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Journal articles on the topic 'Regional phonological variation'
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Mitchell, David, Marivic Lesho, and Abby Walker. "Folk Perception of African American English Regional Variation." Journal of Linguistic Geography 5, no. 1 (April 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2017.2.
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Contrary to previous “sociolinguistic folklore” that African American (Vernacular) English has a uniform structure across different parts of the US, recent studies have shown that it varies regionally, especially phonologically (Wolfram, 2007; Thomas & Wassink, 2010). However, there is little research on how Americans perceive AAE variation. Based on a map-labeling task, we investigate the folk perception of AAE variation by 55 participants, primarily African Americans in Columbus, Ohio. The analysis focuses on the dialect regions recognized by the participants, the linguistic features associated with different regions, and the attitudes associated with these beliefs. While the perceived regional boundaries mostly align with those identified by speakers in previous perceptual dialectology studies on American English, the participants consistently identified linguistic features that were specific to AAE. The participants recognized substantial phonological and lexical variation and identified “proper” dialects that do not necessarily sound “white”. This study demonstrates the value of considering African Americans’ perspectives in describing African American varieties of English.
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Aubanel, Vincent, and Noël Nguyen. "Automatic recognition of regional phonological variation in conversational interaction." Speech Communication 52, no. 6 (June 2010): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2010.02.008.
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Aditiawarman, Mac, and Anna Hilda. "The Phonological Variation in Pulau Rengas - Malay Dialect at Merangin District." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 1, no. 2 (August 16, 2018): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v1i2.158.
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Phonology has many variants of study which could be uses as linguistic research, as well as regional language that exist in Indonesia. So it raises to interest of writer to research one of regional language around the neighborhood. It is Pulau Rengas dialect which used by Pulau Rengas people that stay at Pulau Rengas village at Bangko Barat subdistrict, Merangin regency in Jambi province.
This is a linguistic research, using descriptive methode and library research to discuss about data in a way to processing and develop it using theories, such as phonology, morphology, word formation and language change theory. The research is about change sound and phonemes that occur at Pulau Rengas dialect compare by Indonesian language. First step of writer to research Pulau Rengas dialect is collect raw data that get from informants, then grouping it. In this research, writer discuss about changes, deletion and addition phonemes in vocabularies at initial, medial and final position.
According this research, writer get formulas how the sound is changing which become something unique in Pulau Rengas dialect. The uniqueness is different way of pronounciation from the Indonesian language in the same meaning
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Bayley, Robert, Ceil Lucas, and Mary Rose. "Phonological variation in American Sign Language: The case of 1 handshape." Language Variation and Change 14, no. 1 (March 2002): 19–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394502141020.
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This article examines variation in American Sign Language (ASL) signs produced with a 1 handshape, which include signs of nearly all grammatical classes. Multivariate analysis of more than 5,000 tokens, extracted from informal conversations among more than 200 signers in seven different regions of the United States, indicates that variation in the form of these signs is conditioned by multiple linguistic and social factors. Significant factor groups include grammatical function and features of the preceding and following segments, as well as a range of social constraints including age, regional origin, and language background. Two findings are especially notable. First, although the results for preceding and following segment effects show evidence of progressive and regressive assimilation, grammatical function is the first-order linguistic constraint on the use of two of the three main variants. Second, signers in all regions of the United States show similar patterns of variation, thus providing evidence that ASL signers constitute a single “speech” community.
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Jeffries, Ella. "Preschool children's categorization of speakers by regional accent." Language Variation and Change 31, no. 3 (October 2019): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394519000176.
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AbstractThis study reports on an experiment with twenty preschool children (3;1–4;7) in York, UK to investigate the earliest stage of children's socioperceptual development. The children discriminate between different groups of speakers based on their pronunciation of phonological regional variables diagnostic of the North and South of England. An improvement across the age range uncovers a developmental stage when children are able to interpret variation as socially meaningful. This is comparable with developments in sociolinguistic production during the preschool years, as previous studies have found. Three measures associated with linguistic input (children's age and gender, local versus nonlocal parents) have an impact on the children's performance. The results are interpreted through an exemplar theoretic account, highlighting the role of input and the combined storing and accessing of both linguistic and social information.
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Tent, Jan. "Yod deletion in Fiji English: Phonological shibboleth or L2 English?" Language Variation and Change 13, no. 2 (July 2001): 161–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394501132035.
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It is not difficult to find grammatical and lexical markers of Fiji English. But are there any phonological features that identify an individual as a speaker of this regional variety of English? For the vast majority of Fiji Islanders, English is their second (or third) language, and their accents clearly identify their linguistic background (e.g., indigenous Fijian or Indo-Fijian). However, one pronunciation feature seems to be shared by a vast majority of speakers of English in Fiji: the deletion of yod in non-primary stressed /Cju/ syllables. This article considers variation in yod pronunciation according to ethnicity, age, gender, and education and examines whether yod deletion is a phonological shibboleth of Fiji English or merely a feature of L2 English.
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Boughton, Zoë, and Katharine Pipe. "Phonological variation and change in the regional French of Alsace: Supralocalization, age, gender and the urban–rural dichotomy." Journal of French Language Studies 30, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 327–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269520000125.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines patterns of variation and change in the phonology of the regional French of Alsace, within an overarching framework of regional dialect levelling (Kerswill, 2003) in the French of France. Data are drawn from an original corpus gathered in Strasbourg and a small village in a rural area of the Bas-Rhin. We analyse two well-known regional features in spontaneous speech: (h), the variable realisation of initial [h], and (ʒ), the non-assimilatory devoicing of /ʒ/. We focus on the effect on the variation observed of the major extra-linguistic variables of age, gender and social class as well as urban or rural community. While the results for class and location follow expected patterns, whereby working-class and rural speakers show higher rates of traditional non-standard variants, the principal observation is the decline and, in the case of (ʒ), apparent loss of such features. We thus provide new evidence in support of supralocalization, not only in the urban context but also in the rural location. The results for gender are however less clear-cut: there is an interaction with age, class and location, and disruption of the usual pattern of female-led adoption of supralocal norms.
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Öpengin, Ergin, and Geoffrey Haig. "Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects." Kurdish Studies 1, no. 1 (October 4, 2014): 143–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v2i2.399.
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Historical linguistic sources of Kurdish date back just a few hundred years, thus it is not possiInvestigation of the regional variation in Kurmanji, especially its varieties spoken in Turkey, has been almost entirely neglected in the existing literature on Kurdish. In addition to earlier isolated examinations of Kurmanji dialects (cf. MacKenzie, 1961; Ritter, 1971, 1976; Blau, 1975; Jastrow, 1977), native-speaker researchers have recently provided a substantial amount of dialect material across the Kurmanji-speech zone. However, a methodologically-informed evaluation of these observations into a dialect classification is yet to be undertaken. This article aims at providing an initial classification of Kurmanji-internal variation into major regional dialects, based on lexical, phonological and morphosyntactic data collected from five localities in Southeastern Turkey.Cihêrengiya zimanî ya navxweyî di kurmanciyê de: tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayan Di nav xebatên li ser zimanê kurdî de, heta niha, vekolîna cudatiyên devok û zaravayên kurmanciyê, bi taybetî ewên di nav sînorên Tirkiyeyê de, hema bi temamî hatiye piştguhkirin. Ji bilî çend xebatên serbixwe yên pêştir li ser zaravayên kurmancî (wek MacKenzie 1961; Ritter, 1971 û 1976; Blau, 1976; Jastrow 1977), di nav van salên dawî de vekolerên kurdîziman qewareyeke mezin a dane û materyelên ji gelek zaravayên kurmanciyê berhev kirine. Lê belê, hêj ev çavdêriyên berbelav bi rengekî metodolojîk nehatine nirxandin ku tesnîfeke zaravayan jê bi dest bikeve. Ev meqale dil dike tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayên serekî yên kurmanciyê pêşkêş bike li ser bingehê daneyên peyvî û fonolojîk û rêzimanî yên li pênc deverên başûr-rojhilatê Tirkiyeyê berhevkirî.جیاوازی ناوچەیی لەناو کرمانجیدا: پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی زاراوەکان لەناو ئەو لێکۆڵینەوانەی کە سەبارەت بە جیاوازی ناوچەیی لە کرمانجیدا ئەنجام دراوە، بەتایبەت ئەوانەی کە لەمەڕ جۆربەجۆری ئەو [زاراوانەی] کە لە تورکیا قسەیان پێ دەکرێ، بەتەواوی لەمەڕ هەبوونی ئەدەبیاتێکی هەبوو بە زمانی کوردی چاوپۆشی دەکرێت. سەرەڕای چەند تاقیکردنەوەیەکی تاک و تەرا سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجی کە پێشتر بەئەنجام گەیشتوون (بەراوردی بکەن لەگەڵ مەککینزی، ١٩٦١؛ ڕیتێر، ١٩٧١ و ١٩٧٦؛ بلەو، ١٩٧٦؛ یاسترۆ، ١٩٧٧) لەم ساڵانەی دواییدا توێژەرانی کورد ڕادەیەکی بەرچاو لە مادەی پێویست سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجییان لە دەڤەری کرمانجی ئاخێودا دەستەبەر کردووە. هەرچەند بەمەبەستی پۆلینبەندی زاراوەکان، هەتاکوو ئێستا، هەڵسەنگاندنێکی مێتۆدیک و پڕزانیاری لەسەر ئەم تێڕامانانە ئەنجام نەدراوە. ئامانجی ئەم وتارە بریتییە لەوەی کە پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی لەو جیاوازییە ناوخۆییەی کە لە زاراوە سەرەکییەکانی ناوچە کرمانجی ئاخێوەکاندا هەیە بەدەستەوە بدات و بۆ ئەم مەبەستە توێژینەوەکە لەسەر بنەمای ئەو داتا وشەیی، دەنگناسی و پێکهاتەی ڕێزمانییانە ئەنجام دەدرێت کە لە پێنج ناوچەی باشوری ڕۆژهەڵاتی تورکیا کۆ کراونەتەوە.
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De Wolf, Gaelan Dodds. "On phonological variability in Canadian English in Ottawa and Vancouver." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 18, no. 2 (December 1988): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300003728.
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A uniform dialect of Canadian English (CE) encompasses a wider territory than that of any other regional variety (Priestley (1951); Woods (1979); cf. Scargill and Warkentyne (1972) for suggested subdivisions; cf. also Bernard (1969) versus Horvath (1985) for the scope of Australian English, another widespread variety). This is a result of converging influences in Canada of varieties of British English and of Northern and Midland American (von Baeyer 1977; Woods 1979). The components of CE are a distinctive body of lexical items marked foremost by compounding, with many borrowings from French and the native Indian languages (Avis 1973; Harris 1975; Gregg 1979), certain minor syntactic features along with the stereotypical use of ‘eh’ (Avis 1978; Bailey 1982; Chambers 1986), and a ‘General’ Canadian accent, recognized as urban and educated, spreading westward from Ontario to the Pacific, and affecting even eastern Maritime speech (Gregg 1984a; Avis 1986; cf. Kinloch 1983). Within this broad framework (Avis 1973, 1986; Gregg 1984a), however, certain social and regional distinctions appear when phonological variability is considered within the Labovian model of sociological co-variation (e.g. Labov 1966, 1972; Trudgill 1974; Milroy 1987). A comparison of phonological items from two recent and concurrent sociodialectal surveys, one in eastern Canada for Ottawa (Woods 1979) and the other on the Pacific Coast for Vancouver (Gregg 1984b), reveals certain points of phonetic divergence socially and regionally, together with differential rates of sound change (de Wolf 1988).
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Versloot, Arjen. "Methodological reflections on the emergence of Old Frisian." Unity and Diversity in West Germanic, III 67, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.67.1.02ver.
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The question addressed in this article is whether it is possible to identify the time of the emergence of Frisian from the rest of West Germanic. Some of the criteria used in determining the chronology of Frisian language history are evaluated in terms of their temporal and spatial aspects. Phonological features that appear to differentiate languages from a present-day perspective disappear in a haze of synchronic and diatopic allophonic alternations. Reconstructions of the order of phonological developments often turn out to be best-fit interpretations of changes whose precise character, age and location are hard to determine. Besides, reconstructions of regional distribution are obscured by subsequent migrations and dialect shifts. Consequently, the splits in a language family tree are not bifurcations, but bushes of variation, where only hindsight allows an identification of the chronology and the decisive factors involved.
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Santa Ana A., Otto. "Sonority and syllable structure in Chicano English." Language Variation and Change 8, no. 1 (March 1996): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001071.
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ABSTRACTThree analyses of /-t,d/ deletion are undertaken to investigate whether convergence with the matrix regional dialect has taken place in Los Angeles Chicano English. Two superficial analyses mistakenly find convergence. A third emic multivariate analysis finds no phonological convergence. It is argued that sonority of adjacent consonants accounts for most of the variation. In order to give an account of the degree and direction of the /-t,d/ deletion processses in Chicano English, Clement's (1988) model of nonaffixal syllabification, which is also based on sonority, is extended to this affix-affecting delection process.
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Palfreyman, Nick. "Social meanings of linguistic variation in BISINDO (Indonesian Sign Language)." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 6, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.00008.pal.
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Abstract Abstract (International Sign) In contrast to sociolinguistic research on spoken languages, little attention has been paid to how signers employ variation as a resource to fashion social meaning. This study focuses on an extremely understudied social practice, that of sign language usage in Indonesia, and asks where one might look to find socially meaningful variables. Using spontaneous data from a corpus of BISINDO (Indonesian Sign Language), it blends methodologies from Labovian variationism and analytic practices from the ‘third wave’ with a discursive approach to investigate how four variable linguistic features are used to express social identities. These features occur at different levels of linguistic organisation, from the phonological to the lexical and the morphosyntactic, and point to identities along regional and ethnic lines, as well as hearing status. In applying third wave practices to sign languages, constructed action and mouthings in particular emerge as potent resources for signers to make social meaning.
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Hanulíková, Adriana. "Bewertung und Grammatikalität regionaler Syntax." Linguistik Online 98, no. 5 (November 7, 2019): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.98.5936.
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This paper addresses how morphosyntactic variation stemming from the Alemannic regional variety is perceived, evaluated, and judged in written and spoken language. Based on data from a questionnaire and speeded grammaticality judgments, this study examines which grammatical variants are salient to the listener as a function of speaker accent (regional vs. standard) and listener background (students from different school types and cities). The results show that, in addition to the regional morphosyntax, regional accent co-determines grammaticality judgements, in particular for naive listeners. Expert listener (students of language and literature) judgements are less affected by speaker accent, and appear to follow their subjective normative expectations concerning the prescriptive syntax usage. The most normative judgments on both syntactic and phonological levels were observed for dialectal variants within a group of high school students, despite being active users of the Alemannic variety. This result is a likely consequence of an explicit discard of dialect usage during classroom interactions.
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HORNSBY, DAVID. "The myth of structured obsolescence." Journal of French Language Studies 16, no. 2 (June 15, 2006): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269506002390.
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Using data from an obsolescent dialect situation in northern France, this paper questions the view that dedialectalization is a process of level-by-level attrition which leaves a linguistic residue in Regional French (the ‘Structured Obsolescence Hypothesis’). Comparison of dialect index scores for a number of variables reveals significant variation in rates of attrition within levels, with some phonological and morphological variants showing greater vitality than others, but no consistent relationship between levels as the model would predict. An alternative model is proposed, based on the relative learnability of different variants, and it is further argued that rejection of the Structured Obsolescence Hypothesis calls some other assumptions about Regional French into question, notably the view that it can be considered an intermediate variety between dialect and standard, and that it is necessarily ephemeral in nature.
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Sedó, Beatriz, Lauren B. Schmidt, and Erik W. Willis. "Rethinking the phonological process of /s/ voicing assimilation in Spanish: An acoustic comparison of three regional varieties." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 13, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 167–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2020-2027.
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AbstractSpanish is described as having an /s/ regressive voicing assimilation process by which the sibilant is voiced when followed by a voiced consonant. However, experimental studies documenting the nature of the process – including variation in its realization across speech varieties – are limited. The current study presents an acoustic analysis of the phonetic nature of the process, including an analysis of the linguistic and social factors which influence voicing of the /s/. Using an identical controlled phrase elicitation task, rates and location of voicing within the /s/ segment were compared across three varieties of Spanish: Mexican Spanish (Mexico City) and two Peninsular varieties (León and Vitoria). Different voicing rates and different linguistic voicing predictors were found across dialects. The data suggest that /s/ voicing before a voiced consonant is far from a categorical process in Spanish, with variable rates of application between 43% and 63%. We propose that, based on the data, /s/ voicing in Spanish is, in fact, better understood as a progressive voicing process (i. e. continuation of voicing from the previous vowel), and that the linguistic factors that condition voicing can be explained in part through articulatory and aerodynamic mechanisms. We also discuss the phonetics and phonology of the process.
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Maguire, Warren, April McMahon, Paul Heggarty, and Dan Dediu. "The past, present, and future of English dialects: Quantifying convergence, divergence, and dynamic equilibrium." Language Variation and Change 22, no. 1 (March 2010): 69–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394510000013.
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AbstractThis article reports on research which seeks to compare and measure the similarities between phonetic transcriptions in the analysis of relationships between varieties of English. It addresses the question of whether these varieties have been converging, diverging, or maintaining equilibrium as a result of endogenous and exogenous phonetic and phonological changes. We argue that it is only possible to identify such patterns of change by the simultaneous comparison of a wide range of varieties of a language across a data set that has not been specifically selected to highlight those changes that are believed to be important. Our analysis suggests that although there has been an obvious reduction in regional variation with the loss of traditional dialects of English and Scots, there has not been any significant convergence (or divergence) of regional accents of English in recent decades, despite the rapid spread of a number of features such as TH-fronting.
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Irsan, Muhammad. "VARIASI ISOLEK MELAYU DI SUMATERA SELATAN." Madah: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 2 (February 16, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.31503/madah.v6i2.378.
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This study discusses the variation of Malay isolects in South Sumatra dealing with phonological and lexical variation. This sudy used diachronic dialectology approach. The data were gathered by the method of conversation with interview techniques using the questionnaires of Research on Cognates and Mapping of Regional Language in Indonesia.The interview was conducted on informants from 21 villages. The vocabulary evidences are described in the form of sound variations and correspondences as well as the types of sound changes based on the framework as performed by Lehman, Hock, and Crowley. Dialectometry and lexicostatistics were used to determine the status of language and cognates between the isolects. The research findings showed that there were phonological and lexical correspondences in vocals and consonants. Sound variations found in this study were caused by morphophonemic and nasalization processes. Sound changes in the form of metathesis, mergers, epenthesis, aphaeresis, syncope, and apocope were also found along with Van der Tuuk correspondence rules in the form of sound variation r~l, d~l and other variations, such as l~t, h~l, d~n, and h~s. The sound correspondences and variations showed the riches of dialectal variation as a characteristic of Malay isolects in South Sumatra, which derived from the same language, i.e. the Malay. The result of lexicostatistics and dialectometry analysis strengthened the interdialect cognates and the same language status between the isolects.AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas variasi isolek-isolek Melayu di Sumatera Selatan yang mencakupi variasi fonologis dan leksikal. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian dialektologi diakronis. Data diperoleh dengan metode cakap dengan teknik wawancara menggunakan kuesioner Penelitian Kekerabatan dan Pemetaan Bahasa di Indonesia terhadap para informan di 21 daerah pengamatan. Realisasi berian kosakata diuraikan dalam bentuk variasi dan korespondensi bunyi serta jenis-jenis perubahan bunyi berdasarkan kerangka kerja sebagaimana dilakukan oleh Lehman, Hock, dan Crowley. Penghitungan dialektometri dan leksikostatistik digunakan untuk mengetahui status kebahasaan dan hubungan kekerabatanantarisolek-isolek Melayu di Sumatera Selatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korespondensi fonologis dan leksikal dalam bentuk vokal maupun konsonan. Variasi bunyi yang ditemukan berupa variasi yang disebabkan oleh proses morfofonemik dan nasalisasi. Perubahan bunyi berupa metatesis, merger, epentesis, aferesis, sinkope, dan apokope juga ditemukan dalam penelitian ini beserta korespondensi bunyi hukum Van der Tuuk dalam bentuk variasi r~l, d~l dan variasi lainnya, yaitu l~t, h~l, d~n, dan h~s. Korespondensi dan variasi bunyi itu menunjukkan kekayaan variasi dialektal sebagai ciri khas isolek-isolek bahasa Melayu di Sumatera Selatan yang berakar dari bahasa yangsama, yaitu bahasa Melayu. Hasil penghitungan leksikostatistik dan dialektometri memperkuat bukti hubungan kekerabatan antardialek dan status kebahasaan yang sama di antara isolek-isolek itu.
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al-Rojaie, Yousef. "Regional dialect leveling in Najdi Arabic: The case of the deaffrication of [k] in the Qaṣīmī dialect." Language Variation and Change 25, no. 1 (March 2013): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394512000245.
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AbstractThis study investigates the effect of linguistic and social factors (age, gender, and level of education) on the patterns of variation in the affrication of [] for [k] in the stem and suffix in the informal speech of 72 speakers of Qaṣīmī, a local dialect of Najdi Arabic, spoken in the Qaṣīm province in central Saudi Arabia. Findings indicate that affrication is significantly favored in the phonological context of front vowels, particularly the high front ones. Whereas suffix-based affrication is categorically used as [-], stem affrication is strongly correlated with the age, educational level, and gender of the speaker. In particular, older uneducated speakers from both sexes tend to maintain the use of the local variant [], whereas younger and middle-aged educated speakers, particularly women, increasingly shift toward the use of the supralocal variant [k]. The present findings are suggestive of patterns of variation that are typical in regional-dialect leveling, wherein the supralocal variant(s) associated with the major city dialect is (are) diffusing outward, at the expense of traditional and socially marked variant(s), by speakers of smaller towns' dialects. The substantial socioeconomic changes that Saudi Arabia has undergone in the last half century are suggested to have triggered and accelerated the linguistic shift.
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Boberg, Charles. "The emergence of a new phoneme: Foreign (a) in Canadian English." Language Variation and Change 21, no. 3 (October 2009): 355–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394509990172.
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AbstractThe nativization or phonological adaptation of words transferred from other languages can have structural-phonological consequences for the recipient language. In English, nativization of words in which the stressed vowel is spelled with the letter <a>, here called “foreign (a)” words, leads to variable outcomes, because English <a> represents not one but three phonemes. The most common outcomes historically have been /ey/ (as inpotato), /æ/ (tobacco), and /ah/ (spa), but vowel choice shows diachronic, social, and regional variation, including systematic differences between major national dialects. British English uses /ah/ for long vowels and /æ/ elsewhere, American English prefers /ah/ everywhere, whereas Canadian English traditionally prefers /æ/. The Canadian pattern is now changing, with younger speakers adopting American /ah/-variants. This article presents new data on foreign (a) in Canadian English, confirming the use of /ah/ among younger speakers, but finds that some outcomes cannot be classified as either /æ/ or /ah/. A third, phonetically intermediate outcome is often observed. Acoustic analysis confirms the extraphonemic status of these outcomes, which may constitute a new low-central vowel phoneme in Canadian English.
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Raclavská, Jana. "O kształcie osiemnastowiecznej literackiej polszczyzny cieszyńskiej na podstawie "Kazań pokutnych" Samuela Ludwika Zasadiusa." Slavica Wratislaviensia 170 (October 1, 2019): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.170.10.
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18th-century Cieszyn Silesian literary Polish language in the work "Kazania pokutne" by Samuel Ludwik ZasadiusThe language analysis of the work by S. L. Zasadius titled Kazania pokutne demonstrates the presence of regional features, especially at phonological, inflectional and syntactic level. At the morphological level there appears a great number of archaic elements coming mainly from the archaic period of the Polish language. The analysis of the work broadens the knowledge on the topic of regional variation of Cieszyn Polish language during the 18th century.O podobě literární varianty těšínské polštiny na základě díla "Kazania Pokutne" od Samuela Ludvíka ZasadiaAnalýza díla Kazania Pokutne od S. L. Zasadia je prezentací zvláštností a odlišností polštiny, která byla používána v církevní oblasti Těšínského Slezska v 18. století, od polštiny v centrální části polského území. Autorka poukazuje na jevy povahy fonologické, morfologické, syntaktické a lexikální a snaží se o vysvětlení jejich existence na periferních územích polského jazykového areálu. Zjištěná fakta jsou dalším přispěním k výzkumu regionální varianty polštiny na Těšínsku v 18. století.
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Aloufi, Aliaa. "The Social Stratification of Qaf in Egyptian Arabic." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.8.14.
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The present study aims to investigate the phonological behaviour of Egyptian speakers stratified by age, gender and region in the pronunciation of the voiceless uvular plosive /q/ sound. The application of sociolinguistic methodology shows that the study has observed the role of some social variables such as age, gender and region in language change. The study has concluded that the /q/ sound is used by men more than women and the older generation more than the younger generation. Furthermore, the study points out the role of regional differences in the speech of Egyptian speakers as the /q/ sound is used by those speakers who live in rural areas more than those who come from urban areas. In sum, this study helps to enrich our understanding of language variation and change in Arabic dialect, more specifically Egyptian Arabic.
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Mihas, Elena. "Ideophones in Alto Perené (Arawak) from Eastern Peru." Studies in Language 36, no. 2 (October 15, 2012): 300–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.36.2.04mih.
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This research is a first attempt to survey ideophones in the Amazonian Arawak language Alto Perené (a.k.a. Ashéninka Perené). Based on fieldwork data, this study shows that ideophones constitute a separate class of words in Alto Perené in view of their distinctive phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties. The study also draws on primary and secondary data from three other genetically related neighboring language varieties (Ashéninka Pichis, Asháninka Tambo-Ene, and Kakinte) to demonstrate a moderate degree of interdialect variation. The study suggests the possibility that the following properties may be regional affinities: non-canonical stress assignment; word class-specific reduplication of the word-final syllabic segments -ri, -re, -ro, -pi, -po expressing spatial distribution, intensity, or repeated/durative/open-ended temporal structure of the reported event; productive (V)k-suffixation contributing to the expression of punctual/perfective aspect; syntactic functions of appositional or coordinated predicate, co-verb, complement, and adverb; prevalence of Gestalt packaging of sensory events; a dearth of ideophones describing states.
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Armstrong, Nigel. "The sociolinguistic gender pattern in French: a comparison of two linguistic levels." Journal of French Language Studies 8, no. 2 (September 1998): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500004129.
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AbstractIn this article I examine different rates of development, at the linguistic levels of variable pronunciation and discourse, of a sample of French girls aged 11–12. These girls, in contrast to their older counterparts, show variable linguistic behaviour on the phonological level that aligns with the well attested pattern of the avoidance by female speakers of vernacular forms: the ‘sociolinguistic gender pattern’. At the same time, in discourse one female speaker shows a manipulation of conversational tone, as evidenced by her behaviour across speech styles, that is comparable to adult competence. I argue that the disjunction between the girls's communicative competence on these two levels is due to the different social functions that variation fulfils on each level: while variable phonology may serve to express a speaker's location in a social-regional nexus that younger speakers have yet to engage with fully, the discourse level expresses more central aspects of a speaker's identity that can plausibly be assumed to develop earlier.
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Regnoli, Giuliana. "Translanguaging as an expression of transnational identity." Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 5, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.00030.reg.
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Abstract Non-linguists are usually able to discriminate accurately between different language patterns (Niedzielski and Preston 2003; Preston 2010) although long-standing scholarly tradition has often, if not always, contradicted their views of language (Boas 1917; Bloomfield, in Hall 1950). Moreover, in diasporic settings, speakers’ constant need of renegotiating the problem of ethnicity is often resolved in their willingness to shed their regional, linguistic and ethnic identities to the detriment of their more general pan-Indian one (Jayaram 2004). In an Indian diasporic community situated in Heidelberg, Germany, perceived subtle differences in L2 phonological characteristics may index local and situated ethnic identities. In order to ascertain whether dialectal variation has salience for the community, this paper presents findings on how translanguaging might be a valuable linguistic resource in the expression of speakers’ ethnic identities. A qualitative analysis of questionnaires, interviews and informal conversations has delineated a new ‘diaspora consciousness’ (Vertovec 1997) in light of the transient aspect of the community in question.
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Cohen Minnick, Lisa. "Jim's language and the issue of race in Huckleberry Finn." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963-9470-20011002-02.
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While many critics have considered how Jim is represented in Huckleberry Finn, few have approached the question of how he is characterized via an examination of his speech. This article looks specifically at phonological and grammatical features of Jim's speech to determine whether or not they correspond substantially to features of African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) documented by leading scholars. Using the LinguaLinks software program, it was possible to analyze Jim's speech in its entirety to the point where conclusions about characterization based on his language can conscientiously be made. The idea has been to look for occurrences of AAVE features in order to determine at least anecdotally whether Twain represents Jim's speech authentically, that is, in a way that indicates a real rather than stereotypical awareness of as well as sensitivity to real AAVE. Along with the analysis, the article continues with a discussion of attitudes towards social and regional variation of American English (AAVE in particular), the complexity of the work itself, and the critical and popular responses to it.
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Budiarsa, I. Made. "Language, Dialect And Register Sociolinguistic Perspective." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 1, no. 2 (February 21, 2017): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.1.2.42.379-387.
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Sociolinguistics pays attention to the social aspects of human language. Sociolinguistics discusses the relationship between language and society. In the following part of this paper, it will be focussed on the use of (1) language (2) dialects, (3) language variation, (4) social stratification, (5) register. This discussion talks about the five types of those topics because they are really problematic sort of things, which relate the social life of the local people. In relation to this, the most important point is to distinguish the terms from one to another. There are three main points to discuss: language, dialects and register. Languages which are used as medium of communication have many varieties. These language variations are created by the existence of social stratification in the community. Social stratification will determine the form of language use by the speakers who involve in the interaction. The language variation can be in the form of dialects and register. Dialect of a language correlates with such social factors such as socio-economic status, age, occupation of the speakers. Dialect is a variety of a particular language which is used by a particular group of speakers that is signaled by systematic markers such as syntactical, phonological, grammatical markers. Dialects which are normally found in the speech community may be in the forms of regional dialect and social dialect. Register is the variation of language according to the use. It means that where the language is used as a means of communication for certain purposes. It depends entirely on the domain of language used. It is also a function of all the other components of speech situation. A formal setting may condition a formal register, characterized by particular lexical items. The informal setting may be reflected in casual register that indicates less formal vocabulary, more non-standard features, greater instances of stigmatized variables, and so on.Keywords: language, dialect, register and sociolinguistic.
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Volk, Jana. "Using the ToBI transcription to record the intonation of Slovene." Linguistica 52, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.52.1.169-186.
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The paper presents ToBI, a transcription method for prosodic annotation. ToBI is an acronym for Tones and Breaks Indices which first denoted an intonation system developed in the 1990s for annotating intonation and prosody in the database of spoken Mainstream American English. The MAE_ToBI transcription originally consists of six parts – the audio recording of the utterance, the fundamental frequency contour and four parallel tiers for the transcription of tone sequence, ortographic transcription, indication of break indices between words and for additional observations. The core of the transcription, i. e. of the phonological analyses of the intonation pattern, is represented by the tone tier where tonal variation is transcribed by using labels for high tone and low tone where a tone can appear as a pitch accent, phrase accent and boundary tone. Due to its simplicity and flexibility, the system soon began to be used for the prosodic annotation of other variants of English and many other languages, as well as in different non-linguistic fields, leading to the creation of many new ToBI systems adapted to individual languages and dialects. The author is the first to use this method for Slovene, more precisely, for the intonational transcription and analysis of the corpus of spontaneous speech of Slovene Istria, in order to investigate if the ToBi system is useful for the annotation of Slovene and its regional variants.
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Haig, Geoffrey, and Ergin Öpengin. "Introduction to Special Issue - Kurdish: A critical research overview." Kurdish Studies 2, no. 2 (October 10, 2014): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v2i2.397.
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Investigation of the regional variation in Kurmanji, especially its varieties spoken in Turkey, has been almost entirely neglected in the existing literature on Kurdish. In addition to earlier isolated examinations of Kurmanji dialects (cf. MacKenzie, 1961; Ritter, 1971, 1976; Blau, 1975; Jastrow, 1977), native-speaker researchers have recently provided a substantial amount of dialect material across the Kurmanji-speech zone. However, a methodologically-informed evaluation of these observations into a dialect classification is yet to be undertaken. This article aims at providing an initial classification of Kurmanji-internal variation into major regional dialects, based on lexical, phonological and morphosyntactic data collected from five localities in Southeastern Turkey. Cihêrengiya zimanî ya navxweyî di kurmanciyê de: tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayan Di nav xebatên li ser zimanê kurdî de, heta niha, vekolîna cudatiyên devok û zaravayên kurmanciyê, bi taybetî ewên di nav sînorên Tirkiyeyê de, hema bi temamî hatiye piştguhkirin. Ji bilî çend xebatên serbixwe yên pêştir li ser zaravayên kurmancî (wek MacKenzie 1961; Ritter, 1971 û 1976; Blau, 1976; Jastrow 1977), di nav van salên dawî de vekolerên kurdîziman qewareyeke mezin a dane û materyelên ji gelek zaravayên kurmanciyê berhev kirine. Lê belê, hêj ev çavdêriyên berbelav bi rengekî metodolojîk nehatine nirxandin ku tesnîfeke zaravayan jê bi dest bikeve. Ev meqale dil dike tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayên serekî yên kurmanciyê pêşkêş bike li ser bingehê daneyên peyvî û fonolojîk û rêzimanî yên li pênc deverên başûr-rojhilatê Tirkiyeyê berhevkirî. جیاوازی ناوچەیی لەناو کرمانجیدا: پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی زاراوەکانلەناو ئەو لێکۆڵینەوانەی کە سەبارەت بە جیاوازی ناوچەیی لە کرمانجیدا ئەنجام دراوە، بەتایبەت ئەوانەی کە لەمەڕ جۆربەجۆری ئەو [زاراوانەی] کە لە تورکیا قسەیان پێ دەکرێ، بەتەواوی لەمەڕ هەبوونی ئەدەبیاتێکی هەبوو بە زمانی کوردی چاوپۆشی دەکرێت. سەرەڕای چەند تاقیکردنەوەیەکی تاک و تەرا سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجی کە پێشتر بەئەنجام گەیشتوون (بەراوردی بکەن لەگەڵ مەککینزی، ١٩٦١؛ ڕیتێر، ١٩٧١ و ١٩٧٦؛ بلەو، ١٩٧٦؛ یاسترۆ، ١٩٧٧) لەم ساڵانەی دواییدا توێژەرانی کورد ڕادەیەکی بەرچاو لە مادەی پێویست سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجییان لە دەڤەری کرمانجی ئاخێودا دەستەبەر کردووە. هەرچەند بەمەبەستی پۆلینبەندی زاراوەکان، هەتاکوو ئێستا، هەڵسەنگاندنێکی مێتۆدیک و پڕزانیاری لەسەر ئەم تێڕامانانە ئەنجام نەدراوە. ئامانجی ئەم وتارە بریتییە لەوەی کە پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی لەو جیاوازییە ناوخۆییەی کە لە زاراوە سەرەکییەکانی ناوچە کرمانجی ئاخێوەکاندا هەیە بەدەستەوە بدات و بۆ ئەم مەبەستە توێژینەوەکە لەسەر بنەمای ئەو داتا وشەیی، دەنگناسی و پێکهاتەی ڕێزمانییانە ئەنجام دەدرێت کە لە پێنج ناوچەی باشوری ڕۆژهەڵاتی تورکیا کۆ کراونەتەوە.
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Collins, Peter. "Australian English: Its Evolution and Current State." International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication 1 (January 1, 2012): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/ijltic.11.
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<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">T<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">his paper provides a critical overview of research on Australian English (‘AusE’), </span></span>and of the vexing questions that the research has grappled with. These include: What is the historical explanation for the homogeneity of the Australian accent? Was it formed by the fi rst generation of native-born Australians in the ‘Sydney mixing bowl’, its spread subsequently facilitated by high population <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">mobility? Or </span></span>is the answer to be found in sociolinguistic reconstructions of the early colony suggesting that a uniform London English was transplanted to Australia in 1788 and that speakers of other dialects quickly adapted to it? How is Australia’s national identity embodied in its lexicon, and to what extent is it currently under the infl uence of external pressure from American English? What are the most distinctive structural features of AusE phonology, morphosyntax and discourse? To what extent do allegedly unique Australian features such as sentence-final <em><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed-Italic; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed-Italic; font-size: small;">but </span></span></em>and <em><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed-Italic; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed-Italic; font-size: small;">yeah-no </span></span></em><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">in discourse serve the social role of indexing </span></span><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">‘Australianness’? What is </span></span>the nature and extent of variation – regional, social and ethnic – in contemporary AusE? Are such regional phonological <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">differences as /æ/~/a/ variation increasing </span></span>or <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">diminishing? Does there exist a pan-ethnic variety of AusE that is particularly </span></span>associated with younger Australians of second generation Middle Eastern and Mediterranean background? Has contemporary AusE consolidated its own norms as an independent national standard?</p>
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Hinton, Linette N., and Karen E. Pollock. "Regional Variations in the Phonological Characteristics of African American Vernacular English." World Englishes 19, no. 1 (March 2000): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-971x.00155.
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Setiawan, Heru. "Bahasa Slang di Angkringan Kabupaten Ponorogo." Madah: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.31503/madah.v10i1.894.
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This research examines and discovers the variation and formation of slang in the street food court (angkringan) of the Perpek community, Ponorogo Regency, which is indicated by a variant of the slang language. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method. The research data is in the form of words from languages that contain slang forms and are spoken by sellers and buyers. Data collection uses observation techniques supported by note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique used is the equivalent method and the method of religion. The findings of this research are four processes of the formation of slang language in terms of the formation of phonological structures, namely: (1) reversing the overall arrangement of letters, for example "mahal" to "laham", (2) giving an insert at the beginning and at the end both vowels and consonants, for example "kopi" becomes "ngikop", (3) exchanges consonants and replaces one or two letters, for example "sedikit" becomes "sikit", and (4) words are shortened or cut without changing their meanings, for example "mama cantik" to be "macan". The results of the research findings indicate the formation of new slang languages that are different from the original languages, both from Indonesian and regional languages (Javanese). Penelitian ini mengkaji dan menemukan variasi dan pembentukan bahasa slang di angkringan komunitas Perpek, Kabupaten Ponorogo, yang terindikasi ditemuakan varian bahasa slang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode diskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian berupa kata dari bahasa yang mengandung bentuk bahasa slang dan dituturkan oleh penjual dan pembeli. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi yang didukung dengan teknik simak-libat-catat. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode padan dan metode agih. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh temuan berupa empat proses pembentukan variasi bahasa slang dari segi pembentukan struktur fonologis, yaitu: (1) membalikkan susunan huruf secara keseluruhan, misal "mahal" menjadi "laham", (2) memberikan sisipan di awal dan di akhir kata, baik vokal maupun konsonan, misal "kopi" menjadi "ngikop", (3) menukar konsonan dan mengganti satu atau dua huruf, misal "sedikit" menjadi "sikit", dan (4) kata dipendekkan atau dipotong tanpa mengubah maknanya, misal "mama cantik" menjadi "macan". Hasil temuan penelitian menunjukkan adanya pembentukan bahasa slang baru yang berbeda dari bahasa aslinya, baik dari bahasa Indonesia maupun bahasa daerah (bahasa Jawa).
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Tamati, Terrin N., and David B. Pisoni. "Non-native Listeners’ Recognition of High-Variability Speech Using PRESTO." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, no. 09 (October 2014): 869–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.9.9.
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Background: Natural variability in speech is a significant challenge to robust successful spoken word recognition. In everyday listening environments, listeners must quickly adapt and adjust to multiple sources of variability in both the signal and listening environments. High-variability speech may be particularly difficult to understand for non-native listeners, who have less experience with the second language (L2) phonological system and less detailed knowledge of sociolinguistic variation of the L2. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-variability sentences on non-native speech recognition and to explore the underlying sources of individual differences in speech recognition abilities of non-native listeners. Research Design: Participants completed two sentence recognition tasks involving high-variability and low-variability sentences. They also completed a battery of behavioral tasks and self-report questionnaires designed to assess their indexical processing skills, vocabulary knowledge, and several core neurocognitive abilities. Study Sample: Native speakers of Mandarin (n = 25) living in the United States recruited from the Indiana University community participated in the current study. A native comparison group consisted of scores obtained from native speakers of English (n = 21) in the Indiana University community taken from an earlier study. Data Collection and Analysis: Speech recognition in high-variability listening conditions was assessed with a sentence recognition task using sentences from PRESTO (Perceptually Robust English Sentence Test Open-Set) mixed in 6-talker multitalker babble. Speech recognition in low-variability listening conditions was assessed using sentences from HINT (Hearing In Noise Test) mixed in 6-talker multitalker babble. Indexical processing skills were measured using a talker discrimination task, a gender discrimination task, and a forced-choice regional dialect categorization task. Vocabulary knowledge was assessed with the WordFam word familiarity test, and executive functioning was assessed with the BRIEF-A (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult Version) self-report questionnaire. Scores from the non-native listeners on behavioral tasks and self-report questionnaires were compared with scores obtained from native listeners tested in a previous study and were examined for individual differences. Results: Non-native keyword recognition scores were significantly lower on PRESTO sentences than on HINT sentences. Non-native listeners’ keyword recognition scores were also lower than native listeners’ scores on both sentence recognition tasks. Differences in performance on the sentence recognition tasks between non-native and native listeners were larger on PRESTO than on HINT, although group differences varied by signal-to-noise ratio. The non-native and native groups also differed in the ability to categorize talkers by region of origin and in vocabulary knowledge. Individual non-native word recognition accuracy on PRESTO sentences in multitalker babble at more favorable signal-to-noise ratios was found to be related to several BRIEF-A subscales and composite scores. However, non-native performance on PRESTO was not related to regional dialect categorization, talker and gender discrimination, or vocabulary knowledge. Conclusions: High-variability sentences in multitalker babble were particularly challenging for non-native listeners. Difficulty under high-variability testing conditions was related to lack of experience with the L2, especially L2 sociolinguistic information, compared with native listeners. Individual differences among the non-native listeners were related to weaknesses in core neurocognitive abilities affecting behavioral control in everyday life.
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Kennard, Holly. "Morphosyntactic and morphophonological variation in Breton: a cross-generational perspective." Journal of French Language Studies 29, no. 2 (July 2019): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269519000115.
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AbstractLike France’s other regional languages, Breton has seen a steep decline, followed by a period of revitalization in recent decades. Today there are two largely separate communities of speakers: older, traditional speakers who grew up speaking Breton at home, and younger speakers, generally from French-speaking homes, most of whom have learnt Breton through immersion schooling. It is claimed that this ‘Neo-Breton’ differs from the language of older speakers, lexically, phonologically and grammatically. This article examines morphosyntactic (impersonal) and morphophonological (mutation) data to explore exactly how Neo-Breton differs from that of traditional speakers, and how the variability in the data might be explained. The data show that contrary to what might be expected, new speakers do not differ greatly from older, traditional speakers in these areas. Influence from French is more subtle than might be supposed. Children and teenagers who attend Breton-medium schooling seem to show an extended period of acquisition, but the data from adult new speakers suggests that with enough Breton input, these young speakers can reach full proficiency. However, as the number of older speakers decreases, Breton seems likely to see more widespread language change.
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Ingvar, Martin, Lars Eriksson, Torgny Greitz, Sharon Stone-Elander, Magnus Dahlbom, Goran Rosenqvist, Peter af Trampe, and Curt von Euler. "Methodological Aspects of Brain Activation Studies: Cerebral Blood Flow Determined with [15O]Butanol and Positron Emission Tomography." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 14, no. 4 (July 1994): 628–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.78.
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In this methodological study, a procedure for measuring regional CBF (rCBF) with positron emission tomography and 15O-labelled tracers is optimized. Four healthy volunteers were subjected to eight studies with use of [15O]butanol as a tracer: four times while reading aloud and four times while reading silently from a phonologically balanced list of single words. The gain from these repeated intra-individual studies of the same activation state (fractionation) was demonstrated in terms of noise-equivalent counts in a phantom study. A computerized brain atlas was used to reformat the images to a common anatomical representation, thereby minimizing the effects of inter- and intra-individual anatomical and positional variations. This allowed the formation of inter- and intra-individual average subtraction images with error estimates. Differences between the two activation states were detected with use of an exploratory significance map based on a paired Student's t test. The results compared well with Friston's method of determining levels of statistical significance. No difference was obtained when comparing results from rCBF images and images generated from measurement of uptake of the tracer. The paradigm chosen for activation was shown to yield a constant activation level during the repeated measurements (i.e., no habituation).
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Tømmervik, Hans, Kjell-Arild Høgda, Jan Åge Riseth, Stein-Rune Karlsen, and Frans Emil Wielgolaski. "Growing season changes in Fennoscandia and Kola peninsula during the period 1982 to 1999 - Implications for reindeer husbandry (In Norwegian with Summary in English)." Rangifer 25, no. 3 (April 1, 2005): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.25.3.1743.
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Climate change and particularly variations in air temperature have significant impacts on the growth rhythm of plants where these occur at the limits of their natural distribution range, especially at northern latitudes. Our study area, Fennoscandia and Kola Peninsula, is characterized by large regional climatic differences from south to north, from west to east, and from lowland to mountains. Accordingly, the region is well suited for looking for evidence of climatic change and studying regional differences in the response of such change. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that the projected warming in northern Europe is greater than for many other regions of the world. Therefore major physical and ecological changes are expected. On land, there will be a tendency for shifts in major biomes such as tundra and boreal forest. Permafrost will decline, trees and shrubs will encroach northern tundra, and broad-leaved trees may encroach coniferous forests. Net primary productivity in ecosystems is likely to increase. The temperature level at the end of the 20th century is ca. 0.5 oC higher than in the 1930 for the Northern hemisphere (IPCC and World Meteorological Organization). Other studies show that in the period 1890-1999, the increase in temperature over Fennoscandia varies between 0.02 (Karasjok) and 0.1 oC decade-1 (Helsinki), and they also showed that at several stations within the area the spring temperatures have increased steadily throughout the 20th century. Most stations experienced low spring temperatures in the beginning of the century, and rather high temperatures around 1950. At present, the winter temperature levels are considerably higher than in the rest of the period. However, at northern stations the winter temperatures were higher in the 1930s than at present. Phenological registrations have been used word-wide to look for possible effects of climate change, but within Fennoscandia the problem is that phenological registrations are sparse. On Kola Peninsula, however, such observations can be tracked back more than 70 years. The few existing historical series may be useful for local studies of climatic and environmental effects through time. However, the rugged topography within the area, with its large variations in micro and local climate and thus growing conditions, makes it difficult to draw conclusions for regions or larger areas. Accordingly, in order to document the effects of the current climatic trend there is a need for objective methods applicable on a regional level. Hence, satellite data is probably the only realistic way of documenting regional trends in phenological events within Fennoscandia and Kola Peninsula. However, there are very few time-series of data available that span a sufficient time-period to be useful for trend analysis. The only long-time series with sufficient spatial coverage and temporal resolution is the NOAA AVHRR GIMMS NDVI dataset produced by Dr. Tucker at NASA, at present covering the period from July 1981 to December 2002. This dataset has been used for several global studies, but for our purpose the main challenge is the low spatial resolution of 8x8 km2. For a typical Norwegian coastal area, within one pixel there will be all types of land-cover types from ocean to rich vegetated lowland to non-vegetated high mountains and glaciers. The advantage with this dataset is that it is based on satellite data acquired several times a day, and therefore it is very good to use in order to follow "the green wave" of vegetation during springtime. Accordingly, it is of importance to investigate whether this dataset can be applied to document the regional phenological differences within the region, and whether phonological trends that may be related to climate change is observed. The NOAA AVHRR GIMMS NDVI data set obtained from weather satellites was together with in-situ data and climate data used to investigate regional climatic change impact on the length of the growing season in Fennoscandia and Kola Peninsula during the last two decades. We used phenological observation data for birch (Betula pubescens), and birch give a significant contribution to the reflectance from the ground in order to analyze the satellite data. A method using an individual threshold NDVI value for defining the onset of the growing season applied to each pixel for each year was chosen, and a high correlation was found between the NDVI data and in-situ phenological data on onset of leafing of birch. Determining the end of growing season based on a threshold NDVI value shows a lower correlation with surface data, but the timing by the set threshold is observed to measure somewhere in-between the onset of yellowing and all leaves fallen. In general, the results show a pattern according to vegetation zones and the altitude gradient, and partly according to vegetation sections. There are high regional differences in trends in the onset of spring. In the southern part of Fennoscandia, and on the oceanic west coast of Norway, the spring starts considerably earlier in the late nineties compared to the early eighties. The spring is stable or delayed in the northern boreal zone, which occupies large areas of northern Fennoscandia and Kola peninsula, and the same trend is also found in the alpine areas which occupies parts of both southern and northern Norway. The strongest delay occurred in the most continental section of the northern boreal zone. In the entire boreo-nemoral and nemoral zone, which occupy most of the southern part of Fennoscandia, the trend is opposite. In these areas the spring starts considerably earlier, in some parts several weeks. In the most oceanic section, the coastline of Western Norway, the spring also starts earlier. This earlier trend fits with the pattern from western and central Europe, and is likely to be related to increased spring temperature. At the same time the autumn is delayed in the whole area except in the most continental section of northern Fennoscandia (Sweden and Finland) as well as the mountainous areas of northern and southern Norway. This also means that the growing season is prolonged for the whole area, except the northern continental section (northern part of Sweden and Finland and parts of Kola peninsula). In contrast, the timing of midsummer shows less change in all the study area. There is no specific or significant trend for the timing of the peak NDVI value. These changes in the onset of spring and autumn as well as the change in the length of the growing season may if they seem to be prolonged in the future lead to another use of the reindeer pastures as well as changes in timing of migration and in migration patterns. For example the migration to the summer pastures can start earlier now than 20 years earlier for most of the reindeer husbandry districts in Fennoscandia. In addition the migration back to winter pastures can start later, and this will reduce the length and the use of the autumn, winter and spring pastures, and these changes may be positive. If these trends will be prolonged, we have to recalculate the estimations of the carrying capacity for the different reindeer pastures in Fennoscandia. We have used the NOAA AVHRR GIMMS NDVI dataset to assess the change in maximum NDVI on regional level. It is observed that the trend is towards a higher peak NDVI-value in midsummer in the most of northern Fennoscandia. For larger parts of Fennoscandia the trends are positive and causes for this could be increased extent of the mountain birch forests and changes in the vegetation cover from lichen dominated cover to more heather vegetation and scrubs but these changes may be negative for the reindeer pasture. Also overgrowing of the cultural landscape as well as general increase of the boreal forests may reduce the carrying capacity for the reindeer. It is also observed in the EU-funded HIBECO-project and the NFR (Norwegian Research Council) funded PhenoClim-project that more "humid preferring" plant species, for instance the Lapland dwarf cornel (Cornus suecica) and mosses have increased in recent years, while typical heath species as crowberry (Empetrum hermaphroditum), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and reindeer lichens have decreased. The quality of the reindeer pastures is then reduced, and these changes are considered negative for the reindeer husbandry. This may have been caused by a combination of grazing, increased precipitation and higher temperatures during the growing season.
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Gessinger, Joachim. "Dimensionen der Wahrnehmung von Varianz." Linguistik Online 85, no. 6 (November 7, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.85.4080.
Full textAbstract:
The SiN-project data corpus delivers an empirical foundation for the study of different dimensions in the perception of variation as “divergence from common usage” (H. Paul). In addition to the “objective” linguistic data (Produktionsdaten) obtained through biographical interviews, informal chats with relations and friends (Tischgespräche) as well as tasks to explore the variational repertoire of the informants, the corpus also displays results of the elicitation of linguistic knowledge and language attitudes obtained through specific testing methods, in which the purpose was to evaluate non-standard language features as to their salience, the situational dependence and norm adequacy and to trigger metalinguistic comments. In order to give plausible qualitative and quantitative evidence about the regional diversity of perception and linguistic variation in Northern Germany I will show the interdependence between the realization of phonological features divergent from spoken standard and perceptional dispositions of the informants which indicate the sociopragmatic function of phonological and morphosyntactic variation.
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Chappell, Whitney, and Matthew Kanwit. "DO LEARNERS CONNECT SOCIOPHONETIC VARIATION WITH REGIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS?" Studies in Second Language Acquisition, May 11, 2021, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263121000115.
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Abstract Learners must develop the ability to perceive linguistic and social meaning in their second language (L2) to interact effectively, but relatively little is known about how learners link social meaning to a single phonetic variable. Using a matched-guise test targeting coda /s/ (realized as [s] or debuccalized [h]), we explore whether L2 Spanish learners identify native speakers’ social characteristics based on phonetic variants. Our results indicate that advanced learners were more sensitive to sociophonetic information; advanced listeners who had completed a phonetics course were significantly more likely to categorize /s/ reducers as Caribbean and those who had studied abroad in aspirating regions recognized a relationship between coda /s/ and status. To account for the complex interplay among proficiency, explicit instruction, and dialectal exposure in the development of L2 sociophonetic perception, we suggest the union of the L2 Linguistic Perception Model with exemplar models of phonological representation and indexical meaning.
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Clopper, Cynthia G., Janet B. Pierrehumbert, and Terrin N. Tamati. "Lexical neighborhoods and phonological confusability in cross-dialect word recognition in noise." Laboratory Phonology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/labphon.2010.005.
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AbstractLexical neighborhood density is a well-known factor affecting phonological categorization in spoken word recognition. The current study examined the interaction between lexical neighborhood density and dialect variation in spoken word recognition in noise. The stimulus materials were real English words produced in two regional American English dialects. To manipulate lexical neighborhood density, target words were selected so that predicted phonological confusions across dialects resulted in real English words in the word-competitor condition and did not result in real English words in the nonword-competitor condition. Word and vowel recognition performance were more accurate in the nonword-competitor condition than the word-competitor condition for both talker dialects. An examination of the responses to specific vowels revealed the role of dialect variation in eliciting this effect. When the predicted phonological confusions were real lexical neighbors, listeners could respond with either the target word or the confusable minimal pair, and were more likely than expected to produce a minimal pair differing from the target by one vowel. When the predicted phonological confusions were not real words, however, the listeners exhibited less lexical competition and responded with the target word or a minimal pair differing by one consonant.
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Pozzi, Rebecca, and Robert Bayley. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL PHONOLOGICAL FEATURE DURING A SEMESTER ABROAD IN ARGENTINA." Studies in Second Language Acquisition, August 10, 2020, 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263120000303.
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Abstract Although recent research suggests that gains are made in the acquisition of dialectal features during study abroad, the few studies that have been conducted on this topic in Spanish-speaking contexts have focused primarily on features characteristic of Spain. This article examines the L2 acquisition of phonological features characteristic of Buenos Aires Spanish, [ʃ] and [ʒ], known as sheísmo/zheísmo, for example the pronunciation of llave [ʝaβe] “key” as [ʃaβe] or [ʒaβe]. Participants include 23 learners of Spanish studying in Buenos Aires, Argentina. More than 4,800 tokens were gathered before, during, and at the end of the semester using sociolinguistic interviews, a reading passage, and a word list. These data were analyzed for the influence of linguistic and social factors using mixed-effects logistic regression (Rbrul; Johnson, 2009). Results suggest that participants approximate nativelike norms of use of these features and that time in country is a statistically significant predictor of patterns of phonological variation.
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Bleaman, Isaac L., and Daniel Duncan. "The Gettysburg Corpus: Testing the Proposition that All Tense /æ/s Are Created Equal." American Speech, June 26, 2020, 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8620511.
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Corpus studies of regional variation using raw language data from the internet focus predominantly on lexical variables in writing. However, online repositories such as YouTube offer the possibility of investigating regional differences using phonological variables, as well. This paper demonstrates the viability of constructing a naturalistic speech corpus for sociophonetic research by analyzing hundreds of recitations of Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address.” We first replicate a known result of phonetic research, namely that English vowels are longer in duration before voiced obstruents than before voiceless ones. We then compare /æ/-tensing in recitations from the Inland North and New York City dialect regions. Results indicate that there are significant regional differences in the formant trajectory of the vowel, even in identical phonetic environments (e.g., before nasal codas). This calls into question the uniformity of “/æ/-tensing” as a cross-dialectal phenomenon in American English. We contend that the analysis of spoken data from social media can and should supplement traditional methods in dialectology and variationist analysis to generate new hypotheses about socially conditioned speech patterns.
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Unger, Nina, Stefan Heim, Dominique I. Hilger, Sebastian Bludau, Peter Pieperhoff, Sven Cichon, Katrin Amunts, and Thomas W. Mühleisen. "Identification of Phonology-Related Genes and Functional Characterization of Broca’s and Wernicke’s Regions in Language and Learning Disorders." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (September 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.680762.
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Impaired phonological processing is a leading symptom of multifactorial language and learning disorders suggesting a common biological basis. Here we evaluated studies of dyslexia, dyscalculia, specific language impairment (SLI), and the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA) seeking for shared risk genes in Broca’s and Wernicke’s regions, being key for phonological processing within the complex language network. The identified “phonology-related genes” from literature were functionally characterized using Atlas-based expression mapping (JuGEx) and gene set enrichment. Out of 643 publications from the last decade until now, we extracted 21 candidate genes of which 13 overlapped with dyslexia and SLI, six with dyslexia and dyscalculia, and two with dyslexia, dyscalculia, and SLI. No overlap was observed between the childhood disorders and the late-onset lvPPA often showing symptoms of learning disorders earlier in life. Multiple genes were enriched in Gene Ontology terms of the topics learning (CNTNAP2, CYFIP1, DCDC2, DNAAF4, FOXP2) and neuronal development (CCDC136, CNTNAP2, CYFIP1, DCDC2, KIAA0319, RBFOX2, ROBO1). Twelve genes showed above-average expression across both regions indicating moderate-to-high gene activity in the investigated cortical part of the language network. Of these, three genes were differentially expressed suggesting potential regional specializations: ATP2C2 was upregulated in Broca’s region, while DNAAF4 and FOXP2 were upregulated in Wernicke’s region. ATP2C2 encodes a magnesium-dependent calcium transporter which fits with reports about disturbed calcium and magnesium levels for dyslexia and other communication disorders. DNAAF4 (formerly known as DYX1C1) is involved in neuronal migration supporting the hypothesis of disturbed migration in dyslexia. FOXP2 is a transcription factor that regulates a number of genes involved in development of speech and language. Overall, our interdisciplinary and multi-tiered approach provided evidence that genetic and transcriptional variation of ATP2C2, DNAAF4, and FOXP2 may play a role in physiological and pathological aspects of phonological processing.
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Wegener, Heide. "Normprobleme bei der Pluralbildung fremder und nativer Substantive." Linguistik Online 16, no. 4 (September 30, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.16.799.
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The paper takes the German noun plural formation as an example for different cases of doubt and shows in which circumstances German speakers can have problems to create the "normal" plural form corresponding to the standard. The paper distinguishes between native and non native plural forms. The cases of doubt within the former can be shown to result from either natural change which leads to a reduction of plural classes and explains the decline of the er- and the umlaut plural, or from a strategy of compensation which replaces the non iconic 0-plural by forms in -n or -s. The problems with the non native nouns varying between a plural form in -s and one ending in a schwa suffix are shown to be the consequence of the ongoing assimilation process. The -s is in complementary distribution with the native schwa suffixes of German and a means of integration: The non-syllabic -s allows for highly corresponding, "conservative" forms similar to the singular by adding only a segment, not a syllable to the stem. By contrast, a native plural with a syllabic suffix alters more or less severely the phonological shape of the base. The alterations yield a continuum of similarity that are demonstrated in a diagram. The paper shows that this distribution is functionally motivated. Loan words, nouns not yet fully established in the speech community, can only be altered in their phonological structure after they have gained a certain degree of familiarity. Only the established borrowings apply -en or -e because these allow "better" plural forms as to prosodic and phonological constraints, i.e. trochaic forms without consonant clusters and superheavy syllables. Finally, the paper discusses the consequences of this variation for the layers of the lexicon and for the grammar of German. Three appendixes indicate the statistical development of the plural classes during the last century, token frequencies of some examples and regional differences in the use of the variants.
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Adokorach, Monica, and Bebwa Isingoma. "Homogeneity and heterogeneity in the pronunciation of English among Ugandans." English Today, July 3, 2020, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078420000152.
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English is an official language in Uganda and is said to be in its nativization phase when placed within Schneider's (2007) model of the trajectorial development of Englishes (Isingoma & Meierkord, 2019). In the present study, we delineate the general features of the Ugandan accent of English (i.e. those that cut across regional or ethnic boundaries) as well as features that evince variability among Ugandans due to regional or ethnic background. The first description of the phonological features of the variety of English spoken in Uganda is included in Fisher's (2000) seminal paper on this L2 (second language) variety of English. Another description of these features is found in Nassenstein (2016). Both Fisher (2000) and Nassenstein (2016) provide a short section, outlining the features which are similar to the general features of L2 Englishes, notably the restructuring of the phonemic system, e.g. /a/ replacing /ɜ:, ɑ:, ʌ, ə/ and the free variation of [l] and [r], although the latter occurs regionally (see similar findings on L2 varieties of English in Bailey & Görlach [eds.] 1984; Platt, Weber & Ho, 1984; Schmied, 1991; Simo-Bobda, 2000; Atechi, 2004; Schneider et al. [eds.], 2004; Tsilimos, 2018; among others). Additionally, Simo-Bobda (2001) and Schmied (2004) describe more or less the same features but in a more detailed way under the label ‘East African English’ (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). Schmied (2004) posits three reasons that underlie the features in question: substrate influence, simplification and spelling pronunciation. To these studies, we add a more focused study on one particular aspect of the Ugandan accent(s) of English, namely by Meierkord (2016), who looks at diphthongs and how they are realized by speakers of different L1s. Her findings demonstrate variability but also convergence in the idiomorphic pronunciation of diphthongs by Ugandans.
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Zhang, Wei, and John M. Levis. "The Southwestern Mandarin /n/-/l/ Merger: Effects on Production in Standard Mandarin and English." Frontiers in Communication 6 (August 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.639390.
Full textAbstract:
Southwestern Mandarin is one of the most important modern Chinese dialects, with over 270 million speakers. One of its most noticeable phonological features is an inconsistent distinction between the pronunciation of (n) and (l), a feature shared with Cantonese. However, while /n/-/l/ in Cantonese has been studied extensively, especially in its effect upon English pronunciation, the /l/-/n/ distinction has not been widely studied for Southwestern Mandarin speakers. Many speakers of Southwestern Mandarin learn Standard Mandarin as a second language when they begin formal schooling, and English as a third language later. Their lack of /l/-/n/ distinction is largely a marker of regional accent. In English, however, the lack of a distinction risks loss of intelligibility because of the high functional load of /l/-/n/. This study is a phonetic investigation of initial and medial (n) and (l) production in English and Standard Mandarin by speakers of Southwestern Mandarin. Our goal is to identify how Southwestern Mandarin speakers produce (n) and (l) in their additional languages, thus providing evidence for variations within Southwestern Mandarin and identifying likely difficulties for L2 learning. Twenty-five Southwestern Mandarin speakers recorded English words with word initial (n) and (l), medial <ll> or <nn> spellings (e.g., swallow, winner), and word-medial (nl) combinations (e.g., only) and (ln) combinations (e.g., walnut). They also read Standard Mandarin monosyllabic words with initial (l) and (n), and Standard Mandarin disyllabic words with (l) or (n). Of the 25 subjects, 18 showed difficulties producing (n) and (l) consistently where required, while seven (all part of the same regional variety) showed no such difficulty. The results indicate that SWM speakers had more difficulty with initial nasal sounds in Standard Mandarin, which was similar to their performance in producing Standard Mandarin monosyllabic words. For English, production of (l) was significantly less accurate than (n), and (l) production in English was significantly worse than in Standard Mandarin. When both sounds occurred next to each other, there was a tendency toward producing only one sound, suggesting that the speakers assimilated production toward one phonological target. The results suggest that L1 influence may differ for the L2 and L3.