Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Région semi-aride'
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Miranda, José Roberto. "Écologie des peuplements de Reptiles du tropique semi-aride brésilien (région d'Ouricuri-PE)." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20154.
Full textBenabderrahmane, Abdelhakim. "Simulation numérique de la pollution saline d'un système aquifère dans une région semi-aride à aride : exemple du bassin de M'Sila (Hodna, Algérie)." Besançon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BESA2002.
Full textAli, Laouar Abdelhamid. "Ressources en eaux d'une région semi-aride d'Algérie (plaine d'El Ma El Abiod) : hydrodynamique et hydrochimie." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30040.
Full textSahnouni, Abdelmajid. "Aménagements hydro-agricoles et mutations socio-économiques et spatiales dans une région semi-aride du Maroc (Le Haouz oriental)." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUEL353.
Full textHarzli, Taoufik. "L'eau et le développement des petites et moyennes exploitations tunisiennes : le cas de la région semi-aride d'El Amaiem." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20020.
Full textConfronted by climatic hazards and more precisely by the drastic dry conditions of the environement, small and middle-sized tunisian farms have started a development process using irrigation systems which have proved to be unreliable due to the scarceness of available water. This development trend is mainly based on family policy. All family members participate not only because they accomplish the current tasks on the farm but alos because the income they may obtain from jobs outside the farm supplement family needs and help finance farm production implementation. The analysis of small and middle sized farm policy emphasize the "individualist" characteristic of this development trend which leads to an overconsumption of water resources. This study puts to the fore the possible need for some state control that would take into account the dynamism of small and midde sized farms. In that case the government would organise the development of farms with in a local project
Kassem, Abdulrahmen. "Étude hydrogéologique et hydrochimique sur : la géochimie qualité de l'eau et en particulier sa pollution fluorée et sulfatée dans une région aride et semi-aride (Palmyre, Homs, Hama) en Syrie." Nancy 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN10122.
Full textSafar, Wissam. "Contribution à l'étude dendroécologique du pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill. ) dans une région semi-aride d'Algérie : l'Atlas Saharien (Ouled Naï͏̈l, Aurès, Hodna)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30112.
Full textHassani, Moulay Idriss. "Hydrogéologie d'un bassin endoréique semi-aride : le bassin versant de la grande Sebkha d'Oran (Algérie)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00760562.
Full textChemak, Fraj. "Comportement des producteurs agricoles et efficacité d'usage de la ressource en eau : Cas des périmètres irrigués de la région de Sidi Bouzid en semi aride Tunisien." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON10015.
Full textThreatened by the economic and social development, water is an increasingly rare good. More than ever concerned, Tunisia achieved a successfully water supply management policy. Today, this policy reached its limits with a mobilization rate of 87%. Hence, efforts should target to the demand management. Understanding farmer's strategies and identifying the parameters controlling production technologies are the fundamental elements to modify the consumption of irrigated sector without compromising production objectives. Ln this regard, the objective of this investigation is to analyze the performance of irrigated farms in the region of Sidi Bouzid. First, farm's survey was carried out in both public and private irrigated areas. Second, an analysis of the production system within theses farms showed an appropriate technology process. Moreover, the application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach allowed the measurement of technica1 and allocative efficiency. Empirical findings revealed a technical inefficiency use of inputs. The average technical efficiency of water resource was onl y 68%. The comparison between both production systems revealed more important resources wasting in private farms than in public ones. Thus, the surface weIl creation strategy, as a second source of irrigation, was found to be against the sustainable use of an already overexploited ground water. However, such strategy is justified when analyzing allocative efficiency scores. Lndeed, the profitability of an activity, based on wells irrigation, appears to be much more interesting than that based on public resource. The average allocative efficiency of private farms was 73% compared to only 53% for public farms. The Horticultural cropping practice is a determinant factor of this profitability. In addition, results indicate the negative effect of land structure (area and a number of plots) and land input intensification on technical efficiency
Jalala, Said. "Paramètres multi-critères pour un nouveau modèle de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau dans une région méditerranéenne semi-aride : Application à la bande de Gaza." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Jalala.pdf.
Full textBouragba, Latifa. "Etude de la recharge artificielle des nappes en zone semi-aride : application au bassin du Souss-Maroc." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA2046.
Full textThe Souss valley is bounded to the North by the High Atlas, to the South by the Anti-Atlasand to the East by the Siroua crystalline massif. The main geological formations arecalcareous marls of the Plio-Quaternary, the Turonian limestones that underlie them, and thefossil bed of River Souss formed by sands, sandstones and gravels from high permeabilityalluvium.The Souss aquifer is the most significant aquifer in southern Morocco, highly exploited by anagricultural exporting activity. Groundwater overexploitation induced a decreases ofpiezometric heads. Since 1970, water demand far exceeds renewable groundwater resources(balance defecit: 185 Mm3 in 1976, 358 Mm3 in 1998, and 228 Mm3 in 2003).The mean role of the Aoulouz dam is the artificial recharge of the Souss plain by release ofwater stored during rainy periods in the plain.In semi-arid areas, estimating recharge is often difficult, the spatial and temporal variabilitiesof recharge are generally high, and processes are varied.This work has enabled to characterize the impact of artificial recharge and to estimate therenewal of water in the aquifer.Water releases from Aoulouz dam has permitted an increase of the piezometric level on thehigh plain, about 85% of the water released are unfiltered in the first 80 Km between Aoulouzand Taroudant cities. However, the general water level decline goes on.The geochemical facies is mainly calcium bicarbonate type (dissolution of limestone), andlocally calcium sulphate type (evaporites of the High Atlas). Surface waters are a calcium andmagnesium bicarbonate types, acquired during their flow through limestones and dolomitesoutcrops.[...]
Vincent, Aude. "Etude hydrologique et hydrogéologique du bassin sédimentaire côtier de Kaluvelli-Pondichéry, Tamil Nadu, Inde." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066520.
Full textHachaichi, Zohra. "Quantification de la recharge naturelle et artificielle d'un système aquifère soumis à des contraintes climatiques et anthropiques en zone semi-aride (bassin de Sbiba et Foussana) Tunisie centrale." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0053/document.
Full textThe study area lies in the northern part of central Tunisia and extends over about 650 km2. It is located betweenthe rainy Tellian region in the North and the Saharan region in the South. The Foussana Basin is a typical closedinland basin surrounded by high mountains where the precipitation varies over space and time as a result oftopography and seasonality.The main outcrop that marks the watershed of Foussana basin is the quaternary alluvium, which is surrounded byCretaceous reef of deposits covering folds Mountains bounding. The Foussana basin is composed of two aquifers,the PlioQuaternary and the Miocene aquifers. The PlioQuaternary aquifer consists of clayey sand, coarse sand andsandstone deposits. This aquifer is composed of two permeable levels PlioQuaternary Aquifer (PQ1) and PlioceneAquifer (PQ2), which are separated by interbedded sandy marl. The Miocene aquifer consists of sandstone andcoarse sands. This aquifer constitutes an important water source in the study area because of its relativelysignificant thickness and its water quality. It‘s separated to the PlioQuaternary aquifer by a clay layer. The differentaquifers communicate through faults.The groundwater flows occurs from the borders to the center of the basin,i.e. from the surrounding hills to the depression area. The main source of aquifer recharge is infiltration of rainfalland dam water.Groundwater samples with low TDS values, which typically correspond to outcrops of the Miocene aquifer andsome samples of the first PlioQuaternary aquifer PQ1, are typically of SO4-Ca-HCO3-Na water type. In contrast,groundwater samples with high TDS values, most of which were collected in the PlioQuaternary aquifer (PQ1 andPQ2) and groundwater of the Confined Miocene, are typically of SO4-Ca-Na-Mg water type. The main sources ofthe water mineralization in the Foussana basin are the water-rock interaction processes i.e. dissolution ofevaporates and cation-exchange process.The isotopic signatures permit to classify the studied groundwaters into different groups. The PlioQuaternaryaquifer groundwater was classified into two groups. These are the non-evaporated groundwater, which ischaracterized by depleted δ18O and δ2H contents highlighting the importance of modern recharge at higher altitude,and the mixing process with the deep aquifer of the Miocene. The evaporated groundwater that exhibits enrichedstable isotope contents, these enriched values could be related to the evaporation process, which occurs possiblyin the upper part of the unsaturated zone of the PlioQuaternary aquifer (depression area).The Miocene aquifersgroundwaters are classified into two groups. The first group is characterized by relatively depleted isotope contentscorresponding to outcropping Miocene in the border indicating the altitude effect. The second group isdistinguished by relatively depleted contents of stable isotopes corresponding to the confined Miocene reflectinga palaeoclimatic origin. Tritium data permit to identify recent groundwaters originating from a mixture ofcontemporaneous and post-nuclear recharge; and ancient groundwaters deriving from pre-nuclear recharge.Radiocarbon activities decrease from 80 pmc in the recharge area to less than 3 pmc in the confined aquiferproviding ages from present day to 30 000 years BP.In conclusion, a conceptual model has been produced to describe the functioning of the aquifers. The modelling isused as a tool to synthesise the data and the functioning hypothesis. It gives a visualization mean and can put inevidence the aspects, which should be deepened in next works
Ali, Youssef Al. "Les aménagements de conservation des eaux et des sols en banquettes : analyse, fonctionnement et essai de modélisation en milieu méditerranéen (El-Gouazine, Tunisie centrale)." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20151.
Full textAlbaradeyia, Issa. "Modélisation de l'érosion en zone montagneuse semi-aride." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Albaradeyia.pdf.
Full textde, Condappa Devaraj. "Étude de l'écoulement d'eau à travers la Zone Non-Saturée des aquifères de socle à l'échelle spatiale du bassin versant. Application à l'évaluation de la recharge au sein du bassin versant de Maheshwaram, Andhra Pradesh, Inde." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009297.
Full textNACEUR, MOHAMED SABER. "Fusion de donnees satellitales pour la cartographie et l'occupation des sols en milieu semi-aride." Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE5343.
Full textDevillers, Benoît. "Morphogenèse et anthropisation holocènes d'un bassin versant semi-aride : Le Gialias, Chypre." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010035.
Full textMoreira, Martins Alves Maria Manuel. "Essai de régionalisation écologique en milieu tropical semi-aride : Ribeira do Pombal (Agreste baiano, Nordeste du Bresil)." Toulouse 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOU21003.
Full textCadier, Eric. "Hydrologie des petits bassins du Nordeste brésilien semi-aride." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20257.
Full textPierre, Caroline. "Variabilité interannuelle des émissions d'aérosols minéraux en zone semi-aride sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921688.
Full textGanzin, Nicolas. "Contribution des données satellites à large champ pour l'aide à la gestion des ressources pastorales en milieu aride et semi-aride au Kenya et en Namibie." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE1061.
Full textThe rangelands of arid and semi-arid areas represent precious but vulnerable resources. These must be managed by adapting the animal load to the capacity of the land, thus avoiding overgrazing and the degradations that it can induce. In this regard, reliable information on the forage resources is useful but difficult to obtain over large areas due to the great variability in time and space which characterises aridity. This work studies the potential of "wide field" (coarse resolution) satellite imagery to fill-in this gap. AVHRR and VEGETATION images used as main input for the Monteith vegetation production model provided biomass production estimations over a series of growing seasons for two study areas : Kenya and Namibia. The accuracy of the results is acceptable, and the method appears to be sufficiently simple and adaptable to be easily implemented an operational way with a wide range of satellite data. Three case studies illustrate the application of the type of information for rangeland resources management at various scales of space and time : in Namibia for quick and targeted government intervention in case of drought, for the management of a small protected area in Kenya, and to assist in the implementation of the land reform in Namibia
Krimissa, Samira. "Nappes superficielles en zone semi-aride : origine des eaux et de la salinité, renouvellement : exemple des nappes Massa et Souss (Maroc)." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2040.
Full textJaber, Lina. "Effets d’une restriction en eau chez des chèvres laitières en climat tempéré ou semi-aride." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0057.
Full textWater scarcity is a widespread problem in arid and semi-arid regions affecting goat production. This project aimed to study the effects of water restriction on goats from semi- arid and temperate regions. A first step consisted in reviewing the literature on the subject leading to two review manuscripts. In addition, research articles specifically addressing the topic of water restriction in sheep and goat were retained for the compilation of a large database that was used for a preliminary quantitative review (meta-analysis) with the aim of visualizing the effects of water restriction on different physiological and production parameters as reported in literature. The qualitative and quantitative reviews covered sheep and goat as species of interest. The subject of water stress was also addressed experimentally through two experiments on lactating and gestating Shami goats, respectively, raised under semi-arid environment and one experiment on lactating Saanen and alpine goats raised under temperate conditions. An intermittent watering regime of once every four days was imposed on the Shami goats for a period of around 1 month while the Saanen and alpine goats were subjected to a 15-hour overnight water restriction for two consecutive days. The effect of heat stress was also studied during a short episode of rise in ambient temperature from 19oC to 28oC in Saanen and alpine goats. Physiological data, key blood parameters and milk production and composition were recorded and analyzed.Lactating Shami goats subjected to intermittent watering showed increased serum osmolarity, urea, protein and albumin concentrations, denoting dehydration. Milk composition and production, and body weight were not affected by the treatment. However, in the gestating shami goats osmolarity was higher while insulin was lower indicating a possible state of negative energy balance. The kids born to the restricted goats had lower body weight at birth and at one month of age which warrants further research.Similarly, alpine and Saanen lactating goats, although subjected to a milder water restriction regime showed signs of dehydration reflected by the increase in albumin, urea, osmolarity and Na+. The goats were able to maintain body weight and milk production although milk urea and lactose increased under water restriction thus keeping milk isotonic with the blood.Heat stress had no effect on feed intake or on feed and water intake patterns in lactating Saanen and alpine goats. However, there was a 40% increase in water intake. Blood pCO2 decreased because the animals hyperventilated to reduce their body temperature, whereas rectal temperature increased. Milk production was not modified, but milk fat content decreased. Alpine goats drank more water per kg of dry matter intake than the Saanen. This could be explained either by their higher level of feed intake or by the effect of coat colour.The qualitative and quantitative reviews as well as the experimental part helped in determining the most prominent physiological effects of water restriction in small ruminants that are consistently reported namely: decrease in feed intake and milk production and weight loss, increase in osmolarity, urea, sodium, cholesterol and fatty acids and of milk components such as lactose and protein content. At the same time, understudied areas in relation to the effects of water restriction were identified such as water stress in interaction with other environmental factors, the comparison between breeds, the impact of individual variability, methods of water stress alleviation and impact on animal welfare, etc.As a conclusion, this project helped in condensing the relevant information on the effects of water stress on goats thus serving as an accessible resource for guiding future research and possibly goat producers, in facing water scarcity
Guyot, Luc. "Reconnaissance hydrogéologique pour l'alimentation en eau d'une plaine littorale en milieu semi-aride : sud ouest de Madagascar." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2054.
Full textBétard, François. "Montagnes humides au cœur du Nordeste brésilien semi-aride : le cas du massif de Baturité (Ceará) : apports d’une approche morphopédologique pour la connaissance et la gestion des milieux." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040232.
Full textThe humid mountains of Northeast Brazil, locally named Brejos de altitude, form islands of humidity where evergreen forest (mata atlântica) contrasts with the semi-arid conditions of the surrounding plain (Sertão). Despite the ecological, cultural and socio-economic importance of such humid mountains across a wide semi- arid area (‘Polígono das secas’), the high diversity of their physical environment has so far been poorly characterised. This study outlines the relevance of a pedogeomorphological approach to the understanding and management of landscape systems. Here the Baturité massif (Ceará) showcases the methodology used in this study, which involves i) a detailed field survey based on a combined description of landforms, weathering mantles and soils ; ii) the analytical characterization of soils and weathering materials based on a wide range of complementary pedological, sedimentological and geochemical laboratory methods ; and iii) the processing and spatial analysis of field and laboratory data in a GIS, with an aim to develop a modernised method of pedogeomorphic mapping applicable to the study of other mountains. The main results are presented in the form of an original inventory of pedogeomorphic landscape units for the Baturité massif and its piedmont. These results are placed within a more global scientific debate centred on the evolution of tropical landscapes, and the hypotheses are tested against geographic comparisons in Brazil and on other continents (Africa, India). The potential for agricultural development of the land systems of the humid mountains and their surrounding semi- arid plains are discussed in the light of the original results of this study
Estrada, Avalos Juan. "Importance et fonctionnement des petits barrages dans une zone semi-aride du Nord-Mexique." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20136.
Full textDe, Melo Rocha Danielle. "Développement et identités dans le Semi-aride brésilien. Le vin de la Vallée du São Francisco." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030177/document.
Full textThe Semi-Arid Region of Brazilian Northeast have been constantly associated to the image of poverty, periodical dries, and undervelopment. Avoiding this label, public policies of today are carrying out a new approach articulating regional and local development in order to reduce social and regional inequalities. The Arranjos Produtivos Locais [Local Productive Agreements] APL Program is part of this strategy, attempting to make local enconomies and territories more dynamic and competitive, through the encouragement of productive organization, inovation and strenghtening of social capital. The social actors claim the right to participate in the implementation of a model of development tailored to the region and based on the notion of sustainable development, which can be found in the expression “Livelihood in the Semi-Arid”. Such position is based in the strenghtening of familiar production, an education adapted to the local conditions, community organization and tailored and decentralized hydraulic solutions. Concurrently, the great project of integrating the São Francisco River Basin with the northern basins, so desired by the Lula Government, ignites the debate over the efficient and sustainable use of water for the irrigation of semi-arid zones. The wine industry, an outgrow of the irrigated fruit production of the São Francisco Valley, presents itself as a excellent example of an APL, supported by the Federal and Pernambuco State Government. This APL express the relationship between modernisty and tradition, global and local since the production of a tropical wine help to transform local identities through the image of progress and innovation, which also involve the risk of different valorization of the territories. For this reason, this transformation, at the same time that innovates, reinforces the common habit of individual enrichment, leading to the concentration of land and water in a few hands, which, at the end, acts against the valorization of local and familiar production
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066/document.
Full textIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Laraque, Alain. "Comportements hydrochimiques des "açudes" du "nordeste" brésilien semi-aride : évolutions et prévisions pour un usage en irrigation." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20003.
Full textCarvalho, Vitor Celso de. "Structure et dynamique de la végétation en milieu tropical semi-aride : la Caatinga de Quixaba (Pernambouc, Brésil) du terrain à l'analyse des données MSS/LANDSAT." Toulouse 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU20031.
Full textSatellite remote sensing is more used as a tool for monitoring the tropical semiarid ecosystems. In this work we propose to do an estimation of practicability and limits of mss landsat datas, from a test region of brazilian nordeste, north of Petrolina (pe) the first part deals with the finalization of a structural classification of the steppe (Caatinga) vegetation and its application to the test region. Then, a 1 100 000 scale structural mapping, drawn from the 1955,1965 and 1983 aerial photographs, allows to discuss the signification of aerial photographic structure perception, and to analyse the 1955-1983 caatinga evolution. At last, the results of four mss landsat scenes (1973,1974 and 1983) numerical processing, are estimated, by comparison to vegetation structure maps : while in these maps, 15 thematic classes are distinguished, only 7 are available on the classified picture. In practice, the whole analysis show that the main characteristics of 1955-1983 landcape evolution are : a clear expansion of agricultural area (mainly after 1974) and, in all probability, a notable stability of Caatinga
Haj, Najib Bassel. "Gestion optimale de l'utilisation de l'eau douce et salée pour l'irrigation du coton dans le bassin de l'Euphrate en zone semi-aride." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-147.pdf.
Full textGorrab, Azza. "Développement et validation de méthodologies pour le suivi des états de surface des sols agricoles nus par télédétection radar (bande X)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30039/document.
Full textThe characterization of geometric, water and physical surface soil parameters for semi-arid regions is a key requirement for sustainable agricultural management and natural resources conservation. In this context, the current study aims to estimate the spatio-temporal variability of soil properties (soil moisture, roughness and texture) using multi-temporal X-band radar images acquired at high spatial resolution over bare agricultural site in Tunisia. In the first section of this work, a new roughness parameter was proposed; it was the Zg parameter which combines the three most commonly used soil parameters: root mean surface height "s", correlation length "l", and correlation function shape, into just one parameter. A strong correlation was observed between this new parameter and the radar backscattering simulations. The parameter Zg was validated using large database acquired at several agricultural sites in France. Secondly, the sensitivity of X-band TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed sensors to soil moisture and different roughness parameters (s, Zs=s2/l and Zg parameters) was analyzed. The radar measurements acquired at different configurations (HH and VV polarizations, incidence angles of 26° and 36°) were found to be highly sensitive to the various soil parameters of interest. After that, the performance of different physical and semi-empirical backscattering models (IEM, Baghdadi-calibrated IEM and Dubois models) is compared with SAR measurements. Considerable improvements in the IEM model performance were observed using the Baghdadi-calibrated version of this model. Thirdly, an empirical change detection approach was developed using TerraSAR-X data and ground auxiliary thetaprobe network measurements for the retrieval of surface soil moisture at a high spatial resolution. The accuracy of the soil moisture retrieval algorithm was determined, and validated successfully over numerous test fields. Maps of soil clay percentages at the studied site were derived from the mean of the seven soil moisture radar outputs (a root mean square error equal to 108 g/kg). To retrieve surface soil roughness, empirical expressions were established between backscattering TerraSAR-X coefficients data and the roughness parameters (s and Zg). By inversing radar signals, resulting surface roughness maps have revealed that is possible to use spatial roughness variability observations at plot scale to identify soil surface changes between multi-temporal images. Finally, a Bare Soil HYdrological balance Model "MHYSAN" was developed to estimate surface evaporation fluxes and soil moisture time series over our study site. The present section of this work highlighted the feasibility of calibrating our proposed MHYSAN model through the use of multi-temporal TerraSAR-X moisture products
Alazard, Marina. "Étude des relations surface-souterrain du système aquifère d'El Haouareb (Tunisie centrale) sous contraintes climatiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20023.
Full textIn semi-arid environment, surface waters are unevenly distributed in time and space and particularly vulnerable. The total annual rainfall is generally low and the rain events are rare and intense, causing severe flooding and erosion. Therefore, the groundwater resource is widely exploited, often inducing overexploitation problems.To overcome the negative consequences of these hydrological regimes, large dam have been built to increase the water storage. These structures can paradoxically create a water deficiency in some areas by inducing evaporation losses and reducing aquifer recharge. In central Tunisia, the Merguellil catchment provides an example of hydrological processes profoundly changed by the construction of a large dam. The basin is of strategic importance for the region. It feeds the great agricultural plain of Kairouan which suffers f overexploitation for decades. Before the building of the El Haouareb dam, the Merguellil intermittent flows were the main source of recharge to the Kairouan plain aquifer. Dam El Haouareb built in 1989 now blocking surface runoff, recharge occurs further upstream through the cracked limestone base of the structure. This modification of the hydrological causes a significant loss of water by evaporation and concentrate recharge of the plain at the foot of the dam.The purpose of this thesis work is to identify the recharge mechanisms occurring at the threshold of El Haouareb. Infiltration from the lake was quantified calculating the water budget of the reservoir. The total water budget between 1989 and 2006 was made up by: infiltration 56%, evaporation 24%, abstraction 14% and dam releases 6%. Calculations had been conducted for smaller time scale to allow the quantification of the entries in the aquifer system.The identification of flows passing through the calcareous threshold was conducted by crossing hydrodynamic approaches (signal analysis) and geochemical (profiles and records of electrical conductivity and temperature, major ions, stable isotopes of the water molecule). The comparison of different methods helped to consolidate the results and to overcome the imperfections of some field data in a hydrological and hydrogeological complex context.A basic model and a simplified diagram of the El Haouareb aquifer have been established and allow anticipating the evolution of recharge in the Merguellil catchment under future climatic pressure
Chaba, Bachir. "Comportement comparé de jeunes plants de 3 provenances algériennes de pin d’Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill. ) cultivés en conditions hydriques limitantes et non limitantes : croissance et développement, composition glucidique et macrominérale." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10034.
Full textRodrigues, Mutti Pedro. "Caractérisation de la sécheresse dans le nord-est du Brésil : une analyse multi-échelle des bassins versants et suivi par télédétection." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN20036.
Full textDrought is a recurrent phenomenon in the Northeast Brazil (NEB) region, especially in its semiarid inlands. Although several drought studies have been carried out at the NEB, some important methodological aspects inherent to data quality and control, specificities of the used techniques, and spatial scale still need to be further discussed. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to characterize different aspects of drought in the NEB considering different spatial scales, meteorological data characteristics, and remote sensing monitoring alternatives. This characterization was carried out in the São Francisco watershed (SFW), which presents a remarkable climate diversity, in the Piranhas-Açu watershed (PAW), which is entirely located in the semiarid NEB, and in desertification hotspots. In the first study, we used the evaporation deficit as drought index in the SFW. Results show that periods of water shortage are becoming more frequent and more intense in the coastal and middle zones of the basin. In the second study, a rainfall anomaly index was used in the PAW to identify drought events, which are mostly associated with El Niño events and the anomalous warming of the Tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Finally, in the third study, different stochastic models were tested in order to forecast remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data over six desertification hotspots in the NEB. Results show that the tested models satisfactorily forecast short-term dry and degraded vegetation states
Le, Coz Mathieu. "Modélisation hydrogéologique de dépôts hétérogènes : l'alluvium de la Komadougou Yobé (bassin du lac Tchad, sud-est nigérien)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20140/document.
Full textThe downstream part of the Komadugu Yobe River is an important recharge area for the Lake Chad Quaternary aquifer. Since the 1980s, cash crop development (e.g. sweet pepper) has led to the doubling (1995-2005) of irrigated surfaces in the vicinity of the river. A modeling approach of vertical water fluxes through the vadose zone (0-8 m) was designed to quantify the related increase in groundwater recharge. The first step, which is the main topic of this PhD thesis, consisted in describing both spatial arrangement and hydrodynamic properties of the sedimentary bodies that make up the alluvium.Boreholes in surficial deposits highlighted sandy to clayey alternations within the whole unsaturated zone; this was interpreted as the result of frequent migrations of the River channel. Spatial correlation between bore logs showed strong similarities with heterogeneities depicted on ground by means of remote sensing data (binarized Landsat 7 image). This data were therefore used to train multiple-point statistics representative of heterogeneities, and a 3D geological model was generated through the snesim algorithm.For each representative sedimentary unit, soil moisture under controlled hydraulic surface conditions was monitored by vertical neutron probe soundings. Using 1D numerical simulations, different data sets of hydrodynamic properties that reproduced moisture measurements were determined by a Monte-Carlo approach. Probability density functions including measurement uncertainties were deduced for the Mualem - van Genuchten parameters which describe both retention and hydraulic conductivity curves.A 1D-distributed procedure was applied for modeling vertical flows in the unsaturated zone within several geological model realizations with different probable sets of hydrodynamics parameters. The simulated diffuse recharge was shown to be particularly sensitive to two main parameters: air-entry pressure linked to superficial deposits, where soil-plant-atmosphere interactions do occur, and vertical hydraulic conductivity contrasts within the alluvium
Diouf, Abdoulaye. "Influence du régime des feux d'aménagement sur la structure ligneuse des savanes nord-soudaniennes dans le Parc du W, Sud Ouest Niger." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209610.
Full texténigmes de l'écologie des plantes. Les origines du difficile équilibre entre ces formes de vie
sur des dizaines de millions de kilomètres carrés à l'échelle mondiale sont en partie attribuées
aux perturbations fréquentes induites par les feux de végétation dont les effets varient dans
l'espace et dans le temps selon les conditions environnementales. Les résultats de recherche
dépendent de l’échelle et les conclusions tirées d’études locales sont rarement transposables à
d’autres échelles. La question du transfert d'échelle s’avère donc cruciale dans l'étude des
effets du feu, et nécessite une approche transdisciplinaire.
En raison de la variété des échelles couvertes, cette étude constitue une première dans la
confrontation de données sur l’historique des feux dérivé de l'imagerie satellitaire à des
données de terrain incluant des mesures détaillées sur la structure et la composition de
végétation, ainsi que des propriétés édaphiques et topographiques. Elle s’est focalisée sur la
composante ligneuse de par son caractère pérenne et son influence sur les processus
écologiques majeurs. Sur une zone de plus de 2000 km², le Parc National du W du Niger
(PNWN), où le feu est utilisé comme outil pour la gestion et la conservation des écosystèmes
semi-arides, une carte de l'historique des feux a été élaborée à partir d'images MODIS de 250
m de résolution spatiale et de résolution temporelle journalière couvrant une période de sept
années (2002-2009). Pour comprendre la variabilité, à la fois dans l'espace et le temps, de la
propagation du feu dans la végétation, nous avons étudié les caractéristiques de distribution
des feux en termes de régime du feu (i.e. période d'occurrence et fréquence) et de structure
spatiale (métriques paysagères). Les relations causales plausibles entre les régimes du feu, les
conditions édaphiques et topographiques à l'échelle régionale comme locale, et les
caractéristiques de la végétation ligneuse (composition et structure) ont été examinées à
travers des analyses multivariées et des modèles d'équations structurales. Nous avons aussi
examiné plus en détails les stratégies adaptatives mises en oeuvre par les ligneux, et les
interactions biologiques qui sous-tendent l'organisation spatiale des ligneux à travers une
approche des processus ponctuels.
Les résultats montrent que l'activité du feu dans le PNWN se caractérise par une hétérogénéité
spatio-temporelle induite principalement par les conditions édapho-topographiques via la
structure de la végétation ligneuse. Les feux précoces de gestion créent des pare-feux
efficaces, limitant une large extension des feux de saison tardifs. Cependant, ces feux tardifs
pourraient ne pas être aussi destructifs comme qu’on le suppose généralement. En effet,
l'adaptation des espèces aux différents régimes defeu correspond à des stratégies de croissance
contrastées. Dans le cas des feux tardifs, les surfaces terrières et hauteurs moyennes les plus
fortes sont rencontrées, permettant aux arbres de résister au feu. Quant aux zones non
affectées par les feux l'analyse "patron-processus" désigne clairement la facilitation entre
ligneux comme un processus fondamental de l'organisation spatiale périodique du couvert, une
structure émergente qui empêche le passage du feu. Bien qu’ils ne se substituent pas aux
études expérimentales, ces résultats basés sur une expérimentation naturelle à large échelle
apportent des informations nouvelles précieuses tant au niveau fondamental que pour la mise
en place d'une gestion raisonnée du PNWN.
The tree-grass equilibrium in tropical savanna is recognized as one of plant ecology's main
conundrums. The origins of the difficult balance between these life forms over tens of millions
of square kilometers worldwide are in part attributed to the frequent disturbances caused by
vegetation fires effects of which vary in space and time depending on local environmental
factors. Research results are scale-dependent and findings from local studies are rarely
transposable to higher levels of ecosystem organization. The question of scaling (scale
transfer) is therefore crucial in the study of fire effects, and requires a multidisciplinary
approach.
Because of the variety of scales covered, this study is a premiere in the confrontation of
satellite-imagery derived fire history data with detailed field data including measurements of
vegetation parameters (structure and composition), as well as soil and topographic properties.
The study focuses on the woody component, because of its perennial character and its
influence on major ecological processes. On an area of more than 2000 km², the W National
Park of Niger (WNPN) where fire is used as a tool for the management and conservation of
semi-arid ecosystems, a fire history map was elaborated from MODIS images with a 250 m
spatial resolution and a daily temporal resolution over a period of seven years (2002-2009). To
understand the variability, both in space and time, of fire propagation in vegetation, we studied
the fire distribution characteristics in terms of fire regime (i.e. timing and frequency) and
spatial structure (landscape metrics). Plausible causal relationships at regional and local scales
between fire regimes, edaphic and topographic conditions, and the woody vegetation
(composition and structure) characteristics were examined through multivariate analyses and
structural equations models. We also examined in detail the woody species adaptive strategies
as well biological interactions, which underlie their spatial organization, using point statistics.
Results show that the WNPN fire's activity is characterized by spatial and temporal
heterogeneity induced mainly by edaphic and topographic conditions via the structure of the
ligneous component. Prescribed early season fires create effective firewalls, limiting wide late
season fires. However, these late fires might not be as destructive as is commonly assumed.
Indeed, species adaptation to different fire regimes corresponds to contrasting growth
strategies. In the case of late fires, increased basal areas and mean tree heights were
encountered, enabling trees to resist fire and escape flames. As for the unburned areas, the
"pattern-process" analysis clearly indicates that facilitation between shrubs is a fundamental
process determining the woody cover periodic spatial organization, an emergent structure that
prevents fire spread.
Although they do not replace experimental studies, these results based on a large-scale natural
experiment provide valuable new information both on a fundamental level and for setting up
the rational management of the WNPN.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished