Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Régime de change'
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Sardin, Jean-Pierre. "Protection et régime de change." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR1D001.
Full textRipoll, Laetitia. "Régime de change et performances réelles." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON10054.
Full textChen, Jinzhao. "Le régime de change dans la réforme chinoise." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100186.
Full textThis thesis provides an analysis of exchange rate regime in China in transformation. Through three empirical studies, which constitutes each a chapter, we propose three empirical analysis on i) the equilibrium exchange rate of RMB and its misalignments for the period 1994 to 2007; ii) the effectiveness of capital controls in China; iii) the impact of real exchange rate of RMB on the disparity of economic growth of China's provinces. The main results of this thesis are as follows: At first, during the Asian financial crisis and during the years 2001-2002, the RMB was overvalued. It was undervalued only for the recent period from 2003 to 2005, with a misalignment limited to 8%; we also found a slight overvaluation after the introduction of the new exchange rate regime in 2005. Secondly, the de facto intensity of capital controls increases over time, even during the period of financial turbulence of 2007-2008. Moreover, the slightly slower speed of adjustment to the threshold of no-arbitrage implies that capital controls are still effective. However, both indicators of flow (the composition of capital flows and capital flight) show that capital controls are not always effective and the financial account is porous. Thirdly, our results showed that not only the factors such as the investment, the natural growth rate of population and human capital have an impact on growth, but also an appreciation of real exchange rate would stimulate economic growth of China's provinces
Puibasset, Christelle. "Changement de régime de change en période favorable." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX24009.
Full textRizzo, Jean-Marc. "Développement économique et choix d'un régime de change." Aix-Marseille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX24017.
Full textMéon, Pierre-Guillaume. "Facteurs politiques du choix d'un régime de change." Strasbourg 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR30002.
Full textFar from being an exogenous parameter, the exchange-rate regime a country has adopted results from a governmental decision. Our essay aims at explaining this decision. To this end, we pay special attention first to the goals followed by policy-makers, second to the sectoral consequences of an exchange-rate regime choice, which might lead to inter-sectoral conflicts, and third to the overall institutional context. Our analysis views producers of tradable and non-tradable goods as the primary winners and losers of an exchange-rate regime choice. The former favour fixed exchange-rates whereas the latter prefer a float. This sectoral conflict can lead to a situation where political uncertainty coincides with uncertainty about the choice of the exchange-rate regime. Our study subsequently shows that political uncertainty restrains the capacity of governments to defend a fixed parity. In particular, devaluations tend to occur during postelectoral periods. Finally, the credibility of a government's commitment to the defence of fixed parities declines when political uncertainty curtails its life-expectancy
Jeong, Se-Eun. "Régime de change et taux de change d'équilibre des pays d'Asie de l'Est." Paris 13, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA131006.
Full textThis thesis treats the choice of exchange rate regimes of East Asian countries in the era of free movement of international capital. We recommend intermediate exchange regimes, relatively little volatile and stable around equilibrium exchange rates, and regional cooperative solution. We estimate equilibrium exchange rates for currencies of Japan, China and South Korea over 1980-2000 by using a multinational model describing external trade of these countries with the United States, Euroland and the rest of the world. For another East Asian countries (Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia) a simplified model is used for each of them and articulated with results of multinational model. The Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rates developed by Williamson was adopted as theoretical frame of reference. The overvaluation of yen and undervaluation of yuan after 1997-98 Asian financial crises are remarkable results of our simulations
Guermazi-Bouassida, Sana. "Le choix du régime de change et taux de change réel : cas de la Tunisie." Paris 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA020026.
Full textKhiari, Riadh. "Le choix d'un régime de change par un pays en développement." Paris 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA020101.
Full textAmong the structural characteristies cited as making independent floating infeasible for most developing countries is the underdeveloped state of their foreign exchange and financial markets. It is, therefor, of interest to identify some of the economic factors that play a role in the choice of the monetary authorities between alternative exchange rate systems. These factors are : the degree of openness. The size of an economy, the commodity diversification, the geographical concentration of the trade, the international financial integration, the rate of inflation, the degree of economic development and the level of the international reserves. The eight country characteristics discussed were used as independent variables in our statistical technique (discriminant analysis). The analysis shows that countries wichfollow pegging policies are characterized by: a high degree of openness; a small countriy size; a high degree of commodity diversification and geographical concentration; a low inflation rate; a small degree of capital market integration and economic development and a low level of the international reserves
Fakhri, Naziha. "Régime de change, monnaie d’ancrage et relations commerciales : le cas des pays du MOAN." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX24003.
Full textHaouaoui-Khouni, Leila. "Les déterminants du choix d'un régime de change dans les pays émergents." Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/haouaoui_l.
Full textFollowing the crises of the emergent markets economies, the intermediate exchange rate regimes were accused. The conventional wisdom is that only two corner solutions are sustainable. This applies for economies that are open to international capital flows. This Ph-D thesis studies the relevance of this bipolar regimes hypothesis. An extension of Aizenman Hausmann (2001) model allows to take account several elements debate, such: the pass-through question, the imperfection of the financial markets and the fact that the external debt is denominated in foreign currency. The choice of the optimal exchange rate is formalized in a logic of determination of an index of intervention on the market. It appears that the optimal mode is often an intermediate solution whereas the bipolar regimes are particular cases. The Logit Multinomial model estimates on a sample of 39 emerging and developed countries over the period 1980-2001, confirm our approach. In particular, we found that compared to total flexibility, the pass-through increases significantly the probability of having an intermediate exchange rate regime, the prevalence of the nominal shocks in the developed countries indicates that pure flexibility is not a good solution, discretionary biases acts positively on the probability of occurrence of an intermediate regime compared to total flexibility. Finally, a classification of the predicted regimes by the model according to the criterion of the domestic debt on the one hand and the depth of the financial markets on the other hand, shows that the more the level of the debt increases, these countries choose more fixity and less flexibility. The depth of the financial markets is negatively related to the flexibility of the rate. However, the balance sheet effect obtained from the theoretical model could not be validated econometrically
Escalona, Fabien. "La reconversion partisane de la social-démocratie européenne : du régime social-démocrate keynésien au régime social-démocrate du marché." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH029.
Full textThe thesis deals with the "partisan conversion" of social democracy in Europe. It aims to resolve the apparent paradox between the existence of many publications describing the crisis or even the death of social democracy on one hand, and the fact that this political family has remained one of the major party alternatives on the other hand. We define the partisan conversion as a singular type of party change, which was the only one that could help the Social democrats to overcome the obsolescence of their project, electoral support and organizational model. My analysis is methodologically anchored in the historical institutionalism paradigm. It offers a macrosociological comparison of four processes of partisan conversion in the United Kingdom, France, Sweden and Germany. The similarities and differences between these processes are then explained, partly through a set of variables weighing on the structure and the temporality of conversions. My work ends with an appreciation of how theses conversions have been put under stress by the 2008 global crisis. The thesis thus provides a reconstructed picture of the historical path of social democracy, additional analytical tools to the literature in party change, and some insights to the reflections about the contemporary cleavage structures. Our intention is also to prove the usefulness of an investigation nurtured by the most recent works on global capitalism and the modern state
Ben, Ali Mohamed Sami. "Libération du compte capital et choix d'un régime de change : cas de la Tunisie." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL20001.
Full textThe capital account liberalization is a top priority for the Tunisian economy. In this respect, what exchange rate regime Tunisia will choose is vital. In this thesis, we analyse the various alternatives which could prove to be optimal. The theoretical investigations highlight the optimality of the flexibility in the framework of an intermediate regime with Basket Broad Band Crawling parities. With economic reform improvement, Tunisia can move to a managed floating plus exchange regime. The empirical investigations confirm a significant effect of the rate flexibility for capital account liberalization. Within a game-theoretic framework, Tunisia's exchange rate regime choice is determined by reference to a loss-function, defined in terms of external competitiveness and domestic inflation. Model's simulations outcomes reveal that the capital account liberalization in Tunisia would be compatible with a flexible exchange regime
Trabelsi-Masmoudi, Lilia. "Etude du choix du régime de change dans le contexte mondial : cas des pays du Maghreb." Paris 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA020008.
Full textSince the disappearance of the Breton-Woods fixed exchange rate regime, almost 30 years ago, the problematic of setting-up a viable exchange rate regime in developing countries has become more and more complex and so different choices were given to those countries. This was due, to the divergence of de facto and de jure exchange rate regimes, but more than that, even if the exchange rate regime is identified, choosing the best one remains a controversial option. In fact, as the new context is characterized by the strong mobility of capitals, many economists and governments assert that only the corners regimes are viable (absolute fixity or flexibility). But, the world is not going the way described by the supporters of the corners regimes, and thus looking for other exchange rate regimes, and for a real exchange rate standard which takes into account the position of economy in a universal space, is still an up-to-date question. In order to palliate this debate on exchange rate regimes raised up in the literature, we took an interest in the case of Maghreb countries. These countries are wondering since the beginning of the 1990's about the exchange rate regime (because of the European proposition of establishing the free exchange area and the effective starting of the euro). And so, we approached the problem of the exchange rate strategy, using two point of vues : first, structural, to get a real exchange rate standard and see its effects on economic development, second we adopted a conjuncture method to determine the best exchange rate regime for such countries which economies suffer from internal and external shocks. The structural analysis has shown a real under-valuation in comparison to purchasing power parity and even to the Balassa effect, which used to be beneficial for the development of such economies. In order to complete this structural study, we have set up empirical works on the economical sources of fluctuation in the three Maghreb counties : Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia using the Vectorial Auto-regression methodology and distinguishing between the internal and the external shocks. We aim to see the influence of these shocks on the key macro-economic variables in these countries (the level of costs, the real exchange rate and the gross national product) and subsequently deduce the more adequate exchange rate regime. The analysis of the response functions to shocks and the variance decompositions of the forecast error, during the selected period of research, induce different choice of exchange rate regime for the Maghreb countries but the reasons of that choice differ for the countries examined
Mohamed, Saleh Mohamed Hanchi. "La gestion du régime de change dans le cadre des réformes économiques d’une petite économie en développement : le cas de la Mauritanie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL12025.
Full textThis thesis examines the recent progress of the Mauritanian economy with a particular focus on the policy aspects chosen for the management of the exchange rate regime. The period covered by this research ranges from the independence of the country in 1960 to the end of 2013, the year in which the country ended a succession of structural adjustment programs that began around 20 years ago with the support of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. We have shown the key steps of the exchange rate policy put in place by successive governments with an attempt to assess the achieved results. The research brings - after having frozen the theoretical outlines of the literature that addresses the exchange rate regime and established a retrospective on the economic choices made by the country - insights into the adequacy of approaches taken by the authorities to face the challenges posed in this domain. The work explains both the reasons and the methods used by leaders to circumvent the imperatives linked to orthodox economic and financial management that has been concluded with development partners. This circumvention has led, among other things, to major dysfunctions in the foreign exchange market with the birth and development of a parallel market that has become particularly dynamic and important over time. The thesis analyzes the consequences of this phenomenon and studies the circumstances in which it has been elucidated and corrected
Nana, Charles Davies. "La gestion du régime de change dans les pays à monnaie faiblement convertible : modélisation, simulation, optimisation." Paris 10, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA100067.
Full textAbsolute under the gold exchange standard the convertibility concept had evolved with the Bretton Woods agreement to be now defined with regard to the harshness and the number of restrictions that a country imposes to residents and non residents for current and capital transactions. This evolution especially after the adoption of generalized floating by the main countries prompted the management of exchange rate regime to lean on a triptych in less convertible currency countries. In this context the managment of exchange rate regime requires the elaboration of two targets external and internal which lead to the assessment of the appropriate level of the exchange rate secondly the managment of this exchange rate in the short run requires it to be pegged to an optimal basket of currencies. This basket is tailored with the elasticities of imports and exports in the home country and prices and exchange rates fluctuations in the main trading partners. The efficiency of this proposition package is applied to India for the sample period 1960- 1987
Darghouth, Lamia. "L' ambivalence du régime juridique des investissements privés étrangers en Tunisie." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010303.
Full textYougbare, Lassana. "Effets macroéconomiques des régimes de change : essais sur la volatilité, la croissance économique et les déséquilibres du taux de change réel." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00377436.
Full textLaffiteau, Emilie. "Régime de change, ajustements macroéconomiques et pauvreté des ménages : les leçons de l'expérience du Currency Board argentin." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU2011.
Full textThe currency boards represent an efficient way to guarantee monetary stability but they are also characterized by strong constraints implying specific methods of regulation. Face to a shock, the adjustment is done through the volumes, increasing unemployment and poverty. In 1991, against its hyperinflation and debt crisis, Argentina adopts a currency board based on the dollar. The experience is unique thanks to a dazzling success to break down inflation but also because of a constant increase of unemployment and inequalities. It stops in 2002 being the biggest crisis ever. This thesis studies the question of the adjustment for the currency board experience in Argentina and particularly its implications on employment and poverty. So, a financial general equilibrium model is created from the Argentinean social accounting matrix in 1997. It includes the monetary mechanisms of the currency board, the characteristics of the Argentinean economy and households classification identified before (depending on their vulnerability on the labour market). The numerical simulation of the shocks describing the economic situations of the country at the end of the 1990’s is done in order to measure their impact on the main macroeconomic variables of the Argentinean economy
Tonde, Wendzineguemlafi Dieudonné. "Conditions d'optimalité du régime de change de la zone UEMOA : un examen par l'inclusion du commerce extérieur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL2003.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the reflection on the optimality of the exchange rate regime of WAEMU countries with a view to adapting this regime to the new vulnerabilities of the area. Indeed, the WAEMU is characterized by a significant evolution of its foreign trade to the relative detriment of the Euro area and in favour of China, which is now its second main trading partner. Chapter I, by assessing the effects of the terms of trade on the economic growth of the area before and after this diversification of the main trading partners for the periods 1981-2000 and 2001-2017, shows that this diversification leads to a deterioration in the terms of trade, accentuating the external economic vulnerability of WAEMU. Chapter II examines the effects of Yuan/FrancCFA fluctuations on export and import flows from WAEMU countries to China over the period 2000 to 2017. As a result, the depreciation of the CFA franc against the Yuan had a negative impact on imports and exports of WAEMU countries. Chapter III proposes a new monetary arrangement that takes into account the diversity of external economic vulnerabilities of WAEMU countries within the framework of a basket of currencies in order to approximate an optimal exchange rate regime
Loisel, Olivier. "Quatre essais sur la volatilité et l'instabilité macroéconomiques sous différents régimes de change." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000703.
Full textMoutou-Kango, Joseph. "Flux des capitaux internationaux et politique monétaire en régime de taux de changes fixes : expériences des pays de la B.E.A.C." Orléans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ORLE0502.
Full textLinjouom, Njonap Mireille Simone. "Le choix d'un régime de change pour les pays membres de la zone "Euro CFA" : le cas du Cameroun." Paris 9, 2003. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2003PA090045.
Full textAubert, Ludovic. "Crédibilité et interdépendance des politiques monétaires : choix et soutenabilité d'un régime de change : réflexions théoriques applicables aux relations monétaires européennes." Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE0054.
Full textThe economic scene displayed by western countries has been deeply altered these last decades. Constraints faced economic decision makers in their choices has been therefore transformed. Politicians and economists' speeches are so agreeing to, of coordination and credibility of economic policies. This thesis considers the study in a homogeneous theoritical framework related to a two-countries model, these two issues applied to the monetary policy and henceforth to outline the implications or the choice and sustainability of a exchange rate regime. The first part considers a comparative analysis of exchange rate systems, which are supposed intangible. The second one is referring to the possibility of each state to support a contrained exchange rate system within a dynamic framework where phenomenous of reputation and retaliation are involving
Nessel, Karolina. "Choix d'un régime de change dans un pays en transition intégrant une union économique et monétaire - le cas de Pologne." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00226374.
Full textLa modélisation de l'économie polonaise fait le sujet du chapitre cinq. Nous laissons l'économie subir deux chocs caractéristiques pour le procès de la transition et de l'intégration économiques : une baisse de l'emploi dans le secteur post-socialiste et une hausse du progrès dans le secteur traditionnel. Nous trouvons qu'aucun des chocs n'avantage le secteur avancé par rapport au secteur traditionnel. Ensuite, nous cherchons si le change peut changer la donne. Dans ce but, nous analysons une dépréciation du change et une baisse de la prime de risque symbolisant l'approfondissement du marché financier suite à l'adhésion à la zone euro. Puisque le secteur moderne est le plus intensif en capital c'est lui qui profite le plus de la baisse de la prime du risque. Nous concluons alors qu'afin de développer le secteur moderne, d'absorber la main-d'oeuvre libérée du secteur postsocialiste et d'augmenter le bien-être du pays, la Pologne devrait viser l'approfondissement du marché financier et profiter de la suppression de la prime de risque. Le pays devrait donc adopter l'euro.
Ben, Salem Abdessalem. "Choix d'un régime de change et croissance économique dans les pays du sud et de l'est de la méditerranée (PSEM)." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE0054.
Full textThe choice of an exchange rate regime is the subject of an old debate in international economy. Two sets of developments have put this issue back on the agenda. Firstly, the adoption of insustainable exchange rate regimes can be seen as one of the causes of the succession of severe currency crises in recent years, among which the crisis of the European exchange rate mechanism in 1992, the Mexican peso in 1994-1995 and the Asian crisis of 1997-1998. The second element is the launch of the euro in 1999 that, undoubtedly, should be considered as one of the most significant developments in the organization of the international monetary and exchange systems since the beginning of the 21th century. From fundamental theories to modern issues, there is no consensus on the choice of the optimal exchange rate regime. Capital mobility, pricing to market, shocks, are decisive factors. Hence, the choice of exchange rate regime depends on the weight of these elements (i). Meanwhile, it is assumed in the literature that the choice of exchange rate regime is crucial to realise the macroeconomic objectives, and this choice has potential implications for economic growth (ii). For several authors, the difficulty to identify this relationship is due to the official exchange rate classification, Levy-Yéyati and Stuzenegger [2000a], Bénassy-Quéré and Coeuré [2001] and Bailliu, Lafrance et Perrault [2001] present alternative methodologies of de facto classifications. We conclude that the use of both kinds of methodologies (de facto and de jure) is imperative. In order to test propositions (i) and (ii), we follow static and dynamic analysis. The factors emphasized in the optimum currency areas theory are probably the major determinants in the choice of an exchange rate regime in Maghreb countries. The exchange rate regime has an impact on economic growth, both through trade and public consumption in the economies of the ten Mediterranean countries of the Mediterranean. Finally, the presence of a sound monetary policy, rather than regime change in itself, constitutes a determinant of economic performance of countries in the Mediterranean Area
Nessel, Karolina. "Choix de régime de change dans un pays en transition intégrant une union économique et monétaire : le cas de la Pologne." Paris 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00226374.
Full textGhanem, Darine. "Politique Monétaire et Régimes de change dans les pays du Moyen Orient et d'Afrique du Nord." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10016/document.
Full textThis thesis lies within the debate about the role of the exchange rate regime and the monetary policy. It develops an empirical analysis in 17 countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Contrary to the widespread tenet of the superiority of corner regimes, MENA countries have often chosen intermediate regimes. This raises two questions: first what are the reasons for the choice of an intermediate regime? Second how do these countries perform in macroeconomic terms? In this research we bring about material for answering these two questions. The first chapter deals with the choice of the exchange rate regime. We test the main factors suggested by the theory. The empirical analysis confirms the role of factors that are related to the fear of floating hypothesis. In the second chapter we assess the impact on inflation of the choice of an exchange rate regime. The adoption of a fixed exchange rate regime is often motivated by the desire to keep inflation under control, although the success is not guaranteed. The empirical analysis shows that low inflation is rather associated to a de facto stable exchange rate than a formal fixed exchange rate. The third chapter analyses the effect of exchange rate flexibility on growth. The conventional theory states that flexible exchange rates have a stabilizing effect. But an excess in exchange rate volatility may undermine the real macroeconomic performance. In fact the dollarisation of public and private debts generates the fear of floating observed in MENA countries, and reduces the capacity to resort to this instrument. The fourth chapter develops an assessment of monetary and exchange rate policy in Syria in the 2000 decade
Grekou, Carl. "Essais sur les mésalignements de change et la politiques de change dans les pays en développement et les économies émergentes." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100140/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD thesis is to provide new insights on some key issues related to currency misalignments and exchange rate regimes in developing countries and emerging economies. The first focus explores and enlarges the issue of the transmission channels from currency misalignments to economic growth by including the foreign currency-denominated (FCD) debt channel. We first evidence the existence of this FCD debt channel through which currency misalignments affect growth. More specifically, we find that this channel attenuates the traditional impact of price competitiveness on economic growth. Second, we highlight the role played by the exchange rate regime in the currency misalignments-growth nexus as well as the importance of the compatibility between the existing monetary arrangement and the structure of the external debt denominated in foreign currencies. The second research topic focuses on the effectiveness of the exchange rate policy for the prevention/correction of currency misalignments. We first seek to better understand the impact of exchange rate regimes on the levels of currency misalignments, by relying on different de facto classifications of exchange rate regimes. The evidence appears to be mixed. We do not find a clear relationship, but, the classifications that distinguish nonfunctioning monetary regimes seem more willing to discriminate exchange rate regimes on the basis of their performances regarding currency misalignments. Finally, we show that the transmission of nominal exchange rate variations to real exchange rates is not necessarily linked to the magnitude of the nominal adjustment but rather depends on the initial distortion of the real exchange rate
Girardot, Jérémie. "Interaction laser/matière en régime de perçage par percussionanalyse expérimentale, modélisation et simulation numérique." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers - ENSAM, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01068269.
Full textLestienne, Marion. "Quantification et modélisation de l'évolution du régime des feux au cours de l'Holocène et de l'Anthropocène en Corse." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD052.
Full textIn the Mediterranean Basin, Corsica houses some of the best preserved ecosystems in terms of habitat richness and vegetation type. It is also the French region the most affected by forest fires. Recent years of pastoral spending and global warming have greatly increased the probability of occurrence and spread of fire. In this context, the purpose of this thesis is to understand the causes and mechanisms of the fire regime in Corsica during the Holocene and to propose a prospective reading. The results of this work are those that started from the beginning of the Holocene and contributed to the diversification and diversification of the Mediterranean ecosystem. 6,000 to 5,000 years ago, when climatic conditions are less favourable for propagation and forest fires, agro-pastoral activities using the main agents of development of the disaster, are currently in Corsica. This work also proposes the use of the MDC to reconstruct the climatic conditions of fire hazard during the Holocene and thus define the reference values in known environmental contexts. On the way of this place, one begins to be Holocene with a climate earlier today, with sunshine and strong also that explains a fire regime passed at this time. However, the duration of the fire season (FSL) was limited to a hundred days. Whatever the evolution of climatic conditions scenario proposed by the IPCC for the current century, fire hazards calculated from the MDC and the FSL strongly increase. The MDC found comparable values at the beginning of the Holocene without being exceeded while the duration of the fire season (FSL) extended well beyond durations. We will then face the first time with a simultaneous increase in drought and human activities, which will increase the number of unprecedented days
Lassus, Saint-Geniès Géraud de. "La prise en compte des aspects économiques du défi climatique dans le régime juridique international du climat." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010272.
Full textTackling climate change is indisputably an economic challenge. It requires a shift towards a new kind of economy Jess dependent on fossil fuel, and capable to protect the interests of future generations. Given that context, it thus appears essential that international climate policies mainly focus on promoting energy transition and maintaining a balanced approach between short-term economic interests and longer-term benefits associated with mitigating climate change. Based on this assumption, the thesis questions the importance granted by members of the UN climate change regime to the need of setting rules that favor a low-carbon growth model and regulate the pursue of immediate national economic interests. Through a detailed analysis of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and their law-making process, this study first underlines the limited scope of the international tools (such as market mechanisms) specifically designed by member States to promote a low-carbon economy. It also demonstrates that international climate rules ensure to all member States a high level of protection of their national short-term economic interests. Finally, the thesis shows that UN climate cooperation now tends to be characterized by a movement of renationalization of issues related to the promotion of energy transition and the articulation of economic and environmental values
M'Bakidi, Honoré-Magloire. "Application de l'analyse monétaire de la balance des paiements au régime de taux de change flottants : le cas de quatre économies sous-développées (Ouganda, Somalie, Zaîre et Zambie)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF10002.
Full textNguegoue, Bruno. "La question du taux de change et de ses modifications en régime de parités fixes : le cas du Franc de la Coopération Financière en Afrique Centrale ou Franc CFA." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUEL268.
Full textAt first, we examine the theoretical ability of exchange rate policy and comparable policies to correct external and internal imbalances in a small open economy while specifying the difficulties that each economic policy faces. Then, we analyse the planning of the national policies,the economic and financial indicators, and the structures of the economy of the member countries of the Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (B. E. A. C. ) On the one hand, we show the obstacles which limit the effectiveness of a change of the CFA Franc parity and propose some solutions to overcome those obstacles. On the other hand, we point out the situations of macroeconomic desequilibrium, inquire into their causes and indicate adapted policies to overcome them. Finally, we present theoretical models concerning the Marshall-Lerner condition and the determinants of medium/long run exchange rate; then, we estimate the price and income elasticities for both import demand functions for member countries of the BEAC country of the perfect or imperfect monetary union. We analyse the economic results of changes of the CFA Franc parity by simulating hypothetical exchange rate scenarios and propose some plans to allow the managers of the BEAC to practice easily an active exchange rate policy
Constantin, Anemona. "Changement de régime et genèse d’une nouvelle histoire officielle : combats autour du passé fasciste et communiste en Roumanie après 1989." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100086.
Full textThe fall of Nicolae Ceauşescu in 1989 led to strong intellectual mobilizations for the condemnation of the communist regime in Romania in a political context where the state was run by a group of former members of the nomenklatura. Initially the claims for the condemnation of the past were marginalized, but in the mid-2000s a new official discourse of criminalization emerged, strongly supported by historians. Two years before, the Romanian President had recognized the participation of Romania to the Holocaust during the Second World War. This thesis questions the political and intellectual mobilizations that took place after 1989 around the interpretation of the national history. It shows how an expert field of institutions specialized in dealing with the communist and the fascist past participate to the democratic legitimization of the new political regime
Rau, Lavado Pedro. "Variabilité du régime des précipitations, des débits et des bilans hydriques le long du versant pacifique péruvien : influence du phénomène ENSO et sensibilité au changement hydroclimatique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30249/document.
Full textClimate variability and associated extreme events as El Niño phenomenon (ENSO) represent the most difficult episodes to deal with along the Peruvian Pacific slope and coast. In addition, a growing water concern takes place since seventies. In-depth documentation of precipitation and runoff regimes becomes a key part in any water management plan and this research offers the first hydroclimatic variability study at monthly and annual time step in the study area over the last four decades (1970?2010 period). First, an exhaustive database treatment was carried out overcoming some limitations due to Andean geographical conditions. Second, precipitation regime was studied with a regionalization approach under non-stationary time-series conditions. A combined process consisting in k-means clustering and regional vector methodology was proposed. Nine regions were identified with a homogeneous precipitation regime following a latitudinal and altitudinal gradient. Third, a hydroclimatic balance is done at catchment-scale addressing the issue of climate and anthropogenization and their potential influences over hydroclimatic time series. The theoretical Budyko-Zhang framework was used and allowed identifying 11 out of 26 catchments with both low climate and anthropogenization influence (i.e. unimpaired conditions). This hypothesis was verified with the use of land use and land cover remote sensing products as MODIS and LBA imagery. Then, runoff regime was studied under unimpaired conditions and an extension over 49 catchments of the Peruvian Pacific drainage was done. A regional runoff model is proposed via two conceptual lumped models at annual and monthly time scale (GR1A and GR2M respectively). A Differential Split-Sample Test (DSST) was used to cope with modelling robustness over contrasted climate conditions as dry and wet years according to the semi-arid conditions. These results also showed an increasing regional discharge from arid Peruvian Pacific coast towards the Pacific Ocean. Finally, the scope of the thesis covers (1) a revisitation of ENSO/precipitation relationship considering the regionalized precipitation and several ENSO indices in order to discriminate the influence of the two types of El Niño (the eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño and the central Pacific (CP) El Niño) as well as the influence of large-scale atmospheric variability associated with the Madden and Julian Oscillation, and of regional oceanic conditions. The proposed methodology consisting in principal component analysis, wavelets and coherence, running correlations and spatial covariance analysis, highlights the significant decadal modulation with the larger ENSO impact in particular in the 2000s, ENSO/precipitation relationship reverses compared to the previous decade. The two dominant co-variability modes between sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the nine regions show salient features of the ENSO influence: increased precipitation over downstream regions in northern Peru during EP El Niño and decreased precipitation over upstream regions along the Pacific slope during CP El Niño events. (2) The sensitivity to hydroclimatic change is explored by hydroclimatic trend analysis as changes indicators of regional hydroclimatology. According to significant upward trends in annual temperature found in all catchments, results showed a significant warming in the study area with a mean of 0.2°C per decade. Also, changes in trajectories in the Budyko space (i.e. direction and magnitude) over the 11 selected catchments revealed that six catchments were shown to be sensitive to climate variability (i.e. likely with high sensitivity to future climate) and land use changes, where precipitation and temperature are the main drivers of these environments changes
Zhukova, Olga. "Agenda politique et régime de genre : comparaison socio historique des évolutions en Russie et en France." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40020/document.
Full textThis thesis discusses the gender order of two national cases studies – Russia and France. The current situations with regards to gender order are specific to each country and have evolved from differing contexts. However, this thesis proposes that the development of gender order has passed through similar stages, both in Russia and France, despite different historical backgrounds and political systems. In addition, it is proposed that resemblances in the development of gender order are primarily affected by public policy in both countries which supports an order of gender equality. This politically-influenced gender inequality is reflected by the political structure which forms a pyramid structure. The gender order model provides a heuristic theoretical framework in which to analyse gender-relations in the contemporary societies and institutions of each country; along with the opportunity to examine gender-relations from an historical perspective. The aim of this research is to investigate the different facets of the development of gender-relations within a political context in Russia and France. The research methodology incorporates a consideration of the theoretical background to gender-relations, the impact of each country’s development on gender order from an historical viewpoint, and reviews of contemporary case studies. Importantly, a comparative study of this kind allows the idea of national identity to be appraised from an objective viewpoint
Hassabo, Chaymaa. "La stabilité du régime Moubarak à l'épreuve d'une "situation de succession prolongée" : les limites de la consolidation autoritaire : un état des lieux politique de la période 2002-2010." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENH001.
Full textThis thesis deals with Mubarak's last years in power, using an approach that is distinct from mainstream political theories that have too frequently qualified the Egyptian regime as stable. The selected period (2002-2010) is particularly relevant for reconsidering the regime's stability. This phase in the evolution of the Mubarak regime was one of multiple transformations and interactions which occurred within the political system, questioning the idea of stability or of “authoritarian consolidation”(Camau, 2005). Through observation of the dynamics initiated by Gamal Mubarak's entry onto the political scene – i.e. the emergence of a prolonged “succession phase” – the main focus of this thesis is to demonstrate how the oppositional scene has evolved, how “liberalisation” has been redefined, and how protests have been carried out. Thus, this thesis aims to highlight the factors that disturbed the stability of the Mubarak regime, and thereby, to test the limits of “authoritarian consolidation” when it is coupled with a succession phase. This research has been fuelled by reflection about certain contradictions between empirical observations made through fieldwork, and the mainstream theories of political science research on Egypt, which have stressed the stability of the Mubarak regime. My approach is differentiated from these theories, as it is based on under-used research orientations, not dominant, frequently-used ones. Thus, the focus of this thesis is not on the regime and its strategies, or the bipolarization of the political arena, between the ruling National Democratic Party and the Muslim Brotherhood, and it does not rely on a framework in which these two political protagonists are treated as the only ones that matter. Instead, emphasis is given to analysis of the role of actors of protest politics, their impact on the transformation of the regime, as well as protest movements' ability to produce “political generations” of young activists positioned outside the spectrum of “stability.” By focusing attention on neglected arenas, such as that of protest, and their protagonists, this thesis highlights the destabilizing factors – as limited as they may be – which appeared during particular events or in the context of regime management of certain situations, between 2002 and 2010. These destabilizing factors, which proved to be a hindrance to the maintenance of regime stability, were observed in connection with the electoral field, but also specifically in the protest field
Fadhlaoui, Hinda. "Réformes évolutionnistes du système des paiements internationaux : la création de systèmes des paiements supranationaux, une nécessité au regard des défauts du régime monétaire international actuel." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869626.
Full textGrelier, Benjamin. "Aléa climatique et régime hydrologique dans le bassin transnational de la Meuse : co-variabilité, changements possibles et impact sur les débordements." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0243/document.
Full textClimate change requires to adapt management of streamflow extremes (floods and low flows). Our researches provide a framework to analyze climate change effect on the streamflow extremes in the transnational Meuse river basin, through a modelling chain (atmospheric model – hydrological model – hydraulic model) linking the pressure gradient force to the flow at the outlet of a basin. The climate forcing is obtained by blending historical data and multi-model data for the CMIP5 experience. By forcing two sub-basins of the Meuse river (located in France and Belgium) with the potential climate variability, we show that flood and low flows indices as well as river overflowing might be strongly impacted by the anthropogenic climate change. This analysis of catchment vulnerability is a robust tool to test climate resiliency of adaptation strategies for water management
Engelhardt, Ilonka. "Impact of changing precipitation patterns on the plant-microbial response to rewetting." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK017/document.
Full textWater availability governs terrestrial nutrient cycles by impacting the functioning of both plants and of soil microorganisms. The predicted changes in precipitation patterns (i.e. the magnitude and frequency of precipitation events) associated with climate change, will thus likely have important consequences on ecosystem functioning. Dry and seasonally dry ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to changes in precipitation patterns, as they are already constrained to a large extent by water availability. However, more mesic systems may also experience dry periods that may impact plant-soil functions. In this thesis, experiments in soil-only systems and plant-soil systems were used to gain insight into how the legacy effects of several weeks of exposure to contrasted precipitation patterns set the scene for the rewetting response of the system. First, in an experiment using soil-only mesocosms, we evaluated the effects of contrasting precipitation regimes on the actively growing as well as the inactive bacterial and fungal communities 2 and 5 days after rewetting, using an 18O-SIP (stable isotope probing) approach by applying H218O followed by metagenomics targeting soil bacteria and fungi. Second, we performed two separate and complementary experiments using plant-soil mesocosms with wheat plant cover. The first plant-soil experiment focused on soil depth. It determined the effects of contrasting precipitation patterns on the flux of C from plants to microbes and the microbial response to rewetting at different soil depths, using a heavy isotope tracer approach (13C-CO2) and 18O-SIP with metagenomics respectively. The second plant-soil experiment evaluated the effects of a history of contrasting precipitation patterns on the dynamics of the rewetting response of the plant-soil system over time (over 29 hours post-rewetting). In addition, two levels of N inputs allowed to determine how N availability modulated plant-soil responses. The response of the potentially active soil bacterial and fungal communities to rewetting was assessed using targeted metagenomics. The responses of biogeochemical cycles were evaluated using heavy isotope tracers (13C-CO2 and 15N-NO3-) to quantify C flux from plants to soil microorganisms and plant-microbial competition for N over time post-rewetting.We found that precipitation patterns shaped plant morphology and physiology, microbial community composition as well as soil N cycling in our systems, which set contrasting scenes for the rewetting responses in our systems. In particular, infrequent precipitation patterns (cycles of longer dry periods followed by larger magnitude rain events) resulted in increased microbial N transformation potentials and smaller inorganic N pools. The rewetting responses were determined by evaluating C dynamics (plant-microbial coupling and soil CO2 efflux rate), N dynamics (plant-microbial competition for N and soil N2O efflux rate) and microbial dynamics (composition of active and potentially active bacterial and fungal communities after rewetting). First, we found that plant-microbial coupling (i.e the microbial assimilation of C from fresh photosynthate) may be reduced under more infrequent precipitation patterns, especially near the soil surface, and under conditions of low N availability. Our findings also suggest that whilst in soil-only systems, dead microbial cells appear to be a major source fuelling soil CO2 efflux pulse upon rewetting, in plant-soil systems root respiration plays an important role in the magnitude of the CO2 efflux upon rewetting. Second, concerning soil N dynamics, we found, in concurrence with previous studies, that soil microorganisms were the stronger competitor for N over short time scales, likely due to their overall fast response rates and high affinity for substrate, whilst plants outcompeted soil microbes for soil N assimilation, over longer time scales likely taking advantage of the fast microbial turnover (...)
Al, Hajj Fadia. "Monetary policies and exchange rate regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0233.
Full textSub-Saharan African policy makers’ main objective is to create sustainable growth as a result of the recent downturns of growth. Sustainable growth could be achieved by remediating both internal and external vulnerabilities to avoid macroeconomic disruption. In Sub-Saharan Africa, internal vulnerabilities arise from bad governance and institutions, inefficient choices of economic policies and other factors such as civil wars. As for external vulnerabilities, it is related to their balance of payment weaknesses due to their high debt and high trade dependency (high import to GDP level with low export diversification).Therefore, this thesis focus on alleviating both vulnerabilities.The first chapter proposes a comparison of two monetary policies’ resilience to several types of shocks. We consider inflation targeting in Ghana and South Africa and currency board in WAEMU countries while simulating shocks using FPAS model.The second chapter focuses on the objective of solving external vulnerabilities. We propose a policy-mix strategy where Sub-Saharan African countries undertake simultaneously a nominal and real anchor to stabilise the cost of debt and promote trade competitiveness. We propose a general equilibrium model to find its main determinants while backing up our findings using SVAR and MS-VAR estimations.The third chapter’s objective is solving internal vulnerabilities. We test simultaneous the role of a monetary policy governed by the fiscal policy and the existence of a large parallel exchange rate in propagating a high and chronic inflation, in a context of civil disorder. To do so we estimate an SVAR and a VECM model in a fragile state that is Sudan
Poutineau, Jean-Christophe. "Régimes de change et bien-être." Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO4300.
Full textThis thesis appreciates the consequences of fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes on the welfare of the private sector in a framework developped by the new classical macroeconomics in an open economy. The first part presents the main characteristics of this school and introduces the situation of neutrality of exchange rate arrangements in a simple general equilibrium lodel describing a pure barter exchange economy with incomplete financial markets. The second part evaluates the robutness of this result in a monetary economy. The last part uses this result as an benchmark to show that imperfections restore a hierarchy between fixed and flexible rates as long as welfare is concerned
Aflouk, Nabil. "Régimes de change, taux de change d'équilibre et croissance économique." Paris 13, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA131016.
Full textLamagnere, Théo. "Emerging countries, monetary policy autonomy and dynamics of international reserves." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0288.
Full textThis thesis links the dynamics of international reserves accumulation observed in emerging countries over the last two decades with the question of monetary policy autonomy, which has regained interest following Rey's (2013) demonstration of a shift from the trilemma to the dilemma. The first chapter aims to re-examine the drivers of monetary autonomy in emerging countries and measure the role of international reserves in this autonomy. We show that adopting a fixed exchange rate regime still constrains monetary autonomy, except when there is a high level of international reserves, which relaxes the constraints of the trilemma and allows for the achievement of domestic monetary policy objectives. In the second chapter, after analyzing the dynamics of international reserves accumulation in emerging countries, we determine a threshold of international reserves beyond which monetary autonomy increases. This threshold, defined at 22-23% of the ratio of international reserves to GDP, allows us to challenge the often-attributed "excessive" nature of international reserves accumulation and to demonstrate the partial validity of the Mundell trilemma, which evolves into a quadrilemma beyond this threshold, thereby extending the conclusions of the first chapter. In the final chapter, we estimate whether a more autonomous monetary policy goes hand in hand with greater financial stability. While our results show a positive relationship, a more autonomous monetary policy alone is not sufficient to reduce financial imbalances due to the “financial channel of exchange rates.” In this context, we demonstrate that foreign exchange interventions motivated by international reserves accumulation are a credible alternative to managing financial imbalances
Ouwe, Missi André Belmont. "La zone franc peut-elle être considérée comme une zone monétaire optimale?" Thesis, Artois, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ARTO0102.
Full textThe origin of the Franc zone goes back to the colonial period. Imposed by FRANCE at its creation, this monetary area has survived into its post colonial period unlike say, the sterling zone. In its evolution, the Franc zone has even become an accepted monetary zone to its African members who in the meantime had become independent. Its geographical configuration has also undergone changes resulting from withdrawals and applications for membership into it as time went on. Today, two major characteristics have apparently marked the Franc zone : at first, its durability followed by the absolute fixidity of its exchange rates (CFA franc was devalued only once for over half a century !). The objective of the present theses is to examine whether this relative perennity can be explained by at least one of the theories known in optimal monetary areas. Taken as a whole, it would appear at the end of this work that beyond the controversial effects related to the working mechanisms of the Franc area in view of the criteria applied. That is not to say it can not become one because the probability exists that it can approach it if the economies of African member countries undergo structural and monetary reforms which are a must within the perspective of an endogenous development
Brulé, Antoine. "L'interposition des tiers dans le contrat." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020020.
Full textAntinomic seems to be the most appropriate expression for translating the relations between the notions of third parties and contracts. However, this approach must be overcome since the objective right offers third parties various legal techniques enabling them to integrate the contract. The subject of third party intervention in the contract finds its most successful translation in the figure of the change of contracting party. However, it is dependent on various legal operations to three people. Each of these techniques claims to constitute the legal node of the figure of the change of contracting party. However, it is not a question of seeking the existence of an original mechanism for replacing the contractor in the formation of the contract and / or in the execution of the contract. This contribution aims to propose a new basis for these operations. Now, the notion of interposition has the capacity to subsume all these techniques. Drawing its sources from financial law, it legally translates the phenomenon of integration of third parties into the contractual relationship and more precisely the figure of change of contracting party. This contribution is therefore intended to make the notion of interposition accessible to the rank of autonomous qualification. To do this, it is necessary to identify the contours and the characteristics of the system and then examine its legal regime
Jedlane, Nabil. "Les régimes de change des pays du Maghreb." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE0502.
Full textRapaz, Virgilio José. "Choix effectif des régimes de change et intégration monétaire." Orléans, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ORLE0501.
Full textContemporary exchange rate regimes are very diversified. Nevertheless, about sixty per cent of i. M. F. 's member countries peg their currencies to other currencies. Why have economic authorities such a clear preference for pegged exchange rates? This dissertation tries to answer that question, having in mind that nowadays, with a generalized floating among main currencies, to peg a currency has a very different meaning confronted with that of the previous experience, when the currencies were defined, directly or indirectly, in terms of gold. In a certain way, one can say that the international monetary structure is characterized by the existence of several polar sets according to the choice of the currency-anchors. Hence the interest of studying the theories of the optimum currency areas and the optimal peg and our idea of analyzing the relationships between the effective choices of exchange rate regimes and monetary integration. Two essential features of the world economy - interdependence and uncertainty together with a major preoccupation of economic policymakers of small open countries - stabilization - and their vision of the recent experience of floating exchange rates lead, we think, to a particular evaluation of pegged currencies, interpreted as a first step to materialize the net advantages of monetary integration
Gnanonobodom, Tiou-Tagba Aliti. "Modélisation des déséquilibres financiers globaux et régimes de change." Paris 13, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA131017.
Full textGlobal macroeconomic adjustments are usually discussed first by the stylized facts and causes global imbalances and then using a Stock-Flow Consistent (SFC) models in the lines of Godley and Lavoie (2007) and Zhao and Lavoie (2010). Three models are considered. First, fixed prices, three areas with a debt in local currency and with dollar-yuan fixed, but may also include conduct of reserve diversification of China's central bank and a dollar-yuan according to floating or administered regimes. The second is a generalization of the previous one with flexible prices rather than fixed prices. The third, fixed prices, four areas with the rest of world debt in dollars, include an anchoring of the rest of world and the yuan to the dollar and three scenarios for anchoring to a basket of currencies. Faced with shocks, the fixed parity of the yuan-dollar limits the reduction of global imbalances in favor of China. Diversification of foreign exchange reserves of China’s central bank is changing the nature of adjustments, especially at the expense of the euro area because of the depreciation of the dollar that results. The flexibility of the yuan-dollar parity, however, appears as an effective way to reduce imbalances in all three models. If a freely floating of the yuan appears unrealistic in the current context, a managed exchange rate regime over the yuan-dollar parity adjustment mechanisms gives quite similar. Finally, the model with flexible prices confirms the main results obtained previously