Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Régimes pauvres en lipides'
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Lassalle, Marie-Christine. "Effets d'un régime hypocalorique, à court terme, sur les paramètres lipidiques et glucidiques dans l'obésité." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M061.
Full textIssa, Carine. "Régime méditerranéen traditionnel et adiposité dans un échantillon rural au Liban, et qualité nutritionnelle des plats composés." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20705.
Full textThe traditional Mediterranean (Med) diet has been widely documented for its benefits in the prevention of chronic diseases. Unfortunately, in Lebanon, as in other Med countries, the traditional diet is eroding toward a more westernized diet. This detrimental evolution is accompanied by an increased prevalence of obesity. However, rural areas seem to be experiencing a smoother nutrition transition. In this context, two complimentary studies were performed to document the diet characteristics of a rural sample in Lebanon and the relationship with adiposity. First, we aimed to test the hypothesis that adherence to a traditional Med diet was associated with a lower prevalence of body adiposity in this rural sample. Secondly, we aimed to determine the global nutritional quality of traditional Lebanese dishes as compared to dishes most consumed in France, based on the new concept of nutrient profiling. The findings demonstrated an inverse association between diet quality and adiposity markers (namely, Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference) when dietary quality was assessed with a new Composite Med score, including both positive components of the diet (i. E. Whole grain and cereal products, vegetables, fruit) and negative components adapted to our sample (i. E. Refined grain and cereal products, liquid sweets), along with positive key components of the Med diet (i. E. Legumes, olive oil, and fish). Results of the second part of our work showed that the mean of vegetable and unrefined starches contents combined represented more than 50% of total weight in composite dishes from Lebanon (LD) and only 25% in dishes consumed in France (FD). LD were significantly richer in vitamin C than FD and had significantly lower content in saturated fatty acids and sodium than FD. Thus, traditional Lebanese dishes were found to generally have a good nutritional quality with twice as many LD as FD belonging to the most favorable nutrient profile class. The nutrient profile perspective suggested that the rich traditional cuisine heritage of Lebanon has the potential to improve dietary diversity and healthy eating. Moreover, our results support the concept that adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is associated with reduced general and abdominal adiposity. Overall, our work suggests that the reintroduction of traditional dietary habits in Mediterranean countries could slow down the increasing trend toward overweight and obesity, and thus prevent detrimental health consequences in populations of this region
Bairras, Céline. "Rôle de la vitamine A dans le tissu adipeux en situation de surcharge pondérale d'origine alimentaire : approches expérimentale et humaine." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13107.
Full textLailam, Bernard. "Les régimes de l'obésité." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11150.
Full textLhuillier, Valérie. "La surcharge pondérale et ses traitements : conseils à l'officine." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOP004.
Full textGarait, Blandine. "Le stress oxydant induit par voie métabolique (régimes alimentaires) ou par voie gazeuse (hyperoxie) et effet de la GliSODin®." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10203.
Full textMitochondria, through its respiratory chain, is the main source of reactive oxygen species (ros). Two essential parameters can modulate that production: the nature of reduced equivalents (nadh, h+ and fadh2) and the supply in oxygen. In the present study, we examined the effects of diets (modifying the proportion between nadh,h+ and fadh2) and of hyperoxia (modifying the supply in o2) on the production of h2o2 by skeletal muscle and/or liver rat mitochondria. It appears that fat intake reverses the beneficial effects of caloric restriction on ros production. High fructose diet increases of h2o2 released by mitochondria, that can be prevented by glisodin® a vegetable superoxide dismutase (sod) supplement. Hyperoxic preconditioning (4 days at 50% of o2 followed by 5 days at 80% of o2) would reduce the ros production by enhancing cytochrome c oxydase (cox) activity
Bakar, Syawalida. "Hypoprotéinémie expérimentale et phénomènes de reproduction chez le rat." Montpellier 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON13503.
Full textDelprat, Leslie. "Effets des régimes alimentaires riches en lipides et en fructose sur la performance et le métabolisme de canards Mulard." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68773.
Full textDifferent types of dietary carbohydrate and lipids are known to alter feed intake and adiposity in rodents. Long-term feeding of high-fat, high-fructose diets has been shown to alter feed intake and cause fatty liver in mammals. Such diets in combination with the addition of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in the drinking water may result in a similar phenotype in ducks destined for the production of foie gras. The aims of these studies were therefore firstly to assess the short-term effects of a diet rich in fat and fructose in mulard ducks and secondly to assess the long-term impact of this type of diet combined with sugar water. Despite its higher energy content, feed intake was not reduced by the FF diet, suggesting a potential alteration of satiety signals, which may impact body liver and weight under longer-term interventions in ducks destined to produce foie gras. However, HFCS in the drinking water reduced voluntary feed intake, whereas overall, FF and C had similar feed intake. In contrast to rodent and human studies, FF diets failed to induce hyperphagia and liver steatosis. In the absence of overfeeding, the long-term feeding of high-fructose, highfat diets, does not promote fatty liver.
Bernazeau, Caroline. "Maigrir aujourd'hui : application à l'utilisation des produits de régime hypocaloriques vendus en officine." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2P080.
Full textHammoud, Ahd. "Facteurs métaboliques de risque cardio-vasculaire : interaction entre les régimes alimentaires et les polymorphismes de gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme des lipides." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20702/document.
Full textCardiovascular risk markers have been obviously improved at the population level by the widespread use of public dietary guidelines. Nevertheless a large variability, questionably linked to genetic polymorphism, is observed between individual responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a polymorphism at the apolipoprotein B locus (-516C/T) and 2 polymorphisms at the apolipoprotein E locus (epsilon and -219G/T) on cardiovascular risk markers in response to a dietary intervention targeted at reducing total fat intake together with a partial replacement of saturated FA by mono/polyunsaturated FA.69 men and 100 women (mean age 51±10 y), displaying at baseline a moderate cardiovascular risk (Framingham score 5,93 ± 3,17), followed this diet for 3 months and improved biological markers for cardiovascular risk. But individual responses to the diet differed according to genotype concerning ApoB-516C/T polymorphism. While most individuals greatly improved biological risk markers, homozygous subjects for the T allele did not modify cholesterol, glucose and post-prandial parameters, parameters that were already low at the inclusion.Concerning the ApoE locus, we showed that both polymorphims did not modify the response to the diet, but were associated with insulin resistance measured at the inclusion. Indeed, subjects carrying both the epsilon 4 and the -219T allele, displayed a 70% higher insulinemia than subjects homozygous for the epsilon 3 and for the -219T allele.In conclusion, this work shows that the genetic background may at least in part account for the individual variability that is observed in the response to a diet
Fouque, Denis. "Physiopathologie de l'insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 en insuffisance rénale chronique humaine : applications thérapeutiques." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T018.
Full textNoble, Marie-Elisabeth. "Effets d'un régime hypoprotéique à base de soja sur la fonction de nutrition et les capacités de conjugaison chez la carpe, Cyprinus carpio." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10051.
Full textNormand, Laetitia. "Apport de la TEP-IRM en imagerie fonctionnelle rénale pour l’évaluation des mesures de néphroprotection." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1093/document.
Full textThe increase in the incidence of chronic renal failure worldwide requires improvements in measures to slow its progression to end-stage renal failure. The low-protein diet or the prevention of episodes of ischemia-reperfusion belong to these measures of nephroprotection but their benefit is only incompletely understood. The kidney is one of the most vascularized organs, compared to its weight, the concomitant evaluation of renal perfusion ([15O] H2O), oxidative metabolism ([11C] acetate) and tissue content in oxygen (BOLD-IRM) is fundamental in that these three measures are not linearly correlated. PETMRI, a hybrid device combining the functionalities of PET and MRI, allows a concomitant evaluation of these three parameters in a non-invasive and isolated kidney way which allows to use it in clinical research for the evaluation of the effect of different interventions. Low-protein diets have been shown to slow down the decline in renal function, but the mechanism behind this beneficial effect is not known. We have demonstrated that the AGE (Advanced Glycation End Products) content of a protein load is responsible for the mobilization of the renal functional reserve with an increase in perfusion and oxidative metabolism after a high- AGE high- protein compared to a low- AGE high- protein load. Our results make it possible to question the interest of a low-AGE diet for chronic renal insufficiency beyond a pure protein restriction. The prevention of episodes of ischemia reperfusion is also particularly important in the context of nephroprotection, whereas the revascularization of a stenosis of the renal artery is necessarily accompanied by reperfusion injury. Use of ciclosporin prior to dilation of renal artery stenosis in pre-conditioning reduced renal damage in mice, but this clinical benefit has not been demonstrated in humans. The CICLOSAAR study, which aims to evaluate the benefit of pre-conditioning with ciclosporin before dilation of renal artery stenosis with renal functional parameters (perfusion, oxidative metabolism and tissue oxygen content) is in progress. In a second step and to improve the clinical applicability of these functional imaging techniques, we have shown that acetate, which was previously used as a marker of oxidative metabolism, could also be used as a marker of renal perfusion through the modeling of its uptake by the kidney. In total, PET-MRI is a fundamental tool for the evaluation of renal functional parameters in a non-invasive way in humans. Demonstrating the impact of the AGE content of a protein load on perfusion and renal metabolism should help refine our dietary advice to patients with chronic kidney disease to prevent progression of the disease to end-stage renal failure. The current CicloSAAR study is expected to improve the measures implemented to protect the kidney from reperfusion injury after dilatation of renal artery stenosis. Finally, our results on the strong correlation between acetate and water perfusion data should allow this tracer to be used to obtain perfusion and oxidative metabolism after a single radio tracer injection and reinforce clinical applicability of these techniques
Garbay, Jérome. "Index glycémique et santé : intérêt de son utilisation en prévention et en pathologies chroniques." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0314.
Full textThe glycemic index is a method of measurement clarifying our knowledge of the biological response following the ingestion of glucides. It is based upon the comparison between the rise of glycemia caused by one specific feed tested in relation to a reference feed. Since 1981, several hundred scientific articles have been published on the topic and in spite of its adjunction in food recommendations of several countries, the clinical evidence of the glycemic index remains the subject of debate. This work is a review of the physiological effects of the glycemic index and examine the relevance of these effects in prevention or as a supplement to the treatment of the chronic diseases
Martin, Agnoux Aurore. "Étude du comportement alimentaire et du métabolisme énergétique chez le rat dans un modèle de programmation métabolique." Nantes, 2013. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=9ec0e02d-1a14-4861-af38-8aa7c6f1ff07.
Full textAccording to the concept of “metabolic programming”, an adverse perinatal nutritional environment and particularly a modification of the prenatal growth trajectory, could predispose to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life. In this context, the present study has investigated in what extend perinatal nutrition permanently alter feeding behaviour and energy metabolism what could contribute to the onset of metabolic disorders in adulthood. This work was experimentally conducted on a rodent model of metabolic programming induced by maternal protein restriction in the perinatal period with the subsequent exposure of the adult offspring to a Western diet, where both targeted methodological approaches (behavioural, functional and biological) and untargeted metabolomic phenotyping were integrated. Our results show that a slow growth in utero permanently alters feeding rhythms, predisposes to fat accretion and alters mitochondrial function. In the offspring where only postnatal growth was slowed, despite an impaired satiety-control, the body composition is maintained and insulin sensitivity increases. Additionally, maternal protein restriction induces a change in the composition of milk, which could explain the early changes in energy metabolism and long-term reprogramming. These new data encourage further experimental and clinical research in order to improve our understanding in mechanisms involved in the development of metabolic diseases
Ouellette, Catherine. "Effets des polymorphismes des gènes MGLL, GPAM, AGPAT3 et AGPAT4 sur la variation des lipides plasmatiques en réponse à une supplémentation en acides polyinsaturés oméga-3 d'origine marine." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25632.
Full textOmega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from marine sources are known to lower plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C) as well as LDL particle size. However, a large inter-individual variability is observed, which could be explained by genetic factors. The effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes within the TG synthesis or metabolism pathways have been studied in a cohort of healthy overweight adults receiving 5 g per day of marine n-3 PUFA. Genotype*supplementation interaction effects on plasma lipids were observed for SNPs in GPAM, AGPAT4 and MGLL genes. These results suggest that these SNPs modulate the plasma lipid response to a marine n-3 PUFA supplementation and could explain part of the inter-individual variability observed.
Baillet-Blanco, Laurence. "Étude de la dépense énergétique chez 10 patients insuffisants rénaux chroniques avant et après 3 mois de régime très pauvre en protides." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23040.
Full textLoï, Cécile. "Incorporation et conversion des acides gras polyinsaturés trans (n3) : conséquences sur le métabolisme lipidique des plaquettes et des cellules endothéliales." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS060.
Full textLarue, Jean-René. "Effets d'un régime hypoprotidique supplemente en céto-analogues dans le modèle d'insuffisance rénale chronique par réduction nephronique 5/6éme chez le rat." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR23034.
Full textLocatelli, Cathy. "Efficacité d'une éducation diététique sur la qualité et le suivi du régime sans sel en cardiologie." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON11076.
Full textRomestaing, Caroline. "Stéatohépatite et adaptations métaboliques:Effets d'un régime enrichi en lipides saturés, ou carencé en choline et méthionine, sur la bioénergétique et le métabolisme hépatique de rat." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00262387.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous avons élaboré un régime alimentaire enrichi en acides gras saturés afin d'induire une NASH. Au terme de 14 semaines de régime, nous n'avons pas mis en évidence de surcharge lipidique au niveau du foie des animaux recevant ce régime enrichi. Les mesures effectuées avec des mitochondries isolées de foies et avec des hépatocytes isolés n'ont montré aucune différence au niveau de la bioénergétique ou du métabolisme hépatique entre les différents groupes de rats. En revanche, une modification de la répartition tissulaire a été observée, avec une augmentation des masses des tissus adipeux blanc et brun. Dans cette étude, l'absence de stéatose hépatique et de NASH semble due à une augmentation du stockage des lipides au niveau du tissu adipeux blanc, et à une augmentation de leur oxydation par un processus thermogène au niveau du tissu adipeux brun, permettant ainsi de « brûler » l'excès calorique.
La deuxième partie du travail concernait l'étude des modifications bioénergétiques et métaboliques induites par un régime carencé en choline et méthionine connu pour induire une NASH chez le rat. Nous avons montré que les mitochondries de foie et les hépatocytes isolés de rats traités, avaient une respiration augmentée. Cette stimulation de la respiration était due à un découplage de la chaîne respiratoire par un mécanisme de « proton leak » ET de « redox slipping » au niveau de la cytochrome c oxydase. Ce découplage avait pour conséquence de stimuler l'utilisation de substrats lipidiques et de diminuer la production de radicaux libres de l'oxygène. En parallèle, l'étude avec des hépatocytes isolés nous montre une augmentation de l'oxydation lipidique et de la néoglucogenèse.
Ces résultats suggèrent des adaptations des fonctions mitochondriales et métaboliques des foies de rats atteints de NASH qui permettraient de limiter la surcharge lipidique et le stress oxydant
Degrace, Pascal. "Nature et origine des acides gras constitutifs des lipides des lipoprotéines de la lymphe intestinale. Etude en périodes interprandiale et postprandiale chez le rat préalablement soumis à différents régimes hyperlipidiques de longue durée." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS030.
Full textSyeda, Farisa. "Capacité du plasma à promouvoir l'efflux du cholestérol cellulaire en période postprandiale chez l'homme normolipidémique sous régimes contrôlés : rôle des acides gras alimentaires, des enzymes de transfert des lipides et des lipoprotéines plasmatiques." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112339.
Full textDietary lipids are able to affect fasting and postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in a significant way, thereby modifying the risk of cardiovascular disease, a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The aims of the present study were firstly to evaluate in normolipidemic healthy men, the qualitative effect of dietary fatty acids on fasting and postprandial lipid parameters, in order to define an optimal range of monounsaturated fat supply and secondly to determine the role of postprandial lipoprotein modifications in the mechanisms involved in the reverse cholesterol transport. Our results showed that in conditions of balanced and stabilized dietary fat supply comprising 11% to 16% monounsaturated, associated with 5-6% polyunsaturated fatty acids ( of total energy intake),plasma lipid parameters
Feurté, Sébastien. "L'aversion gustative résultant d'une carence en acide aminé indispensable chez le rat : analyses comportementales et mécanisme biochimique." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOMU13.
Full textMetz, Lore. "Implications des transporteurs du lactate dans les altérations du métabolisme lactique dans les états d'insulinorésistance : effets de l'activité physique et de la perte de poids." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON1T012.
Full textKozak, Rouba. "Neuropeptide Y et préférences alimentaires chez le rat adulte : influences des conditions nutritionnelles pré et post-natales." Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0105_KOZAK.pdf.
Full textDu, Zhen-Yu. "Consequences of fat feeding on growth and body lipids in a herbivorous fish (Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella) : mechanisms related to fatty acid oxidation." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS019.
Full textCaron-Dorval, Dominique. "L'effet du polymorphisme PPARalpha-L162V sur la réponse lipidique à une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25389.
Full textThe main objective of this master degree project was to examine whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induced changes in cardiovascular disease risks factors are influenced by the PPAR L162V polymorphism. A total of 14 men carriers of the V162 allele and 14 L162 homozygotes were matched according to age and body mass index. All men were supplemented daily with 5g of fish oil during a 6-week period. At screening, both genotype groups were similar for anthropometric indices and plasma lipoprotein/lipid concentrations. Independently of the genotype, the supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in plasma triglyceride and fasting glucose concentrations, diastolic blood pressure and with an increase in total Apolipoprotein B concentrations. A significant genotype-by-diet interaction effect was observed for plasma C-reactive protein concentrations. The PPAR L162V polymorphism may contribute to the interindividual variability in the cardiovascular disease risk factor response to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Guyot, de La Hardrouyère Denaes Evelyne. "Passage de l'endotrophie à l'exotrophie chez la larve de daurade, "Sparus aurata", soumise à différents régimes alimentaires : évolution du complexe vitellin, du foie et de l'intestin." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20234.
Full textLi, Na. "Programmation postnatale du risque cardio-métabolique : effets d'une restriction calorique modérée à l'âge adulte." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS017/document.
Full textPostnatal overfeeding (PNOF) in rodents induces early programming of cardio-metabolic risk. Our aim was to determine if a moderate diet restriction could restore cardio-metabolic alterations induced by PNOF.Immediately after birth, litters of C57BL/6 mice were either maintained at 9 (normal litter, NL), or reduced to 3 (small litter, SL) to induce PNOF. At weaning, all mice received a standard diet ad libitum (AL). At 6 month of age, half of the NL and SL mice were assigned to a moderate 20% calorie restriction (CR: NLCR, SLCR) for one month, while the other mice continued to eat AL (AL: NLAL, SLAL). Glucose and insulin tolerance tests, cardiac function (echocardiography), body composition (Echo-MRI), cardiac sensitivity to ischemia-reperfusion injury, mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (EPR spectroscopy) and insulin signaling were assessed before and/or after one month of CR.Adult SL mice presented overweight, fat accumulation, hyperleptinemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). After one month of moderate CR, body weight of SLCR was normalized to this of NLAL however their fat mass and leptinemia were not decreased. Glucose metabolism was improved and LVEF was increased In SLCR. After 30 min of global ischemia, hearts isolated from SLCR mice showed better recovery and smaller infarct size than this of others groups. CR increased the cardiac mitochondrial respiratory rate in SLCR mice whereas cardiac ROS production was significantly decreased in SLCR mice. Insulin signaling in heart was affected neither by PNOF nor by CR. Intriguingly, no difference was observed in NLCR mice for most of the parameters investigated.Our results confirmed the programming of early overfeeding on metabolic and cardiac function. A short-term moderate CR in not only normalized body weight in SL mice but also ameliorate the metabolic programming and reverse the cardiac dysfunction induced by PNOF
Porta, Natacha. "Acides gras poly-insaturés, activation des récepteurs nucléaires PPAR-alpha, régime cétogène : effet anticonvulsivant chez le rongeur." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343236.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous avons administré per-os, pendant 4 semaines un mélange d'AGPI contenant 70% d'oméga-3 et 25% d'oméga-6 à des rats Wistar. Les animaux ayant reçu la complémentation alimentaire par des AGPI présentaient une augmentation du seuil au PTZ comparable à celle obtenue chez les animaux ayant reçu un régime cétogène. Les animaux supplémentés par les AGPI ou ayant reçu le régime cétogène présentaient des variations plasmatiques en AGPI concernant l'acide arachidonique, l'acide alpha linolénique et l'acide eicosapentaenoïque. Aucune modification du statut nutritionnel ou des phospholipides cérébraux membranaires n'était retrouvée. Dans un second temps, nous avons administré pendant 14 jours de la nourriture contenant 0,2% de fénofibrate (agoniste des récepteurs PPAR-alpha) à des rats Wistar. Le traitement par 0,2% de fénofibrate conduisait à augmenter le seuil au PTZ et retarder le début de l'état de mal épileptique dans le modèle lithium-pilocarpine. Ces résultats étaient comparables à ceux obtenus avec le régime cétogène. En revanche le traitement associant le régime cétogène et le fénofibrate ne conduisait pas à moduler le seuil au PTZ chez les animaux.
Ces travaux ont permis de montrer que les AGPI ont des propriétés anticonvulsivantes, comparables à celles du régime cétogène. Ces propriétés anticonvulsivantes ont également été retrouvées suite à l'activation des récepteurs nucléaires PPAR-alpha par le fénofibrate. Les propriétés anticonvulsivantes portées par les AGPI ne sont pas liées à une variation de la composition des membranes cellulaires cérébrales en phospholipides. Les récepteurs nucléaires PPAR-alpha modulent quant à eux de nombreuses voies (métaboliques, inflammatoires, stress oxydant) via des variations d'expression génique et peuvent être activés par les AGPI. L'implication de ces différentes voies dans l'efficacité anticonvulsivante du fénofibrate, reste à explorer. Ces résultats, s'ils sont confirmés par des études complémentaires dans d'autres modèles, laissent penser qu'une simplification du régime cétogène pourrait être envisagée via l'utilisation des AGPI et/ou via l'activation des récepteurs nucléaires PPAR-alpha
Pietrocola, Federico. "Regulation of Autophagy by Acetyl Coenzime A : From the Mechanisms to a Revised Definition of Caloric Restriction Mimetics." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T039/document.
Full textAutophagy is a self-digestion process in which cell degrades its own components in order to maintain homeostasis in basal conditions. In absence of nutrients, autophagy is activated and promotes cell survival by providing energetic substrates to sustain stressful condition. Autophagy and metabolism crosstalk at different levels; a drop in energy-rich metabolites, such as ATP and NADH, is detected by cellular sensors (AMPK and SIRT1 respectively) and leads to autophagy activation. Here, we define a further regulatory level of starvation-induced autophagy. In this work, we show that nutrient deprivation is characterized by a rapid depletion of Acetyl CoA, a major integrator of the nutritional status at the crossroads of fat, sugar, and protein catabolism.Decrease in AcCoA is accompanied by the commensurate reduction in overall protein acetylation levels as well as by autophagy induction. Manipulations designed to increase or reduce cytosolic levels of AcCoA, either targeting mitochondrial synthesis or its transport in the cytoplasm, resulted in the suppression or induction of autophagy both in cultured cells and in mice tissues. Depletion of AcCoA directly impacts on the activity of cellular KATs, which use AcCoA as substrate for acetylating proteins. We showed that a drop in AcCoA specifically reduces the activity of EP300; this KAT was indeed required for the suppression of autophagy by high AcCoA levels, thus behaving as the sensor of cytosolic AcCoA levels. In turn, EP300 controls autophagy by inhibiting key autophagic proteins. Altogether, our results indicate that cytosolic AcCoA functions as a central metabolic regulator of autophagy, thus delineating AcCoA-centered pharmacological strategies that allow for the therapeutic manipulation of autophagy. Indeed, nutrient deprivation and caloric restriction are known to play pro-healthy and longevity promoting effects. Nonetheless, CR-based strategies are hardly suitable in clinical settings. Here, we propose a new biochemical definition of Caloric Restriction Mimetics, compounds that mimic the positive effects of nutrient starvation. In our setting, a CRM is a compound able to reduce protein acetylation through distinct but convergent mechanisms: first, by decreasing AcCoA levels, second by directly inhibiting KATs, third by the activation of protein deacetylases. This results in the execution of a cellular program ultimately leading to CR-related pro-healthy effects, including but not limited to autophagy
Laillou, Arnaud. "Vitamins and minerals deficiencies - From epidemiology to food fortification strategy : Vietnam case study." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20041/document.
Full textBackground: Food fortification is an effective strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies. However, there are many critical steps, such as assessing the population's needs, obtaining support from the government and industries, choosing the food vehicle, selecting the right micronutrient(s) and the dosage and finally monitoring. Objective: The overall objective of this thesis is to assess and discuss the challenges of food fortification in Vietnam. Methodology: The following methods were used: a cross-sectional study, a consumption survey, an impact study, a stability study, a cost-implication study, two literature reviews, a validation study, and lessons learned from GAIN funded fortification programs. Results: Micronutrient deficiencies in women and children in Vietnam are still widespread and often overlap. Although there is no consensus on which indicator is best to use to determine zinc status, zinc deficiency prevalence seems to be high. Numerous fortification initiatives have shown that the support from the government and the industry is essential in order to be successful. The Vietnamese government has recognized the need to fight micronutrient deficiencies. Suitable food vehicles for fortification in Vietnam are vegetable oil and rice, as well as fish sauce, soy sauce, wheat flour and possibly flavoring powders and complementary foods. However, there are issues that need to be carefully studied, such as the peroxide level in the oil, the presence of absorption inhibitors in the flour, or the risk of sedimentation in sauces. When adding micronutrients to foods, factors such as costs, quality and safety need to be considered. Finally, fortification needs to be carefully monitored to assure quality and to supervise the effect on the population's health. Conclusion: Before food fortification can be implemented and be effective in Vietnam, a series of challenges will need to be overcome
Mizehoun, Adissoda Gbedecon Carmelle. "Apport alimentaire de sodium, potassium et iode, relation avec l'état nutritionnel au Bénin." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0134/document.
Full textHigh sodium and low potassium consumptions are associated with increased blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. Limiting salt and encouraging more fruits and vegetables are important interventions to reduce these diseases. These interventions need reliable epidemiological data. Interventions should also take into account the availability of adequate iodine in salt to ensure an optimal iodine status for populations. There is no representative data on sodium and potassium intakes and iodine status in Beninese adults. Our studies estimated, using urine samples, the levels of sodium, potassium and iodine intakes, and iodine content in food salts whith reference methods. Results showed an excessive intake of sodium, low potassium, a mild iodine deficiency and inadequate iodination of local salt production. Factors associated with these intakes have been identified. Results also validated the use of spot urine to assay sodium and potassium in epidemiological studies and spectrophotometer (WYD iodine checker) for iodine content in salt. All the results argue for implementation of salt reduction policies and promotion of fruits and vegetables, and a strengthening of the Beninese program against IDD
Marchal, Julia. "Impact d’une restriction calorique modérée ou d’un mimétique potentiel, le resvératrol, sur les marqueurs du vieillissement et sur la longévité chez un primate non-humain." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T021/document.
Full textNowadays moderate and chronic calorie restriction (CR); is the only non-genetic intervention known to slow the onset of age-related diseases and to increase longevity in several animal species. Resveratrol (RSV), a natural compound belonging to the polyphenols group, has therapeutic properties and is a promising candidate as CR effects mimetic. To assess the impact of such long-term nutritional protocols, a longitudinal study was conducted on a cohort of 53 males grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus), a relevant primate model for normal and pathological aging research as regards to its high longevity in captivity, up to 12 years. Since the integration of the animals in the study (3 years old) to the current status of the project (8 years of age), physiological and behavioral parameters were assessed regularly in the cohort divided into three groups: a group submitting to a -30% CR and a group supplemented with RSV (200 mg.kg-1.day-1), compared to a control group (CTL). With age, disturbances appeared in CTL mouse lemurs: decreased insulin sensitivity, accumulation of cellular damage, motor and cognitive decline associated with particular type of memory and a decline of certain predictive biomarkers of aging in this species. CR has improved insulin sensitivity and limited the accumulation of markers of oxidative stress, it has not resulted in improved cognitive abilities but in a decreased anxiety, improved motor performances and an increased spontaneous locomotor activity. CR also induced an adaptive metabolic response with body weight loss without lowering energy expenditure, lower hormone levels of IGF-1 and testosterone, supporting a probable trade-off between reproduction and survival. RSV mimicked some of the beneficial effects demonstrated in CR. However, it has improved the spatial memory task, which was not observed in restricted animals. RSV also showed opposite effects to those of CR, as maintained body weight and hormone levels compared to CTL, an increase in energy expenditure and in testosterone levels during the long day’s season. Finally, the current survival data are promising; less than 50% of the CTL animals survived, while more than 50% of CR and RSV animals are still alive, with in addition a mean age at death about 1 year higher compared with CTL animals. Despite heterogeneous, but yet beneficial effects, CR and RSV were able to slow the appearance of some intrinsic age-related declines and to improve the lemurs’ survival, supporting the hypothesis that these effects may be mediated by different mechanisms achieving the same positive outcomes including enhanced life expectancy. These evidences are a real tool for the future understanding of the mechanisms underlying the aging process but also of cellular regulatory pathways that are involved in long term CR and RSV treatment in a primate
D'Attoma, Joseph. "Conception, synthèses et évaluations biologiques d’inhibiteurs à double cible : ALK et la restriction calorique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10243.
Full textAnaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is a type of cancer belonging to the non-Hodgkin family. The majority of ALCL arises from a translocation t(2;5) (p23;35) which leads to the formation of a fusion protein called NPM-ALK. Nowadays, few molecules are known to inhibit the activity of this chimeric protein. Obesity is a major socio-medical problem, for both direct and indirect effects, overweight is a primary factor in many diseases, especially diabetes, cardiovascular events, cancer, etc... In contrast, caloric restriction (CR) is associated with significant benefits in terms of health. After several screenings, one inhibitor based on a 2-acylaminothiazol scaffold showed anticancer activity on the protein ALK but also the ability to mimic caloric restriction in C. Elegans. The aim of this PhD was to develop the synthesis of new inhibitors including the 2-acylaminothiazol scaffold. The affinity chromatography performed on two of our inhibitors was used to identify potential major cellular targets in the process of caloric restriction and secondary cellular targets for NPM-ALK. Then, the presence of a bromo group on the aromatic ring allowed the formation of C(sp2)-C(sp2), C(sp2)- C(sp) and C(sp2)-N bonds, using palladium-catalyzed couplings. The different chemical methodologies afforded the synthesis of a library of 134 molecules. Some of them especially with a silicon atom demonstrated very good inhibitory activity and high selectivity against NPM-ALK and L1196M-NPM-ALK. Finally, preliminary results were also obtained on the subject of calorie restriction with four compounds showing a reduction of lipids in C. Elegans