Academic literature on the topic 'Reg. 178/2002/EC'

Description of the subject. The real-time management of residues of plant protection products is a general issue for food producers and/or exporters. Authorized pesticides under European Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (Reg. 1107/2009) are granted a maximum residue limit (MRL) defined by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). These maximum residue limits are managed by the European Commission and listed in EC Regulation No 396/2005. MRLs for newly approved substances are set for pesticide residues present in products or groups of products covered by Annex I with a default value of 0.01 mg·kg-1, unless they have been considered, elaborated upon on approval and affected in one of the six other Annexes (II to VII). Substances listed in Annex IV are favoured in the selection of substances to be used by producers as it is for substances with very low potential impacts (low-risk substances [Art. 22 of Reg. 1107/2009] which therefore require no MRL; basic substances [Art. 23 of Reg. 1107/2009]; and microorganisms). The number of substances affected by this lack of an MRL (without residues survey requirement) has been steadily increasing since the publication of the SANCO/11188/2013 Guideline. Many biocontrol agents are listed in Annex IV, including microbial insecticides (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis, Cydia pomonella granulosis virus), semiochemicals used in traps (e.g. ammonium acetate, putrescine) and some natural substances (e.g. sulphur) as well as all the currently listed basic substances. Objectives. To show that plant protection may be achieved with less concern or control (auto + external) than with certain agrochemical pesticides, including those without maximum residue limits (MRL). Method. Analysis of EU Pesticide Database and EU Regulation (EU) No 540/2011. Results. All approved pesticide active substances with no MRL included in Annex IV of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, listed by substance status type (active, low-risk or basic) and category (microorganism, semiochemical or natural). Conclusions. These results may be used to help achieve plant protection with much less risk of contaminations, while noting the necessity for controls, analytical issues, positive controls, as well as the possibility of downgrading and withdrawal of approval from the market.

The most popular brands of salted anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) from the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean were purchased from several Italian supermarkets and grocery stores. Heavy metal (Hg, Cd, and Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels were determined and assessed by comparing the concentrations in these samples with the maximum permissible limits set by the European Union (Reg EC 629/2008 and Reg EC 1881/2006 [Off. J. Eur. Union L 173:3–9 and 364:5–24, respectively]). The Hg and Cd levels were higher than those of Pb in all samples examined. For Hg and Pb, the concentrations recorded in this study were below the authorized limits, while an appreciable percentage of samples from both locations (Mediterranean Sea, 35%, and Atlantic Ocean, 25%) showed Cd levels exceeding the threshold recommended for human consumption. Concerning PCBs, the results of principal component analysis showed that samples from the two different marine areas appeared to be discriminate, with Mediterranean anchovies more contaminated than the others, in spite of their lower lipid content. However, anchovy samples from both locations had dioxinlike-PCB levels (Mediterranean Sea, 0.011 pg World Health Organization toxic equivalency [WHO-TEQ] g−1, wet weight, and Atlantic Ocean, 0.007 pg WHO-TEQ g−1, wet weight) that were below the WHO-TEQ maximum concentration set by European regulation. The results of this study will help in generating data needed for the assessment of heavy metal and PCB intake from this food.

Drift-nets are known to result in high incidental catches of some cetacean species. Despite a UN moratorium on their use in the high seas and a ban in the Mediterranean by all European Union countries, including Italy (EC Reg. 1239/98), some fisheries continue to operate illegally. In 2002 and 2003 three line-transect surveys were conducted in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea around the Aeolian archipelago. These transects were designed to assess the presence, distribution and population size of cetacean species likely to be affected by accidental captures in this area. Data were only sufficient to estimate abundance for the striped dolphin. The best estimate (and first such estimate for this area) was 4030 individuals (CV=0.30, 95% CI=2239–7253) for May 2003. A rough estimate of striped dolphin by-catch, based on floating carcases, was calculated as 36 by-caught animals over a period of 12 days (CV=0.58, 95% CI=11–113). These results, although approximate, are a cause for concern. Conservation and management implications of the results are discussed.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate food fraud detection in the Czech food retail market based on the findings of the Czech Agricultural and Food Inspection Authority (CAFIA). Design/methodology/approach The outcomes of administrative proceedings from 2009 and 2013 were used. Data were collected from e-databases of the CAFIA and sorted by the current valid qualification for food fraud following Article 16, Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Findings Food fraud was detected, almost to the same extent, in both selected years by laboratory testing as well as on the basis of “on the spot” controls in retail establishments. The meat products were a food group with the most fraudulent tendency in both selected years. Originality/value This paper contributes to the overview of food fraud and could help to detect ways of food deception for the competent authorities and consumers.

The paper seeks to analyse the understanding of food safety by consumers of agro food products in the Nitra region. The food safety is here understood as the complex of precautions concerning the plant health protection, veterinary problems, animal health protection and animal welfare, concerning the foodstuffs and feeds. Realization of these precautions leads to the safety of all the parts of the food chain and the final foodstuff. Health, good living level and the protection of economic and social interests of people are the basic attributes for the evaluation of the role of foodstuff. That is why the food policy of the SR and the EC is also subordinated to these attributes. General principles and claims concerning food safety are set in the decree of the European Parliament and the Commission (EC) No. 178/2002. Relevant claims of this key horizontal regulation are already in use since January the 1st 2005, and create the common basement for precautions concerning foodstuffs and feeds, and legally ensure the complex approach to the food safety including all the direct and indirect impacts on food safety, animal health and some environmental issues. The food safety is a public good in the SR as it is characterised by non-excludability from consumption and non-existence of rivalry in the consumption.

Abstract The 4 major driving forces that are expected to lead to increased use of affinity biosensors that meet crucial industrial test specifications, e.g., fast, reliable, cost-effective, and use of low-skilled personnel, are (1) strict legislative framework, e.g., recent changes proposed to the European food safety and hygiene legislation, EC No. 178/2002; (2) industrial shift from quality control to quality assurance procedures, e.g., Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, ensuring effective positioning in the global competitive trade; (3) just-in-time production resulting in right product every time; and (4) consumer demand for safe and wholesome products. The affinity biosensors field has expanded significantly over the past decade, with a projected global biosensors market growth from $6.1 billion in 2004 to $8.2 billion in 2009, representing major industrial sectors (e.g., Pharma, Medicare, and Food). This brief review is targeted to affinity biosensors developed for the food industry and includes research and development leading to biosensors for microbiological and chemical analytes of industrial concern, commercial biosensors products on the market, and examples of future prospects in this diagnostic field.

- The current market is governed by an information system, but it is also regulated by interests specific to the discipline of food safety. Therefore, it highlights the close bond between the contents of the contract and the contents of the information, as well as the equally tight correlation between information and competition. In fact, the legislator aims to reconcile the need for food safety with that for the circulation of goods. It must also be added that food safety is a discipline, first and foremost, concerned with product marketing, and thus the rules on information provided for by the common legislator are instrumental to the achievement of a common market of safe and healthy foods, a market governed by rules of communication that facilitate exchanges and guarantee the circulation of foods. From this perspective, within the discipline of food safety information has a double aim, as it strives to provide the market with that symmetry of information essential to its functioning while safeguarding the interests of food safety. Hence, we can understand the legal weight, within the food market, of labels, which can be seen as both the "space" in which communication takes place and a vehicle for information. It is in this context that the food labelling law, eventually regulated by directive 2000/13, originates and develops. However, the legal function of labels cannot be regarded exclusively as a tool for the satisfaction of the need to inform and safeguard consumers and facilitate exchanges between member states, but it should exist in a framework that encompasses the whole food safety legal sys158 tem (reg. 178/2002). The general rules governing the food safety system are thus revealed, as well as the indications, compulsory and non, to be placed on the labels, both with regard to their content and the way this information is conveyed. In this context, we can see the relevance of the very recent reg. 1924/2006 of December 20th 2006 on the nutritional values of foods and their effects on health. Key words: food security, comunication, labelling, consumer protection.

The indication of the “path” travelled by all European agrofood products has by now become compulsory: starting from January the 1st, 2005 EC Regulation 178/2002 has established the notions of food tracking and tracing as well as the concept of food safety. Food traceability and safety are becoming notions of crucial importance to those who work in this sector in view of their potentially positive influence on produce competitiveness and appreciation on the part of consumers. This specific line of research is focused on the analysis and the use of both tracking and tracing systems of olive and olive oil products throughout the entire territory of Calabria. A detailed analysis of the productive processes has been made possible through the definition of the socalled “dynamic lot”: a unit of product processed (either directly or indirectly) in a time unit (usually a day), as a function of the peculiarities of the olive growing farms involved (orographic features, level of mechanization, etc.). The software architecture (which is currently being updated) has been studied considering the reality of the territory in question, and the average level of computer/software literacy of the operators asked to use it.

Az európai fogyasztók egyre nagyobb hangsúlyt helyeznek az állatok jóllétére. Az elvárások megfogalmazásában jelentős szerepe van az állatvédő mozgalmaknak, amelyek egy része szakmai ismeretek, mások viszont érzelmi benyomások alapján fogalmazzák meg véleményüket. Sajnos ritkán jutnak el a kutatási eredmények a kereskedőkhöz és fogyasztókhoz, az állatvédők viszont nagyon eredményesen gyakorolnak nyomást a kereskedelemre, a politikusokra, és végül a fogyasztók választását is hatékonyan befolyásolják. Ugyanakkor az állatjólléti előírásoknak kutatási eredményeken kellene alapulniuk, valóban az állatok jóllétét kellene szolgálniuk, figyelemmel a termelőre és a fogyasztói árakra is. A nyulak védelmére vonatkozó minimális követelményekről szóló, az Európai Parlament 2017. március 14-i állásfoglalásban (2016/2077 (INI)) rámutattak arra, hogy „számos szempont mérlegelésével egyensúlyt kell tartani, figyelemmel az állatok jóllétére és egészségére, a gazdálkodók pénzügyi helyzetére és munkakörülményekre, a termelés fenntarthatóságára, a környezeti hatásra és a fogyasztóvédelmre, továbbá a fogyasztók megfizethető, jó minőségű nyúlhús iránti igényére”. A házinyulak tartásával és jóllétével kapcsolatban számos tudományos cikk, irodalmi összefoglaló és tanulmány jelent meg (EFSA, 2005; Hoy és mtsai, 2006; Trocino és Xiccato, 2006; Verga és mtsai, 2009; Szendrő és Dalle Zotte, 2011; Szendrő és McNitt, 2012; Szendrő és mtsai, 2016; Hoy és Matics, 2016; González-Mariscal és mtsai, 2017; Turner és mtsai, 2017; Szendrő és mtsai, 2019). A fogyasztók igényeinek kielégítése érdekében az Európai Unió Tanácsa (EU Tanácsa) irányelveket adott ki a tenyésztés céljából tartott állatok védelméről (Council Directive 98/58/EC of 20 July 1998), a tojótyúkok, (Council Directive 1999/74/EC of 19 July 199), a hústermelés céljából tartott csirkék (Council Directive 2007/43/EC of 28 June 2007), a borjak (Council Directive 2008/119/EC of 18 December 2008), valamint a sertések védelmére vonatkozó minimális követelményekről (Council Directive 2008/120/EC of 18 December 2008). Az EU Tanácsa azonban még nem tett közzé semmilyen előírást a tenyésztett nyulak védelméről. Jelen cikk célja, hogy tudományos eredményekre alapozva foglalja össze a házinyulak nagyüzemi tartásának minimális követelményeit. Nemcsak a követelményeket írjuk le, hanem ahol van, röviden összefoglaljuk az adott terület irodalmi eredményeit, vagyis a javaslatok magyarázatát is. A minimális követelmények „A mezőgazdasági haszonállatok tartásának állatvédelmi szabályairól” szóló 32/1999. (III. 31.) FVM rendeletre, illetve annak módosított változataira (20/2002. (III. 14.) FVM rendelet, 72/2004. (IV. 29.) FVM rendelet, 178/2009. (XII. 29.) FVM rendelet) épülnek. Ugynakkor független a sokkal szigorúbb állatkísérletekről szóló 40/2013. (II. 14.) Korm. rendelettől.

In highly polluted water, fish can accumulate mercury up to a concentration of 10 mgKg−1. This has occurred on the eastern coasts of Sicily (Southern Italy), probably due to the intense industrial activity of this area. However, little is known about Hg accumulation in fish of the western Sicilian coasts. In this work, we examined the Hg accumulation of 108 fish samples belonging to 14 species collected from western Sicilian coasts using a direct mercury analyzer. The samples showed a mean mercury concentration of 0.165 ± 0.22 mg kg−1 with a maximum in Lepidopus caudatus (1.72 mgKg−1), exceeding the limits provided by EC Reg. 1881/2006. The lowest Hg levels were found in Sparus aurata samples (0.001 mgKg−1). A significant difference was found between the fish species examined (p < 0.05). The comparison between benthic and pelagic species did not show statistical differences (p < 0.05). Fish food constitutes the main route of Hg uptake for humans. Only four of the 130 samples examined reached a mercury concentration over the European limits. The comparative analysis of Hg pollution for benthic and pelagic species did not confirm a different trend in metal contamination.

The Bulgarian government and the European Commission have agreed on the close down date for units 1 & 2 and for units 3 & 4 the decision is still pending. In order to support the decommissioning activities, planning and licensing projects have been performed for the units 1 & 2 in the frame of PHARE by the EC. Meanwhile the units 1 & 2 are shut down on the end of 2002. The implementation of hardware activities is presently being supported by the EBRD. In the frame of a project financed by the IAEA and the Bulgarian Decommissioning Fund, the development of a Decommissioning Management System (DeManS) and the installation of the necessary hardware are going on. DeManS is based on the most up-to-date Oracle database and application server architecture in order to offer maximum scaling, failsafe security and flexibility. Different integrated modules are available for the Management of the complete decommissioning project. These modules support all the tasks necessary for the: • documentation, • environmental information, • registration of the plant status, • Safe Enclosure, • planning/calculation and • dismantling planning and supervision. The project started in 2002 and will continue until late 2003. The hardware installation has been completed in the beginning of 2002. The first modules for documentation (DMS), Environmental Information (EIS) and Registration (REG) have been developed and installed up to May 2003. The functionality of the DeManS will be described for each module as well as for the interaction between them.