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1
Bruecher, Jonne. "Regional economic integration and development." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-211672.
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Regionaler Wirtschaftlicher Integration (RWI) liegt ein doppelter Zielkonflikt (“trade-off“) zugrunde. Zum einen besteht dieser trade-off auf räumlicher Ebene da es sich um eine politische und ökonomische Organisationseinheit zwischen dem Lokalen und Globalen handelt. Zum anderen besteht ein trade-off da sowohl Liberalisierungsansätze innerhalb der Region als auch das Aufrechterhalten (oder gar Erweitern) von Protektionismus gegen die Außenwelt Teil von regionalen Ansätzen sind. Darüber hinaus ist RWI ein facettenreiches, polymorphes und idiosynkratisches Phänomen, das (potentiell) eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Politkfelder und Politikschlagrichtungen enthält. Traditionell wird RWI nach der Klassifizierung von Balassa (1961) in Präferenzabkommen (PTAs), Freihandelsabkommen (FTAs), Zollunionen (CUs) Gemeinsame Märkte (CMs), Währungsunionen (MUs) und ggf. Politische Unionen (PUs) eingeteilt und meist auch eine zeitliche Abfolge in dieser Reihenfolge unterstellt. In Wahrheit finden solche Prozesse teilweise parallel und in vielen Fällen unvollständig statt. Daher erscheint es sinnvoller, in vier verschiedene Kategorien an Politikfeld0ptionen zu unterschieden, nämlich
• Präferentielle Liberalisierung von Güterhandel;
• Präferentielle Liberalisierung anderer Produktionsfaktoren;
• Koordinierung & Harmonisierung von Regularien und Institutionen;
• Koordinierung und gemeinsame Verausgabung von öffentlichen Mitteln.
Ein solch vielgestaltiges und janusköpfiges Phänomen bezieht seine Rechtfertigung aus einer großen Anzahl an unterschiedlichen theoretischen Schulen. Wir diskutieren diese Schulen in dieser Arbeit in drei separaten Kapiteln zum Neo-Klassischen Ansatz, zu Ansätzen der Politischen Ökonomie sowie zu Heterodoxen Ansätzen. Dabei lassen sich fünf Gruppen von Effekten unterscheiden. Diese sind
• Allokationseffekte;
• Akkumulationseffekte;
• Lokationseffekte;
• Levellingeffekte;
• Und Gouvernanz-Effekte.
Bei der Analyse von RWI sind darüber hinaus Imperfektionen zu beachten, die insbesondere in Afrika eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Dies bezieht sich insbesondere auf die teilweise sehr schwache Implementation von beschlossenen RWI Maβnahmen, die sich z.B. im „Spaghetti Bowl“ Phänomen, politischen Widerständen auf nationaler Ebene, administrativen Schwächen und massiven Deckungslücken in den Budgets der regionalen Behörden niederschlagen. Auch die Dominanz der Informalität in der Wirtschaft wirft Fragen zur potentiellen Wirkungsmächtigkeit von RWI auf. Während solche „Papiertiger“-Phänomene grundsätzliche Fragen an der Ernsthaftigkeit der jeweiligen Regionalvorhaben aufwerfen, kann die Präsenz solcher Hürden auch Grund für Optimismus sein da die empirisch bislang beobachteten, relativ geringen Wohlfahrtseffekte zu einem substantiellen Anteil auf die geringe Implementierungstiefe zurückgeführt werden können und nicht zwangsläufig ein Beleg für die Ineffektivität von RWI per se gesehen werden muss. Mit anderen Worten, eine wirkliche empirische Überprüfung des Erfolgs oder Versagens von RWI in Entwicklungsländern könnte erst stattfinden, wenn es tatsächlich ordnungsgemäß umgesetzt würde.
Der bekannteste und am umfangreichsten entwickelte Ansatz zur Analyse der Effekte von RWI ist fraglos der Neo-klassische Ansatz, der sich grundlegend und ausschlieβlich mit der auf Viner zurückgehenden Gegenüberstellung von Handelsschaffung und Handelsumlenkung. Wir zeigen, dass die neoklassischen empirischen Methoden und Resultate trotz Tausender Studien wenig robust sind und zu einem Gutteil arbiträr gewählt sind. Kleinste Änderungen in Modell-Parametern, der empirischen Strategie oder den Datenquellen führen zu stark abweichenden Resultaten. Grundsätzlich scheint Handelsumlenkung weniger stark ausgeprägt zu sein als Handelsschaffung, der Netto-Effekt für die Regionen scheint also aus dieser Perspektive in den allermeisten Fällen positiv zu sein (dies zeigen sowohl Sekundärstudien als auch eigene Berechnungen). Es gibt sowohl Gewinner als auch Verlierer innerhalb der Regionen. Allerdings scheinen diese nicht wie vom Neoklassischen Ansatz vorhergesagt, durch die anfängliche ökonomische Machtverteilung vorherbestimmt zu sein. Dennoch bleibt die axiomatische Inferiorität von RWI zwischen Entwicklungsländern gegenüber multilateraler Liberalisierung (sowie Nord-Süd Integration und unilateraler Liberalisierung) intakt, solange die Analyse auf diese Perspektive beschränkt bleibt. Dies wirft die Frage auf, warum es dann sein kann, dass Regionalintegration so weit verbreitet ist – sowohl die Analysen aus Politökonomischer Sicht als auch jene aus Heterodoxer Sicht versuchen jeweils Antwort auf dieses scheinbare Rätsel zu geben. Darüber hinaus mündet eine unvoreingenommen und holistische Analyse von Regionalintegration innerhalb des Neoklassischen Ansatzes in einer fundamentale Erkenntnis, die überraschenderweise nur selten in der Literatur diskutiert wird. Ein näherer Blick auf die jeweiligen Schätzungen offenbart, dass selbst die optimistischsten Berechnungen in Größenordnungen enden, die absolut vernachlässigbar sind im Verhältnis zu generellen Wachstumsdynamiken, da es sich bei den Effizienzgewinnen aus Allokationseffekten um Einmal-Effekte in Höhe von unter einem Prozent des BIP handelt. Dies trifft interessanterweise nicht nur auf RWI zu, sondern auch für eine mögliche allumfassende multilaterale Liberalisierung. Diese eklatante Bedeutungslosigkeit der allokationsbedingten Handelsschaffung von sowohl RWI als auch multilateraler Liberalisierung wirft in unseren Augen mehr Fragen bezüglich der Zweckdienlichkeit des Neoklassischen Ansatzes auf, als bezüglich des Entwicklungs- und Wachstumspotentials von Regionalintegration. Allerdings stellt sich die Frage, warum dieser Analyse dann ein solch großer Raum beigemessen wird. Der Hauptgrund scheint, wie in vielen anderen Bereichen der Volkswirtschaft auch, weniger der Umstand zu sein, dass die Einsicht fehlt, dass diese Analysen die Realität nur unzureichend ab- und nachbilden, sondern vielmehr, dass von vielen Autoren mehr Wert auf eine elegante, mathematisch raffinierte und zumindest scheinbar klar quantifizierte und eindeutige Ergebnisse liefernde Methode setzen wollen als auf eine, bei der die Disziplin methodisch bestenfalls in den Anfangsschuhen steckt, Datengrundlagen in substantiellem Umfang fehlen und Ungewissheiten aufgrund der Komplexität kaum abschließend überwunden werden können.
An zweiter Stelle folgt in Bezug auf Popularität und Anzahl an Studien ein spieltheoretischer Ansatz der Politischen Ökonomie. Hierbei wird der Frage nachgegangen, warum Regionalintegration betrieben wird, obwohl der Neoklassische Ansatz (scheinbar) nachweist, das seine multilaterale Lösung zu präferieren wäre. Als Grund wird hierbei der Einfluss von Lobbyisten und anderen Interessengruppen angenommen. Die Diskussion widmet sich im weiteren Verlauf fast ausschließlich der Frage, ob eine solcherart zustande gekommene Regionalintegration weitere, multilaterale Liberalisierungsschritte beflügelt und behindert. Allerdings ist der Erkenntnisgewinn aus den unzähligen Studien und Modellen äußerst überschaubar.
Andere wichtige Ansätze für die Analyse von RWI erhalten deutlich weniger Aufmerksamkeit in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion, obwohl diese heterodoxen Ansätze, die den Fokus auf dynamische Effekte und Strukturwandel legen, in der öffentlichen Debatte eine nicht unbedeutende Rolle spielen. Diesen Ansätzen ist gemein, dass sie einen Fokus auf Marktversagen und Externalitäten legen. Das Triumvirat der Neuen Handelstheorie, der Neuen der Diskussionen, wobei zusätzlich einige Keynesianische Einflüsse, der Neue Institutionalismus (sowie praxisorientierte Aspekte der Öffentlichen Finanzen) und einige radikalere Ansätze mit Ökonomischen Geografie und der Neuen Endogenen Wachstumstheorie bildet hierbei den Kern Fokus auf Arbeitsmärkte und Entwicklungsfallen eine Rolle spielen. Heterodoxe, dynamische Effekte sind sehr komplex und divers und die theoretische und empirische Anwendung auf Regionalismus ist nur sehr schwach entwickelt. Einige heterodoxe Argument ändern die Resultate der Neoklassischen Theorie nur in beschränktem Umfang und zeigen sowohl Vorteile und Nachteile von regionalen und multilateralen Liberalisierungsschritten. Einige andere heterodoxe / dynamische Effekte treten entweder ausschließlich bei RWI auf oder zu einem deutlichen geringeren Maβe auch im Gefolge von Multilateralismus und Nord-Süd Integration. Einige davon haben unserer Einschätzung nach tatsächlich das Potential, die Neoklassischen Argumente zur Dominanz von multilateralen Lösungen komplett ins Gegenteil zu verkehren. Leider ist die empirische Analyse von dynamischen Effekten jedoch sehr schlecht entwickelt. Dennoch erscheinen Schätzungen aufgrund von dynamischen Modellen “sufficiently specified to suggest that the benefits behind the dynamics of integration are potentially large” (Develin & French-Davis, 1998:20). Die Komplexität der heterodoxen Effekte impliziert, dass komplizierte Entscheidungen zur Auswahl von spezifischen Maβnahmen getroffen werden müssen. Auch wenn Regionalismus dynamische Effekte auslösen kann, ist dies keineswegs ein Automatismus, der aus jeglichen regionalen Anstrengungen entspringt. Rodrik’s Kommentar zu Industriepolitik paraphrasierend, sollte daher in Zukunft weniger der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob Regionalismus unter Entwicklungsländern eine gute Politikwahl ist, sondern eher, wie Regionalismus ausgebildet werden muss, um erfolgreich Entwicklungsimpulse geben zu können.
2
Chowthee, Nishi Lalmanie. "Regional economic integration in Africa : the importance of regional economic communities." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/932.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since independence in the early 1950's, Africa's overall economic performance compared very unfavourably with those of other regions of the developing world mainly because it attained political independence as a fragmented continent. From this time, the vision of African leaders has been that of regional integration and the creation of the African common market. The vision of a common market which unites Africa's mostly small and fragmented economies would lead to economies of scale, thereby making African countries more competitive. That vision however, has been clouded by the devastation of war, both civil and territorial and corruption which drains the state. Therefore, the importance of regional economic integration is pertinent and more so, the role of Regional Economic Communities as integrative institutions. The African Union, the main institution for political, economic and social integration established the African Economic Community whose main role is to facilitate the regional economic integration process in Africa. Africa's RECs have been designated by the Abuja Treaty as the building blocks for integration and the eventual creation of an African Economic Community. The Abuja Treaty and the Constitutive Act of the African Union provides for the coordination and harmonization of the policies of the Regional Economic Communities. One of the main challenges confronting Africa in its quest for full integration is the rationalisation of regional economic communities. The RECs with their treaties, protocols and agendas are logical institutions to jumpstart Africa's integration. The African Union recognises eight Regional Economic Communities, but the African continent has fourteen inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), all of which are working on regional integration issues. The RECs have had some successes but have not met their objectives of greater production. The RECs need to be revived and the first thing would be to rationalise their structure and their interactions with national governments. Rationalisation has benefits and costs and rationalisation efforts should focus on efficiency and effectiveness. Ultimately, rationalisation would allow Africa to attain the full benefits of integration, particularly growth for trade within and outside Africa. Regional Economic Communities are viewed as pillars of continental integration by the African Union. The strategy of economic emancipation must denote economic development for all African people including grass roots level and there is no doubt that significant challenges exist and must be addressed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die onafhanlikheid in die vroeë 1950's het die oorgrote ekonomiese groei van Afrika goed vergelyk met die ander onwikkelende streke in die wêreld grotendeels as gevolg van die gefragmenteerde onafhanklikheidswording in Afika as geheel. Vir die eerste keer was die visie van Afrika leiers dit eens dat Afrika streke as een moet integreer asook die daarstelling van een gemeenskaplike mark. Hierdie visie is egter vertroebel deur die verwoesting van oorloë, beide siviel en territoriaal, asook korrupsie, wat 'n staat dreineer. Daarom is die belangrikheid van streeks ekonomiese integrasie steeds belangrik, en nog meer so, die rol van Streeks Ekonomiese Gemeenskappe (REC's) as integrerende instelling. Die Afrika Unie, die hoof instelling vir politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale integrasie het die Afrika Ekonomiese Gemeenskap, wie se hoof taak dit is om die streeks ekonomiese integrasie te fasiliteer, gestig. Afrika se Streeks Ekonomiese Gemeenskappe is aangewys deur die Abuja Verdrag, om as die bouers van integrasie op te tree, met die uiteindelike daarstelling van 'n Afrika Ekonomiese Gemeenskap. Die Abuja Verdrag en die Konstutiewe Wet van die Afrika Unie maak voorsiening vir die koordinasie in ooreenstemming met die beleidsrigting van die Streeks Ekonomiese Gemeenskappe. Een van die hoof uitdagings wat Afrika in die gesig staar, met die soektog na volle integrasie, is die rasionalisasie van streeks ekonomiese gemeenskappe. Die Streeks Ekonomiese Gemeenskappe met hulle verdrae, protokol en agendas is die logiese instelling om die integrasie van Afrika 'n hupstoot te gee. Die Afrika Unie erken agt Streeks Ekonomiese Gemeenskappe maar die Afrika kontinent het veertien inter-regerings organisasies (IGO's) wat almal werk aan streeks integrasie kwessies. Die Streeks Ekonomiese Gemeenskappe het 'n sekere mate van sukses behaal, maar het nog nie hulle geteikende groter produksie bereik nie. Die Streeks Ekonomiese Gemeenskappe moet opnuut herleef word en die eerste stap sou wees om te rasionaliseer oor hulle struktuur en die interaksie met nasionale regerings. Rasionalisering het voordele en kostes en pogings behoort te fokus op doeltreffendheid en effektiwiteit. Die uiteinde van rasionalisering sal Afrika die volle voordele van integrasie, veral t.o.v handelsgroei binne en buite Afrika, ervaar. Streeks Ekonomiese Gemeenskappe word beskou, deur die Afrika Unie, as die pilare van kontinentale intergrasie. Die strategie van ekonomiese emansipasie moet 'n aanduiding wees vir ekonomiese ontwikkeling vir al die mense van Afrika, ook op grondvlak, en daar is geen twyfel dat beduidende uitdagings bestaan en dat dit moet aangespreek word.
3
Puga, Diego. "Regional integration and the location of economic activity." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263362.
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Kolovos, Amaleia E. "Regional Integration in East Asia." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/93.
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Regional integration is not a new phenomenon but has become an increasingly important topic of political research with the continued expansion of the European Union as well as an increased number of regional organizations around the globe. This paper will seek to use both Europe and East Asia as illustrations in order to better comprehend the driving forces behind integration as well as why some regions are further integrated than others. The purpose of this research is to achieve a better understanding of what causes regional integration in hopes of developing a more inclusive theory. More specifically, it aims to see how integrated the region of East Asia is, in particular when compared to Europe. Through comparing the two regions and analyzing factors in both Europe and East Asia as determined by current integration theory, this research aims to achieve a better understanding of the driving forces behind regional integration as an international phenomenon. My research is an attempt to tie together the multiple existing theories of regional integration with the goal of creating a more cohesive and measurable theory. With an increased understanding of regional integration, we will be better able to both explain and predict integration in both Europe and East Asia, as well as other, less integrated regions around the world.
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Nosova, Olga. "Statistical analysis of regional integration effects." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/2910/.
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The paper studies the regional integration as the unique process which depends on the degree of cooperation and interchange among regions. The generalisation of existing approaches for regional integration has been classified by the criterions. The data of the main economic indicators have been analysed. The economic analysis proves the differences in production endowments, the asymmetry in fixed capital investment, the disproportional income, and foreign direct investment distribution in 2001 – 2005 in Ukrainian regions. Econometric modelling depicts the existence of the division for the industrial regions with high urbanisation and backward agrarian regions in the Ukraine, the industrial development disparities among regions; the insufficient infrastructure (telecommunications, roads, hotels, services and etc.), the low labour productivity in industrial sector, and insufficient regional trade.
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Nyirabikali, Gaudence. "Promoting Socio-Economic Development through Regional Integration - The Politics of Regional Economic Communities in Africa." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-206.
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Regional integration has gained momentum since the 1980s and throughout the world. The new regionalism process prevailing since differs from the old one by its multidimensionality covering economic, political, social, and cultural issues within a regional setting. While the old regionalism focused on market protection using a range of tariff and non tariff barriers, the New Regionalism is reinforced by the globalisation effects and strives for efficiency in production, and market access. Using the New Regionalisms Approach, the aim of this thesis is to appreciate the actual levels of regional integration in Africa and explore plausible ways of deepening the integration process with the view that regional integration can promote socio-economic development, provided a pro-development approach is privileged in the conception and implementation of the regional integration process. Focusing on SADC as a representative regional economic community, a qualitative content analysis is used for data collection while policy analysis is carried out using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. The results of this study reveal discrepancies between policy formulation and policy implementation when it comes to enhancing the pro-developmental aspects in the unfolding regional integration process. In spite that shortcomings in past experiences triggered dramatic structural reforms ranging from the reorganisation of the Organisation of African Unity into the African Union, the creation of NEPAD, to structural reforms within regional economic communities with the example of the 2001 restructuring of SADC, empirical evidence shows that little change has occurred at the operational level. Moreover, even policy formulation at the collective-action level still lacks concrete strategies and plans for harmonisation and implementation of regional initiatives. Some of the strategies for deepening the regional integration process would include prioritising regional commitments to external ones and improving policy formulation as well as establishing linkages between different regional policies and strategies.
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Orfao, Anita. "European economic integration and human development, the consequences of regional integration." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26355.pdf.
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Sapwarobol, Teerasak. "Essays on Regional Economic Integration in East Asia." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/18.
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This dissertation seeks to understand the pattern of trade and portfolio investment in East Asian economies and how trade integration can affect the level of bilateral asset holdings. On the trade side, the determinants of bilateral trade flow is examined at the product level, not the aggregate, so as to assess the impact of RTAs across product types as well as the nature of the home market effect and the role of similarity of demand structures. On the financial side, the dissertation synthesizes analyses of the composition of cross-border portfolio holdings in East Asian economies, focusing on the importance of capital market development as well as a linkage between goods and financial markets. The dissertation begins with a re-examination of the determinants of bilateral trade in differentiated, reference-priced, and homogeneous products over the period of 1983-2000. The results suggest that trade liberalization under the ASEAN PTA and AFTA frameworks played a significant role in promoting intra-regional trade in differentiated and reference-priced, but perhaps not homogeneous products. The weak evidence of trade creation in homogeneous products reflects the fact that the implementation of trade liberalization among ASEAN states has provided limited benefits to its members due to waivers of concessions. Despite the massive increase in intra-ASEAN trade, nevertheless, the findings reveal that the formation of RTAs in the region did not lead to trade diversion in any product category. The analysis of the composition of cross-border portfolio holdings in East Asian financial markets employs a panel dataset of the IMF's CPIS over the period of 2001-2009. One key finding from the analysis is that the volume of bilateral imports appeared to play a significant role in spurring cross-border portfolio holdings in East Asian financial markets. In particular, the dissertation shows empirically that the development of the capital markets in East Asia has become one of the key factors in attracting foreign portfolio investment from most regions of the world
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Liu, Fu-Kuo. "External incentives, industrial development and regional economic integration." Thesis, University of Hull, 1994. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4619.
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The revival of regional integration in the European Community (EC) in the early 1980s has brought about profound implications for the development of regional integration and its related theory. Firstly, European industry searching to promote its competitiveness highlighted the need for a "European-level" solution to European economic decline and contributions to the relaunching of European integration. Secondly, as a result of the renewed momentum for regional integration, external factors which were neglected by previous efforts in theory-exploration, have become more noticeable in the process of regional integration.The purpose of this thesis about external factors is to analyse to what extent the progress of regional integration is driven by the private sector. The relaunching of European integration which brought about the successful passage of the Single European Act has demonstrated the crucial contribution of the business community to accelerating the progress of integration.This thesis further offers an analysis of the proposition that the impact of external factors on industrial development is the key to understanding the process of creating the Chinese Economic Area (CEA). It explores the argument that instead of being motivated by political factors, the process of regional integration is primarily stimulated by industrial development in the private sector. It concludes by suggesting a new focus for the study of regional integration - the "external incentives-industrial development" approach, and comparative insights into the EC and the CEA.
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Griffiths, David James. "Foreign direct investment, regional integration agreements and economic growth." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507425.
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Orr, Clinton Dale. "Entrepôts, regional and global economic integration in East Asia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284982.
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Zhao, Xiaodan. "THREE ESSAYS ON REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/646.
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This dissertation consists of three independent essays addressing several key issues related to the empirical application of optimum currency area. The first essay explores the features of the CFA franc zone by operationalizing Robert Mundell’s (1952) criteria for an optimum currency area. A vector autoregression method is used in modeling national outputs as determined by global, regional and country-specific shocks. It finds that domestic outputs of the CFA franc zone countries are strongly influenced by country-specific shocks. These results suggest that the CFA franc zone countries are structurally different from each other and the monetary union may have been a costly arrangement for the member countries.
The second essay focuses on the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU). A 2-vairable vector autoregressive model is estimated to investigate the extent of symmetric shocks in the small open economies of the ECCU. The paper finds that domestic outputs of the ECCU countries are strongly influenced by regional shocks. These results indicate that the ECCU countries are structurally similar to each other and exchange arrangements appear to have well served the region and the group of countries is more likely to be an optimum currency area.
The third essay explores the possibility of a currency union in East Asia. In this essay, the extent of global and regional integration in East Asia is investigated using the stock price index as a measure of economic performance. A similar VAR model is employed to separate the underlying shocks into global, regional and country-specific shocks. The estimation results show that country-specific shocks play a dominant role in East Asia although their role appears to have declined over time, especially after the 1997 financial crisis. Global and regional shocks are responsible for small but increasing shares of stock price fluctuations in most countries. The results indicate that, despite years of liberalization and regional integration, economies in East Asia remain dissimilar and are subject to asymmetric shocks and it might be costly for East Asian countries to abandon monetary policy independence to form a monetary union and that a more flexible exchange rate regime might be desirable.
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Mgaya, John A. "Regional integration : the case of the East African community." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123097.
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Regional cooperation in the three East African
countries Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda has developed over a
number of years, taken several forms and had a chequered
history. It was established by the British Administration
in East Africa as a convenient contrivance for rationalising
British hegemony in this part of Africa. When independence
was won by the three countries, the institutions of East
African cooperation, then known as the East African High
Commission, were bequeathed to the three independent States
and its name changed to East African Common Services
Organisation (EACSO). The three countries tried to use EACSO
as a nucleus for an East African Federation. The attempt
failed in 1963. The enthusiasm for forming a federation
temporarily concealed the weakness in the economic
cooperation which had been inherited. After earlier
attempts at federation had been frustrated, the Partner
States became more concerned with economic cooperation and
in correcting its weaknesses. The Kampala-Mbale Agreement of
1965 and the Treaty for East African Cooperation of 1967
were part of the effort to improve and strengthen economic
cooperation instead of political unification.
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Maze, Alinne. "Regional Integration: The Case of Mercosur." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/421.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Political Science
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Letsatsi, Paseka C. "The impact of regional integration in Africa: the case of South Africa and Botswana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010176.
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Regional integration can refer to the trade unification between different states by partial or full abolition of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers (as no customs duties are paid within the integrated area) and the goal is to increase trade. (Economic integration,1950, p66) According to Mattli (1999, p.42), the analysis of the first problem takes the decision to adopt an integration treaty as a given, and is primarily concerned with identifying the condition under which the process of integration is likely to succeed or to fail. Implementation of an agreement by heads of states to tie the economies of their countries closer together entails a lengthy process of establishing common roles, regulations, and policies that are either based on specific treaty provisions or derived from general principles and objectives written into the integration agreement. Regional integration can be applied for varying forms of economic co-ordination or co-operation amongst different neighbouring states, there will however always be different political agendas in the process. If there is a treaty amongst member states, this treaty has to be enforced or it may result in the development of differences. “In order to address national priorities through regional action most member states had been allocated the responsibility of co-ordinating one or more sectors. This involved proposing sector policies, strategies and priorities, and processing projects for inclusion in the sectoral programme, monitoring progress and reporting to the council of Ministers”. (Department of International Relations & Co-operation, Republic of South Africa). Richard Baldwin, Daniel Cohen, Andre Sapir and Anthony Venables argue that, using the same basic model as Bond and Sypropoulos (1996a), they consider trigger strategies such that initially there is inter-bloc free trade supported by the threat of perpetual trade war if any party breaks the agreement. Regional integration can be understood as the process of providing common rules, regulation, and policies for a region. Regional integration is defined as a process that allows member states to have access to each other’s markets on a voluntary basis and at various degrees. Economic, political, social and cultural benefits are realised from this interaction. (Lee MC, 1999, p30) Regional integration can be seen as co-operation in a broader context but can also be an important framework, through programmes within each regional bloc. According to (Keet ,2005,p22) since the birth of democratic South Africa, regional co-operation is also seen – in addition to the broader African aims-to be an important framework, through programmes within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), within which to address the gross imbalances created both within and between the economies of the region. Regional integration has become a way of assisting the emerging economies to be able to use their proximity to align their economies with the core for economic development. According to (Hamdok, 1998, p34) the effective implementation of regional integration is founded on an enabling environment that promotes accountability, transparency and respect for the rule of law. Also a strong institutional framework at the regional and national levels is fundamental to streamline regional agreements into national policies. In addition, the establishment of effective transnational implementation tools provide opportunities to push reforms conducive to good governance at the regional level. A clear demonstration of this can be observed in effective? legal systems and the need for a regional framework and related judicial institutions to provide an improved regional environment for private development. Integration always provides space for member states to assist in the development of other member states and which have a common economic approach to development. This is done in order to ensure that there are incentives for all member states as compared to those who are outside the bloc. As evidenced in the case of Europe, economic integration helps create a homogenous space and, to some extent, equalises living conditions and if all other regional blocs follow this process the benefit becomes greater. These appear to be prerequisites for a dialogue on the harmonisation of political stands. Indeed, an economic space that is physically integrated; where goods and services move speedily and smoothly; where, besides, the mobility of factors (manpower, capital, energy and inputs) are not subjected to hindrances; where, finally, microeconomic policies are harmonised, is likely to offer equal opportunities to all. Such a high degree of economic integration is not sustainable without a policy dialogue on issues that, at first, may not fall squarely under the rubrics of economic field; peace and security, defense, diplomacy etc. (Blayo N, 1998, P.5) The process of regional co-operation within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) started in in 1980 through the formation of the Co-ordinating Conference which was later changed to SADC IN 1992. Even though it is clear that the South African government played a dominant role because of its apartheid policies, the basic condition was to start the process of integration and open the process of economic co-operation within the region. The Governments of the Republic of South Africa, the Republic of Botswana, the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Kingdom of Swaziland- being desirous of maintaining the free interchange of goods between their countries and of applying the same tariffs and trade regulations to goods imported from outside the common customs area as hereinafter defined; “Recognising that the Customs Agreement on 29 June 1910 as amended from time to time , requires modification to provide for the continuance of the customs union arrangements in the changed circumstances on a basis designed to ensure the continued economic development of the customs union area as a whole, and to ensure in particular that these arrangements encourage the development of the less advanced members of the customs union and the diversification of their economies, and afford to all parties equitable benefits arising from trade among themselves and other countries”.(Government Notice, R 3914,p1). Even though there’s an acknowledgement that under the difficult conditions during apartheid, there was a need for the region to develop a common approach towards development and sustainable growth in the Southern African region. All countries in the region had to co-operate for long term sustainable economic growth, peace and security. “In 1980, the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC) was established with the major objectives of decreasing economic dependence on the apartheid regime and fostering regional development. The strategy adopted for meeting these objectives was regional development and co-operation. In 1992 SADCC was reborn, as the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The member states decided the time had come to move the region towards the creation of one regional market”. (Lee MC, 1999, p1) “Through the establishment of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) the Southern African region has managed under difficult conditions of economic inequalities to standardise the trade links amongst member states, although there is still more to be done in the region to achieve shared goals of development. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) links the trade, regimes of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.
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Li, Xinyi. "Essays on international trade and regional economic integration in East Asia." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446602.
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Awinador-Kanyirige, Darkowa. "Effects of the Economic Partnership Agreements on Regional Integration in Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28099.
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After gaining independence, African states embraced the idea of regional integration as an approach to boost economic development on the continent. This was evident in the new regional organizations that were predominantly generated among developing states in the southern hemisphere. Majority of these organizations, e.g. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC), have continuously been striving to deepen social, political and most importantly economic integration and cooperation in Africa. In an attempt to further the regional integration agenda, there have been quite a number of colonial cross-border arrangements with EU. Assessed based on conventional integration theories by scholars like Ernst B. Haas, the prerequisites for effective regional economic integration in Africa, appear to be less successful, juxtaposed with the more developed and economically independent European Union. Although regional organizations like ECOWAS and SADC have managed to establish free trade areas (FTAs), they have failed to attain their agenda of establishing customs unions. Agendas of this kind among other things, are pertinent to consolidating the regional integration process. Even though several issues may be identified as causes of the inefficiency of the integration scheme on the continent, this paper explores the effect of north south trade agreements, in this case the economic partnership agreements (EPAs), on regional integration processes in Africa.
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Koh, Jae Bang. "Regional disadvantages and economic and political integration within the European Community /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487778663286902.
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Muyembe, Morgan. "Economic integration among developing countries : a vehicle for economic growth and development : the case of Preferential Trade Area of the Eastern and Southern African States (PTA)." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248666.
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Chambers, Annette. "External actors and regional integration, the effects of the United States' strategic-economic policies on regional integration in the Commonwealth Caribbean." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq26905.pdf.
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Chambers, Annette Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "External actors and regional integration; the effects of the United States' strategic-economic policies on regional integration in the commonwealth Caribbean." Ottawa, 1997.
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Obuah, Emmanuel Ezi. "Regional economic integration in Africa : the role of transnational corporations in the economic community of West African states." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318499.
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Musema-Kiluka, Jean Paul. "Legal impediments to regional integration in the great lakes region." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8263.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilThe Great Lakes Region has long been viewed as a land of untapped economic potential due to, amongst other factors, the failures of the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (ECGLC)1 and the Rwandan genocide. The region has many opportunities and common initiatives despite tensions among its core countries. Cross-borders trade, common infrastructures and common border security zones operations have shown that regional integration is possible within the region. From the Dar-Es-Salaam Conference and Declaration2 in November 2004, and thereafter, the signing of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) Pact3 in Nairobi, in 2006 the Group of Friends (GoFs) and the member states plus international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) took a stance to build for the future of the region. They created this new regional integration initiative in order to achieve peace. Peace has multiple dimensions and implications among which poverty alleviation and building of common future in the region are crucial and conducive to increase of population resources.4 Poverty alleviation, sustainable management of common infrastructures, trade and security can be effectively achieved by integrating economically the region.
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Mondlane, Angelo Eduardo. "New dimensions in regional economic co-operation and integration in Southern Africa." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263161.
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In the last three decades regional economic co-operation and integration attracted a great deal of interest in Southern Africa, as elsewhere in the Third World. Early attempts at regional integration in Southern Africa were generally characterised by poor and disappointing performance. Recent changes at both regional and international contexts suggest the need to rethink regional integration as part of an overall economic development strategy and as means to attain further political and security stability. This thesis examines the theory and practice of regional integration in developing countries during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Particular focus is directed at the theoretical and practical implications of different integration approaches for Southern Africa, as well as at the rationale for the revival of this development strategy in the 1990s. Integration schemes of various conceptual natures did not fulfil the expectations included either in the theoretical postulates or in the formal treaties. However, macroeconomic reforms centred in SAPs and their international development context as well as the post-apartheid regional context add new dimensions to regional co-operation and integration for development in the SAR. Among other things they imply a change in the emphasis from inward-looking to outward-looking integration strategies. By yielding the need for reconciling trade liberalisation and RECI this new dimension in integration poses a new challenge to both the contemporary integration approaches and the respective policy implications. Further research is required to determine the optimality of an "adjusted" integration approach, combining elements of the above perspectives.
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Wandel, Cordula. "Industry agglomerations and regional development in Hungary economic processes during European integration." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1001388488/04.
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Pedel, Anne. "Economic integration, a legal perspective on the creation of regional trading blocs." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ59395.pdf.
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Sedano, Fernando Daniel. "Trade adjustments to exchange rates in regional economic integration Argentina and Brazil /." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Dissertation/SEDANO_FERNANDO_37.pdf.
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Ismail, Normaz Wana. "Issues in regional economic integration : evidence from ASEAN free trade area (AFTA)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440948.
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Thomas, Barry van Someren. "Growth and regional economic development in the European Union : an empirical study." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314117.
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HASAN, SHARINA FARIHAH BINTI. "REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND PRODUCTION DIVISIONS IN MALAYSIA." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/85385.
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Globalization is the increasing world-wide integration of markets for goods, services, labor, and capital. It seems to increasingly dominate discussion on the direction of social change and representations of the world. This study is of no exception; it provides an overview on the economic aspects of globalization. It mainly focuses on economic integration, trade patterns of multinational firms and international labor movement. As part of the analysis, international labor movement is centered on the inflow of unskilled labor into host country and the effects they brings along to the welfare of local populations. Particular attention is also given to the construction sector. International trade grows rapidly along with the progress of globalization. The massive development of new communication and transportation technology has made possible for heterogeneous firms to look for optimum production allocation worldwide. There has however been massive debates among researchers on the conditions that firms decided upon when choosing the production allocation, i.e; whether to locate in one country and export to another or to locate in both countries at the same time. The study proposes a general equilibrium model in order to understand the mechanism of decision behavior of heterogeneous firms on production allocation. Apart from that, international labor movement is an important dimension of globalization and has become increasingly embedded in changes in global economic and social structures. Like the rest of the world, Malaysia is affected by globalization. The wide economic and demographic differences between Malaysia and its immediate neighbors triggered the cross-border movement of labor. The country began to rely on foreign labor, particularly unskilled labor, due to the structural changes and labor market segmentation that first emerged in the early 1970s. The unprecedented influx of these labors, following unabated high growth since the mid-1980s, raised several social, political and economic concerns. The popular perception was that foreign labors were affecting local unskilled labors, both in terms of wages and living standards. It is important to note that the vast majority of preceding discussions on the subject are from the social and political point of view. There is however lack of discussions from economic and quantitative perspective. This study endeavors to fill in these gaps and contribute to the body of knowledge. Consequently, empirical analysis is accomplished using CGE modeling on international labor movement in Malaysia. And this is the first attempt such approach is carried out thus far.Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第14920号
工博第3147号
新制||工||1472(附属図書館)
27358
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Bonilla, Bolanos Andrea. "A step further in the theory of regional economic integration : a look at the Unasur's integration strategy." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO22009.
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La nouvelle stratégie d'intégration adoptée en 2000 par les pays Sud-Américains, après trois décennies d'instabilité économique et de crises récurrentes, est un jalon de l'histoire économique de la région. En effet, la volatilité du cycle économique de ces pays s'est réduite significativement à partir de cette date, atteignant son niveau le plus bas depuis 1950. L'analyse d'un tel phénomène est particulièrement intéressante en particulier lorsque l'on se place dans le contexte de turbulences et de crises des années 2000, à savoir, la crise financière mondiale (2008-2009) et, dans son sillage, la crise des dettes souveraines en zone euro. Dans cette thèse, l'objectif est d'étudier le projet d'intégration régionale d'Amérique du Sud, institutionnalisé en 2008 avec la création de l'Union des Nations Sud-Américaines Unasur, en tant que vecteur de stabilisation de ces économies. De ce fait, il s'agit de concentrer l'analyse sur les interactions entre les douze pays du continent Sud-Américain – Argentine, Bolivie, Brésil, Chili, Colombie, Équateur, Guyana, Paraguay, Pérou, Uruguay, Suriname et Venezuela – qui forment un groupe hétérogène autour d'un objectif commun l' "… intégration culturelle, sociale, économique et politique …" et la "… réduction des asymétries de la qualité de vie de ses citoyens … ". La thèse s'intéresse exclusivement aux aspects économiques d'un tel projet d'intégration régionale. À partir d'outils empiriques et théoriques, nous cherchons à évaluer le niveau de convergence et de vulnérabilité des économies concernées. Plus particulièrement une analyse des impacts des politiques d'intégration dans court terme et une étude de leurs performances macroéconomiques de long terme. La thèse se divise en quatre chapitres et s'appuie sur des modèles qui intègrent diverses sources de diffusion des chocs asymétriques. Le premier chapitre présente l'état de l'art de la théorie d'intégration économique régionale en soulignant le cas Sud-Américain. Le deuxième chapitre analyse, à l'aide de modèles vectoriels autorégressifs structurels et de mesures de corrélation, l'impact de chocs externes sur les secteurs réel, monétaire et budgétaire des pays membres de l'Unasur. L'analyse montre que : (i) même les pays les plus fermés (Argentine et Venezuela) et les plus industrialisées (Brésil) présentent une forte vulnérabilité aux perturbations internationales, (ii) cette vulnérabilité individuelle se traduit en une convergence de court terme des trajectoires des principales variables macroéconomiques des pays concernés. Dans le troisième chapitre, on cherche à mesurer le degré de convergence de long terme des niveaux de vie des citoyens Sud-Américains à l’aide de modèles empiriques vectoriels à correction d'erreur et de techniques de cointégration. Les résultats montrent l'existence de tendances stochastiques communes à long terme. Cela signifie que les pays sont engagés dans un processus d'évolution vers un objectif commun, autrement dit, que les conditions de vie des citoyens Sud-Américains ne divergent pas à long terme. En fin, le troisième chapitre vise à analyser l'impact de l'investissement dans la construction de réseaux régionaux de transport, de communication et d'énergie, sur la réduction de l'hétérogénéité structurelle des pays de l'Unasur (projet IIRSA). En effectuant un certain nombre d'expériences de politique dans un cadre théorique, cette analyse constate que : (i) une accroissement d'investissement public en infrastructure suscite une augmentation du commerce intra-intra-régional mais pas forcément une réduction de l'écart de production entre les pays, (ii) l'écart de production à long terme entre l'Argentine et le Brésil diminue, dans un scénario gagnant-gagnant, en termes de croissance économique, seulement si les gouvernements de ces deux pays coordonnent leur augmentation d'investissement en infrastructure, comme proposé par l'IIRSAEconomic integration seems to be a new global trend. The past two decades have witnessed the formation of several economic unions in Asia (ASEAN+3 in 1997), Europe (Eurozone in 1999), Africa, and America (Union of South American Nations, Unasur in 2008). The South American case deserves special attention because, unlike the other blocs, the Unasur emerged as a political alliance and not as an economic one. Furthermore, Unasur is conceived as a strategy for improving the socioeconomic conditions of nations that have a common history of economic instability and external dependence. However, while common concerns and political willingness exist among group members, the question of whether that consensus is sufficient to ensure economic integration remains unanswered. For instance, economic integration as a strategy for macroeconomic stability has seemed to work well in Europe after the euro was launched in 1999 (Sapir, 2011), until the breakdown of the European sovereign debt crisis in recent years has revealed the inherent weaknesses of an economic union that lacks a political union (Fligstein et al., 2012, Issing, 2011). This development suggests that the Unasur project is likely to fail if the concerned economies do not converge economically. This is the reason why, this thesis assesses the Unasur project from an economic integration perspective, thus, complementing the huge body of political literature that has been developed on the issue (Briceño-Ruiz, 2014, Sanahuja, 2012). The first chapter describes the theory of economic integration' state of art focusing on South America. The second chapter examines the reactions of the Unasur economies to external shocks. By using a structural vector autoregression approach, it measures the impact of three external shocks (monetary, commercial, and financial) in the real, monetary, and fiscal economic sectors of Unasur economies and investigates co-movement paths. The results show (i) a non-negligible degree of synchronization across the studied economies, confirming their high external vulnerability, (ii) irrespective of size or integration degree, all Unasur members share mutual weaknesses, which they must fight to overcome. The third chapter evaluates the convergence in real GDP per-capita, as a suitable proxy measure, of the concerned economies for the period 1951-2011. By relying on cointegration techniques and applying Bernard and Durlauf's (1995) stochastic definitions of convergence and common trends, the presented evidence supports the existence of common long-run trends driving output in South America, meaning that the region is involved in a dynamic process of convergence in living standards. Finally, the fourth chapter studies the economic spillovers of the most advanced structural project of the group: the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA). A micro-founded two-country general equilibrium model is constructed to evaluate potential gains or losses (in terms of output convergence and trade integration) of raising publicly provided transportation infrastructure in a coordinated and uncoordinated manner. The model is solved using data from Argentina and Brazil. Results show that: (i) rising public investment in infrastructure boost commercial integration but not necessarily generates output converge, (ii) the only way for the Argentina and Brazil to achieve output convergence is to coordinate their increments on public infrastructure as proposed by the IIRSA
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Sanchez-Reaza, Javier. "Trade, proximity and growth : the impact of economic integration on Mexico's regional disparities." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1722/.
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Trade theories have stressed the importance of international exchanges in producing benefits for the nations involved. However, neo-classical models have not addressed the plausible spatial implications of trade. More recentiy, the new economic geography has argued that the benefits of trade can be either concentrated in few places or dispersed, subject to the levels of transportation costs. This thesis explores the case of one country to shed light over these theoretical issues. Mexico followed a development model based on import-substitution industrialisation (ISI) until the mid 1980s. This approach was replaced for an export-led strategy, initially based on trade liberalisation when it accessed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and later on membership of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). These changes make of Mexico an ideal case to explore the impact of trade liberalisation and economic integration on territorial inequalities. Patterns of convergence during ISI and of divergence during GATT and NAFTA were identified through o and B-convergence analyses. The results show that whereas the final stages of the ISI period were dominated by convergence trends, GATT and NAFTA have led to divergence. In particular, economic integration is related to divergence. Regression analyses show that the above transformations have led to greater concentration of economic activity and territorial polarisation. These changes have profoundly altered the factors associated with regional growth, mainly linked to oil exports, migration and distance to Mexico City at the demise of ISI. Most of these variables are less significant in explaining growth after GATT. NAFTA leads to a shift in the relevant market from Mexico City to the USA and exports are now supported by a dynamic maquiladora industry heavily concentrated in border-states. The above results are confirmed by the study of two regions. The states selected were Chihuahua in the North and Oaxaca in the South, which depict convergence/divergence trends. The northern state has profited from both trade-related periods, whereas the southern has declined after the opening up of the economy. Although industrialisation in the border is relatively more advanced than in the South, the latter seems to be heading in that direction. However, the type of industrial processes locating in both states could signal greater disparities in the future. The cases also show the emergence of regional and local governments as political actors having greater power in shaping territorial growth and the possibility of an emerging knowledge-based economy.
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Samararatne, Thilak. "Exchange rate policy options for Sri Lanka in the context of financial integration." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2009. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1857.
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Global financial integration, which took a U turn following the Second World War and experienced a rapid growth since the 1970s has been one of the most important developments in international economic relations in the recent past. The integration of capital, goods, and labour markets across national borders brings about benefits as well challenges. The recent experience in the South East Asian countries vividly exemplifies the possible implications of financial globalisation. Foreign capital inflows into these countries not only supplemented domestic saving but also provided a ready market for finished products and diffused technological innovations that led to substantial improvement in well-being of nations. The financial crisis in 1997 /98 however devastated most of these economies that had some important ramifications on social and political fronts as well. Even though the debate has been far from conclusive as to the fundamental causes for the crisis, it aptly shows the challenges faced by the countries that have financially integrated.
As "impossible trinity" shows financial integration, monetary policy, and exchange rate policy are interrelated issues. Accordingly, with increasing financial globalisation countries should opt for either exchange rate flexibility or fixity. Following the Asian financial crisis a new twist was added into these policy prescriptions due to the advancement of what is known as the "hollowing out the middle hypothesis" according to which financial globalisation had made the intermediate exchange rate incompatible and therefore countries should move to either fixed or flexible corners. This re-ignited the age-old debate on the choice of appropriate exchange rate policy. Sri Lanka since 1977 has been cautiously moving towards a market economy. Current account convertibility was achieved by the mid-1990s. Even though there are still some restrictions especially on hot money flows, capital account also has been progressively liberalised. The exchange rate policy by 2001 evolved to an officially declared free float. The transition to freely floating was done as a crisis preventive measure despite the fact that the exchange rate policy movement had been towards the flexible corner. In this situation the obvious concern over the appropriateness of a freely floating regime to Sri Lanka motivated this research. Thus the main objective of this thesis is to analyse the appropriate foreign exchange regime for Sri Lanka given the prevailing economic conditions and the overall economic objectives and strategies.
Two analytical procedures were used in this thesis in analysing the appropriate exchange rate regime. First, the past performance of various exchange rate policies that have been followed was evaluated based on an analysis of real exchange rate misalignment. Second, recent experience with exchange rate regime choice of a large number of countries was evaluated. The lessons garnered from these analyses in combination with the existing economic conditions and broad economic objectives were used in drawing the final conclusions. Even though the lessons that can be drawn from the other country experience have been far less illuminating than expected, overall findings favour a more flexible exchange rate regime for Sri Lanka
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Biernbaum, Lee L. "Toward a common market in residency international migration and regional integration /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4271.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (July 13, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.
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Ngarhodjim, Nadjita Francis. "Sub-regional integration and democratisation in Africa : critically analysing the approach of the ECOWAS in West Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1155.
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"After their independence, African countries undertook to establish sub-regional organisations in order to join their efforts towards improving the living standard of their populations. Primarily vested with economic objectives, these sub-regional organisations, aware that economic development cannot be attained withouth peace, security and political stability, are more and more involved with political issues, especially since the 'democratic wind' of the early 1990s. It is therefore interesting to study how sub-regional integration as an external factor affects democracy domestically, that is to contemplate to what extent this sub-regional integration is contributing to the strengthening of democracy in Africa, and to research ways of enhancing this contribution. ... The study is structured into four main chapters. The introductory chapter contains the research design. The second chapter is devoted to an overview of sub-regional integration. It examines the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), but without losing sight of other groupings. The third chapter analyses the way the ECOWAS is dealing with the issue of democratic consolidation. It is interested in the question of whether the ECOWAS has an express policy and whether it has set standards as regards democratic consolidation in West Africa and, if so, how effective this policy and these standards have been so far. The fourth chapter is devoted to summary, conclusion and recommendations." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Oshiro, Tetsuji. "Sub-regional economic integration : a comparison of Singapore-Johor-Riau and Hong Kong-Guangdong /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19470411.
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Banda, Simambo Tenford. "To what extent is overlapping membership of regional structures with mutually exclusive objectives in the SADC region an impediment to regional integration." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31410.
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The main objectives of the study was to determine the exclusivity of the objectives of the regional groupings within the SADC region and to assess the impact that membership overlaps has on the realization of specific regional grouping objectives.A qualitative research approach was adopted. Semi-structured in-depth expert interviews were used to determine the issues arising from regional membership overlaps in the SADC region.Due to limited literature around the subject of regional integration in the SADC region, work done by my supervisor Dr Jannie Rossouw were cited in some instances.Recent developments in the Western economies that have resulted in the refocusing of the SADC region have resulted in polarization amongst the regional groupings in Africa. Furthermore, existing regional groupings within the Southern Africa, have endenvoured on an ambitious regional integration agenda which has resulted in membership overlaps within the existing regional bodies. The study found that these regional overlaps are costing the affected member states in the form of monetary subscription and through the deployment of the rare human skilled resources to regional secretariats. The advent of the European Partnership Agreements has caused polarization within the SADC region through the signing of various bi-lateral and multi-lateral agreements. Most importantly, this study found that structural overlaps exist within SADC itself. A lack of sufficient political will amongst SADC member states was also noted as an impediment to regional integration.However, the study also noted some positive performances of existing regional grouping despite membership overlaps. The Common Monetary Area was highlighted as a grouping that was performing in line with prescribed regional integration convergence indicators.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
Unrestricted
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Gatsinzi, Philip. "Implementing the African Economic Community Treaty: The Role of Regional Economic Communities in Africa's Trade and Market Integration." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4619.
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Manasov, Zamirbek. "The Aspects Of Central Asian Economic Integration After 1991: The Reasons Of Inefficiency." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609887/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
THE ASPECTS OF CENTRAL ASIAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AFTER 1991: THE REASONS OF INEFFICIENCY
Manasov, Zamirbek
M. Sc., Department of Eurasian Studies
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Sen
September 2008, 105 pages
This study seeks to analyze the dimensions of economic integration in the Central Asia after the independence. The collapse of the Soviet Union opened new perspectives for Central Asian states and gave chance to follow national policies independently. However, used to be parts of the big economic complex of the former Soviet Union and being lack of government experience in public and private economy made them to cooperate with old and new markets. The study argues that although there were established numbers of economic integration or cooperation institutions none of them could meet the region&rsquos economic expectations and needs. They were just results of unstable economic, political and social transition policies. Therefore well-functioning economy oriented cooperation institutions have not been established during the transition period due to different reasons. Analyzing of these reasons is the main goal of thesis. This study also argues that transition period put Central Asian states into the complexity of choices
economic interdependence or socio-political independence. Pushing forward previous choice offers lowering barriers to regional trade and transit, and to mobility of capital and knowledge and, to access to world market. Whereas, political and social development in national level does not suits previous one.
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Arroxelas, Galva~o Oli´mpio Jose´ de. "Regional development in Brazil : a study of economic integration in an unevenly developed country." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633018.
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This study analyses the process of regional economic integration in Brazil, a country which, despite enormous progress in industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation, ranks among the most unequal economies in the world in terms of income distribution, not only among its population but also among its regions. Because of the vastness of the country and also because its regions shared, in most fundamental ways, a common pat tern of development based on the plantations for export and the establishment of huge latifundia for cattle raising - Brazil failed to build an effective system of internal transportation and developed as a sort of archipelago of "economic islands", which had their markets integrated on a national basis only in a recent period of the country's development. Approaching national growth from both a spatial and an historical perspective, this study analyses the conditions of relative isolation of the regional economies before the Second World War, and the remarkable intensification of interregional trade during the 1950s and the following decade. Empirical evidence is mainly provided by four interstate trad matrices, with new sources of information covering the period 1943-1969, a period which represents a turning point in the process of economic integration of the Brazilian regions and the formation of a national, unified market. In the study of regional development, particular emphasis is given to the historical examination of the reasons why integration was a slow and late process in Brazil, identifying the factors which have been responsible for the sluggish development of the domestic market. Finally, the process of market unification in the modern period is analysed, with emphasis on the shifts in the regional division of labour and on the effects of integration on the regional economies. The major conclusions of the study are that the process of industrial concentration in space, the slow formation of a national, integrated market, and the emergence of regional inequalities in Brazil, are the result of two fundamental elements which accompanied the evolution of the national economy: the remarkable continuity of the pattern of land tenure and land use, and the biased form of state intervention in the national territory.
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Rogmann, Achim. "The Trans-tasman single economic market: Best practice for regional integration? A comparative approach." Thesis, Rogmann, Achim (2011) The Trans-tasman single economic market: Best practice for regional integration? A comparative approach. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41687/.
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This thesis examines two different approaches to establish a single market under the most advanced regional trade agreements: the European Union (EU) and Australia- New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA). The comparative approach is owed to the fact that a remarkable number of regions in all continents aim to set up a single market while looking to learn from lessons learned in other regions and to adopt the best practice style of regional integration.
The ANZCERTA-style seems to be the antipode of the EU style: whereas the EU employs a wide range of bodies and institutions which created a considerable number of supranational legal instruments which are monitored and enforced to ensure the functioning of the single market, ANZCERTA is designed as the cleanest and least bureaucratic regional trade agreement in the world with a minimum of legislation and institutions. Unlike the EU, it was planned as a trade agreement that would require low maintenance and a minimum of bureaucratic resources. Since many nations which plan to establish closer economic ties with trade partners are reluctant to relinquish national sovereignty to supranational authorities, CER seems to be a convincing alternative to the EU style for establishing a single market.
This thesis demonstrates how integration has been expedited in both regions, which mechanisms and instruments have been applied for market integration and which achievements have been reached so far. As any style of regional integration can only serve as global standard if it fully implements obligations under WTO rules, both models are assessed in relation to WTO constraints. One core aspect is the question whether ANZCERTA and its unbeuraucratic style can serve as basis for a Single Economic Market despite the fact that this agreement is restricted to a free trade agreement and that there are no plans to establish a trans- Tasman customs union.
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Erol, Ertan. "Capitalist spatiality in the periphery : regional integration projects in Mexico and Turkey." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14110/.
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This work aims to provide an alternative analysis of the regional economic integration and development projects of two peripheral capitalist spaces – Mexico and Turkey – within the specific spatiotemporal conditions in which their modern peripheral capitalist spatiality has been conditioned and re-structured. Both Mexico and Turkey undertook very similar regional integration projects that emerged almost simultaneously and, more significantly, in conjunction with the neoliberal restructuring processes that unfurled during the early 1980s. In the Central American region, Mexico initiated the ‘Plan Puebla-Panamá’ which subsequently evolved to the ‘Proyecto Mesoamérica’, now including Colombia, aiming to ‘create’ an integrated region with a high level of economic development on the basis of procuring sustainable and orderly functioning free market economies. With strikingly similar objectives, Turkey planned and materialised regional integration projects such as the organisation of the ‘Black Sea Economic Cooperation’ in the Black Sea and Trans-Caucasus region and other sub-regional projects such as the ‘Levant Project’ in the East Mediterranean. This work argues that these regional integration projects have to be defined and analysed within the multiscalar neoliberal restructuring processes, in which the global capitalist spatiality has been re-territorialised – and resisted – on different socio-spatial scales. The uneven geographical development and its constant reproduction is recognised as the determinant factor of these regional integration projects, in which the Mexican and Turkish peripheral capitalist spatiality was first reconfigured and integrated into the centre through their incorporation into the NAFTA and European Customs Union. Subsequently, conditioned by the current neoliberal rescaling of the peripheral capitalist spatiality, the peripheral capitalism extended towards the ‘marginal’ spaces in their immediate geographies in the form of sub-regional integration and development projects. Therefore, this work presents the examination of the specific spatiotemporal processes as the only meaningful theoretical framework to analyse these regional integration projects, in which the uneven development of the peripheral capitalist social relations in Mexico and Turkey have been formed, reconfigured and extended.
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Chipendo, Kudakwashe. "Critiquing the viability of a trade biased approach to regional integration in Southern Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/163.
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Africa’s international marginalization is preponderantly conceptualized through world systems approaches, particularly structural dependency. Consequently, the region’s socioeconomic quagmire, characterized by economic stagnation, abysmal poverty, inequality and foreign dependency, is often attributed to its colonial heritage. Particular reference is made to the small size of the African state and its structural specialization in primary production. Collective self reliance based on mutual interdependence (regional integration) thus suggests itself as a logical way to overcome the structural constraints imposed by the small size of the state, while at the same time representing a viable alternative to asymmetric trade with developed countries. It is within the context of this theoretical framework that this study critiques the predisposition of the regional body in Southern Africa, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), towards a trade biased approach to regional integration (market integration). This critique is based on theoretical and empirical findings showing that trade led strategies are primarily suited for developed countries with robust manufacturing industries and complimentary production structures. Countries in Southern Africa are however characterized by a near absence of manufacturing industries, are at different levels of development and show low levels of trade complementarities. This study therefore concludes that market integration is an inappropriate strategy for regional integration in Southern Africa and in the process suggests development integration – a political economy approach, as an alternative.
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Silva, Gabriel Dias da. "Interconexões setoriais e PIB per capita: há relação direta entre ambas as variáveis?" Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2206.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Desde a década de 1950, quando Albert O. Hirschman propôs como estratégia de crescimento econômico o estabelecimento de ligações intersetoriais, houve grandes alterações na estrutura das economias nacionais e mundial. Enquanto que em alguns países de menor renda per capita foram seguidos planos para o desenvolvimento industrial, nos países mais ricos observou-se processos de desindustrialização e crescimento de importância dos serviços. Seguindo essa contextualização, esse trabalho busca avaliar as possíveis relações que o total de interconexões dentro de uma economia poderia ter com variáveis como o tamanho do PIB per capita e sua taxa de crescimento. A principal hipótese a ser testada é a de que ao criar interconexões setoriais para atingir o crescimento, os países de maior renda per capita teriam valores totais mais elevados para essa variável. Para este fim, será usado o método do autovetor, de Dietzenbacher (1992), que permite calcular de forma agregada o total de ligações entre setores de um país. Assim, foi construída a medida agregada de ligações (MAL) totais, entre os setores primários, entre os setores industriais e dos setores de serviços com o restante da economia. Como forma de se extrair padrões mais difíceis de serem observados visualmente, foram aplicadas técnicas de análise de agrupamentos sobre os resultados. A realização desses métodos foi possível pela disponibilidade dos dados de insumo-produto padronizados para 40 países entre os anos de 1995 e 2011 pelo projeto World Input-Output Database (WIOD). As conclusões apontam para a existência de relação positiva entre as interconexões dentro das manufaturas e o crescimento do PIB per capita, e das ligações dos setores de serviços com o nível de PIB per capita. Por outro lado, não foi possível associar a MAL total de um país com o tamanho de seu PIB per capita. Dentre as possíveis justificativas para isso, destaca-se a perda de participação relativa da indústria nos países de mais alta renda, em especial pelo processo de segmentação da produção, pelo qual setores intermediários domésticos se reorientam para outros países.
Since the decade of 1950, when Albert O. Hirschman proposed the establishment of intersectoral linkages as strategy for the economic growth, major changes have happened in the structures of the national and global economies. While in some countries with lower per capita GDP plans for industrial development were followed, the richer countries passed by processes of deindustrialization and gain of relevance of the services. Following this contextualization, this essay tries to assess the possible relations that the total of interconnections inside an economy could have with some variables as the per capita GDP size or its growth. The major hypothesis to be tested is that by using the creation of linkages to reach economic growth, countries with higher per capita GDP would have bigger values in this variable. To this end, it will be used the eigenvector method from Dietzenbacher (1992), which allows to calculate the total of the aggregate linkages between sectors inside a country. Thereby, the total aggregate linkages measure (MAL) was built, as well as the MAL for inside the primary sectors, inside the industrial sectors and from the service sectors with the remainder of the economy. As a way to extract patterns which are more difficult to be visually observed, there were applied clusters analysis techniques on the results. The realization of these methods was possible due to the availability of input-output data for 40 countries between the years of 1995 and 2011 by the World Input-Output Database (WIOD). The conclusions point to the existence of positive correlations between the manufacturer linkages and the growth of the per capita GDP, and from the service sectors interconnections and the size of the per capita GDP. On the other hand, it was not possible to associate the total MAL in a country and its scale of per capita GDP. As a possible explanation, it is highlighted the relative loss in participation of the industries in the countries with bigger income, in special by the production segmentation process, by which the domestic intermediate sectors drive themselves to other countries.
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Commendatore, Pasquale, Ingrid Kubin, Carmelo Petraglia, and Iryna Sushko. "Regional integration, international liberalisation and the dynamics of industrial agglomeration." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4079/1/wp164.pdf.
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This paper presents a 3-Region footloose-entrepreneur new economic geography model. Two symmetric regions are part of an economically integrated area (the Union), while the third region represents an outside trade partner. We explore how the spatial allocation of industrial production and employment within the Union is affected by changes in two aspects of trade liberalisation: regional integration and globalisation. Our main contribution pertains to the analysis of the local and global dynamics of the specified factor mobility process. We show that significant parameter
ranges exist for which asymmetric distribution of economic activities is one of the possible long-run outcomes. This is a remarkable result within the NEG literature. We then analyse the impact of international trade liberalisation on the dynamics of agglomeration conditional on the endowments of skilled and unskilled labour of the outside region. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Simbyakula, Sambwa. "Protecting Human rights within Regional Economic Integration arrangements: A case study of the SADC tribunal." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4736.
Full textAbstract:
Colonialism left many African states both politically and economically fragile as a consequence of the partitioning of Africa by colonialists. The African states experienced difficulty surviving against Western economies so in response to this legacy, the new African leaders at independence called for political and economic integration. A huge ideological divide ensued in the early 1960s because not every nationalist was enthusiastic about political and economic integration. Therefore, at the continental level, a weak political integration process began with the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) being formed in 1963.
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Nyirongo, Raisa. "The role of law in deepening regional integration in Southern Africa - a comparative analysis of SADC and COMESA." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25481.
Full textAbstract:
Regional integration is not a new phenomenon in Africa. It can be traced back to the creation of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) in 1917, which was the world's first customs union. Upon gaining independence, states formed the Organization of African Unity (OAU). At that time, Heads of States viewed regional integration as a protectionist measure against colonialism and as a way of forming a self-sustaining continent. However, the additional challenges facing Africa over time prompted various initiatives by Heads of States which were aimed at deepening integration on the continent. Notable actions include the signing of the Abuja Treaty, which established the African Economic Community (AEC), and the replacement of the OAU by the African Union (AU). Further, the continent experienced an increase in the number of Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and there are now fourteen RECs. Despite the steps taken to further integration, the success of such regional integration on the continent has been minimal and Africa has become even more marginalized on the global market. This lack in progression can be attributed to challenges such as inadequate resources, overlapping memberships in multiple RECs and duplicated programmes and efforts. Another challenge that is not readily recognized is the lack of attention to the role of law in economic integration. RECs have largely focused on the economic and political aspects of regional integration but have given minimal attention to the necessity of a strong legal foundation. RECs develop community law and these laws should be enforceable within Member States. However, due to the weak legal systems of RECs in Africa that do not make community law supreme, enforceability of this law has proven challenging. Comparatively, other RECs such as the European Union, have achieved deeper levels of integration and this can partly be attributed to the strong legal systems that have been developed. It is on the basis of this challenge that this study is conducted. The study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the weaknesses of existing legal systems of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The study further analyses the manner in which other RECs, such as the European Union and the Economic Community of West African States, have successfully integrated through law, with the aim of identifying solutions for the existing weaknesses in Southern Africa.
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Wang, Qiu Wen. "Regional integration in East Asia :the feasibility study of East Asian community." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554634.
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Rathumbu, Isaiah Matodzi. "Regional economic integration and economic development in Southern Africa." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2298.
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The impetus for regional integration draws its rationale from the standard international trade theory, which states that free trade is beneficial to all. Free trade among two or more countries or preferential trade will improve the welfare of the member countries as long as the arrangement leads to a net trade creation in the Vinerian sense. The history of regional economic integration in Southern Africa (SADC) reveals that it has not yet achieved the economic benefits that are attributable to developing regions, namely: higher levels of welfare exemplified by low poverty levels, economic development and industrialisation. Regional economic integration in Southern Africa is constrained by high tariff and non-tariff barriers, archaic infrastructures and multiple memberships among different regional economic communities. A SADC-wide customs union can be successful, provided that countries are allowed to join, when their economies have adjusted and the South African Customs Union (SACU) is used as a nucleus.Economics
M. A. (Economics)
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Huang, Ming-Cheng, and 黃明正. "Regional Economic Integration, Economic Similarity and Bilateral Trade Flows." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99848188263635227876.
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碩士國立高雄大學
應用經濟學系碩士班
98
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of regional economic integration and economic similarity on bilateral trade flows, using various types of the gravity model of trade. For the purpose of comparison, the study focuses on the most commonly included regional trade agreement (RTAs) in the literature, i.e. EU, EURO, NAFTA, AFTA and MERCOSUR. Different levels of economic development of countries, economic similarity and intra-industry trade index between countries are also considered. By comparing the results from estimating the pooled cross section (PCS), three-way fixed effects (FE3), two-way fixed effects (FE2) and generalization fixed effects (FEG) models, and judging by the use of AIC and BIC information criteria, models FE2 and FEG are preferred.