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Journal articles on the topic 'Regional integration agreements (RIA)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Orcalli, Gabriele. "MERCOSUR common market building:." CUPEA Cuadernos de Política Exterior Argentina, no. 128 (May 21, 2020): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cc.vi128.24.

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My paper addresses the following questions: can MERCOSUR achieve the goal of creating a common market that implies free movement without resorting to governance instruments that require supranational institutions? Can the Mutual Recognition (MR) instrument resolve the problem of divergent standards? Further, in the case of MERCOSUR, can it really be considered a non-supranational governance instrument? In the next sections, I define a common market under a Regional Integration Agreement (RIA), I then address the relationship between standards, technical barriers, and the integration of goods markets, especially in view of the potential trade-off between liberalization and heterogeneity. Finally, I consider the possibility of building a MERCOSUR common market without supranational institutions.

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2

Garg, Sadhna. "India’s Trade Potential and Prospects with Bhutan." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 5, no. 3 (December 27, 2016): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v5.n3.p7.

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<div><p><em>Since mid 1990s, India is actively engaging in bilateral and regional negotiations with various countries and blocs to boost trade and level of integration. It has signed numerous agreements and become member. In South Asia region, India has close and trouble free relations only with landlocked kingdom i.e. Bhutan since 1949 under Treaty of Peace and Friendship. This treaty helped to enhance their integration i.e. free trade agreement (FTA) in goods signed between them in 2006. It is in this context, the present study applies revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and trade intensity index (TII) to explore India’s trade potential and prospects with Bhutan that will tell us either India has trade possibility with Bhutan or not. The major findings of the study showed that India has become the largest trading partner of Bhutan. India has strong and sustainable trade potential with Bhutan. Even India has no specialisation in the export of any product to Bhutan but still exports continued to increase at walking rate. Overall, India has strong trade prospects with Bhutan.</em></p></div>

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3

Moser, Peter. "Reasons for regional integration agreements." Intereconomics 32, no. 5 (September 1997): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02929831.

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4

Venables, Anthony J. "Winners and Losers from Regional Integration Agreements." Economic Journal 113, no. 490 (September 29, 2003): 747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.t01-1-00155.

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5

Estevadeordal, Antoni, and Kati Suominen. "Sequencing Regional Trade Integration and Cooperation Agreements." World Economy 31, no. 1 (January 18, 2008): 112–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01084.x.

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6

Estevadeordal, Antoni, and Kati Suominen. "Sequencing regional trade integration and cooperation agreements." Économie internationale 109, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 53–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecoi.109.0053.

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7

HOLUBIEVA, Viktoriia О. "Classification of International Preferential and Regional Trade Agreements." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).16.

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The article is devoted to comprehensive generalization of features/characteristics of international trade agreements/treaties which introduce/fix certain trade advantages in the tariff and non-tariff spheres. The article identifies fifteen classification features/characteristics of the analyzed international agreements. The features are divided into groups: those simultaneously inherent in all/any mentioned international trade agreements/treaties; those inherent only in international economic integration agreements/treaties; those inherent just in preferential international trade agreements/treaties. Practical relevance: The classification gives an opportunity to suggest some definitions/terms, which take into consideration/involve some separated particulars, namely those of preferential trade agreements, international economic integration agreements, which also include regional trade agreements.

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Bond, Eric W., Constantinos Syropoulos, and L. Alan Winters. "Deepening of regional integration and multilateral trade agreements." Journal of International Economics 53, no. 2 (April 2001): 335–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00064-7.

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9

Chia, Siow Yue. "The Emerging Regional Economic Integration Architecture in East Asia." Asian Economic Papers 12, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00179.

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This paper examines regional market integration through production networks and free trade agreements in East Asia and their attendant challenges and issues. It examines progress in the ASEAN Economic Community and in various ASEAN+1 free trade and economic integration agreements. It argues that there is a strong case for a region-wide agreement to maximize economic synergy and resolve emerging problems, including market fragmentation and the “noodle bowl” effect. It explores three possible paths to region-wide integration, namely, the East Asia Free Trade Area (encompassing ASEAN+3 [the People's Republic of China, Japan, and Korea]), the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (encompassing ASEAN+3 countries and Australia—New Zealand and India) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, currently involving nine negotiating countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The paper explores the economic and political benefits and challenges of forming these three regionwide agreements.

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10

Tahir, Pervez. "Prospects of Economic Integration among the ECO Countries." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4II (December 1, 2004): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.913-923.

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The idea that the collective regional economic prospects of the countries of a region exceed the sum of their individual prospects has attracted the attention of politicians and economists since the World War II. Its best known example has been the Treaty of Rome in the Euro-Mediterranean region, which has nearly half of the regional trade agreements in operation. GATT rules allowed the regional trade agreements so long as they promoted freer intraregional trade without raising trade barriers for the third countries. These agreements have indeed been seen as complementary to the multilateral free trade initiatives. With the advent of the WTO and the onset of globalisation, the countries categorised as fast integrators are considered to have better prospects than those categorised as slow integrators.

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11

Pangestu, Mari, and Lili Yan Ing. "ASEAN: Regional Integration and Reforms." Asian Economic Papers 15, no. 2 (June 2016): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00424.

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Over recent decades ASEAN has advanced a policy of regional integration, starting with the ASEAN Free Trade Area, following on with the ASEAN+1 free trade agreements with its six main trading partners, and now with ASEAN+6. To further advance ASEAN's regional integration in the East Asian context, it should continue to focus on further liberalization of trade in goods, investment, and services that can facilitate more trade and investment. East Asian integration is designed not to be just an “extensive regional trade agreement,” but is more a “responsive vehicle” that consists of trade and investment commitments combined with facilitation. To keep regional integration viable, it should adopt an open regionalism.

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12

Iqbal, Nasir, Ejaz Ghani, and Musleh ud Din. "Pakistan’s Dependency on Imports and Regional Integration." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 19, Special Edition (September 1, 2014): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2014.v19.isp.a17.

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With growing global and regional economic integration, Pakistan, too, is actively seeking to enhance regional economic cooperation; it has entered into various regional and bilateral trade agreements that encompass trade policies ranging from import substitution to export promotion. However, the country’s imports remain concentrated in a few product categories as well as in terms of origin. Despite several regional trade agreements, Pakistan has not been able to source its imports from regional trading partners. This stems from constraints relating to trade facilitation, regulatory frameworks, and physical infrastructure. Our empirical analysis shows that, while changes in real income and import prices have a significant effect on import demand in the long run, variations in the domestic price level do not. If Pakistan is to grow at 7–8 percent per annum as envisaged in official development plans, it will continue to experience strong growth in imports to meet its rising industrial and consumer needs. Pakistan needs to develop a strategy to use regional integration schemes as a platform for enhancing trade ties in both imports and exports. This will ensure greater trade and investment links with its regional trading partners, helping to lower the transaction costs of trade and boosting economic growth.

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13

Francois, Joseph F., and Ganeshan Wignaraja. "Economic Implications of Asian Integration." Global Economy Journal 8, no. 3 (July 29, 2008): 1850139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1332.

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The Asian countries are once again focused on options for large, comprehensive regional integration schemes. In this paper we explore the implications of such broad-based regional trade initiatives in Asia, highlighting the bridging of the East and South Asian economies. We place emphasis on the alternative prospects for insider and outsider countries. We work with a global general equilibrium model of the world economy, benchmarked to a projected 2017 sets of trade and production patterns. We also work with gravity-model based estimates of trade costs linked to infrastructure, and of barriers to trade in services. Taking these estimates, along with tariffs, into our CGE model, we examine regionally narrow and broad agreements, all centered on extending the reach of ASEAN to include free trade agreements with combinations of the northeast Asian economies (PRC, Japan, Korea) and also the South Asian economies. We focus on a stylized FTA that includes goods, services, and some aspects of trade cost reduction through trade facilitation and related infrastructure improvements. What matters most for East Asia is that China, Japan, and Korea be brought into any scheme for deeper regional integration. This matter alone drives most of the income and trade effects in the East Asia region across all of our scenarios. The inclusion of the South Asian economies in a broader regional agreement sees gains for the East Asian and South Asian economies. Most of the East Asian gains follow directly from Indian participation. The other South Asian players thus stand to benefit if India looks East and they are a part of the program, and to lose if they are not. Interestingly, we find that with the widest of agreements, the insiders benefit substantively in terms of trade and income while the aggregate impact on outside countries is negligible. Broadly speaking, a pan-Asian regional agreement would appear to cover enough countries, with a great enough diversity in production and incomes, to actually allow for regional gains without substantive third-country losses. However, realizing such potential requires overcoming a proven regional tendency to circumscribe trade concessions with rules of origin, NTBs, and exclusion lists. The more likely outcome, a spider web of bilateral agreements, carries with it the prospect of significant outsider costs (i.e. losses) both within and outside the region.

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14

Winsor, Robert D., Gary Sibeck, and Raymond Rody. "REGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTS AND THE BORDERLESS MARKET: LESSONS FROM HISTORY." Competitiveness Review 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb046330.

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15

Carmignani, Fabrizio. "A note on income converge effects in regional integration agreements." Economics Letters 94, no. 3 (March 2007): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.08.020.

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16

Kryvenko, Nadiia V. "Regional Trade Agreements of Ukraine: Realities and Prospects." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series «Economics» 8, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52566/msu-econ.8(2).2021.56-81.

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The conclusion of regional trade agreements has increased to hundreds. The benefits of integration, fears of protectionism on the part of uniting countries, and other factors contribute to this process. Ukraine has signed agreements with more than 40 countries, including integration groups. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the specific features of its agreements, prospects for their development and signing new ones. It is worth analysing the conclusion of agreements in the historical aspect, based on the level of their economic development, foreign trade, the trade complementarity level, and identifying development opportunities. Therefore, general scientific and special methods were used in this study, in particular historical, analysis and synthesis, economic analysis, tabular, etc. The study examined research performed by other scientists; statistical data from the Centre for international trade, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO); international treaties and regulatory documents. According to the analysis of concluding agreements, it is proposed to divide them into two periods: before and after 2000. In the first case, they were concluded mainly with developing and neighbouring countries, and in the second – with developed countries outside the former Soviet Union. At first, the partners were mainly the CIS countries, then Europe, and later other regions, but there were also disintegration processes with the Baltic states. It is established that transactions have their specific features regarding the provision of a favourable regime, e-commerce, etc. It is proposed to divide integration risks into predictable and unpredictable ones. The main importers of all and agri-food products were identified among the countries with which agreements have been concluded. Exports to such countries are mainly growing, as well as the share of agri-food products. The trade balance and low share in Ukraine's exports indicate the feasibility of developing trade. The calculation of the complementarity index allows predicting the prospects for the development of relations with countries with which agreements are planned and already concluded, as well as with the main importers of the world market. The results of the study indicate prospects for the development of trade, but this will depend on the content of transactions, product competitiveness, etc.

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17

LYZUN, Mariia. "DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT." Vol 19, No 1 (2020), Vol 19, No 1 (2020) (March 2020): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2020.01.082.

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The article investigates the transformation of approaches to understanding the processes of regional economic integration. The macro-region as a structural element of regionalism is explored. Criteria for typology of regional economic integration are systematized and divided into dichotomous and trichotomous. Factors influencing regional integration and current tendencies of its development are determined. A modern group of regional integration associations is identified, thus improving the existent typology. It includes regional and multilateral associations, hub and spoke regionalism, gravity agreements, plurilateral, bilateral, minilateral regionalism. JEL: F15, F13, F60, R10.

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18

Ukpe, Aniekan Iboro. "Will EPAs Foster the Integration of Africa Into World Trade?" Journal of African Law 54, no. 2 (September 20, 2010): 212–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855310000057.

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AbstractNew Economic Partnership Agreements were intended to replace the non-reciprocal EU-African, Caribbean and Pacific trade relationship by 1 January 2008, in a bid to further the development of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries under a WTO-compatible framework. African countries and regions failed to conclude any EPAs by that date due to scepticism about the deeper trade implications of EPAs. However, in a move that has seen the disintegration of Africa's EPA negotiating groups and compromised regional integration across the continent, many African countries broke ranks to initial bilateral goods-only Interim Agreements with the EU as a first step towards concluding full EPAs. Exploring an alternative approach to concluding EPAs, this article underscores the point that the Interim Agreements, although seemingly preserving market access preferences for some African countries, are already having devastating effects on regional integration, the very basis of Africa's development strategy.

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19

Ivashchuk, Iryna, Andriy Voytseshchuk, and Vitaliy Zapukhlyak. "SPACE ASYMMETRIES OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION." Economic Analysis, no. 27(3) (2017): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.03.266.

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The objective preconditions of regionalization in the global space are considered in the article. The consequences and challenges of regional economic integration processes for the countries are revealed. The importance of coordinating the objectives of regional economic integration and national economic policy is substantiated. The role of integration in the liberalization of trade through the reduction of tariff barriers is argued. The regional asymmetries of global economic development are outlined. The state of development of regional trade agreements in the last decades is analysed. This analysis has made it possible to determine the difficulties of functioning of integration associations in modern conditions and to substantiate that each region has its own peculiarities, as shown by the example of the European Union, the member countries of NAFTA, integration in the countries of Latin America . The index of regional integration in Africa has been estimated. It allowed revealing significant differences among the groups of countries. The peculiarities of the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the conditions of cooperation of the countries have been clarified.

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Kostyunina, G. M., and V. I. Baronov. "CHINA’S REGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF MODEL “SOUTH-SOUTH”." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 18, no. 3 (2018): 612–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2018-18-3-612-627.

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21

Balasubramanyam, V. N., David Sapsford, and David Griffiths. "Regional Integration Agreements and Foreign Direct Investment: Theory and Preliminary Evidence." Manchester School 70, no. 3 (June 2002): 460–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9957.00311.

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22

Kahouli, Bassem, and Samir Maktouf. "The link between regional integration agreements, trade flows and economic crisis." International Journal of Development Issues 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-11-2013-0082.

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Purpose – This paper aims to use the approach based on the application of the law of gravity for the study of the flows of export and the effects of the RTAs. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the authors evaluate the effects of RTAs on exports between members and non-members taking into account the Vinerian specification. The authors also try to estimate the impact of the recent economic crisis on the flows of export and the success of the RTAs. The authors use a model of static and dynamic gravity for 40 countries and six RTAs during the period 1980-2011. Findings – Definitely the proliferation of RTAs will continue to be one of the driving forces that will constitute the political system and the global economy in the following years. It indicates a process that implies the merger of economies separated in bigger regions of free trade. Regional integration is seen as beneficial in many senses and is the major economic objectives in addition to presenting a stabilizing factor in international relations. Originality/value – The gravity model is estimated using the last techniques of panel data which takes into account the endogeneity of the effects of integration and the existence of dynamic effect.

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23

TUSSIE, DIANA. "Latin America: contrasting motivations for regional projects." Review of International Studies 35, S1 (February 2009): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021050900847x.

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AbstractThe breakdown of the North-South, East-West governing principles, and the removal of superpower overlay have led to an increasingly decentralised system setting the stage for the so called new geography of trade and the reconfiguration of political – diplomatic strategies. Such strategies now include contestation, articulation, competitive liberalisation, ample inter-state coalition building such as the G-20, G-33, G-90 in the Doha Round and the proliferation of regional and wider ranging preferential arrangements. Regionalism is both policy and project. Agreements vary widely in motivation, form, coverage and content. It is very often the case that, as in multilateral institutions, one major actor sets the agenda at the regional level with the view not only of constructing and retaining power at that level but also of setting global precedents. New balancing or bandwagoning efforts vis-à-vis the local strong power are set in motion with fresh implications for the emerging global architecture. Regional alignments are thus constantly shaping and reshaping market relations. Intra-Latin American agreements (those not including the majors, the US and the EU) were motivated by the search for wider markets building up economies of scale amongst similar countries. Such agreements mostly focused on market liberalisation through diverse schedules of tariff reduction. The result has been the emergence of shallow regional agreements. Nonetheless, most have not been fully implemented, but they show a long term trend towards potential convergence, especially if the Community of South American Nations moves on. External pressures have also spurred agreements as defensive mechanisms. So we witness impulses to regionalism complementing and at times competing with older patterns and trends. This contribution focuses on the different avenues that Latin America is undertaking in terms of regional projects. It will assess the dynamics of intra- regional integration and the inter-action effects with varieties of North-South integration.

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Lopez, Oscar David, and Alexander Carvajal. "The Trade Effects of Regional Agreements and Economic Integration Processes in Europe, South America, and North America." Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 3, no. 8 (December 31, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2020.57980.

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This article seeks to understand the effects of trade creation and diversion in regional agreements and integration processes in Europe, South America, and North America. Through a systemic literature review, and based on the economic theory of integration, it analyzes the impact of tariff barriers on trading volume through the world, as well as the impact of barriers removals in member and non-member countries that participate in these trade agreements. As hypothesis, it can be stated that the trade effects generated by economic integration processes vary depending on the endogenous conditions of the industries in member countries, in addition to the consolidation phase of the integration processes. For this purpose, a qualitative descriptive methodology, based on an analysis of literature, is used to determine the trade creation and deviation effects of agreements in Europe (European Union), South America (MERCOSUR and CAN), and North America (NAFTA).

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Adekomi, D. A., and C. O. Alebiosu. "Nigeria’s development process, methodology and milestones planned for VISION 20:2020 - 13 years after." Research Journal of Health Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v9i2.11.

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Regional and international economic integration Regional economic integration has helped many countries of the world to concentrate on issues that are essential to their development as well as encourage local, national, and international trade between countries and neighbors. In the past years, there has been increase in trading blocs with numerous agreements in place and more in the pipeline(s). These agreements provide more opportunities for countries to interact and trade with one another without barriers to investment and trade. This manuscript discusses regional and international economic integrations in line with VISION-20-20 and the Nigeria economy. Keywords: Trade, investment, money, economic goals, Africa

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Kostyunina, Galina Mikhailovna. "Regionalism in the Modern World Economy: Evolution and Main Trends." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-2-303-317.

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The proposed article is aimed at identifying the essence, history of development and evaluation of the current stage of regionalism. The principles of the theory of economic integration are briefly outlined, including its forms and their practical implementation. The author discusses the regulation of integration agreements within the framework of the GATT - WTO multilateral trade system. The motives for the participation of states in integration agreements, such as strategic, political and economic ones, as well as participation of the country in global and / or regional value of chains, are examined in detail. The author characterizes the main trends of modern regionalism and well-known integration mega-projects, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The main results of the study, which the author came to: 1) regionalism is a politics, and regionalization is the process of uniting countries into a larger region with elements of the free movement of certain factors; 2) old regionalism reflected the goals of promoting the growth of international trade and ensuring security. It corresponds to the concept of shadow integration; 3) the new regionalism was the result of an integrated approach to the development of globalization and a multipolar world. It is characterized by the concept of deep integration with deeper integration processes; 4) when signing the RTAs, the country takes into account strategic, political and economic factors; 5) integration agreements vary in scope and structure, reflecting the growing differentiation of the global trading system and the diversity of bilateral and multilateral regional trade agreements; 6) the signing of mega-projects reduces the effect of spaghetti bowl due to a decrease in the number of bilateral integration agreements between countries and the development of general rules of trade, and also simplifies international commercial disputes; there is a gradual unification of not only the rules of law, but also their interpretation and application.

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27

Singh, Mayengbam Lalit. "Does Institutional Integration Lead to Economic Integration? A Lesson from India-China Regional Trade Agreements." FOCUS : Journal of International Business 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17492/focus.v7i1.195424.

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Tomilov, Mikhail V. "Integration potential of megaregional trade agreements in Asia-Pacific Region." World of Economics and Management 20, no. 2 (2020): 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0429-2020-20-2-84-103.

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Since the beginning of the XXI century, an increase in the number of new regional trade agreements has been recorded. At the same time, their quality content is changing significantly, which has led to the emergence of mega-regional trade agreements (MRTА). This process is particularly active in the fast-growing Asia-Pacific region (APR), where initiatives for the creation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Free Trade Area of Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) have emerged during this period. However, it is still difficult to assess their effectiveness in terms of obtaining potential positive economic results. The article's aim is to assess integration potential of APR MRTA within two stages. At the first stage, methods of econometric analysis were used to determine the economic proximity of their participants. At the second stage, a gravitational model of foreign trade was constructed to assess all trade barriers (tariff, non-tariff, etc.) within the group of integrating countries. Based on the results of integration potential assessment, the author defines the most promising existing multilateral integration associations in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as a hypothetical group of countries in the region, which will receive the greatest trade and economic effects as a result of integration under the assumptions adopted in the study. In addition, an approach to assessing the integration potential and determining the optimal composition of the countries participating in MRTA based on the criteria of proximity of their economic development levels and the size of trade barriers within the group is proposed, methodically justified and implemented.

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SALLY, Razeen. "Free Trade Agreements and the Prospects for Regional Integration in East Asia." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (December 2006): 306–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00036.x.

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30

Orcalli, Gabriele. "Market Building through Regional Integration Agreements : The EU and the ASEAN Way." Journal of Economic Integration 32, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 160–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2017.32.1.160.

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31

Vicard, Vincent. "Trade, conflict, and political integration: Explaining the heterogeneity of regional trade agreements." European Economic Review 56, no. 1 (January 2012): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.06.003.

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32

Weerakoon, Dushni. "Bilateral FTAs in South Asia: Recasting the Regionalism Debate." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 14, Special Edition (September 1, 2009): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2009.v14.isp.a8.

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The slow pace of progress of the South Asian regional trade integration process under SAARC has prompted many countries to seek bilateral agreements. Sri Lanka is a case in point with bilateral agreements with both India and Pakistan. While the former is acknowledged to have yielded positive results, the latter has remained of limited interest. Given that India remains the single most important trading partner for almost all other South Asian countries, regionalism in South Asia essentially entails bilateral market access to India. The current evidence suggests that India has attempted to do so via a host of bilateral and regional arrangements, but that the emerging nature of that integration process is unlikely to be an ‘inclusive’ South Asian regional grouping.

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van den Hoven, Adrian, and Karl Froschauer. "Limiting Regional Electricity Sector Integration and Market Reform." Comparative Political Studies 37, no. 9 (November 2004): 1079–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268845.

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Recent decades have witnessed liberal reforms in electricity policy in Western countries and an emerging literature with prominent perspectives on how to analyze such reforms. Some analysts viewWestern countries as replicating the policy models of Britain and the United States, the first nations to adopt liberal reforms; others see European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement countries as subjected to regional electricity sector integration by supranational regional agreements. The authors challenge those views, arguing that national interests have limited domestic electricity market reforms in France and Canada despite their participation in regional electricity market integration projects. By examining surplus-producing acceleration in building nuclear and hydroelectric plants, initiatives to secure export access as part of regional market integration, and the ability to limit the effects of market access reciprocity domestically, this comparative analysis of France and Canada demonstrates that national interests can prevail in the intergovernmental formulation and domestic implementation of electricity policy.

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Deprez, Sophie. "The Strategic Vision behind Vietnam's International Trade Integration." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 37, no. 2 (August 2018): 3–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341803700201.

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This paper evaluates the positioning of Vietnam in international trade. It addresses the key question of how Vietnam uses its participation in international trade agreements as a tool to ensure and advance national interest and security through increased economic power. The paper first examines how Vietnam participates in the international integration of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), and then looks at the importance for Vietnam to be outward-looking; that is, to participate in trade agreements outside the South-East Asian region. Finally, I examine how reforms required under international trade agreements push Vietnam into domestic economic reforms. My conclusion is that the political elite of Vietnam has identified trade, export-oriented growth and international economic integration as international policy preferences and has used international trade integration as a strategic instrument to maximise these national priorities within the regional and international trade system. Therefore, Vietnam has a very strategic view on international trade integration and uses it as an instrument to ensure its national interest and security through increased economic power. Through careful selection of trade agreements, Vietnam aims to position itself in a strategically advantageous position vis-à-vis other economies of the AEC, to ensure continued economic growth through preferential access to key markets and to push through some of the more difficult and sensitive domestic economic reforms, using its commitments under external trade agreements as a lock-in mechanism.

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Wang, Guiguo. "China's FTAs: Legal Characteristics and Implications." American Journal of International Law 105, no. 3 (July 2011): 493–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.105.3.0493.

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The contemporary world is witnessing an interesting and seemingly contradictory phenomenon. At the same time that globalization continues to develop, the World Trade Organization (WTO), itself a direct result of globalization, can make no progress in the negotiations on its Doha Development Agenda—a perceived further step of globalization. Since deeper integration cannot be achieved at the multilateral level, regional and especially bilateral arrangements for liberalizing trade and investment, most of which are in the form of bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs), have become increasingly common. Notwithstanding their bilateral nature, FTAs are often referred to as regional arrangements (RTAs) since WTO members have an obligation to report such agreements to that multilateral system, where they are reviewed by the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements.

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Khan Achakzai, Jahangir. "Unilateral Liberalization versus Regional Integration: The Case of ECO Member Countries." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.i1.a2.

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Using an international dataset on bilateral trade for 137 countries in 2005, we estimate a gravity model to address the question of whether intra-Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) trade is too low and whether the scale of trade at present is accounted for by regional integration or unilateral liberalization. The results of the gravity model confirm that intra-regional trade is lower than predicted by the gravity equation. The results also validates the theory that the present level of trade is attributed to regional agreements rather than unilateral liberalization, suggesting greater scope for regional cooperation among ECO member countries.

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Chen, Min. "The Research on The Evolution of Asia-pacific Regional Economic Integration and Countermeasures." E3S Web of Conferences 218 (2020): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021804017.

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The Asia-pacific region is the area with vast development accompanied by subtle evolution worldwide under frequently changeable global economic circumstance. The development of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in this area is most complicated and comprehensive. The interactive influence of economic growth and trade liberalization, and of the combination and differentiation, has grandly contributed the development of RTAs in the process of regional integration in this area, which has formed the strong driving force of the regional economic integration. On the basis of characteristics of the evolution in the course of Asia-pacific regional economic integration, this paper has analyzed the driving mechanism of the integration evolution and future development direction, then put forward some corresponding countermeasures.

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MOSSNER, LOUISE EVA. "The WTO and Regional Trade: a family business? The WTO compatibility of regional trade agreements with non-WTO-members." World Trade Review 13, no. 4 (May 23, 2014): 633–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745613000347.

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AbstractNumerous WTO members pursue regional economic integration with both other members and non-WTO-members. The resulting derogation from the most-favoured-nation principle needs to be justified in accordance with the relevant WTO provisions. Regional integration in the service sector is expressly allowed between WTO and non-WTO members pursuant to GATS Article V. In the absence of clear regulation, it has been questioned whether the same is true for regional trade agreements (RTAs) covering trade in goods. Providing a comprehensive interpretation, this paper argues that neither GATT Article XXIV nor the Enabling Clause require the WTO membership of all the parties to an RTA.

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Vervaele, John AE. "MERCOSUR AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN SOUTH AMERICA." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 54, no. 2 (April 2005): 387–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei007.

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In the period between 1980 and 1995, both Europe and the US made huge investments in Latin America. The process of democratization in Latin America, especially in the countries marked by a tradition of military dictatorship, has reinforced the belief in political and economic stability. The economy has displayed considerable growth and, partly stimulated by the IMF and the World Bank, several countries are embarking on privatization on a grand scale.2 Political and economic cooperation between the countries is taking the place of political and military rivalry. The time is ripe for a new attempt at integration on this continent. The overtures between Argentina and Brazil led to the establishment of Mercosur. Its economic (Mercosur is the fourth largest trade bloc in the world after the US, the EU, and Japan) and political importance have been recognized, especially by the EU. As early as 1996,3 an Interinstitutional Cooperation Agreement was concluded, an interregional framework agreement for cooperation between the EU Member States and Mercosur States parties.4 Since then, the EU-Mercosur Bi-regional Negotiations Committee (BNC)5 has already had ten meetings at which topics such as the free movement of goods, public procurement, investments, services, e-commerce, and conflict resolution were discussed. The US has never appreciated the attempts at integration in Latin America and has always striven to conclude separate free trade agreements with each individual country. The recent free trade agreement with Chile is a clear example.6

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Bilal, Sanoussi. "Political Economy Considerations on the Supply of Trade Protection in Regional Integration Agreements." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 36, no. 1 (March 1998): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00095.

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Cihelková, E. "Regional environmental governance: the NAFTA case." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 10 (October 23, 2012): 454–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/76/2012-agricecon.

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The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 elaborated the idea of sustainable development. A comprehensive document called the Agenda 21 provided an explanation how to achieve a sustainable economic development. Along the tools presented in the document, there emerged in practice a new regionalism which is based on the preferential trade agreements. Currently, regional agreements are of a more complex nature, so that they may include environmental cooperation, too. The aim of this paper is to illustrate, on the case of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a possible approach of regional agreements to environmental cooperation. The paper is divided into four sections. The first one summarizes a general approach to addressing environmental issues within the integration groupings. The second tries to answer the question of whether the NAFTA confirms the general approach to the regional environmental governance. The third deals with the meaning and the failure of the regional governance for the assessment of the cross-border impact of the NAFTA/NAAEC on the environment. The fourth and last section gives an answer to whether the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), as the environmental part of the NAFTA, is a good basis for the effective environmental governance in North America.    

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Obolenskiy, V. P. "Integration Projects of Russia and EAEU: Chance for Extension Export?" Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-3-9.

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The article deals with the possibilities of improving the access of Russian goods to foreign markets through regional trade agreements. Participation in such agreements has acquired mass character in the current century, within their framework about two thirds of transboundary commodity flows are already moving. The main peculiarity of regionalism development in this century is the pro‑integration character of the concluded agreements, which are not limited to agreements on free trade zones of goods, but cover a wide range of issues of trade in services, investment cooperation, competition, environment, labor standards, i.e. they envisage a movement towards greater institutional homogeneity of economies. Until recently, Russia was limited to the tasks of preserving and developing economic ties in the post‑Soviet space, and only after the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union did it start showing interest in signing free trade agreements with non-CIS countries. To date, the EAEU has concluded free trade agreements with a number of countries and is negotiating a FTA with several more countries. The EAEU integration policy has not yet brought any noticeable results in terms of a significant reduction of tariff barriers into total foreign markets: the current and planned integration projects will allow Russia to enjoy tariff preferences on less than one tenth of the global market. Possible new union agreements on preferential trade with ASEAN countries can only help Russia to expand its scope, while the creation of liberal economic partnerships such as WTO plus is not on the Russian integration agenda. Nor is there any intention to promote the idea of a FTA with Russia’s largest trade partners – the EU and China – in the EAEU. The conclusion is made that it is vital for Russia to address the problem of increasing the competitiveness of manufacturing industries, without which further facilitation of access to foreign markets through free trade agreements may not be possible.

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de Wenden, Catherine Wihtol. "Integration and Citizenship: An Essay." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 11, no. 4 (December 2002): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680201100409.

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Integration and citizenship questions concern immigrants in Europe. These questions are difficult to address because of the different histories and settlement patterns of immigrants in receiving societies. The European dimension has introduced new values in integration and citizenship policies. One change is the revision of nationality laws in the 1990s to take account of the long-term presence of immigrants. However, an important gap persists between admission policies, which are governed by regional agreements, and integration and citizenship policies, which are subject to national or state laws. New trends and new mobilities present further challenge in how to reconcile admission and integration policies.

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Jones, Craig. "A Value Chain Approach to Support Southeast Asian Economic Regionalism." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 7, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v7i1.5009.

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This article includes an exploration of the economic data sets of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Statistics, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, as well as primary regional economic initiatives and agreements to assess the strategic indicators of economic regionalism using thematic analysis. The aim of this research is to determine how Southeast Asian regionalism can circumvent vulnerabilities to another economic crisis in North America and the European Union. To correct such financial vulnerabilities, ASEAN has significantly remolded the region into a single market consisting of a 10-nation integrated production base. The ASEAN Economic Community’s main pillars are the establishment of a regional economic foundation based on comprehensive investment initiatives; the liberalization of capital markets, tariffs, and professional labor; infrastructure connectivity; regional policy integration; and free trade agreements to create a regional value chain as part of a single market and production base. The more attainable this comprehensive value-capture-and-integration process becomes, the more attractive it will appear to the global economic investment community and for business opportunities to establish a robust regional foundation. Although the process appears straightforward, capturing value is not a single phenomenon or method, but rather a multifaceted phenomenon, as explored in this study. The regional integration model seeks profitability within effective cross-border production networks and regional liberalization.

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Gajinov, Dejana. "Trans - Pacific Economic Integration Processes." Economic Themes 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2016-0005.

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AbstractAsia-Pacific (AP) region is the world’s most important region today from the viewpoint of long-term economic growth. It is also the extremely important cite of rivalries or partnerships - or both - between China and the United States. The strong expansion of trade, investment and other economic ties within the AP region has stimulated the process of economic integration. The network of bilateral and regional free trade agreements has increased dramatically in recent years, linking virtually all major trading countries in the region, with one exception: either the US or China have not become members of the free trade arrangements involving the other country. The paper examines the scope, principles and characteristics of economic relations and cooperation in the AP region. The issue of whether Asian efforts for regional integration have been compatible with an open multilateral trading system at the global level is also addressed. The paper also assesses changes in the dynamics of regional integration and its future prospects. In this sense, in the Asia Pacific there are now two tracks which lead to the formation of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP): Asian, based on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and trans-pacific, based on Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).

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IM, HYUG-BAEG, and YU-JEONG CHOI. "Inter-Korean and Cross-Strait Relations through the Window of Regional Integration Theories." Asian Survey 51, no. 5 (September 2011): 785–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2011.51.5.785.

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This article examines why although the two Koreas have had many talks and reached many agreements, economic cooperation and exchanges have met setbacks, stalemate, spillback, and not spillover. It also explores why the two Chinas have made a relatively successful case of functionalist cooperation and exchanges but have failed to make economic cooperation spill over into political cooperation in a neo-functionalist “package deal.”

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Jošić, Hrvoje, Berislav Žmuk, and Ksenija Dumičić. "Measurement of Export Market Concentration for the Largest European Economic Integrations." Business Systems Research Journal 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2019-018.

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AbstractBackground: By joining different regional economic trade agreements, countries achieve preferential trade liberalisation. There are four main types of regional economic agreements in the world today: free trade area, customs union, common market, and economic and monetary union.Objectives: The goal of this paper is the measurement of the export market concentration for the largest European regional economic integrations in the period between 1995 and 2016.Methods/Approach: Various concentration measures have been used in the measurement of export market concentration, but the emphasis is placed on the standardized Herfindahl-Hirschman index as the basic measure of trade concentration.Results: Results of the analysis have shown that the highest concentration level of trade with countries worldwide is among the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries, whereas the EU-15 countries seem to have the lowest concentration level. On the other side, the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) countries have the highest concentration level of trade with countries from the same group, and again the EU-15 countries have the lowest concentration level, which indicates that the CEFTA countries implemented deeper integration processes related to mutual intra-regional trade.Conclusions: Deep integration processes led to lower values of export market concentration indices for intra-regional trade among countries of the same regional economic integration in comparison to trading with countries worldwide.

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Park, Sang-Chul. "Korea’s Trade Strategies for Mega Free Trade Agreements in Regional and Global Economic Integration." International Organisations Research Journal 11, no. 4 (December 2016): 177–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2016-04-177.

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Kahouli, Bassem. "Regional Integration Agreements, Trade Flows and Economic Crisis: A Static and Dynamic Gravity Model." International Economic Journal 30, no. 4 (August 19, 2016): 450–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2016.1204338.

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SUSSANGKARN, Chalongphob. "Comment on "Free Trade Agreements and the Prospects for Regional Integration in East Asia"." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (December 2006): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00037.x.

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