Investigate the Development of Refuse Derived Fuel- An Example of C Company." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64607952557739013754.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
工業工程與系統管理學研究所
98
In recently years, the energy shortages and global warming have became serious issues in most countries. Global energy consumption is facing both the energy depletion and the greenhouses effect at the same time. Countries are forced to search alternative energy to solve these problems. The renewable energy source is one of the important implementation alternatives and most countries join the development races. This research uses the strategy planning tool of TOWS, a hybrid of SWOT and was proposed by Weihrich at 1982, to analysis and to investigate a development plan of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) for a case company. A real case of RDF development plan is illustrated the application of TOWS in the paper. The case study shows that the company’s plan can achieve the expected benefits through TOWS. The case study also shows the following results. 1. The case company successfully integrates RDF system with its existing coal-fired boilers, And 2. It not only lowers the wastage disposal costs, but RDF can also provide an alternatives fuel of coal. As a result, the pollution of global environment and costs of coal procurement is reduced.
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Xu, Wei-Hao, and 胥偉豪. "The Optimization Model for Factories Location of Poly Lactic Acid’s Refuse Derived Fuel." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59629097056618001236.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東海大學
環境科學與工程學系
104
With the development of industry technology, oil can be replaced by disposable plastic product which made from corn. About 106 tons PLA will be produce in each month, and there are many disadvantage of recycle PLA with compost 、incineration and material recycled. Refuse Derived Fuel is a kind of fuel which made from organic waste with physical process, the renewable fuel start to become an important alternative energy. During this particular research, the RDF will go through the burning process to eliminate the PLA.while the main purpose among the research is to find the best location and optimal scale, with the mathematical programming method and to reach the minimum cost. To accomplish the ultimate goal, the optimal solution will need to use the Lingo 11.0 software to calculate, towards to find the best location PLA should be transported into the factories in record, and to reach the balance between the output of PLA and RDF-5 processing efficiency. In order to investigate the development in the future, which relies on the scenario analysis, to find out the most appropriate location and scale among the various situations.
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Huang, Shang-chieh, and 黃聖傑. "Preparation and Application of Activated Carbon from Refuse Derived Fuel by Chemical Activation Method." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96855354242325488939.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立聯合大學
環境與安全衛生工程學系碩士班
96
Activated carbons prepared from refuse derived fuel (RDF) by the NaOH and KOH activation methods in this work. Comparisons between the methods of NaOH and KOH activated carbons with their physical properties, chemical properties, adsorption capacities and specific capacitances. The NaOH and KOH activation methods produced carbons with the BET surface area in the range 898-2,575 and 772-1,732 m2/g, respectively. The chemical compositions (C, H, N, S and Odiff) of the raw material and activated carbons according to elemental analysis, and O/C values of NaOH activated carbons were lower than KOH activated carbons. The adsorption equilibriums and kinetics of MB, AB74 and 4-CP from water at 300 C were studied on the two methods of activated carbons. Four simplified models including the Elovich equation, intraparticle diffusion model, pseudo-second-order equation and power kinetic equation were used to test the adsorption kinetics. It was shown that the adsorption of dyes and 4-CP could be best fitted by the power kinetic equation. Three simplified models including the Langmuir, Freundlich and Toth isotherm were selected to follow the adsorption processes. The adsorption isotherms of dyes and 4-CP could be well fitted by the Toth isotherm equation. The adsorption capacities and specific capacitances with NaOH activated carbons were better than KOH activated carbons. The activated carbons derived from the RDF with NaOH activation method revealed their promising potential in the application of wastewater treatment and supercapacitors.
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Lo, Kuo-Chao, and 羅國肇. "A Study of Removal of HCl in Syngas from Solid Refuse Derived Fuel Gasification." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23711152608471528105.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
化學工程研究所
90
Abstract The gasification of waste is a technology that can look after both sides energy and environmental protection. The gasification technology usually applied to IGCC process for power generation. In IGCC process if high temperature syngas was employed, the efficiency of energy will be better than cooler syngas. So the acid gas removal technology at high temperature must be developed. In this study the calcium compound, CaCO3, CaO and Ca(OH)2 were chosen to be the sorbents added in the bubbling fluidized bed gasifer. The HCl removal ability is investigated by several factors, temperature, equivalent ratio of Ca to Cl and ER value. The results indicate that adding Ca-based sorbents is not a good choice to remove HCl in gasification process. There is no effect of adding Ca(OH)2 to be the sorbent, furthermore, Ca(OH)2 can catalysis the formation of HCl. The other Ca-based sorbents have ability of HCl removal, but slightly. And the HCl removal ability of Ca-based sorbents prefers to lower temperature. At 800℃ the conversion of HCl is independent to added sorbents or not, and lower than operated at 700℃ with sorbents or not.
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Wang, Nien-Pin, and 王年斌. "The Technique Evaluation for The Manufacture of RDF (Residue Derived Fuel) from Agricultural Waste- straw." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09070256195091610520.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
95
This research focuses on agricultural wastes–straw make Residue Derived Fuel , to conduct physical and chemical experiments and to analyze technology feasibility. The experiment includes the following parameters, three sets of adhesive (PR-382F, PR-81H and PR-276T), three sets of hot extrusion（120oC, 150oC and 180oC) and three sets of pressure extrusion (100, 130 and 160(kg/cm2)), to analyze the following metrics: moisture content, compressive strength, ash test, combustibility content , volatility content , fixed carbon, flammable sulfur, heat value and so on. The analysis uses SPSS statistical analysis program, within 5% tolerance, to conduct multiple variables analysis. The experimental results concludes that the best operating condition for this research of agricultural wastes - straw make residue derived fuel is, 1, PR-382F is the choice for adhesive because it has modest adhesive and high degree of glueyness. 2, hot extrusion should set at 120oC for C, H, O is not easy to consume and heat value is high. 3, pressure extrusion needs to set at 160 kg/cm2. The higher pressure, the higher compression strength and density, and the heat value is easier to increase. Overall, the research found that straw make contains similar elements before and after the process. Therefore, the technology of straw make residue derived fuel with adhesive process is highly feasible to produce high technology residue derived fuel . Due to lack of practical technology of residue derived fuel manufacture in the present, there are many related area to involve this application of this research. The technology will be also suggested as the reference of manufacturing process in the practical plant establishment.
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Hsu, Hong-Ming, and 許宏銘. "The emission characteristics of pollutants in co-combustion of simulated refuse derived fuel and coal." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54133435484161703158.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
環境工程與科學所
92
The experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of densified refuse derived-fuel（RDF-5）spiked with organic chloride, inorganic chloride, and Ca(OH)2 on the potential for hydrogen chloride（HCl）and the emissions of the heavy metals in a multiple metals combustion system. On the other hand, to examine the emission characteristics of pollutants in co-combustion of RDF-5 and coal were also discussed. The results showed that the percentage of HCl formation and heavy metal emission in flue gas have no significant variation with the inorganic chloride（NaCl）addition ratio varied. However, the percentage of chlorine in inorganic chloride test was lower than that of organic chloride test. Due to the NaCl was vaporized in combustion, the chlorine content in fly ash was high. Based on the change of partitioning in the bottom ash and chlorine content, the effects of organic chloride on the reaction affinity of metals found to be in decreasing order : zinc, lead, copper, chromium, and cadmium. Similarity, the inorganic chloride effect on the reactive affinity of metals also found to be in decreasing order : lead, copper, chromium, zinc, and cadmium. In case of co-combustion of RDF-5 and coal, the HCl formation and emission reveal a decreasing tendency with decreasing RDF-5 addition. Based on the change of partitioning in the bottom ash and sulfur content, the effects of sulfur on the suppression of metals vaporization found to be in decreasing order : zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, and chromium. According to the results of metal phase distribution, the percentage of unstable metal speciation partitioning in bottom ash was significantly lower than that of in fly ash.However, the chromium speciation was presented unstable in bottom ash. In case of speciation on fly ash, the percentage of unstable lead speciation was higher than that of other tested metals. The chromium speciation was mainly presented stable in fly ash.
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Peng, Chun-Chieh, and 彭俊傑. "The Study of Refuse Derived Fuel Briquette from Mixture of Rice Straw and Rice Bran." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65931701324356570061.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
機械工程系所
96
RDF technology was used as the main shaft in this research and the study of refuse derived fuel briquette from mixture of rice straw and rice bran. This research work includes three phases: Facility to smash the rice straws. Preparation and characterization of RDF-5 made from rice straw and rice bran. The optimum conditions for shape. The dried rice straws with a length between 70 and 104 cm were smashed into pieces with a size (5mm, or10mm ). The capacity per minute (kg/min ) and the qualified rate (%) of this facility at different rotation speeds of the knife holder were obtained by the following procedures. Compressing the smashed rice straws and the rice bran into the biomass briquette (RDF-5), which was a cubicalness with a volume of 47.6cm3 ; grinding the smashed rice straw and the rice bran into the powder with the size between 40 and 60 mesh, respectively, and measuring their moisture contents, ash, the extractives (Alcohol-toluene), and heating value. Measuring properties of BFB including the appearance, the air-dired density, and the percentage of volume change; charring the biomass briquettes (RDF-5), and analyzing the rate of reducing mass of RDF-5 briquettes during charcoalization; the densities of the biomass briquette with 100% rice straws and the biomass briquette with 100% rice bran are 1.01 and 1.13g/cm3, respectively. As the percentage of rice bran increases, the air-dired density of the biomass briquette becomes higher. The heat values of biomass briquette and charcoal briquette also increase with increases in the percentage of the rice bran. However, the charcoal process will not significantly promote the heat value as the percentage of rice bran exceeds 40%. The optimum conditions for shape of straw refuse derived fuel, This research is to discuss the agglutinant, thermo-compression temperature, particle size of the rice straws and admix proportion to preparation of straw refuse derived fuel method. This experiment works include: (1)decision control factors and levels; (2)choose orthogonal arrays; (3)preparation of straw refuse derived fuel of first experiment and air-dired density; (4)computation and statistical graph; (5)acquisition of effect feather with the straw refuse derived fuel in offering percentage. The level of the agglutinant include:(1)powder of the soy beans, (2)rice bran, (3)the wood dust of Taiwan acacia. The level of the thermo-compression temperature include:(1)110℃, (2)130℃, (3)150℃. The level of particle size of the rice straws include: (1)10~5mm, (2)5~2mm, (3)below 2mm. The level of admix proportion include:(1)100/0 %, (2)80/20 %, (3)60/40 %. The experiment shown the best condition of operation is the agglutinant :powder of the rice bran , thermo-compression temperature is 150℃, particle size of the rice straws is below 2mm, and admix proportion is 80/20 %. Air-dired densities of straw refuse derived fue are 1.01~1.02 g/cm3. The values of analysis of the variance were announced that the contribution of level of particle size of the rice straws was 42.98% ,and the thermo-compression temperature was 32.16%.
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Wang, Shih-Ming, and 王世明. "The Technique Evaluation & Feasibility study for The Manufacture of RDF (Residue Derived Fuel) from Pineapple offal." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13243626860209628402.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
96
The research focuses on Pineapple manufacture offal make Residue Derived Fuel (RDF), to conduct chemical and physical experiments and to analyze technology feasibility. The experiments were performed with includes the following parameters: three sets of adhesiveness (KP2273, QG18D, GE16D), three sets of hot extrusion (120、150、180℃), three sets of pressure extrusion (60、90、120kg/cm2). Then, to analyze the following data were measured: Moisture content, Compressive strength, Ash, Combustibility content, Volatility content, Fixed carbon, Flammable sulfur, Heat value. The analysis users SPSS statistical analysis program, within 5% tolerance, to conduct multiple variables analysis. The results that the best produce conditions for pineapple manufacture offal make RDF are that QG18D is the choice for adhesive because it has modest adhesive and high degree of glueyness firstly. Secondly hot extrusion should sets at 120℃for heat value is high. Thirdly, pressure extrusion should sets at 120kg/cm2. Due to lack of efficient technology of RDF manufacture in the present, there are many related industry to involve the application in this research. All the conclusions will be also suggested as the reference of manufacturing process in the efficient plant establishment.
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He, Wei-Hsiung, and 賀偉雄. "A study on the mass-production and trial burn of refuse derived fuel from automotive shredder residue." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59365009117937919671.
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Lien, Yi-Ting, and 連奕婷. "The Assessment on Cost-Benefit of Refuse Derived Fuel Made from Municipal Solid Waste by Air Resource Co-Benefit Model." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w56v26.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
96
By the producing RDF from municipal solid waste, the waste can be converted to energy to substitute fossil fuel and to reduce GHG emission. The application of RDF also can promote recycling-based society and reuse of energy. In this study, an air resource co-benefit model was established to assess overall social cost-benefit of HDP and GHG reduction by individually converting environmental cost, pollutant treatment cost and health cost plus the investment and the operating cost of the model ,the saving cost of fuel to the cost-benefit. In this article, the study case one compares the application of municipal solid waste RDF, including production and combustion of RDF, to direct combustion of municipal waste. The study case two, on the other hand, assess the overall social cost-benefit of municipal solid waste RDF that used as an aidded fuel in cement Rotary kiln. In the study case one, the treatment amount and properties of municipal solid waste are calculated according to average amount of Incineration treated garbage, i.e. 4,278,545 ton/yr, during 2002 to 2006 in Taiwan. The operational parameters of the RDF production were cited from the study article of Industrial Technology Research Institute. In the study case two, the used amount of the municipal solid waste RDF in cement Rotary kiln to partially substitute coal as an aidded fuel was assumed as 1.0% total heat value of coal. Finally, the efficiencies of policies were also discussed according to the results of study cases one and two. The results can provide industry and government as a reference of policy which can simultaneously consider economics, environment protection, ecology and society. The result of case one shows that comparing to the direct combustion of municipal solid waste, the RDF application of municipal solid waste will decrease 2,588,458,181 NT dollars of overall social cost-benefit and decrease 3,087,286 man-day of life for Taiwanese. The application of per ton municipal solid waste RDF will increase overall social cost-benefit 604 NT dollars in comparison with direct combustion of municipal solid waste. Therefore, it is not advised that municipal solid waste is converted to the RDF as a substitute fuel. For the case two, the result show that the application of municipal solid waste RDF as an aidded fuel in cement Rotary kiln increases overall social cost-benefit 29,222,471 NT dollars, but decreases 175,140 man-day of life for Taiwanese.
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LIN, PEI LI, and 林佩立. "The Feasibility and Plant Design of Applying Refuse Derived Fuel for the Pulp ＆ Paper Industry — Using ”A” Company as an Example." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55746584519956061645.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大葉大學
工業工程與科技管理學系碩士在職專班
97
With the development of economy and the increase in population, the limited resources is not enough day by day like water 、energy、minerals、materials and lands. Also people’s conscious for ecosystem environment are increasing. Paper manufacturing faces the material and energy’s cost which is rising and a lot of expense of environmental protection .Due to the none-using-paper is the main material for paper business by recycling and inside of recycling of none-using-papers contain a lot of waste. The amount of waste and sewage treatment produces sludge of paper which is a big problem for all of the paper business. Therefore, in order to reduce energy’s cost and solve waste problem at the same time, the wastes’ energy resource of paper manufacturing could cut down energy cost and efficient way of reducing of abolition in chorus. Consequently, this research focus on economic benefit、enactment、technology and environmental protection. It studies the possibility how paper manufacturing transform the waste into refuse derived fuel in order to provide the purpose which produce waste to reach reduction and transform to alternative energy in the basic of nowadays’ regulation. Also diminish operation cost to raise the profits. Using waste refuse derived fuel system could replace part of consumption of petroleum & chemical resources and reduce emission of CO2 to achieve Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction and lower the impact for environment by building the great enterprise’s image and create competition to reach the purpose of enterprise’s sustainable management.
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Hsieh, Dong Lung, and 謝東隆. "Economy Evaluation of Refuse Derived Fuel Used in Co-generation with Fluidized Bed Boiler - A Case Study in X Paper Company." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25088757556903091552.
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Santos, Jorge Baptista dos. "Valorização energética de resíduos em cimenteiras : caracterização do mercado e estudo da viabilidade técnico-económica." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/3268.
Full textAbstract:
JEL Classification System: Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth: O13 – Energy and Environment; Environmental and Ecological Economics: Q42 – Alternative Energy SourcesEste estudo visa caracterizar o mercado de resíduos em Portugal tendo em conta o enquadramento legislativo, bem como a produção, caracterização e gestão de resíduos, infra-estruturas existentes e previstas e uma sistematização da informação recolhida. É também feita uma identificação das principais problemáticas associadas ao processo de gestão de resíduos nos produtores e nos operadores de gestão, uma identificação das tecnologias disponíveis para a valorização dos resíduos, assim como uma análise comparativa das respectivas vantagens e desvantagens. Individualiza-se o estudo para um tipo particular de material, os CDR (Combustíveis Derivados de Resíduos), por se considerar que o crescimento da sua produção será uma solução fundamental para o futuro da estratégia de redução da deposição de resíduos em aterro. A valorização energética de CDR, caracterizados por serem preparados a partir de resíduos não perigosos (fracção não reutilizável), em cimenteiras, aproveitando as infra-estruturas existentes (fornos rotativos), pode evitar o envio para aterro de grandes quantidades de resíduos, assim como reduzir o consumo de combustíveis fósseis e consequentemente potenciar uma significativa diminuição das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa. Pretende-se demonstrar que a valorização energética deste tipo de resíduos pode constituir uma importante oportunidade de negócio, quer para as empresas operadoras de resíduos, quer para as cimenteiras, sendo feita, para o efeito, uma análise económica relativamente a cada uma das soluções. Este tema é especialmente interessante porque os CDR contribuem, simultaneamente, para a sustentabilidade ambiental e económica.
This study’s objective is to evaluate the Portuguese waste market, taking into account not only the legislation, but also the existing and expected infra-structures within waste management, its production and characterization. Within the systematization of the available information, the main difficulties within the waste management process at both the producers as to management operators are identified. Technologies available for waste valorization are also analyzed as energetic valorization processes in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) are particularly analyzed within this study, once their production growth is fundamental for a future strategy to reduce waste deposition. The energetic valorization of RDF, or fuel from non-dangerous residues, at the cement industry, using existing infra-structures (rotative kilns) should reduce considerably residues deposition, as well as traditional fuel consumption, therefore contributing significantly to reduce greenhouse effect gas emissions. This study intends to prove, after an economical viability analysis, that the energetic valorization of this type of residues can be an interesting business opportunity to both the residues operator companies as to the cement industry. This thematic is particularly interesting as the RDF contribute to both environmental and economic sustainability.