Journal articles: 'Refuse derived fuel (RDF)'

1

Nabeshima, Yoshiro. "RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel). Technical Evaluation of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)." Waste Management Research 7, no. 4 (1996): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.7.294.

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Haydary, Juma. "Gasification of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)." GeoScience Engineering 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2016-0007.

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Abstract In this work, the gasification of a fraction of municipal solid waste, MSW, generally separated from inorganic materials and biodegradable components, the so-called refuse-derived fuel (RDF), was studied using material characterisation methods, and the modelling of an industrial scale process was presented. The composition of RDF was determined by the separation of a representative sample into its basic components (paper, foils, hard plastics, textiles). All RDF components as well as a representative mixed sample of the RDF were studied using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis and bomb calorimetry to determine their proximate and elemental compositions, and a higher heating value. An industrial scale gasification process was studied by mathematical modelling and computer simulations. All techniques, gasification with air, gasification with oxygen, and gasification with both oxygen and steam were investigated under different conditions. The RDF conversion of 100 % was achieved by the gasification with air at the air to RDF mass ratio of 3.2. The gas heating value was 4.4 MJ/Nm3. The gasification of RDF using oxygen enables the production of gas with the heating value of around 10 MJ/Nm3 at the oxygen to RDF mass ratio of 0.65. By increasing the steam to the RDF mass ratio, the contents of H2 and CO2 increased, while the content of CO, reactor temperature and the gas heating value decreased.

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Ayas, Gizem, and Hakan Öztop. "Thermal analysis of different Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs) samples." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201010249a.

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As a result of the activities carried out by people to maintain their daily lives in different places such as homes, hospitals, hotels or workplaces, waste consisting of furniture, paint, batteries, food waste, sachets, bottles, fabrics, and fibers with the heterogeneous structure is called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Secondary fuels with higher heating value, which are generated by recycling of non-recyclable and reusable wastes in municipal solid wastes, are called as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). In this study, Refuse Derived Fuel1 (RDF1 : taken in December, winter season) and Refuse Derived Fuel2 (RDF2 : taken in June, summer season) samples obtained from different dates were used. The ultimate, proximate, calorific value, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were performed for these samples. Combustion characterization from Refuse Derived Fuel samples was investigated in the applied analyzes. The results of the content analysis made were examined separately and compared with the Thermogravimetric analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis combustion graph curves. It was revealed that the Refuse Derived Fuel1 sample had a better combustion compared to the Refuse Derived Fuel2 sample, as the ash amount and content obtained as a result of the combustion also supported other data. In addition, the results of the analysis show how different the Refuse Derived Fuel samples taken from the same region in two different months are different from each other.

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Chaerul, Mochammad, and Annisa Kusuma Wardhani. "Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from Urban Waste using Biodrying Process: Review." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v17i1.62-74.

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The utilization of waste into fuel (Refuse Derived Fuel, RDF) is an alternative to overcome the problem of municipal solid waste (MSW). Many processes can be applied to produce RDF including through biodrying process. Biodrying is a part of Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT) aiming to reduce water content in the waste by utilizing heat generated from microorganism activities while degrading organic matter in the waste, thus the calorific value will increase. The paper aims to make a review from various research papers on biodrying process published in scientific journals, so it becomes one of reference on further research on biodrying process by considering the characteristics of waste in Indonesia. The review has been conducted by focusing on several important aspects on the research such as operation principle, reactor design configuration, parameters to be examined, and the characteristics of feed and product.

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Nishimura, Kiyoshi. "RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel). Facility and Operation of Refuse Derived Fuel Systems for Urban Garbage." Waste Management Research 7, no. 4 (1996): 338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.7.338.

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6

Haydary, Juma, Patrik Šuhaj, and Michal Šoral. "Semi-Batch Gasification of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020343.

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Gasification is a promising technology for the conversion of mixed solid waste like refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and municipal solid waste (MSW) into a valuable gas consisting of H2, CO, CH4 and CO2. This work aims to identify the basic challenges of a single-stage batch gasification system related to tar and wax content in the producer gas. RDF was first gasified in a simple semi-batch laboratory-scale gasification reactor. A significant yield of tars and waxes was received in the produced gas. Waxes were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. These analyses indicated the presence of polyethylene and polypropylene chains. The maximum content of H2 and CO was measured 500 sec after the start of the process. In a second series of experiments, a secondary catalytic stage with an Ni-doped clay catalyst was installed. In the two-stage catalytic process, no waxes were captured in isopropanol and the total tar content decreased by approximately 90 %. A single one-stage semi-batch gasification system is not suitable for RDF gasification; a large fraction of tar and waxes can be generated which can cause fouling in downstream processes. A secondary catalytic stage can significantly reduce the tar content in gas.

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Lockwood, F. C., and J. J. Ou. "Review: Burning Refuse-Derived Fuel in a Rotary Cement Kiln." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 207, no. 1 (February 1993): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_008_02.

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In cement kilns, combustion takes place under very high flame temperatures and relatively long residence times. These conditions are favourable for the burning of refuse waste. The purpose of this note is to review the combustion and pollutant emission implications of using such a fuel as a supplementary source of heat in a cement kiln. Based on technical and environmental considerations, the analysis of burning refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in a cement kiln shows that no special firing technology has to be installed except that of the RDF handling system, that there is an upper limit to the total fuel consumption (no more than 30 per cent) for firing RDF and that there is no increase in the emission levels of air pollutants (including acid gases, dioxins, furans, etc.). At present, there seems to be no economical advantage in burning RDF. However, if municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in large amounts and financial support is provided by the local authority to cover the investment/operating costs, burning RDF in cement kilns will become economically attractive as well as feasible.

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8

Ishii, Takamitsu. "RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel). Construction of the Dream Fuel Center." Waste Management Research 7, no. 4 (1996): 326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.7.326.

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Stępień, Paweł, Małgorzata Serowik, Jacek A. Koziel, and Andrzej Białowiec. "Waste to Carbon: Estimating the Energy Demand for Production of Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 5685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205685.

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We have been advancing the concept of carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) by refuse-derived fuel (RDF) torrefaction as improved recycling to synergistically address the world’s energy demand. The RDF is a combustible fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). Many municipalities recover RDF for co-firing with conventional fuels. Torrefaction can further enhance fuel properties and valorize RDF. Energy demand for torrefaction is one of the key unknowns needed for scaling up CRDF production. To address this need, a pioneering model for optimizing site-specific energy demand for torrefaction of mixed RDF materials was developed. First, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses were used to establish thermal properties for eight common RDF materials. Then, the model using the %RDF mix, empirical thermal properties, and torrefaction temperature was developed. The model results for individual RDF components fitted well (R2 ≥ 0.98) with experimental torrefaction data. Finally, the model was used to find an optimized RDF site-specific mixture with the lowest energy demand. The developed model could be a basis for estimating a net energy potential from the torrefaction of mixed RDF. Improved models could be useful to make plant-specific decisions to optimize RDF production based on the energy demand that depends on highly variable types of MSW and RDF streams.

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Paszkowski, Jarosław, Maciej Domański, Jacek Caban, Janusz Zarajczyk, Miroslav Pristavka, and Pavol Findura. "The Use of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in the Power Industry." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0029.

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Abstract The paper presents the concept of use of fuels produced from production waste (RDF). The usefulness of RDF processed into pellets used in the chemical and power industry was also analyzed. The paper presents the results of research on the quality and content of selected elements in RDF pellets. The values of individual indexes are within the ranges typical for fuels manufactured from plastics. The tested material’s humidity was identified as low, as well as the content of chlorine, sulfur and other elements. In the working condition, the calorific value of the tested sample was 25.260 MJ·kg−1 and was above the range of typical values for RDF (13-20 MJ·kg−1). The moisture content in the tested material was 1% and it was within the required range. In the laboratory tests, the content of chlorine and sulfur was also determined.

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11

Abe, Tadashi. "RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel). Evolution of RDF Waste Energy Projects in US." Waste Management Research 7, no. 4 (1996): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.7.305.

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12

Miura, Kouji. "RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel). The Solidified Fuel Processing in Sapporo City." Waste Management Research 7, no. 4 (1996): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.7.316.

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13

Kuspangaliyeva, Botagoz, Botakoz Suleimenova, Dhawal Shah, and Yerbol Sarbassov. "Thermogravimetric Study of Refuse Derived Fuel Produced from Municipal Solid Waste of Kazakhstan." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031219.

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Efficient waste management, including proper utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW), is imperative for a sustainable future. Among several management options, pyrolysis and combustion of MSW has regained interest because of improved combustion techniques. This work aims to investigate the thermal conversion and combustion characteristics of refuse derived solid fuel (RDF) samples and its individual compounds collected from Nur-Sultan’s MSW landfills. The waste-derived solid RDF samples originally consist of textile, mixed paper, and mixed plastic. In particular, the samples, including RDF and its three constituent components, were analyzed in the temperature range of 25 to 900 °C, at three different heating rates, by thermogravimetric method. The gross calorific value for RDF derived from Nur-Sultan’s MSW was determined to be 23.4 MJ/kg. The weight loss rates of the samples, differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and kinetic analysis were compared between individual RDF components and for the mixed RDF. Combustion kinetics models were calculated using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Friedman methods. The results revealed that first decomposition of RDF samples was observed at the range of 180–370 °C. Moreover, the activation energy for conversion of RDF was observed to be the highest among the constituent components and gradually decreased from 370 to 140 kJ/kmol.

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Krawczyk, Piotr, Krzysztof Badyda, and Aleksandra Mikołajczak. "The environmental impact of refuse derived fuel co-combustion with lignite." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824005013.

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Legal regulations on waste disposal require waste producers to limit landfilling and to find different ways of waste management, the preferred methods being recycling of material and energy potential. Currently, in Poland, the only consumers of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) are cement plants. However, their ability to utilize alternative fuel is far from the estimated potential. One solution would be to redirect the excess fuel to power and heat production facilities. Unfortunately, these sectors are facing a number of problems related to the thermal treatment of waste, mainly formal nature. Co-combustion of waste in power plants raises a lot of concern among their employees and local communities. Especially significant is the harmfulness of usage of fuel from waste for the people’s lives or health, or the environment. The article compares the environmental footprints of the combustion process of: waste - based fuel (RDF) and lignite. The analysis was performed for a standard pulverized coal fired boiler. Comparative assessment was made by analyzing the total environmental impact of all combustion products of the two fuels. Final results have shown, that the environmental footprint of waste-based fuels can be similar or even smaller than traditional coal-based fuels

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15

Porsnovs, Dmitrijs, Linda Ansone-Bertina, Jorens Kviesis, Dace Âriņa, and Maris Klavins. "Biochar from Waste Derived Fuels as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Waste Hydrocarbons." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0095.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to prove technical feasibility of combined refuse derived fuel (RDF) torrefaction and oily wastewater treatment approach by using RDF derived biochar as a sorption media. Biochars prepared from refuse derived fuels in torrefaction, carbonization and pyrolysis modes were analysed as fuels and as hydrocarbon sorbents. Changes of elemental composition and properties of material during thermal treatment and subsequent washing process have been analysed. Experimental evaluation of sorption behaviour of toluene and diesel fuel on obtained biochar performed. Our results show that torrefaction/carbonization of RDF coupled with the subsequent washing of biochar is a method allowing to overcome absolute majority of the quality problems of waste derived fuels, including the most important one: high chlorine content. In spite the fact that optimal temperatures for upgrading waste derived fuels and to produce high quality sorbent does not coincide, technically it is possible to combine the washing of torrefied/carbonized waste derived fuels with the treatment of wastewaters that are polluted with oils or hydrocarbons.

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Porsnovs, Dmitrijs, Linda Ansone-Bertina, Jorens Kviesis, Dace Âriņa, and Maris Klavins. "Biochar from Waste Derived Fuels as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Waste Hydrocarbons." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0095.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to prove technical feasibility of combined refuse derived fuel (RDF) torrefaction and oily wastewater treatment approach by using RDF derived biochar as a sorption media. Biochars prepared from refuse derived fuels in torrefaction, carbonization and pyrolysis modes were analysed as fuels and as hydrocarbon sorbents. Changes of elemental composition and properties of material during thermal treatment and subsequent washing process have been analysed. Experimental evaluation of sorption behaviour of toluene and diesel fuel on obtained biochar performed. Our results show that torrefaction/carbonization of RDF coupled with the subsequent washing of biochar is a method allowing to overcome absolute majority of the quality problems of waste derived fuels, including the most important one: high chlorine content. In spite the fact that optimal temperatures for upgrading waste derived fuels and to produce high quality sorbent does not coincide, technically it is possible to combine the washing of torrefied/carbonized waste derived fuels with the treatment of wastewaters that are polluted with oils or hydrocarbons.

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17

Chaerul, Mochammad, and Afifah Fakhrunnisa. "Refuse Derived Fuel Production through Biodrying Process (Case study: Solid Waste from Canteens)." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 9, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v9i1.24609.

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Due to its calorific value, wastes could be treated into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) through several processes. In order to get higher calorific value, moisture content in the wastes could be removed by utilizing the heat generated from decomposition of organic fraction by microorganism (biodrying process). The study aims to treat solid wastes generated from canteens in Ganesha Campus of Institut Teknologi Bandung into RDF through biodrying process. Through standard sampling procedure, total waste generated from 59 canteens was 228 kg/day and organic fraction became the dominant (74%). There were 3 biodrying piles prepared, namely aeration, windrow, and control pile. Temperature in all piles increased in first and second weeks, then it gradually decreased and the average temperature were between 23-48 oC. The heat generated during the process could be remove water content and the optimum time 17-22 days could reach 20-30% of moisture content. The highest calorific value could be obtained from aerated pile (14.98 MJ/kg). By considering several parameters, the best RDF were produced from aerated pile. The parameters which still did not comply with the international standard of RDF were ash content, fixed carbon, and organic carbon. The quality of RDF was affected significantly by the composition of the feed. Though it could not meet with all parameters as an international standard of RDF, the product could be used as co-fuel to substitute coal or other fossil fuels for industrial activities. By knowing that the wastes could be converted into valuable product, the local municipality may shift the conventional paradigm of the waste management which is only collect-haul-dispose into a new paradigm by prioritizing waste recycle.

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Akiyama, Tomohiro, Nobuo Akae, Taihei Shimada, and Reijiro Takahashi. "Combustion Waste Gas Cleaning by Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel(RDF)." ISIJ International 41, no. 2 (2001): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.41.206.

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Takeda, Kazumitsu. "Energy Saving II. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Fired Power Plant." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 51, no. 11 (1997): 1643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.51.1643.

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20

Suzuki, T., T. Tsuruda, Y. Ogawa, and C. Liao. "A Study On Extinction Of RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) Pile." Fire Safety Science 8 (2005): 789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.8-789.

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21

Narukawa, Kimihito, Yong Chen, Ryouhei Yamazaki, Shigekatsu Mori, Toshimasa Hirama, Hideo Hosoda, and Yukihisa Fujima. "Refuse Derived Fuel(RDF) Combustion Characteristics in Circulating Fluidized Bed." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 22, no. 6 (1996): 1408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.22.1408.

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Patrick, John W. "Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)—quality, standardsand processing—FACT vol. 13." Fuel 72, no. 3 (March 1993): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90070-i.

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23

Nagata, Katsuya, and Michiya Ureshino. "RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel). A study on the Availability of Refuse Derived Fuel. Including the Life Cycle Assessment Viewpoint." Waste Management Research 7, no. 4 (1996): 282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.7.282.

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24

Roe, Nancy E., Peter J. Stoffella, and Donald Graetz. "Composts from Various Municipal Solid Waste Feedstocks Affect Vegetable Crops. I. Emergence and Seedling Growth." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 3 (May 1997): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.3.427.

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The composition of composts derived from municipal solid wastes can affect emergence and seedling growth. Composts consisting of biosolids and yard trimmings [standard compost (SC)] alone or with mixed waste paper (MWP), refuse-derived fuel (RDF), or refuse-derived fuel residuals (RDFR) were evaluated in seedling trays and pots for vegetable crop seedling emergence and growth. In trays, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings emerged faster from a commercial peat-lite mix and from sandy field soil than from the composts. Plants were tallest and shoots were generally heaviest in the peat-lite mix and aged SC and smallest in the field soil. MWP compost generally inhibited early seedling growth more than RDF or RDFR composts. Among the composts, seedlings were tallest and heaviest in SC. In pots, growth of each vegetable was generally greatest in SC, followed by other composts, and lowest in sandy soil. Tomato and pepper seedling emergence was more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of the RDF, RDFR, and MWP composts than cucumber seedling emergence. Fertilizer increased plant growth in each medium except SC, in which cucumber stem diameter was not increased. Adding MWP, RDF, or RDFR to SC generally decreased seedling emergence and growth. The composts prolonged days to emergence and decreased percent emerged seedlings. However, subsequent seedling growth in composts was equal to or greater than seedlings in the peat-lite mix and much greater than those in the sandy field soil.

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25

Li, Yan Ji, Ke Wei Zou, Ning Zhao, Run Dong Li, and Yong Chi. "Pyrolysis Experiment of Refuse Derived Fuel and Study on Characteristics of Semi-Coke." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2626.

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The experimental material is source-separated municipal solid waste. Remaining waste from primary assortment is compressed into RDF with mechanical molding equipment. We used high-temperature tube furnace for pyrolysis experiment of RDF. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, material composition, choice of additives and the content of the additive on the productivity of pyrolysis for these samples were investigated; the variation trend of content for K and Na elements in semi-coke was analyzed under various factors. The results show that adding plastics, CaO or DHC-32 is conductive to improve the effect of RDF pyrolysis. Increasing pyrolysis temperature is in favor of the process of pyrolysis reaction, meanwhile, the apparent variation trends are presented for the content of K and Na in semi-coke under the various experimental conditions.

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Rezaei, Hamid, Fahimeh Yazdan Panah, C. Jim Lim, and Shahab Sokhansanj. "Pelletization of Refuse-Derived Fuel with Varying Compositions of Plastic, Paper, Organic and Wood." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 6, 2020): 4645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114645.

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The combustible fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) is called refuse-derived fuel (RDF). RDF is a blend of heterogeneous materials and thus its handling is challenging. Pelletization is an efficient treatment to minimize the heterogeneity. In this research, typical RDF compositions were prepared by mixing several mass fractions of paper, plastic, household organic and wood. The collected compositions were ground, wetted to 20% moisture content (wet basis) and pelletized. Increasing the plastic content from 20% to 40% reduced the pelletization energy but increased the pellet’s calorific value. Pellets with higher plastic content generated more dust when exposed to shaking. Making durable pellets with 40% plastic content needed an increase in die temperature from 80 °C to 100 °C. Increasing the paper content from 30% to 50% increased the durability but consumed higher energy to form pellets. Paper particles increased the friction between pellet’s surface and die wall as was evident from expulsion energy. Force versus displacement curve for material compression revealed that the RDF compositions have rigid material characteristics.

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Maneewan, Somchai, Weera Punin, Chantana Punlek, Atthakorn Thongtha, and Tanongkiat Kiatsiriroat. "Feasibility of Refuse Derived Fuel 5 Composed of the Mechanical Biological Waste Treatment and Crude Oil Sludge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.699.

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The main focus of this paper is concerned with the production and properties of refuse derived fuel 5 (RDF-5) for use in energy from waste technologies. The analysis was performed using feedstocks made up of residues from a range of mechanical biological treatment (MBT) plants and crude oil sludge. The RDF-5 was composed of crude oil sludge and mechanical biological waste treatment (MBWT). The ratios of MBWT to crude oil sludge were 5:95, 10:90, 15:85 and 20:80 respectively. The physical and thermal characteristics of RDF-5 were examined. This was further investigated in the context of the parameters required during production and the properties of RDF-5. RDF-5 was produced using a screw compactor. Analysis of the optimal mixing ratios between the crude oil sludge and MBWT were undertaken by testing the thermal value based on ASTM D 240 moisture contents was based on ASTM D 3173, ash was based on ASTM D 3174, and density was based on ASTM E 75 respectively. The results showed that the optimal ratios of MBWT to crude oil sludge were 15:85 and 20:80 have feasibility to produce the RDF-5. Because of the ratios of 15:85 and 20:80 have a high value 10,831 kcal/kg and 11,260 kcal/kg, the percentages of moisture were 2.73% and 5.93% and the density values were 750 kg/m3and 806 kg/m3respectively (RDF-5 has a high heating value (HHV > 5,000 kcal/kg), with the percentage of moisture content not exceeding 10 percent and the density value (D 600 kg/m3) according to production of solid fuels standards). The ash values were 5.10% and 4.74% respectively. Comparing the energy production costs between RDF-5 and other fuels used in Thailand we found that the production costs of RDF-5 were 0.014 /MJ and 0.013 /MJ which are comparable to that of paddy husk and much cheaper than those of fuel lignite and bituminous. This preliminary evaluation reveals that the recovery of energy through RDF-5 production from MBWT with crude oil sludge is cost attractive and it should be considered as a feasible option for utilizing energy from MBWT with crude oil sludge.

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Azam, Mudassar, Asma Ashraf, Saman Setoodeh Jahromy, Sajjad Miran, Nadeem Raza, Florian Wesenauer, Christian Jordan, Michael Harasek, and Franz Winter. "Co-Combustion Studies of Low-Rank Coal and Refuse-Derived Fuel: Performance and Reaction Kinetics." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133796.

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In connection to present energy demand and waste management crisis in Pakistan, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is gaining importance as a potential co-fuel for existing coal fired power plants. This research focuses on the co-combustion of low-quality local coal with RDF as a mean to reduce environmental issues in terms of waste management strategy. The combustion characteristics and kinetics of coal, RDF, and their blends were experimentally investigated in a micro-thermal gravimetric analyzer at four heating rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C/min to ramp the temperature from 25 °C to 1000 °C. The mass percentages of RDF in the coal blends were 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. The results show that as the RDF in blends increases, the reactivity of the blends increases, resulting in lower ignition temperatures and a shift in peak and burnout temperatures to a lower temperature zone. This indicates that there was certain interaction during the combustion process of coal and RDF. The activation energies of the samples were calculated using kinetic analysis based on Kissinger–Akahira–Sunnose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), isoconversional methods. Both of the methods have produced closer results with average activation energy between 95–121 kJ/mol. With a 30% refuse-derived fuel proportion, the average activation energy of blends hit a minimum value of 95 kJ/mol by KAS method and 103 kJ/mol by FWO method.

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SAKKA, Makiko, Tetsuya KIMURA, Kazuo SAKKA, and Kunio OHMIYA. "Hydrogen Gas Generation from Refuse-derived Fuel (RDF) under Wet Conditions." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 68, no. 2 (January 2004): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.68.466.

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Mujiarto, Sigit, Bambang Sudarmanta, Hamzah Fansuri, and Arif Rahman Saleh. "Comparative Study of Municipal Solid Waste Fuel and Refuse Derived Fuel in the Gasification Process Using Multi Stage Downdraft Gasifier." Automotive Experiences 4, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.4625.

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a type of general waste that includes households, traditional markets, commercial areas, and the rest from public facilities, schools, offices, roads, and so on. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is obtained from the remnants of MSW which cannot be used anymore, which is flammable waste and is separated from parts that are difficult to burn through the process of chopping, sifting, and air classification. RDF has potential as an alternative energy source. In this study, RDF fuel was compared with MSW fuel both by proximate and calorific value, then the gasification process was carried out using a multi-stage downdraft gasifier to see gasification performance indicators such as syngas composition, LHV, cold gas efficiency, and tar concentration. The results showed that the gasification performance indicator for MSW biomass resulted in the syngas composition of CO = 19.08% v, H2 = 10.89% v, and CH4 = 1.54% v. The calorific value (Low Heating Value, LHV ) of syngas is 4,137 kJ/kg, cold gas efficiency is 70.14%, and tar content is 57.29 mg/Nm3. Meanwhile, RDF obtained the composition of CO gas: 18.68% v, H2: 9.5446% v, and CH4: 0% v. The maximum LHV syngas is 3365.08 kJ/kg, cold gas efficiency is 57.19 % and the smallest tar content is 80.24 mg/Nm3. When compared to RDF, MSW produces a better gasification performance indicator. However, RDF can still be used as an alternative energy source using the gasification process. The results of this study can be used to optimize the further RDF gasification process.

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Wilson, D. G. "The Supplementary-Fired Exhaust-Heated Cycle for Coal, Wood and Refuse-Derived Fuel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 207, no. 3 (August 1993): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_034_02.

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An analysis is presented of a system that would enable refuse-derived fuel (RDF) (produced from, principally, paper) or other biomass (for example wood chips) or coal to be burned cleanly in a highly efficient gas turbine system of a size that would match the needs of many communities (a solid waste flow of 1000–3000 tons per day). The system consists of a gas turbine engine with two principal and several minor additions. The principal additions are a combustor to burn the RDF at approximately atmospheric pressure in the hot turbine exhaust flow and a high-temperature heat exchanger to transfer heat from this stream to the compressed air leaving the compressor. A design-point thermal efficiency of 55–60 per cent and high off-design efficiencies are predicted for the most favourable configuration with components designed for the purpose. About half the heat input would come from the RDF and half from conventional gas turbine liquid or gas fuel. In this paper the possible alternative configurations of such a plant are discussed, the thermodynamic implications are reviewed and some typical component performance values are introduced so that the overall plant performance can be predicted.

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Syguła, Ewa, Kacper Świechowski, Paweł Stępień, Jacek A. Koziel, and Andrzej Białowiec. "The Prediction of Calorific Value of Carbonized Solid Fuel Produced from Refuse-Derived Fuel in the Low-Temperature Pyrolysis in CO2." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010049.

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The decrease in the calorific value of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is an unintended outcome of the progress made toward more sustainable waste management. Plastics and paper separation and recycling leads to the overall decrease in waste’s calorific value, further limiting its applicability for thermal treatment. Pyrolysis has been proposed to densify energy in RDF and generate carbonized solid fuel (CSF). The challenge is that the feedstock composition of RDF is variable and site-specific. Therefore, the optimal pyrolysis conditions have to be established every time, depending on feedstock composition. In this research, we developed a model to predict the higher heating value (HHV) of the RDF composed of eight morphological refuse groups after low-temperature pyrolysis in CO2 (300–500 °C and 60 min) into CSF. The model considers cardboard, fabric, kitchen waste, paper, plastic, rubber, PAP/AL/PE (paper/aluminum/polyethylene) composite packaging pack, and wood, pyrolysis temperature, and residence time. The determination coefficients (R2) and Akaike information criteria were used for selecting the best model among four mathematical functions: (I) linear, (II) second-order polynomial, (III) factorial regression, and (IV) quadratic regression. For each RDF waste component, among these four models, the one best fitted to the experimental data was chosen; then, these models were integrated into the general model that predicts the HHV of CSF from the blends of RDF. The general model was validated experimentally by the application to the RDF blends. The validation revealed that the model explains 70–75% CSF HHV data variability. The results show that the optimal pyrolysis conditions depend on the most abundant waste in the waste mixture. High-quality CSF can be obtained from wastes such as paper, carton, plastic, and rubber when processed at relatively low temperatures (300 °C), whereas wastes such as fabrics and wood require higher temperatures (500 °C). The developed model showed that it is possible to achieve the CSF with the highest HHV value by optimizing the pyrolysis of RDF with the process temperature, residence time, and feedstock blends pretreatment.

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Chen, Kuo Wei. "Manufacture of RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) by Carbon Ash from the Waste Tire Pyrolysis Resource Chemical Plant." Advanced Materials Research 852 (January 2014): 764–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.764.

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This study was to investigate the properties of the RDF produced from carbon ash of waste tire. Waste tire block was disposed of the pyrolysis in resource chemical plant to arise the carbon ash. After block technique, the RDF was made by a press at temperature and stress. In general, the set compression strength and heat value of the RDF ameliorate with the extrusion molding density for significant impact. The set ash, volatile content, Combustible content and heat value of the RDF ameliorate with the extrusion and drying temperature for significant impact. The set compression strength and volatile content and heat value of the RDF ameliorate with the adhesion QG15. In the economic and techniques conditions, the results of this study in accordance with appropriate operating conditions of the production and commercialization of marketing orientation.

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Obayashi, Shigeaki. "The Present of RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) System and The Future of RPF(Refuse Paper and Plastic Fuel)." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 52, no. 10 (1998): 1338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.52.1338.

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35

Kimambo, Offor N., and P. Subramanian. "Energy efficient refuse derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste rejects: a case for Coimbatore." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2014): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10530.

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In this paper production of energy efficient Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste rejects was carried out during August 2012 – April 2013 in Coimbatore City India. Municipal Solid wastes rejects (paper, plastics with exception of polyvinyl chloride, textiles) were collected from waste dump yard of Coimbatore City. Sawdust, coir dust, water hyacinth and rice husk were mixed with the collected wastes at a fixed amount of 20 percent. After grinding, cassava starch was used as a binder to produce RDF briquettes with the help of uniaxial piston briquettes making machine. Physical, chemical and thermal characteristics of the RDF were studied to assess their potential use as energy efficient material. The analyses were divided into three categories namely, physical, proximate and ultimate analyses. Results indicated that, under physical and proximate analyses; impact resistance index (IRI) for all the RDF samples were 200, density were less than 1 kg cm-3, moisture were less than 10 % wt, ash content varied from 2.8 to 9.2 % wt, whilst volatile mater had mean value of 83.1 % wt and fixed carbon which is by subtraction ranged from 1.4 to 9.2 % wt. With respect to Ultimate analysis, Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen varied from 27.01 to 39.78 % wt, 44.8 to59.7 % wt, 5.9 to 8.1 % wt respectively. On the other hand nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine ranged from 0.18 to 0.87 % wt, 0.27 to 0.71 % wt and 0.339 to0.521 % wt respectively. Calorific values (high heating values) ranged from 5085 to 6474.9 kcal kg-1. The results were compared with Energy research Centre for the Netherland database and noted that with exception to moisture, fixed carbon and hydrogen other parameters had a significant lower or higher differences. From the study, RDF from municipal solid wastes rejects along with the additives produced high energy efficient materials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10530 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 205-215

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SAKKA, Makiko, Tetsuya KIMURA, Kunio OHMIYA, and Kazuo SAKKA. "Detection of Hydrogen Gas-Producing Anaerobes in Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Pellets." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 69, no. 11 (January 2005): 2081–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.2081.

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Rania, Mutiara Fadila, I. Gede Eka Lesmana, and Eka Maulana. "ANALISIS POTENSI REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) DARI SAMPAH PADA TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR (TPA) DI KABUPATEN TEGAL SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR INCINERATOR PIROLISIS." SINTEK JURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/sintek.13.1.51-59.

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The garbage dumping in Tegal Regency has reached 989.8 m3/day and increasing every year. The percentage of waste in Murareja landfill is dominated by plastic waste which is 40.15%. The plastic waste will be processed by pyrolysis by utilizing Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) as its fuel. The percentage of garbage in Murareja TPA that can be used as RDF is quite high, which is 28.7%, consisting of 15.35% paper waste, 2.35% rubber / leather waste, 2% garbage cloth, 1% wood waste, and 8% plastic waste. The waste is considered potentially to be produced into RDF. The production of RDF aims to convert the combustible waste fraction from 4K1P waste (Paper, Wood, Fabrics, Rubber / Leather and Plastics) to be fueled. Therefore it is important to know how much potential of 4K1P waste to be processed into RDF, and how optimal calorific value of RDF is to be used as fuel of pyrolysis incinerator on Waste Power Generation at Murareja TPA, Tegal regency. Based on the result of the research that has been done, the theoretical value of the theoretical value of 4K1P RDF briquette is 3677.0945 - 5507.114 [kcal / kg]. From the actual data obtained with laboratory testing the value of RDF beverage caloric waste 4K1P RDF amounted to 3973.45 [kCal / kg]. The optimal calorific value of RDF required as a pyrolysis incinerator fuel is 3248.809 [kcal / kg]. Based on the results of laboratory tests, the percentage of moisture content, ash content, volatile content and carbon content are 4.68%, 11.64%, 7.81% and 75.87% respectively.

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Âriņa, Dace, Rūta Bendere, Gintaras Denafas, Jānis Kalnačs, and Mait Kriipsalu. "Characterization of Refuse Derived Fuel Production from Municipal Solid Waste: The Case Studies in Latvia and Lithuania." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0090.

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AbstractThe authors determined the morphological composition of refuse derived fuel (RDF) produced in Latvia and Lithuania by manually sorting. The parameters of RDF (moisture, net calorific value, ash content, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine, metals) was determined using the EN standards. Comparing obtained results with data from literature, authors have found that the content of plastic is higher but paper and cardboard is lower than typical values. Results also show that the mean parameters for RDF can be classified with the class codes: Net heating value (3); chlorine (3); mercury (1), and responds to limits stated for 3rd class of solid recovered fuel. It is recommended to separate biological waste at source to lower moisture and ash content and increase heating value for potential fuel production from waste.

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Liu, Dian Fu, Fang Qing Zhu, and Xiao Lin Wei. "Investigation on the Combustion Properties of Refuse Derived Fuel in an Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.170.

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An internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) was applied to investigate the behavior of refuse derived fuels (RDF) incineration. The temperature distribution along bed height was measured by the thermocouple and the pollutant emissions in the flue gas were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry Gasmet DX-3000. In the tests the concentrations of the species CO CO2 HCl N2O SO2 were measured online. The experimental results showed that the RDF could combust steadily in the fluidized bed. The concentrations of the CO HCl N2O in flue gas were higher than the values of national environmental standards.

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Arina, Dace, and Ausma Orupe. "Characteristics of mechanically sorted municipal wastes and their suitability for production of refuse derived fuel." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 8, no. -1 (November 9, 2012): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10145-012-0003-0.

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Abstract The article presents the results of experimental work in the first waste mechanical Pre-treatment Centre in Latvia Daibe. The goal - to detect the main parameters for sorted waste parts and to compare them with parameters stated for refuse derived fuel (RDF) in a cement plant in Latvia (Cemex). Samples were taken in four fractions - coarse, medium, fine, metal. The parameters - upper, lower heating values, moisture, ash content, S, Cl, metals were determined. Results - coarse fraction has greater potential of the production of the RDF, but reduction of its content of Cl would be necessary.

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Nobre, Catarina, Cândida Vilarinho, Octávio Alves, Benilde Mendes, and Margarida Gonçalves. "Upgrading of refuse derived fuel through torrefaction and carbonization: Evaluation of RDF char fuel properties." Energy 181 (August 2019): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.105.

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42

Kagiya, Tsukasa. "RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel). Practical Use and Future Topics Concerning RDF Technology for Municipal Solid Waste Management." Waste Management Research 7, no. 4 (1996): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.7.352.

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Sarkady, Attila, Róbert Kurdi, and Ákos Rédey. "RDF — Refuse Derived Fuel, possibilities in the North-Balaton Regional Waste Management System." Pollack Periodica 9, Supplement 1 (July 2014): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/pollack.9.2014.s.3.

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44

Yang, Hu, Junlin Xie, Feng He, Shuxia Mei, and De Fang. "Thermal Behavior Study of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) during Combustion by Thermogravimetric Analysis." Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 49, no. 11 (2016): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.15we230.

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Haker, Konstantin, Jan Kruger, and Kerstin Kuchta. "Conception of a Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) incineration plant and its environmental benefit." International Journal of Global Warming 2, no. 4 (2010): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2010.037585.

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Aluri, Sireesha, Akil Syed, Derrick W. Flick, John D. Muzzy, Carsten Sievers, and Pradeep K. Agrawal. "Pyrolysis and gasification studies of model refuse derived fuel (RDF) using thermogravimetric analysis." Fuel Processing Technology 179 (October 2018): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.06.010.

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47

Adefeso, Ismail Babatunde, Daniel Ikhu-Omoregbe, and Yusuf M. Isa. "Preliminary Assessment of Heavy Metals in Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) for Thermochemical Conversion." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.297.

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Thermochemical conversion of raw municipal solid waste (MSW) is continuously growing in the context of contemporary technology. The quality of MSW needs an improved analysis to enhance the choice of energy exploitation and environmental assessment of fly and bottom ashes associated with thermochemical conversion. MSW was collected from solid waste disposal facilities (SWDF) in Cape Town in order to investigate heavy metal distributions in MSW obtained from SWDF. The MSW was pre-treated to improve its quality. The 7700 Series quadrupole ICP-MS solution method was used to determine the concentrations and distributions of some heavy metals from SWDF in Cape Town. This study assessed and quantified the distributions of heavy metal in MSW in the city of Cape Town. The accumulation of high concentrations of heavy metals in bottom ash residue from thermochemical conversion could be a good remedy for heavy metals control. High transfer coefficients of heavy metals were observed, and the heavy metals were mainly transferred to the bottom ash. Heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in bottom ash are regarded as relatively unstable with the highest concentrations of Cu and Zn 1295 mg/Kg and 3347 mg/Kg, respectively. The heavy metals (especially Pb, Zn and Hg) emissions were technically monitored and controlled from escaping into the urban air-sheds atmosphere and prevented from their consequential secondary environmental and health implications.

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48

Chen, Kuo Wei. "The Wide-Applicant Feasibility Study of RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) - Example for Carbon Ash after the Waste Tire Pyrolysis T." Advanced Materials Research 852 (January 2014): 768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.768.

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The present research was involved in forming condition of adhesive, Press Temperature, Density etc. In addition to ameliorate strength and thermal performance test of the RDF produced from Carbon ash after the waste tire pyrolysis in resource chemical plant. This study explored optimal condition of Carbon ash-RDF production based on relevant tests to enhance its strength and thermal performance for optimal utilization of Carbon ash-RDF. The results can serve as a reference to the Carbon ash-RDF production process design. The main component of the formula is an adhesive, chemically modified starch as adhesion to make the carbon ash uniformly mix with water. Besides finding a suitable formula, this study also conducted analysis on product property and developed technique to improve process and product property, as an important reference for future studies.

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Gerassimidou, Spyridoula, Costas A. Velis, Paul T. Williams, and Dimitrios Komilis. "Characterisation and composition identification of waste-derived fuels obtained from municipal solid waste using thermogravimetry: A review." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, no. 9 (July 24, 2020): 942–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20941085.

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Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is the most widespread thermal analytical technique applied to waste materials. By way of critical review, we establish a theoretical framework for the use of TGA under non-isothermal conditions for compositional analysis of waste-derived fuels from municipal solid waste (MSW) (solid recovered fuel (SRF), or refuse-derived fuel (RDF)). Thermal behaviour of SRF/RDF is described as a complex mixture of several components at multiple levels (including an assembly of prevalent waste items, materials, and chemical compounds); and, operating conditions applied to TGA experiments of SRF/RDF are summarised. SRF/RDF mainly contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyvinyl chloride is also used in simulated samples, for its high chlorine content. We discuss the main limitations for TGA-based compositional analysis of SRF/RDF, due to inherently heterogeneous composition of MSW at multiple levels, overlapping degradation areas, and potential interaction effects among waste components and cross-contamination. Optimal generic TGA settings are highlighted (inert atmosphere and low heating rate (⩽10°C), sufficient temperature range for material degradation (⩾750°C), and representative amount of test portion). There is high potential to develop TGA-based composition identification and wider quality assurance and control methods using advanced thermo-analytical techniques (e.g. TGA with evolved gas analysis), coupled with statistical data analytics.

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AYDIN, HAKAN, and FURKAN BOSTANCI. "IMPROVEMENT OF WEAR RESISTANCE OF SHREDDER BLADES USED IN A REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL (RDF) FACILITY BY PLASMA NITRIDING." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 04 (July 29, 2019): 1950131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19501312.

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Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a kind of renewable energy source to produce energy for replacement of fossil fuels. Aggressive working conditions in RDF facilities cause the shredder blades to wear out quickly. So, the purpose of this paper was to study the effect of plasma-nitriding process on wear resistance of shredder blades made of AISI D2 tool steel in the service condition of RDF facility. Shredder blades were commercially available from two different suppliers (A and B suppliers). These hardened shredder blades were plasma-nitrided in the mixed nitrogen and hydrogen atmosphere at a volume ratio of 3:1 at 450∘C for 12, 18 and 24[Formula: see text]h at a total pressure of 250 Pa. Characterisation of plasma-nitrided layers on the shredder blades was carried out by means of microstructure and microhardness measurements. Wear tests of plasma-nitrided shredder blades were performed under actual working conditions in the RDF facility. Wear analysis of these shredder blades was conducted using three-dimensional (3D) optical measuring instrument GOM ATOS II. The compositional difference of the shredder blades provided by A and B suppliers played an important role on the nitrided layer. The case depth of A-blades significantly increased with increasing plasma-nitriding time. However, the case depth of B-blades was fairly lower at the same nitriding time and only slightly increased with increasing plasma-nitriding time. Plasma-nitriding process significantly improved the surface hardness of the shredder blades. Maximum surface hardness values were achieved at nitriding time of 18 h for both blades. In this case, this increase in surface hardness values was above 100%. At nitriding time of 24[Formula: see text]h, the maximum surface hardness of A-blades significantly decreased, whereas this decrease in surface hardness of B-blades was the negligible value. The wear test results showed that plasma-nitriding process significatly decreased the wear of shredder blades; 18 h nitriding for A-blades and 24[Formula: see text]h nitriding for B-blades had better wear-reducing ability in the service condition of RDF facility. In these cases, the decreases in the total volume wear loss for A- and B-blades were 53% and 60%, respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Refuse derived fuel (RDF)'

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