Relevant bibliographies by topics / Regional nasal drug deposition

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Regional nasal drug deposition'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Regional nasal drug deposition"

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Shang, Yidan, Kiao Inthavong, Dasheng Qiu, Narinder Singh, Fajiang He, and Jiyuan Tu. "Prediction of nasal spray drug absorption influenced by mucociliary clearance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): e0246007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246007.

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Evaluation of nasal spray drug absorption has been challenging because deposited particles are consistently transported away by mucociliary clearance during diffusing through the mucus layer. This study developed a novel approach combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques with a 1-D mucus diffusion model to better predict nasal spray drug absorption. This integrated CFD-diffusion approach comprised a preliminary simulation of nasal airflow, spray particle injection, followed by analysis of mucociliary clearance and drug solute diffusion through the mucus layer. The spray particle deposition distribution was validated experimentally and numerically, and the mucus velocity field was validated by comparing with previous studies. Total and regional drug absorption for solute radius in the range of 1 − 110nm were investigated. The total drug absorption contributed by the spray particle deposition was calculated. The absorption contribution from particles that deposited on the anterior region was found to increase significantly as the solute radius became larger (diffusion became slower). This was because the particles were consistently moved out of the anterior region, and the delayed absorption ensured more solute to be absorbed by the posterior regions covered with respiratory epithelium. Future improvements in the spray drug absorption model were discussed. The results of this study are aimed at working towards a CFD-based integrated model for evaluating nasal spray bioequivalence.
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Shah, Samir A., Robert L. Berger, John McDermott, Pranav Gupta, David Monteith, Alyson Connor, and Wu Lin. "Regional deposition of mometasone furoate nasal spray suspension in humans." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 36, no. 1 (January 21, 2015): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2015.36.3817.

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Moller, W., G. K. Saba, K. Haussinger, S. Becker, M. Keller, and U. Schuschnig. "Nasally inhaled pulsating aerosols: lung, sinus and nose deposition." Rhinology journal 49, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino10.268.

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Objectives: Topical delivery of drugs to the sinuses is challenging and requires also particular administration manoeuvres from the patient. This study was conducted to investigate 1) the delivery efficiency of a pulsating aerosol (Vibrent prototype device) to the sinuses and the nose, 2) the aerosol fraction that will deposit in the lungs and 3) potential differences regarding sinus and nasal deposition ratio when comparing aerosol administration during two different administration routes. Methods: An open label deposition study in healthy volunteers was conducted using 99mTc-DTPA radiolabeled pulsating aerosols in comparison to nasal pump sprays. Deposition and retention of pulsating aerosols was assessed by gamma camera imaging during spontaneous nasal breathing and during closed soft palate administration. Results: Aerosol administration during nasal breathing vs. application with closed soft plate results in significant lung, nasal and sinus deposition. No significant differences were observed for nasal clearance. In comparison, drug delivery using nasal pump sprays resulted in non-significant sinus, 100 % nasal and non-significant lung deposition. The clearance kinetics after nasal pump spray delivery was significantly accelerated. Discussion: The standard application mode of pulsation aerosols with closed soft palate results in negligible lung deposition and therefore limits drug delivery to the nasal cavity only, minimizing unwanted side effects. Administration during spontaneous nasal breathing shows only 10% lung deposition, which is tolerable during drug administration. Relevant paranasal sinus deposition is noted during both application modes and clearance kinetics remains essentially unchanged. In contrast, nasal pump sprays do not show sinus drug delivery and nasal drug residence time is shortened. Conclusion: Pulsating aerosols offer advantageous topical nasal and sinus drug delivery options.
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Scherließ, Regina. "Nasal formulations for drug administration and characterization of nasal preparations in drug delivery." Therapeutic Delivery 11, no. 3 (March 2020): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde-2019-0086.

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This special report gives an insight in the rationale of utilizing the nasal cavity for drug administration and the formulation as well as characterization of nasal preparations. As the nose is an easy-to-access, noninvasive and versatile location for absorption, this route of delivery will play an increasingly important role in future drug product development both for new and repurposed drugs. The nose can be utilized for local and systemic delivery including drug delivery to the central nervous system and the immune system. Typical formulation strategies and future developments are reviewed, which nowadays mostly comprise liquid formulations. Although they are straight forward to develop, a number of aspects from choice of solvent, osmolarity, pH, viscosity and more need to be considered, which determine formulation characteristics, not at least nasal deposition. Nasal powders offer higher stability and, along with more sophisticated nasal devices, may play a major role in the future.
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Gao, Mingyue, Xin Shen, and Shirui Mao. "Factors influencing drug deposition in the nasal cavity upon delivery via nasal sprays." Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 50, no. 3 (April 12, 2020): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40005-020-00482-z.

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Djupesland, Per G., John C. Messina, and Ramy A. Mahmoud. "Role of nasal casts for in vitro evaluation of nasal drug delivery and quantitative evaluation of various nasal casts." Therapeutic Delivery 11, no. 8 (August 2020): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde-2020-0054.

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Background: Nasal casts may characterize intranasal drug deposition. Methodology: The Koken cast, described as ‘anatomically correct’, and the Optinose cast, derived from MRI of a healthy male during velum closure, were dimensionally compared and assessed for deposition assessment suitability. Results: Smallest vertical cross-sectional areas (valve region) for Koken and Optinose right/left: 2.55/2.75 and 1.18/1.18 cm2, respectively, versus a ‘normative’ mean (range) of 0.85 cm2 (0.2–1.6 cm2). Intranasal volumes differed (computed tomography/water fill): Koken, 35.8/38.6 cm3 and Optinose, 24.1/25.0 cm3, versus a ‘normative’ mean (range) of 26.4 cm3 (20.9–31.1 cm3). Conclusion: Koken cast dimensions are larger than the normal range and the Optinose cast. The validity of casts for regulatory drug deposition studies is suspect.
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Hughes, R., J. Watterson, C. Dickens, D. Ward, and A. Banaszek. "Development of a nasal cast model to test medicinal nasal devices." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 222, no. 7 (October 1, 2008): 1013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim423.

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Bespak, a division of Consort Medical plc, and Queen's University Belfast have developed a viable and unique in-vitro testing capability for nasal drug delivery devices. The aim was to evaluate and optimize current and conceptual drug delivery devices by quantifying the deposition of drug in the various distinct regions of the nasal cavity. The development of this test apparatus employed computed tomography (CT) scan data of the human nasal cavity to construct an accurate representation of the human nasal airways. An investigation of suitable materials and manufacturing technologies was required, together with extensive analytical method development. It is possible for this technique to be further developed in an attempt to create a standardized apparatus based on nasal geometry that can be used to compare accurately deposition from drug delivery devices. This paper presents the issues encountered in the development of this test apparatus, including manufacturing and material limitations, investigation and choice of suitable materials, laboratory testing considerations, and the steps required to validate the analytical process.
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Chen, X. B., H. P. Lee, V. F. H. Chong, and D. Y. Wang. "Drug delivery in the nasal cavity after functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a computational fluid dynamics study." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 126, no. 5 (March 14, 2012): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215112000205.

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AbstractBackground:Intranasal medication is commonly used for nasal disease. However, there are no clear specifications for intranasal medication delivery after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.Methods:A three-dimensional model of the nasal cavity was constructed from computed tomography scans of an adult Chinese male who had previously undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the right nasal cavity. Computational fluid dynamic simulations modelled airflow and particle deposition, based on discrete phase models.Results:In the right nasal cavity, more particles passed through the upper dorsal region, around the surgical area, and streamed into the right maxillary sinus region. In the left cavity, particles were distributed more regularly and uniformly in the ventral region around the inferior turbinate. A lower inspiratory airflow rate and smaller initial particle velocity assisted particle deposition within the right maxillary sinus cavity. In the right nasal cavity, the optimal particle diameter was approximately 10−5 m for maxillary sinus cavity deposition and 3 × 10−6 m for bottom region deposition. In the right nasal cavity, altered back head tilt angles enhanced particle deposition in the top region of the surgical area, and altered right side head tilt angles helped enhance maxillary sinus cavity deposition.Conclusion:This model indicates that a moderate inspiratory airflow rate and a particle diameter of approximately 10−5 m should improve intranasal medication deposition into the maxillary sinus cavity following functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
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Kiaee, Milad, Herbert Wachtel, Michelle L. Noga, Andrew R. Martin, and Warren H. Finlay. "Regional deposition of nasal sprays in adults: A wide ranging computational study." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 34, no. 5 (March 25, 2018): e2968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.2968.

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Dastan, Alireza, Omid Abouali, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "CFD simulation of total and regional fiber deposition in human nasal cavities." Journal of Aerosol Science 69 (March 2014): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.12.008.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Regional nasal drug deposition"

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Azimi, Mandana. "EVALUATION OF THE REGIONAL DRUG DEPOSITION OF NASAL DELIVERY DEVICES USING IN VITRO REALISTIC NASAL MODELS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4780.

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The overall objectives of this research project were i) to develop and evaluate methods of characterizing nasal spray products using realistic nasal airway models as more clinically relevant in vitro tools and ii) to develop and evaluate a novel high-efficiency antibiotic nanoparticle dry powder formulation and delivery device. Two physically realistic nasal airway models were used to assess the effects of patient-use experimental conditions, nasal airway geometry and formulation / device properties on the delivery efficiency of nasal spray products. There was a large variability in drug delivery to the middle passages ranging from 17 – 57 % and 47 – 77 % with respect to patient use conditions for the two nasal airway geometries. The patient use variables of nasal spray position, head angle and nasal inhalation timing with respect to spray actuation were found to be significant in determining nasal valve penetration and middle passage deposition of Nasonex®. The developed test methods were able to reproducibly generate similar nasal deposition profiles for nasal spray products with similar plume and droplet characteristics. Differences in spray plume geometry (smaller plume diameter resulted in higher middle passage drug delivery) were observed to have more influence on regional nasal drug deposition than changes to droplet size for mometasone furoate formulations in the realistic airway models. Ciprofloxacin nanoparticles with a mean (SD) volume diameter of 120 (10) nm suitable for penetration through mucus and biofilm layers were prepared using sonocrystallization technique. These ciprofloxacin nanoparticles were then spray dried in a PVP K30 matrix to form nanocomposite particles with a mean (SD) volume diameter of 5.6 (0.1) µm. High efficiency targeted delivery of the nanocomposite nasal powder formulation was achieved using a modified low flow VCU DPI in combination with a novel breathing maneuver; delivering 73 % of the delivered dose to the middle passages. A modified version of the nasal airway model accommodating Transwell® inserts and a Calu-3 monolayer was developed to allow realistic deposition and evaluation of the nasal powder. The nanocomposite formulation was observed to demonstrate improved dissolution and transepithelial transport (flux = 725 ng/h/cm2) compared to unprocessed ciprofloxacin powder (flux = 321 ng/h/cm2).
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Yerich, Andrew J. "Development of an Artificial Nose for the Study of Nanomaterials Deposition in Nasal Olfactory Region." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami151187266403964.

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Fadul, Gabrielle Nicole. "Comparison Study of Nanoparticle and Cyclophosphamide Deposition in Olfactory Region between Microfluidic Device and Nasal Cavity." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1575465625992011.

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Calmet, Hadrien. "Large-scale CFD and micro-particles simulations in a large human airways under sniff condition and drug delivery application." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670232.

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As we inhale, the air drawn through our nose undergoes successive accelerations and decelerations as it is turned, split, and recombined before splitting again at the end of the trachea as it enters the bronchi. Fully describing the dynamic behaviour of the airflow and how it transports inhaled particles poses a severe challenge to computational simulations. The dynamics of unsteady flow in the human large airways during a rapid and short inhalation (a so-called sniff) is a perfect example of perhaps the most complex and violent human inhalation inflow. Combining the flow solution with a Lagrangian computation reveals the effects of flow behaviour and airway geometry on the deposition of inhaled microparticles. Highly detailed large-scale computational fluid dynamics allow resolving all the spatial and temporal scales of the flow, thanks to the use of massive computational resources. A highly parallel finite element code running on supercomputers can solve the transient incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured meshes. Given that the finest mesh contained 350 million elements, the study sets a precedent for large-scale simulations of the respiratory system, proposing an analysis strategy for mean flow, fluctuations, wall shear stresses, energy spectral and particle deposition on a rapid and short inhalation. Then in a second time, we will propose a drug delivery study of nasal sprayed particle from commercial product in a human nasal cavity under different inhalation conditions; sniffing, constant flow rate and breath-hold. Particles were introduced into the flow field with initial spray conditions, including spray cone angle, insertion angle, and initial velocity. Since nasal spray atomizer design determines the particle conditions, fifteen particle size distributions were used,each defined by a log-normal distribution with a different volume mean diameter. This thesis indicates the potential of large-scale simulations to further understanding of airway physiological mechanics, which is essential to guide clinical diagnosis; better understanding of the flow and delivery of therapeutic aerosols, which could be applied to improve diagnosis and treatment.
En una inhalación, el aire que atraviesa nuestra cavidad nasal es sometido a una serie de aceleraciones y deceleraciones al producirse un giros, bifurcaciones y recombinarse de nuevo antes de volver a dividirse de nuevo a la altura de la tráquea en la entrada a los bronquios principales. La descripción precisa y acurada del comportamiento dinámico de este fluido así como el transporte de partículas inhalada que entran con el mismo a través de una simulación computacional supone un gran desafío. La dinámica del fluido en las vías respiratorias durante una inhalación rápida y corta (también llamado sniff) es un ejemplo perfecto de lo que sería probablemente la inhalación en el ser humano más compleja y violenta. Combinando la solución del fluido con un modelo lagrangiano revela el comportamiento del flujo y el effecto de la geometría de las vías respiratorias sobre la deposición de micropartículas inhaladas. La dinámica de fluidos computacional a gran escala de alta precisión permite resolver todas las escalas espaciales y temporales gracias al uso de recursos computacionales masivos. Un código de elementos finitos paralelos que se ejecuta en supercomputadoras puede resolver las ecuaciones transitorias e incompresibles de Navier-Stokes. Considerando que la malla más fina contiene 350 millones de elementos, cabe señalar que el presente estudio establece un precedente para simulaciones a gran escala de las vías respiratorias, proponiendo una estrategia de análisis para flujo medio, fluctuaciones, tensiones de corte de pared, espectro de energía y deposición de partículas en el contexto de una inhalación rápida y corta. Una vez realizado el analisis anterior, propondremos un estudio de administración de fármacos con un spray nasal en una cavidad nasal humana bajo diferentes condiciones de inhalación; sniff, caudal constante y respiración sostenida. Las partículas se introdujeron en el fluido con condiciones iniciales de pulverización, incluido el ángulo del cono de pulverización, el ángulo de inserción y la velocidad inicial. El diseño del atomizador del spray nasal determina las condiciones de partículas, entonces se utilizaron quince distribuciones de tamaño de partícula, cada uno definido por una distribución logarítmica normal con una media de volumen diferente. Esta tesis demuestra el potencial de las simulaciones a gran escala para una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos fisiológicos de las vías respiratorias. Gracias a estas herramientas se podrá mejorar el diagnóstico y sus respectivos tratamientos ya que con ellas se profundizará en la comprensión del flujo que recorre las vías aereas así como el transporte de aerosoles terapéuticos.
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Shi, Huawei. "Numerical simulation of airflow, particle deposition and drug delivery in a representative human nasal airway model." 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07312006-195225/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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Conference papers on the topic "Regional nasal drug deposition"

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Dastan, Alireza, Omid Abouali, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "A Numerical Investigation of Regional Fiber Deposition in a Realistic Nasal Cavity." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72368.

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In this paper, the motion and deposition of micro fibers in different regions of a realistic human nasal airway were studied using a computational modeling approach. The airflow field in the nasal cavity was simulated by solving the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations. The coupled translational and rotation motion of the fibers were analyzed by a Lagrangian approach assuming one-way coupling. The fibers were assumed to be ellipsoids and a computer code was developed for solving the coupled translational and rotational equations of motion of the ellipsoidal fiber. A large number of fibers were injected at the nostril and the deposition pattern and deposition fraction (DF) of the fibers in different regions of the nasal cavity were evaluated for different breathing rates, various fiber diameters and different fiber aspect ratios. The simulation results for ellipsoidal fibers obtained by solving the coupled translational and rotational equations were compared with those obtained by solving only the translational equations of equivalent spherical particles with a shape factor, which were used in some earlier works.
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Moghadas, Hajar, Omid Abouali, Abolhasan Faramarzi, Behtash Tavakoli, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "A Numerical Investigation for Nano-Particles Deposition in Realistic Geometry of Deviant Human Nasal Airways." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30661.

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3-D models of both sides of human nasal passages were developed to investigate the effect of septal deviation on the flow patterns and nano particles deposition in the realistic human nasal airways. 3-D computational domain was constructed by a series of coronal CT scan image before and after septoplasty from a live 25-year old nonsmoking male with septal deviation in his right side nasal passage. For several breathing rates corresponding to low or moderate activities, the steady state flow in the nasal passages was simulated numerically. Eulerian approach was employed to find the nano particles concentrations in the nasal channels. The flow field and particles depositions depend on the passage geometry. The abnormal passage has more particles deposition comparing with the normal side and post-operative passages for nano particles because of rapid change in geometry. However, regional depositions have the same behavior for the nano particles in the three different studied passages. Despite the anatomical differences of the human subjects used in the experiments and computer model, the simulation results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data.
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Shang, Yidan, Jingliang Dong, Kiao Inthavong, and Jiyuan Tu. "How Reliable Is the Extrapolation? Localized Particle Deposition Patterns in Human/Rat Nasal Cavities." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52494.

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To improve the understanding of dose-response extrapolation from rat to human, regional micro-particle deposition patterns are numerically investigated and compared between human and rat realistic nasal cavities using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Resting breathing conditions are chosen and airflow patterns are visualised by streamlines. To have better comparisons of deposition patterns, deposited particles are projected into pre-divided 2D domains based on anatomical features using surface-mapping technique. The results show significant differences between human and rat due to the different nasal geometries, especially at vestibule regions. In human case, large micro-particles deposit primarily in vestibule, septum and pharynx and small micro-particles relatively scattered in the whole cavity. On the contrary, in the rat case, large and small micro-particles are captured by the first and second bend of vestibule region.
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Ghahramani, Ebrahim, Omid Abouali, Homayoon Emdad, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "LES of Turbulent Airflow Field and Microparticle Deposition in a Realistic Model of Human Upper Airways." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21636.

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The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique was used to study the turbulent airflow field in a realistic model of human upper airways. The geometric model includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and trachea. The Lagrangian approach was used to calculate the trajectories and deposition of micro-particles for the breathing rate of 60 l/min. The results are compared with those obtained from the RANS model from an earlier study. For the latter model the effect of airflow turbulent velocity fluctuations on particle trajectories was modeled using a Continuum Random Walk (CRW) stochastic model. A qualitative comparison of the results obtained by the LES method with the earlier RANS model reveals that the total depositions of micro-particles evaluated be these two methods are similar. The LES and RANS predictions for regional depositions, however, differ significantly.
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Gunarathne, G. P. P., V. Koujalagi, S. Semple, and J. G. Ayres. "A Real-time Instrumentation System for the Study of Regional Deposition of Airborne Particles and Drug Delivery in the Human Respiratory System." In 2008 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference - I2MTC 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2008.4547379.

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Somani, Imshaan, Jonathan Whitten, Sinjae Hyun, and Chong S. Kim. "Effects of Sedimentation on Particle Deposition in the Lung Alveoli." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192934.

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Deposition of inhaled particles in the lung is one of the key factors for assessing toxic effects of airborne pollutant particles on one hand and for evaluating efficacy of inhalant pharmaceutical aerosols on the other side. Due to the geometric complexity and time-dependency of respiratory tracks, the correct prediction of the particle transport and deposition in the lung airway has been studied with experimental and computational approaches. The human alveolar duct, which connects the alveoli to the bronchioles of the lung, is recently the subject of interest within mathematical modeling because of its implications to drug delivery and ingestion of pollutants. Series of computational approaches have been performed to model the entire lung using 1-dimensional and “trumpet” model analyses [1,2]. Although these models represent with reasonable approximation of the regional particle deposition characteristics, they do not account for the local intricacy of particle transport and deposition in the acinus region, consisting of the alveolar duct and alveoli.
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Kabilan, S., D. R. Einstein, R. E. Jacob, J. P. Carson, A. P. Kuprat, K. R. Minard, and R. A. Corley. "Imaging-Based Multiscale Models of the Respiratory System That Account for Regional Heterogeneity in Health and Disease." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14636.

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Multiscale computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models are fast gaining importance in the field of respiratory systems modeling due to recent advancements in experimental and computational techniques. These models couple imaging-based, physiologically realistic, three-dimensional (3D) geometries to lower-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODE) or partial differential equations (PDE) that represent the unseen lung. Local deviations from nominal heterogeneity and compliance in disease states such as emphysema and fibrosis have both important clinical and pathological implications. Hence, it is important to incorporate regional heterogeneity in the CFD models while modeling airflow characteristics, aerosol deposition, drug delivery, and risk assessment.
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Ryans, Jason, Bennett Welch, Sinjae Hyun, Zhe Zhang, and Clement Kleinstreuer. "Variations in Tracheobronchial Airway Morphology for Different Age Groups." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19452.

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Knowledge of the geometric characteristics of actual human tracheobronchial (TB) airways is crucial for realistic and accurate computer simulations and experimental studies. An area of particular interest is drug delivery in the respiratory system to combat various diseases, such as COPD/asthma, diabetes and certain cancers. Deposition in the upper TB region is significant because it may be related to clearance of deposited particulate matters (PM) [1] and drug-aerosol treatment for upper airway asthma such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids [2,3]. The air flow characteristics, which affect particle deposition in the lung, depend strongly upon the morphology of the respiratory system and the breathing pattern of the subject. Therefore, an accurate understanding of the lung airway morphology is a crucial first step for an accurate analysis of inhaled particle trajectories as well as local and regional deposition of PM due to the irregular and asymmetric branching pattern [4]. In this paper, the age group variations of TB morphology are evaluated using lung airway morphology data from the literature and PET/CT images of two adolescents, 4 adults, and 4 seniors.
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Badhan, Antara, V. M. Krushnarao Kotteda, and Vinod Kumar. "CFD DEM Analysis of a Dry Powder Inhaler." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-4771.

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Abstract Dry powder inhalers (DPIs), used as a means for pulmonary drug delivery, typically contain a combination of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and significantly larger carrier particles. The micro-sized drug particles — which have a strong propensity to aggregate and poor aerosolization performance — mixed with significantly large carrier particles that are unable to penetrate the mouth-throat region to deagglomerate and entrain the smaller API particles in the inhaled airflow. The performance of a DPI, therefore, depends on entrainment the carrier-API combination particles and the time and thoroughness of the deagglomeration of the individual API particles from the carrier particles. Since DPI particle transport is significantly affected by particle-particle interactions, very different particles sizes and shapes, various forces including electrostatic and van der Waals forces, they present significant challenges to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelers to model regional lung deposition from a DPI. In the current work, we present a novel high fidelity CFD discrete element modeling (CFD-DEM) and sensitivity analysis framework for predicting the transport of DPI carrier and API particles. The work integrates exascale capable CFD-DEM and sensitivity analysis capabilities by leveraging the Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories libraries: Multiphase Flow Interface Flow Exchange (MFiX) for CFD-DEM, and Trilinos for leading-edge portable/scalable linear algebra. We carried out a sensitivity analysis of various formulation properties and their effects on particle size distribution with Dakota, an open source software designed to exploit High-Performance Computing (HPC) capabilities of a massively parallel supercomputer. We developed wrappers to exchange information among these state-of-the-art tools for DPI.
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