Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Régimes temporels'
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Lacoma, Iborra Florence. "Non-contemporanéités, socialité et historicité : vers une sociologie de l'héritage du temps." Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30080.
Full textSocial time can be understood as a double sided social institution : an institution of representations bearing upon the present the past and the future and the institution of a process of cultural temporalisation. Imagination works in both of the two directions as a primitive anthropological process to elaborate symbolical entities and to put rhythm into them. It works as a mediation by means of which society is reflected and is registered in time. Social time can be understood as a plurality of imaginary mediations. It brings together into the same present imaginary constellations and manifold social rhythms. In 1935, in Héritage de ce temps, Ernst Bloch put forth the idea of the existence of various non-contemporaneousness experiences in the very heart of present actual experiences. Social time, having become a paradoxical contemporaneousness could be apprehended as the polyrhythmical coexistence of what Karl Marx named “survivals. ” Extended by the pluralistic definition of social times in Georges Gurvitch and in the “Ecole des Annales”, Ernst Bloch’s non-contemporaneousness, reworked as « non-simultaneous simultaneity » by Reinhart Koselleck, has asserted itself as a major cultural determining factor of the forms of sociality and historicity and very relevant to the modern obsession of present. As a conflicting concordance, it discriminates the temporal order variations in the core of original historicity regimes : mythical, traditional and modern regimes being as well original forms of time legacies
Guadarrama, Lili. "Imagerie en régime temporel." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00543301.
Full textGuadarrama, Bustos Lilí. "Imagerie en régime temporel." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/54/33/01/PDF/these_lilifinal.pdf.
Full textSur la plateforme de thèses en ligne Tel on trouve le résumé suivant en anglais : Extensive work has been carried out in the past decade to image the elastic properties of human soft tissues by inducing motion. This broad field, called elasticity imaging or elastography, is based on the initial idea that shear elasticity can be correlated with the pathology of tissues. There are several techniques that can be classified according to the type of mechanical excitation chosen (static compression, monochromatic, or transient vibration) and the way these excitations are generated (externally or internally). Different imaging modalities can be used to estimate the resulting tissue displacements. A very interesting approach to assessing elasticity is to use the acoustic radiation force of an ultrasonic focused beam to remotely generate mechanical vibrations in organs. The acoustic force is generated by the momentum transfer from the acoustic wave to the medium. The radiation force essentially acts as a dipolar source. A spatio-temporal sequence of the propagation of the induced transient wave can be acquired, leading to a quantitative estimation of the viscoelastic parameters of the studied medium in a source-free region. Our aim in this thesis is to provide a solid mathematical foundation for this transient technique and to design accurate methods for anomaly detection using transient measurements. We consider both the acoustic and elastic cases. We develop efficient reconstruction techniques from not only complete measurements but also from limited-view transient data and adapt them in the case of viscous media, where the elastic waves are attenuated and/or dispersed. We begin with transient imaging in a non-dissipative medium. We develop anomaly reconstruction procedures that are based on rigorously established inner and outer time-domain asymptotic expansions of the perturbations in the transient measurements that are due to the presence of the anomaly. It is worth mentioning that in order to approximate the anomaly as a dipole with certain polarizability, one has to truncate the high-frequency component of the far-field measurements. Using the outer asymptotic expansion, we design a time-reversal imaging technique for locating the anomaly. Based on such expansions, we propose an optimization problem for recovering geometric properties as well as the physical parameters of the anomaly. We justify both theoretically and numerically that scale separation can be used to obtain local and precise reconstructions. We show the differences between the acoustic and the elastic cases, namely, the anisotropy of the focal spot and the birth of a near fieldlike effect by time reversing the perturbation due to an elastic anomaly. These interesting findings were experimentally observed before. Our asymptotic formalism clearly explains them. In the case of limited-view transient measurements, we construct Kirchhoff-, back-propagation-, MUSIC-, and arrival time-type algorithms for imaging small anomalies. Our approach is based on averaging of the limited-view data, using weights constructed by the geometrical control method. It is quite robust with respect to perturbations of the non-accessible part of the boundary. Our main finding is that if one can construct accurately the geometric control then one can perform imaging with the same resolution using partial data as using complete data. We also use our asymptotic formalism to explain how to reconstruct a small anomaly in a viscoelastic medium from wavefield measurements. The visco-elastic medium obeys a frequency power-law. For simplicity, we consider the Voigt model, which corresponds to a quadratic frequency loss. By using the stationary phase theorem, we express the ideal elastic field without any viscous effect in terms of the measured field in a viscous medium. We then generalize the imaging techniques developed for a purely quasi-incompressible elasticity model to recover the viscoelastic and geometric properties of an anomaly from wavefield measurements
Planes, Thomas. "Imagerie de chargements locaux en régime de diffusion multiple." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937217.
Full textMaury, Cédric. "Rayonnement acoustique de structures vibrantes : études en régime temporel et fréquentiel." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX22050.
Full textAilliot, Pierre. "Modèles autorégressifs à changements de régimes markoviens. Applications aux séries temporelles de vent." Rennes 1, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007602.
Full textVallée, Mylène. "Variabilité spatio-temporelle des régimes d'érosion hydrique dans neuf bassins versants en milieu agricole." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2009. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2012/1/030120312.pdf.
Full textDall'Armellina, Luc. "Des champs du signeDu design hypermédia à une écologie de l'écran." Phd thesis, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274721.
Full textNos langages s'écrivent, se dessinent et se design(ent) : lettres et signes (indiciels, iconiques et symboliques) prennent place dans l'environnement changeant de l'écran, devenu aujourd'hui capable de se changer lui-même.
Le design consiste à donner un champ esthétique en même temps qu'une forme plastique, et ergonomique à une chose. Cette chose peut-être un objet (un signe), un événement (une action), un espace (une interface) ou un jeu d'interaction (comportement). C'est l'art de la configuration des signes pensé dans un usage social. Le design tient un rôle central dans le champ de la création numérique. Il concerne maintenant le son, l'image fixe et animée, le texte, et les conditions même du dévoilement et de la présence des signes, soit l'interactivité. La question du design est celle de la technologie immiscée par effraction dans le champ de l'art. La technologie interroge et bouscule fortement la doxa comme la critique, la pratique artistique comme celle de la monstration.
Nous reformulons l'activité du design avec le qualificatif de néo-design, marquant ainsi l'évolution de celui-ci par rapport aux pratiques pré-numériques. Nous rencontrons le terme de meta-design (LAB-au) et proposons celui de meta-signe, insistant sur le fait que le designer numérique produit aujourd'hui moins des représentations (images) que des systèmes capables de générer, organiser des agencements (interfaces) qui opèrent un environnement intelligent.
Cet environnement est fait de nouveaux types de signes que nous avons génériquement nommés e-mouvants, soulignant la particularité associant l'électronique et le mouvant, pour rendre compte si besoin de ce nouveau champ du sensible. Ce qui a pour effet direct de ne plus pouvoir considérer la technologie seulement dans ses modes opératoires d'outils, mais de la considérer comme une production de l'esprit matérialisée et en actes.
L'écran connecté au computer nous fait donc passer d'un régime de signes lié à la représentation à un régime lié à l'émergence et à l'expérience du monde. Nous passons progressivement à un environnement sémiotique, complexe et fortement interconnecté, autopoïétique. Cette transformation profonde de notre environnement symbolique peut désormais être abordée à travers ce que nous avons nommé une écologie de l'écran.
C'est donc le système dans son entier qui porte et relaie l'opérabilité. Pourquoi ce terme ? Il a l'avantage de trouver son origine dans le mot œuvre (du latin opera). Opérer, c'est « être au travail, diriger un travail intellectuel » (« Robert électronique » 1992), mais c'est aussi mettre en œuvre, un travail par la pratique. L'opérateur est bien lié à l'œuvre, c'est celui qui œuvre, man-œuvre, ou œuvre avec ses mains en vue de réaliser certaines opérations. L'opérabilité en tant que ce qui peut être opéré, c'est-à-dire « accompli (une action), effectué (une transformation), par une suite ordonnée d'actes ou d'opérations » se constitue comme l'espace d'émergence d'un méta langage et dont la programmation est le mode d'écriture et dont l'action génère l'accomplissement.
L'écran est le lieu et l'acteur d'un changement radical du paradigme espace-temps pour le lecteur comme pour l'auteur, au profit d'une triade systémique que nous avons nommée espace-temps-opérabilité dessinant en son centre le concept de praxis hypermédia. Cette dimension émerge dans le double mouvement de l'opérabilité de la machine calculante et de l'engagement du lecteur devenu un scripteur, c'est-à-dire un acteur-acté-actant.
Cette praxis, dans le sens d'une activité qui unit l'action, l'intellection et l'expérience sensible dessine une éco-sémio-systémie, ou plus simplement une écologie des signes de l'écran. Elle inscrit de nouvelles modalités de saisie de nos univers symboliques où l'espace comme lieu et mémoire, le temps (boucle, ritournelle, temps suspendu) et la présence (contrôle, action, engagement) altèrent et revisitent profondément la notion d'espace-temps connue jusqu'ici.
Ce qui a pu s'énoncer comme une praxis hypermédia fait reposer le récit sur de nouvelles bases. L'analyse de quelques œuvres a permis de proposer l'idée de l'e-narratif (narratif électronique) qui serait cette forme qu'il conviendrait d'appeler encore l'épi-narratif , comme l'épiphénomène électronique du narratif, venant augmenter le narratif tel que nous le connaissions jusqu'ici.
L' e- narratif serait constitué d'au moins deux composantes :
L'infra-narratif, qui opère des constructions de sens par le jeu complexe des signes e-mouvants dans l'environnement de l'écran agi. L'infra-narratif se situerait au niveau perception-réception des signes dynamiques en permettant à l'opérateur une construction du sens dynamique non liée à la succession temporelle narrative habituelle mais s'articulant plutôt sur un axe paradigmatique des signes en mouvement et selon un processus sémiotique dynamique, dans un temps de perception très court.
Le praxo-narratif, généré par l'action dans l'environnement processuel de l'écran et dans le temps d'une praxis peut être rapproché du l'« extra-noématique » d'Espen Aarseth. Ce qui le distingue du narratif est le caractère « agi » qui n'existe pas – sauf exception - comme tel dans les médias pré-numériques. Ce qui se produit de narratif dans la suite ou conséquence de l'action n'est peut-être pas encore déterminant pour le narratif mais l'est pour assurer l'engagement du lecteur comme acteur dans le dispositif. C'est à ce titre l'effectuation du mouvement d'identification du spectateur tel qu'il n'était pas effectué au cinéma, d'un dasein, ou d'une existence incarnée.
Michot, Véronique. "Analyse spatiale et temporelle de la variabilité des régimes de précipitations dans le bassin amazonien." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20050/document.
Full textPrecipitations are the main seasonal climate marker between the tropics and largely determine surface hydrolosy as well as many anthropogenic activities. The Amazon Basin is characterized by various regional rainfall patterns, whose spatial and temporal variability is high. Numerous studies have shown that this variability is related to large scale external forcing, such as sea surface temperatures. The analysis of precipitation in this region is generally related to trends or extreme of rainfall. However, the detection of similar years associated with regional sub-regimes and the analysis of their links with a specific ocean-atmosphere configuration has only been fewly addressed until now. The main objective of this thesis is to create a typology of regional precipitation sub-régimes in the Amazon Basin and to link them to ocean-atmosphere areas able to partly explain them. For that purpose data from 205 raingauges in 5 countries of the Amazon Basin were selected and submitted to a series of statistical tests and reconstruction. Outgoing longwave radiation, specific humidity, sea surface temperature, as well as satellite data (TRMM 3B42 version 7) were also used with the aim of improving the understanding of the spatial rainfall variability.Within each of the seven Amazon regions identified in this work, two to four precipitation sub-regimes were detected. Among the twenty six sub-regimes, twenty are associated with specific humidity and sea surface temperature anomalies. The precipitation sub-regimes of the northern half and the westernmost Andes of the Amazon Basin are most closely related to oceanic anomalies. Moreover, as previously described in the literature, reduction or surplus of rain often correspond to El Niño or La Niña phases, but this thesis also highlights the important role of the Atlantic, more specifically the southern part, on the move of the ITZC and on specific humidity. This work also stresses the link between the temporality of ocean events anomalies and rainfall anomalies.The TRMM 3B42 v7 product allows to enhance the analysis of the spatial variability of rainfall at the intra-regional scale of the North region of the Amazon Basin and to relativize the spatial coherence of its precipitation sub-regimes
Seltner, Philippe. "Modélisation et simulation temporelle du système ligne-parasurtensions." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECDL0006.
Full textElaloufi, Rachid. "Propagation du rayonnement en milieu diffusant : étude de la transition entre régime balistique et régime diffusif et des fluctuations temporelles d'intensité." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ECAP0890.
Full textDubois, Anthony. "Etude de l'interaction d'une onde électromagnétique avec une structure matérielle en régime temporel : problèmes directs et inverses." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30024.
Full textThis work deals with inverse scattering problem in electromagnetism. It consists in determining characteristics of targets using the scattered field only. The multi-frequencial character of transient data (by considering a Laplace transform) enables to combine the convergence of iterative inversion scheme guaranteed at low frequency and the resolution at upper frequency. Three different approaches were explored in two configurations: “free homogeneous space” and “buried objects” (half-space). Harmonic inversion (several sources, one frequency) was combined with the Decomposition of the Time Reversal Operator method when targets were buried in a cluttered environment. Inversion of transient data (one source, several frequencies weighted by the spectrum of the incident field) was tackled. At least, a multi-frequencial and multi-sourcial approach was developed and validated by using experimentally measured fields
Ailliot, Pierre. "Modèles autorégressifs à changements de régimes markoviens. Applications aux séries tempo-relles de vent." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007602.
Full textMoreno, François. "Organisation et fonctionnement hydrobiologique d'écosystèmes estuariens tropicaux : variabilité spatio-temporelle." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20197.
Full textLópez, Espinoza Leonardo. "La admisión temporal: régimen aduanero de perfeccionamiento activo destinado al fomento de las exportaciones." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108011.
Full textBergot, Morgane. "Éléments finis d'ordre élevé pour maillages hybrides - Application à la résolution de systèmes hyperboliques linéaires en régimes harmonique et temporel." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00556823.
Full textHernández, Berenguel Luis. "El derogado régimen tributario Especial Temporal aplicable a las fusiones o divisiones de personas jurídicas." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118598.
Full textMartinelli, Gilbert. "Réponse spatio-temporelle d'un résonateur de Fabry-Perot en régime non linéaire sous excitation picoseconde." Limoges, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIMO0088.
Full textPardo-Gibson, Oscar. "Etude et simulation temporelle de la susceptibilité électrompagnétique de systèmes interconnectés." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ECDL0019.
Full textKellali, Salah. "Modélisation de milieux diélectriques à pertes en régime temporel : application au rayonnement d'antennes en présence de sols." Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO0221.
Full textVenard, Cédric. "La morphodynamique éolienne en régions sèches : des échelles spatiales et temporelles aux outils." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20092/document.
Full textDrylands share with deserts many environmental conditions that make them sensitive and fragile. It is a necessity to understand the mechanisms of these environments, especially in contexts where there is a risk of desertification. Such an understanding is often assessed by monitoring vegetation. Field experience, however, shows that aeolian morphodynamics may provide useful additional information. The aeolian morphodynamics plays indeed a significant role in the environmental risk of drylands. In desert systems, the anthropogenic pressure on aeolian processes is low. On the other hand, in non-desert drylands, features are smaller but have a faster reaction time to environmental change. They interact strongly with other components of the landscape, such as human activities. Accordingly, the study of non-desertic aeolian morphodynamics has to be designed following a systematic approach. It relies on a good knowledge of fundamental physics of wind geomorphology that is described in this dissertation. Various tools and concepts developed in desert environments, including potential displacement and roughness density, are given. The effects of aeolian morphodynamics on landscapes are illustrated by various examples. Standard studies of wind dynamics are discussed and questioned to demonstrate that new approaches can be explored. This study focuses anchored dunes, which remain poorly studied despite their importance in drylands. Anchored dunes are described and characterized in detail. Then a protocole of quantification and qualitative evaluation can be elaborated.Our aim was to develop methods that are reproducible and minimize the complexity and costs of implementation. The unmanned platform, Pixy, illustrates the potential of drones which provide accurate images with a great flexibility of use. The interest of very high spatial resolution imagery provided by satellites such as QuickBird is also demonstrated. Their images introduce to an intermediate scale between field and large-scale satellite imagery. Among the providers of very high spatial resolution imagery, Google Earth (GE) appears to be a good alternative to commercial suppliers. Increasing availability of free high resolution images offers potential applications in various fields. However, their use has constraints that are managed by Mathematical Morphology (MM), an object-oriented image analysis discipline. Tools from MM allow the analysis of uncorrected images, like those of Pixy or GE. It relies on simple procedures easy to reproduce and explain. It thus contributes to reducing the cost of studies. This economic issue of environmental diagnosis cannot be ignored, especially in the countries concerned by the fight against desertification.Each chapter of this thesis demonstrates the importance of two thresholds through particular example. The threshold of heterogeneity, below which information is embedded in the background noise produced by too much detail, is the first one. The threshold of homogeneity, beyond which information is too smooth to be relevant, is the second one. This work attempts to show how these thresholds may have direct effects on results of a remote sensing study. This consideration is thus a structuring element of the methods used. Beyond the issue of aeolian morphodynamics, this thesis combines semi-automatic characterization methods of landscape elements with processes of multi-scalar integration. The results are potentially useful to any approach that seeks to understand the effects of a phenomenon at different scales
Gravier, Etienne. "Etude expérimentale des régimes dynamiques des ondes de dérive dans un plasma magnétisé de laboratoire. Contrôle du chaos spatio-tempore." Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0007_GRAVIER.pdf.
Full textChatelée, Vincent. "Développement d'un système d'imagerie microonde multistatique ultra large bande : application à la détection d'objets en régime temporel et fréquentiel." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00696606.
Full textKobou, Georges. "Analyse spatio-temporelle par la modélisation log-linéaire : une approche structurelle de l'offre d'emploi salarié en France." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100114.
Full textThe traditional conception of the labour market does not take into consideration the structural effects. Consequently, the spatial size of labour market is erased. And even if this appears, it does so through imposed limits in which gross mechanisms have been reproduced. Now, there is an obvious relation between space and labour market: firms and workers are located in space. On the other hand, firms nowadays are inclined to use many spaces, according to the characteristics of the labour force, which has an important part in the structuration of space. These structures have been placed in a prominent position by a method of multidimentional analysis, the log-linear model. In the period 1976-1981, this method has been applied to exploratory study of wage-earners employment in france. Many differences by age, sex, profession and region are observed; there are interactions between these variables. But the most important result is that some phenomenons which are verified at national level are not observed at the regional scale. That is the illustration of a regional effect, and it shows the necessity of taking into account space in the functioning of the labour market
Olteanu, Madalina. "Modèles à changements de régime : applications aux données financières." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133132.
Full textOn propose d'étudier ces questions à travers deux approches. Dans la première, il s'agit de montrer la consistance faible d'un estimateur de maximum de vraisemblance pénalisée sous des conditions de stationnarité et dépendance faible. Les hypothèses introduites sur l'entropie à crochets de la classe des fonctions scores généralisés sont ensuite vérifiées dans un cadre linéaire et gaussien. La deuxième approche, plutôt empirique, est issue des méthodes de classification non-supervisée et combine les cartes de Kohonen avec une classification hiérarchique pour laquelle une nouvelle dispersion basée sur la somme des carrés résiduelle est introduite.
Chambenoit, Yoann. "Approches interactives pour l'analyse des images RSO multi-temporelles." Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MARN0235.
Full textTwo main axes were developed in this thesis. The first one is related to the problem of using speckle filters in multi-temporal image series and the second one with the problem of interactive detection of stable or evolving structures by using the information brought by all the images. Confronted with the speckle, the user’s community is often reticent with the filtering of SAR images before analyzing them because people fear a loss of resolution or a loss of information on the images. We introduced a protocol of visual interpretation in which we asked to some end users to find features in the SAR images, filtered or not. Then we exploited those results to obtain a quantitative performance assessment which permits to evaluate in an objective way the influence of filtering the areas. Another frequently asked question concerns automated feature detection in multi-temporal SAR image’s series. The active contours method appears to be a method making it possible to refine a manual initialization. According to the nature of the object, evolving or stable, detection does not act in the same way and multi-temporal information is not fused at the same level of the data processing sequence. We proposed various strategies taking the studied features and a priori information provided by the users into account
Darré, Pascaline. "L'interféromètre à somme de fréquences ALOHA en bande H : Des tests en laboratoire jusqu'aux premières franges sur le ciel." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0067.
Full textInterferometry is an instrumental technique suitable to perform astronomical observations at high angular resolution. Currently, the mid-infrared spectral domain is a real issue for the astronomical interferometry to characterize astronomical objects such as proto-planetary discs or active galactic nuclei. However, this spectral domain is subject to a large thermal background emission from the instrument and from the sky. This manuscript describes an innovative instrument using a nonlinear process of sum frequency generation to convert the mid-infrared radiation to a shorter wavelength domain where the thermal emission from the instrument is negligible. A prototype operating in the near-infrared at 1.55 µm and converting the radiation in the visible domain at 630 nm thanks to a strong pump at 1064 nm has already demonstrated its ability to analyse spatial coherence of a blackbody source. The present goal is to demonstrate its ability to detect an object on the sky. In this manuscript I introduce theoritical concepts necessary for an understanding of the overall operation of the instrument. Then, I describe the main improvements provided in this thesis, in particular concerning the instrumental transmission. The preliminary studies of the instrument operation resulted in the first on-sky fringes on the CHARA array and enabled to determine its limiting magnitude. The upconversion process acts as a filter on the converted spectrum. In the current instrumental configuration, only 0.6 nm of the input infrared spectrum is converted through the SFG process. For the purpose of increasing the instrumental sensitivity, we propose to sample the infrared spectrum by using several independent pump laser lines thus creating different incoherent fringe patterns. I present the temporal coherence analysis of a broadband infrared source converted by a dual-line pump laser and a method to synchronize the different fringe patterns to insure a maximum value of the contrast
Butel, Yves. "Modélisation quasi-bidimensionnelle de transistors à effet de champ : contribution à l'analyse des phénomènes de claquage : étude de circuits en régime temporel." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10225.
Full textLeroux, Jérôme. "Chenaux tidaux et dynamique des prés-salés en régime méga-tidal : approche multi-temporelle du siècle à l'événement de marée." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005360.
Full textOllé, Alexandre. "Etude de la dépendance temporelle de l’endommagement laser de matériaux diélectriques à 1054 nm en régime sub-picoseconde et picoseconde." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDM0001.
Full textLocated in CEA-CESTA, the laser facility PETAL (PETawatt Aquitaine Laser) delivers sub-picosecond to picosecond pulses with peak powers of the order of magnitude of one Petawatt. In order for this large facility to fulfill its potential with the generation of multi-petawatt pulses, the study of the laser damage occurring on dielectric mirrors at the end of PETAL chain is necessary as this phenomenon limits the energy available. Using the laser testing bench DERIC, this thesis deals specifically with the study of the temporal dependency of laser damage for dielectric mirrors irradiated by sub-picosecond or picosecond pulses. We thus tackle intrinsic laser damage, defect initiated laser damage and laser damage growth. By confronting experiments and simulations, we show that the temporal dependency of intrinsic damage is not fully explainable with the pulse duration alone but by taking into account the whole temporal profile of the pulse. In particular, this has important consequences on the concept of temporal scaling law of the Laser Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) of dielectric components, a tool largely used by the laser damage community as a LIDT prediction means. Thanks to this study and by taking into account the high electric field modulations caused by a nodular defect within a dielectric mirror, we then bring answers to the temporal dependency of defect initiated damage. About damage growth, we lastly establish, thanks to an experimental and numerical parametric study, an empirical growth law which takes into account the fluence, the pulse duration and the electric field modulations generated by any initial damage prior to its growth
Traslaviña, Saldes Cristóbal Andrés. "Estudio experimental de la evolución temporal de las formas de fondo en flujos en presión con régimen laminar de fluidos pseudoplásticos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/147111.
Full textEn la industría minera y otras áreas, se utilizan tuberías para transportar sólidos a grandes distancias. Cuando el material presenta una granulometría extendida, los gruesos pueden sedimentar, formando un lecho en el fondo. En cambio, la partículas finas suspendidas generan una mezcla que se comporta como un fluido con una reología distinta a la del agua. El presente trabajo es un estudio experimental, donde se investiga la condición de arrastre incipiente, la evolución temporal y la estabilidad de un lecho granular no cohesivo, sometido a la acción de un flujo laminar en presión de fluidos pseudoplásticos. Para llevarlo a cabo, se realizaron modificaciones a una instalación experimental, ubicada en el Laboratorio de Hidráulica Francisco J. Dominguez, del Departamento de Ingeniería Civil de la Universidad de Chile. La geometría tridimensional del lecho se registró con un sistema de medición no intrusivo, conocido como perfilometría por transformada de Fourier (FTP). Los fluidos no newtonianos se generaron con una dilución de carboximetilcelulosa (CMC) en agua. Para estudiar el arrastre incipiente, se realizaron 21 experimentos, cubriendo cuatro tamaños de partículas, cinco pendientes, y distintas concentraciones de CMC en peso, entre 0,4 y 0,5%. Los datos experimentales se clasificaron visualmente y se graficaron en un diagrama de Shields en función del número de Reynolds de la partícula, modificado para fluidos pseudoplásticos, Re_{*p}^K. Se obtuvo como resultado que las curvas parametrizadas para fluidos newtonianos subestiman la condición de arrastre incipiente. Se propuso una relación para predecir el fenómeno, \tau_{**lecho}^c = 0,18 (Re_{*p}^K)^{-0,73}, válida en el rango 0,31 < Re_{*p}^K < 2,52. La evolución del lecho se estudió a partir de 12 experimentos de cuatro horas de duración, cada uno. Con el sistema de medición FTP se registró la altura del lecho, inicialmente plano, sometido a la acción de un caudal constante y se determinaron las principales características geométricas de las formas de fondo: amplitud, celeridad y longitud de onda. Se obtuvo como resultado que la amplitud y la celeridad tienden a disminuir en el tiempo, provocando una disminución del gasto sólido de fondo, que es consecuencia de la ausencia de aporte de sedimentos desde aguas arriba a la zona de estudio. Por otra parte, no se observó un comportamiento definido de la longitud de onda. De los registros temporales, se observó que en algunos experimentos el lecho se volvió inestable, propiciando la aparición y migración de ondas sedimentarias tridimensionales. En otros casos, el lecho permaneció plano durante varias horas. Para estudiar la estabilidad, se construyó un diagrama que depende de tres parámetros adimensionales usados en diversos estudios para explicar estos fenómenos, modificados para incorporar la reología: el número de Shields, \tau_*; el número de Reynolds, modificado para fluidos pseudoplástico, Re_{KT}; y número de Galileo modificado, Ga_K. Los experimentos se clasificaron dentro del diagrama, obteniendo zonas de estabilidad e inestabilidad.
Este trabajo ha sido financiado por FONDECYT a través del proyecto de investigación N° 1161751
Soto, Stuardo Alejandro Benjamín. "El Trabajo Prestado en Régimen de Subcontratación y en Empresas de Servicios Transitorios a la Luz de la Nueva Legislación Nacional." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/107752.
Full textNo autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
En el presente estudio se pretende analizar el fenómeno de la intermediación laboral, tratando de conceptuar y explicar la “subcontratación laboral”; primero en un sentido amplio, y luego estableciendo la diferenciación terminológica que el ordenamiento jurídico nacional hace dentro de esta figura, para luego analizar en detalle y por separado el “trabajo en régimen de subcontratación” y el “trabajo en empresas de servicios temporarios”, observando el tratamiento legal que tanto nuestro ordenamiento jurídico como el derecho comparado han hecho de ambos temas.
Ouaret, Rachid. "Déterminants et prévision des fluctuations de la concentration en polluants dans un environnement intérieur." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1141/document.
Full textThe time fluctuation features of particulate concentrations in a real occupied indoor environment are strongly dependent of several parameters and in particular the occupation and occupants’ activities and behaviors. These parameters considerably alter the statistical variability of the time series dynamics. These fluctuations are rarely available and described in the literature. These types of fluctuations are rarely available and described in the literature. The availability of continuous measurements of concentrations of formaldehyde and particulate matter (from 0.35 to 20 µm of diameter) in an indoor environment (office and a test house) during several months with a fine time resolution (from 1 min to 1 hour) permitted to initiate a process of reflection on the nature of these fluctuations and their predictability. The aim of the thesis follows three main axis of research: (i) characterizing indoor environment pollutant concentrations variability; (ii) revealing the sources of variability of these fluctuations and (iii) forecasting the pollutant concentrations in a real indoor environment. The first axis concerns the determination of the common features shared by the different pollutants. The second axis focuses on the sources variability estimating using a Blind Source Separation (BSS) approach. Lastly, the third axis focuses on the forecasting of pollutant concentrations. The time series analysis for this type of data (high frequency) should take into account the time scale on which microstructures evolve. Several tools were employed, such as the spectral analysis (long-range dependency by fractal dimension measures and R/S statistic), the omega-predictability, as well as the time series decomposition into latent components by STL (Seasonal Trend Decomposition using Loess), SSA (Singular Spectrum Analysis) and SBD (Spectral Band Decomposition).The identification of the sources of particles concentrations is developed using BSS based methods which are based on a matrix factorization as profiles and contributions under a statistical independence constraint (ICA) or a non-negativity constraint (NNMF or PMF). The factorizations were applied to the matrix of the time series of different particle size bins. Some profiles or source contributions could be interpreted using exogenous variables as fingerprints of some sources (such as CO2 concentrations used as indicator of the “occupation”).Concerning the pollutant concentrations forecasting, the model selection was made in agreement with the time series structures, highlighted in the characterization stage. One can notice better performances forecasts when using the series having been preprocessed by decomposition: STL, SSA or decomposition in spectral bands (based Transform Fourier), SBD. Several types of stochastic models (linear or nonlinear) were then applied to these components and the final forecast result is given by their combination. A special type of nonlinearities involving a special treatment is the abrupt concentration changes in time series concentrations due mainly to windows manipulation and graft on the regular evolution of the dynamic system. A new type of forecast models has been developed in adequacy with the requirements of the nature of high-frequency data. This model combine spectral band decomposition step (SBD) coupled with a modeling stage based on autoregressive switching threshold model (TAR) or chaos dynamic: FFT- (TAR / Chaos).The results show that the pretreatment by spectral band decomposition or STL improves significantly formaldehyde and fine particles concentrations forecast on 10-hour horizon for formaldehyde (sampled every minute) and on a horizon of 1 to 4 days for the particles (sampled every hour), depending on their size bins
Clementi, Guillaume. "Conception et caractérisation fréquentielle et temporelle d'antennes réseaux planaires à très large bande passante." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00926589.
Full textLaisné, Alexandre. "Etude d'antennes à résonateur diéléctrique à l'aide de la FDTD (Méthode des Différences Finies dans le Domaine Temporel) et de la MR/FDTD (Méthode des Différences Finies dans le Domaine Temporel à régions multiples." Rennes, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAR0003.
Full textArdon, Jean. "Modélisation probabiliste de la dépendance spatiale et temporelle appliquée à l’étude du péril sécheresse dans le cadre du régime français d’indemnisation des catastrophes naturelles." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS002.
Full textThis work was performed at CCR, a French reinsurance company, within the studies that are conducted to model natural disasters, and particularly the drought hazard. Drought is the word used to denote the shrink-swell clay phenomenon that damages individual houses. These researches are related to an internal model that estimates the annual cost of a drought. This model crosses insurance data and soil moisture data to evaluate the cost of a occured event. CCR wants this model to be improved towards a probabilistic version by conceiving a generator of drought events that have to be realistic, although they are fictive. This generator will allow the estimation of the probability distribution of the drought cost. In order to conceive a fictive event generator for CCR’s drought model, mathematical tools have been used to model dependence between spatio-temporal random variables. The chosen method consists of studying and modeling separately spatial dependence and temporal dependence. Temporal dependence is modelized with time series models such as classical decomposition and autoregressive processes. Spatial dependence is modelized with kriging and copula theory. Spatial random noise is generated with a copula and then time series models are applied to rebuild original process. Kriging is used when generated data need to be interpolated, for example when data are generated only on a subset of the main grid. Results of the generator exploitation are given. They will be used by CCR for provisionning and pricing. These results will also be used for the estimation of the two-hundred-year cost of natural disasters within the new European Solvency II Directive
Vennin, Coralie. "Caractérisation et modélisation des facteurs associés à la symptomatologie dépressive chez les étudiants. : Une étude comparative entre différentes régions de la France hexagonale et La Réunion." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0133.
Full textDuring the transition to higher education, students seem to go through a commonly shared experience. However, some show weaknesses and are more vulnerable and prone to developing depressive disorders. These can namely trigger the student to quit studying. Therefore, taking student's mental health into account and providing them with better support could prevent a disruption of their academic journey. Success in university exams, the scale of personal work involved, concerns about the uncertainty of a successful professional integration, distance from family, solitude, as well as active and university social contexts are among many factors involved in weakening students.The objective of this work is to identify such psychological and contextual indicators that allow characterizing the variability of vulnerabilities to depression, both at inter- and intra-individual levels.This thesis work was carried out upon two databases: the French student cohort study "I-Share" and the data provided by a study involving repeated measurements in daily living.A first study allowed the situational analysis of mental health issues diagnosed among students.In a second study, we identified factors of vulnerability to depression depending on various French territories (Ile-de-France, Reunion Island, Bordeaux and "other regions of France").Lastly, in a third study we developed a mathematical and numerical method aimed at analyzing emotional and cognitive variations in daily life while taking into account the time component.Results from the first study showed that almost 3%of students declared having received a diagnosis of depression.The second study showed that in reality 30% of students present depression-type symptomatology and that associated psychological and contextual factors vary depending on French territories.The results of the third study highlighted new indicators of intra-individual variability related to the depressive symptomatology in daily life. Then, we characterized profiles with different depressive feelings.Results are discussed and we propose axes of development to adapt to each territory's reality and to the specificity of student profiles in order to progress in terms of public and university health
Müller, Markus. "Etude du polariton en cavité en régime de forte excitation : dynamique et non-linéarités dans les microcavités II-VI." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10215.
Full textDentzer, Jacques. "Forçages environnementaux et contrôles structuraux sur le régime thermique actuel du bassin de Paris : enjeux pour la compréhension du potentiel géothermique en Ile-de-France." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066187/document.
Full textThe acquisition of measurements of temperature and of thermal conductivity has enriched the understanding of the thermal regime of the Paris sedimentary basin and brought to light spatial and temporal thermal heterogeneities. In order to understand them better, these variations need to be integrated into a multidisciplinary vision of the basin by comparing data against models. The bibliographic review made it possible to integrate data of diverse sorts, to compare them using GIS and to investigate the knowledge base. This study has highlighted and reinterpreted the vertical variations of geothermal flux. Simulations carried out based on diffusive palaeoclimatic scenarios show that the system has retained a memory of the effects of palaeoclimates. Furthermore, for the first time, a systematic decline of the geothermal flux has been identified at the level of the main aquifer formations. Transitory thermo-hydraulic simulations of palaeoclimatic phenomena show the development in the sedimentary basin of cold and hot zones according to the areas of flow. An explanation of the temperature anomaly of over 20°C between the geothermal installations located to the north and south of Paris in the Bathonian is put forward. The models produced clearly show the potential contribution of fractured zones, as well as that of the faults, to the heterogeneity observed in the temperature field of the basin by allowing flow constrained by the regional charge gradient and unstable densities. This work has shown the link between the formations in the basin which are exploited for their resources or used as a storage medium
Ben, Halima Bassem. "Préférences inter-temporelles et qualité de l’insertion professionnelle : trois applications microéconométriques." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO22014/document.
Full textBy contrasting "the passion for present enjoyment" to "desire to improve our condition", Adam Smith pointed out in 1776, the importance of intertemporal preferences to explain the wealth and prosperity of nations. In the microeconomic, the intertemporal choices modelling leads to analyse of psychological interest rate expressed by the economic agent when he trades off between present consumption unit and future consumption unit. Intertemporal trade-off and impatience effects are present in two major behavioural models in labour economics: human capital theory and job search theory. However, in the most models of these theories, the intertemporal preference analysis presents two problems. The first problem is related to intertemporal preferences modelling, which is limited to only the introduction of a discount factor. The second problem is that the impatience behaviour is unobservable factor in the econometrics studies. In this thesis, we focus a particular aspect of intertemporal preferences role on the quality of labour market insertion. Specifically, we highlight the impact of intertemporal preferences (impatience) on the exit rate from unemployment, on the different destinations in the transition from unemployment to employment, and finally, on the decision to pursue vocational training and its impact on wages in employment
Rysman, Jean-François. "Caractérisations multi-échelles de la pluie et des processus associés dans l'Eurorégion Alpes-Méditerranée : de l'observation radar à la prévision." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066783.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding and forecasting of rainfall small scale variability in the Alps-Mediterranean Euroregion. In this purpose, we used measurements from an X-band, polarimetric and Doppler radar called Hydrix. This radar is located since 2007 at Mont Vial (Nice, France) and continuously measures rainfall since 2009, with a 1 km2 spatial resolution and a 5 minutes temporal resolution. This database provides useful information to study fine scale space-time variability of rainfall. First, the diurnal and seasonal cycles, as well as rainfall inter-annual variability, are analysed. Then, rainfall scale relationships are spatially and temporally characterized and the processes associated to rainfall at both synoptical and local scales in the region are identified. Finally, a new nowcasting method suitable for a single Doppler radar is evaluated
Azamoum, Yasmina. "Etude du rayonnement X, Kalpha du molybdène issu de l'intéraction laser solide à fort contraste temporel." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4056/document.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the optimization of a Kalpha x-ray source induced by high contrast femtosecond laser molybdenum thick target interaction. The objective of this work is to explore the effect of the temporal contrast ratio on Kalpha emission in an intensity range including the non relativistic and relativistic regimes. The first study consists of the measurement of Kalpha emission as a function of contrast ratio and intensity. The study shows different behaviors of the emission depending on the contrast ratio and intensity range. Furthermore, it was found that in the relativistic regime Kalpha production is independant of the contrast ratio. According to published work in litterature, we proposed a first intepretation of the obtained results. In particular, we discuss the absorption mechanism of laser pulse energy for each contrast ratio and intensity condition. Some of the mechanisms are dependant on the angle of incidence of the pulse on target. Thus, to verify the validity of our interpretation, we study the Kalpha effciency as a function of the angle of incidence. Most of the results agree with our first conclusions. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of the chirped pulse of the Kalpha emission. It is shown that Kalpha emission is sensitive to the sign of the chirp. Finally, we performed a study on the effect of contrast ratio and intensity on the x-ray source size. It was observed that high contrast ratio decreases strongly the x-ray source size which aproaches the focal spot size at low laser intensity. High Kalpha efficiency is reached 2 × 10^−4 which is similar to the highest effciency reported to date in litterature for a thick molybdenum target
Kesserwani, Georges. "Modélisations des équations 1D de Barré de Saint Venant par la méthode des éléments finis de type discontinus de Galerkin à discrétion temporelle de Runge-Kutta." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/KESSERWANI_Georges_2008.pdf.
Full textA numerical model for the 1D simulation of transient water flow in conduits and channels network is derived, discussed and applied. As a background, a detailed discussion of the mathematical ans physical properties of the governing equations is given. A discussion on singular points for the 1D Saint Venant equations is performed highlighting the necessity of internal boundary conditions treatments. The historical developmentof existing Godunov-type numerical schemes, widely recommended for solving hyperbolic conservation laws, is reviewed and discussed. The Runge-Kutta Discountinuous Galerkin (RKDG) finite elementmethod is very local and requires as simple treatment of boundary conditions and source terms to obtain high-order accuracy. The explicit time integration, together with the use of orthogonal shape functions, makes the method computationally as efficient as well-suited finite volume schemes for transcient and transcritical flows. For smooth parts of the solution, the scheme is shown to be second-, third- and fourth-order accurate for linear, quadric and cubic shape functions, respectively. Furthermore, shocks are usually captured within only two neighboring elements. Numerical results of several 1D flow problems show the interest of the developed method. The second-order RKDG scheme is considered, compared favorably with the performance of a finite volume scheme implemented with the same features, improved with a special treatment of source terms and applied successfully for the water flow computation of supercritical flow through a simple confluence system with involvement of nonlinear internal boundary conditions handling. A thorough technique for subcritical flow simulation through a confluence is also investigated, focusing mainly on the reliability of the concept of the stages equality approximation at the junction, which is widely used with the internal boundary conditions treatment of many commercial packages. A new numerical model for the prediction of the flow dicision at a 90° open-channel diffluenceis proposed and successfully compared with conducted experimental data. Its main advantage is that the 2D flow division is taken into account within the 1D conservative form of the Saint Venant system and the approach is capable for handling the transient behaviors of the flow at the separation
Jacquin, Anne. "Dynamique de la végétation des savanes en lien avec l’usage des feux à Madagascar : analyse par série temporelle d’images de télédétection." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7223/1/jacquin.pdf.
Full textRequier, Fabrice. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des ressources et écologie de l'abeille domestique en paysage agricole intensif." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2325/document.
Full textThe collapse of honey bee populations, described around the world for twenty years, is particularly alarming because it causes the decline of beekeeping and of an essential pollinator in agricultural habitats. The conservation of honey bees and beekeeping in agricultural landscape is currently a major challenge for many operators. The agricultural intensification, instilled by the (European) Common Agricultural Policy, is considered as a major cause in the decline of biodiversity, including wild bees. Many studies have shown that lack of floral resources is a major cause of this widespread, but surprisingly, this cause of decline is very few investigated actually to honey bees. More generally, the honey bee ecology in agricultural landscapes is poorly understood. At the interface between behavioral, evolutionary and landscape ecology, the overall objective of this PhD thesis was to study the combined influences of agricultural intensification and the spatio-temporal dynamics of floral resources on (i) the use of this resource and (ii) the life history of honey bees. The originality of this study comes from its large spatial and temporal scale as well as its joint approach at individual and colony levels. The results confirm a negative impact of agricultural intensification on the honey bee. Indeed, three major crops i.e. rapeseed, sunflower and maize have created a temporal resource dynamic which causes a strong food supply depletion in pollen and nectar. Some resources more marginally represented in intensive agricultural landscapes such as wood and weeds play an important role in the honey bee diet, being able to restrict the intensity of food supply depletion. By adaptive mechanisms, colonies and individuals adapt their behavior and life history in response to the food supply depletion. However, these trade-off mechanisms in resource allocation have a significant cost and generate a weakening of colonies that increases overwintering mortality of honey bee colonies. This study shows empirically the importance of the resource dynamic in the causes of honey bee decline, and highlights the presence of a food-shortage period in cereal farming systems. These results are discussed so as to build conservation measures on the honey bee, beekeeping and pollination service in intensive agricultural landscapes, in order to limit environmental stress for honey bees such as lack of floral resources and pesticide exposure
Avignon, Solène. "Impact de l'évolution spatio-temporelle de la limite septentrionale de répartition sur des traits de vie chez la daurade royale Sparus aurata." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0028/document.
Full textThe gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is a sparidae species whose natural distribution stretches from Senegal to Ireland coasts, with its common habitat in the Mediterranean Sea. This species is still considered as rare in its northern limit of distribution. For a decade, the abundance of individuals caught in the northern limit (English Channel, Irish Sea and North Sea), has increased. This species is now a fishing resources in the English Channel. This phenomenon, in link with global warming, is explained by the northern expansion of its distribution range. No ecological data about this species in northern distribution range is currently published. Life history traits of S. aurata in relation to the spatio-temporal modification of its distribution range has been studied, through diet, growth and sea/coastal movement analysis. On the other hand, the population structure analysis of these northern populations has been done with a multi-marker approach coupling the genetics and otolith microchemistry.Analysis of the stomach contents of S. aurata at the northern range confirms an opportunistic diet with a high proportion of prey species from the genus Mytilus. The growth of individuals is lower than that observed on individuals in the Mediterranean Sea. This phenomenon is conditioned by environmental parameters (temperature, salinity) at the distribution range limit. Elemental composition of the otoliths allowed us to characterize the sea/coastal migrations during the first year of life, with a sea transition in winter and the occupation of coastal zones. A variability between individuals has been observed as a behavioral plasticity of individuals. This suggests the presence of nursery areas along the Atlantic and Channel Sea coasts. Otolith microchemistry and genetic approaches, combining the use of mitochondrial and microsatellites markers, have demonstrated the lack of structure within populations at the northern distribution range. This phenomenon matches with the recent population colonization. However, a differentiation was identified between the most southern individuals sampled and those at the northern sampling boundary, suggesting little genetic mixing. Common alleles between individuals suggest a “step by step” colonization of individuals from the Mediterranean Sea. Genetic and life history traits differences were observed between individuals sampled in the Channel Sea, suggesting a biogeographic barrier within this environment.Favorable environmental conditions are a major asset for this predatory species, which appears to have a huge acclimatization ability. All the various approaches discussed in this work have then made it possible to provide the first data on the life characteristics and the population structure of a species with a high commercial interest on the northern range of its distribution
Dos, Santos Pinheiro Giana Márcia. "Bilan spatio-temporel du cycle du fer dans un grand bassin intertropical : étude isotopique de la matière en suspension des eaux du fleuve Amazone et de ses grands affluents." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU30014.
Full textSuspended matter samples were collected during field campaigns on the Amazon, the Negro, the Solimões and the Madeira rivers. They were investigated for their iron isotope composition in order to verify the possible sources of iron and relate them to different physico-chemical parameters. The samples were collected in different locations and seasons, along depth and lateral profiles. For all the rivers studied, the suspended matter iron isotopic compositions do not display any relation with depth or lateral profiles. White water rivers (i. E. , Amazon, the Solimões and the Madeira) keep their isotopic composition constant and similar to the calculated mean value for the continental crust (d57FeIRMM-14 = 0. 1 ± 0. 03‰), even in different seasons. On the other hand, the Negro River show negative results and variations during the hydrological cycle. In white water rivers little or no fractionation occurs during the transport of iron from clastic sources (rock fragments) to the mainstream of these rivers. On the other hand, the main source of organic matter and reduced iron for the Negro River Basin are podzols that occur in this area. The Amazon River results indicate that the influence of suspended matter with continental crust-like iron isotopic composition from the Solimões and the Madeira rivers to the Amazon River is much stronger than the contribution of negative, organic-rich, suspended matter iron isotopic composition from the Negro River, which is organic-rich. It is inferred, on the basis of this study, that the Amazon River delivers to the Atlantic Ocean a slightly heavy and similar to the continental crust suspended matter iron isotopic composition
Álvarez, Aranda Rocío. "Three essays on applied econometrics." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/26697.
Full textKong, Heng. "Variations spatio-temporelles de la structure taxonomique et la compétition alimentaire des poissons du lac Tonlé Sap, Cambodge." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30122/document.
Full textThe Tonle Sap Lake (TSL), Cambodia, is a flood-pulse system. It is the largest natural lake in South- East Asia and constitutes one of the largest fisheries over the world, supporting the livelihood 2.5 million peoples. Seasonal change in annual hydrological cycle appears to have influence on fish community structure, both spatial and temporal variation, particularly on feeding behavior of TSL's fishes. Nonetheless, the Mekong River Basin is changing rapidly due to accelerating water infrastructure development (hydropower, irrigation, flood control, and water supply) and climate change, bringing considerable modifications to the annual flood-pulse of the TSL. Such modifications are expected to have strong impacts on fish biodiversity, abundance, reduced habitat and food availability within the lake. To invest how TSL's fish community structure responds to the seasonal change, how they shift their diet across hydrological cycles and feeding competing for food resource: First, we aim to characterize the spatio-temporal variations of fish taxonomic composition and to highlights the underlying determinants of these variations. For this purpose, we estimated beta diversity as the total variance of the site-by-species community matrix and partitioned it into Local Contribution to Beta Diversity (LCBD) and Species Contribution to Beta Diversity (SCBD). We then performed multiple linear regressions to determine whether species richness, species abundances and water level explained the temporal variation in the contribution of site and species to beta diversity. Our results indicate strong temporal variation of beta diversity due to differential contributions of sites and species to the spatial variation of fish taxonomic composition. We further found that the direction, the shape and the relative effect of species richness, abundances and water level on temporal variation in LCBD and SCBD values greatly varied among sites, thus suggesting spatial variation in the processes leading to temporal variation in community composition. Overall, our results suggest that fish taxonomic composition is not homogeneously distributed over space and time and is likely to be impacted in the future if the flood-pulse dynamic of the system is altered by human activities. Second, we aim to investigate the temporal pattern of the most occurrence and abundance species and how their co-occurrence pattern across hydrological cycles. We found that occurrence and abundance patterns were temporally varied at all water level seasons. Strong temporal variation in species occurrence was occurred with visiting species such as Labiobarbus leptocheilus and Poropuntius deauratus while water level starts to fill into the TSL. We further observed that the abundance of 17 species was strongly varied while other 22 species (mainly TSL's residential species) were stable within the year. Positive species co-occurrence pattern was generally higher than negative species co-occurrence at all water level seasons. Highest positive co-occurrence patterns were found during the period of decrease and low water level seasons while fishes are migrating from flooded areas, competing for resource and habitats during low water season. Study on temporal distribution and species co-occurrence of fish and how community responds to the seasonal change in hydrological cycles provides critical information for fisheries management and conservation in the Tonle Sap Lake (TSL) as well as maintaining fish biodiversity in the Mekong system. Third, the implications of seasonality on food web structure have been notoriously understudied in empirical ecology, particularly in TSL's system. The current study, we focus on seasonal changes in one key attribute of a food web, vertical trophic position of consumers
Caralp, Jean-Michel. "Vertiges de la prémonition : effractions de l'avenir dans les dispositifs de temporalité de Maeterlinck au surréalisme." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824244.
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