Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Régions tropicales humides'
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Fleurence, Isabelle. "Étude conjointe des facteurs aérauliques et acoustiques en milieu tropical humide." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2070.
Full textIn wet tropical climate, dwelling comfort essentially depends of the conjugation of thermo-aerodynamics and acoustics characteristics. To be efficient, natural ventilation requires important speeds of wind as well as strong porosity of the buildings frontages, in contradiction with necessary screening for the noise. Existing technical and architectural devices do not solve the contradiction or do not correspond to the economic context. Consequently, environmental physical phenomena are studied at urban scale via numerical simulations, in order to explore the possibilities to solve this conflict. A historical and typo-morphological analysis has selected five urban fabrics in Guadeloupe. Simulations results analysis leads to the aeraulic and acoustic characterization of these types of establishment. It aims to propose design methods at urban scale to the developers
Keller, Roland. "Les familles des dicotylédones ligneuses tropicales et leur identification à l'aide d'une clef fondée sur les seuls caractères végétatifs." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20081.
Full textSaraka, Joseph Kouassi. "Étude typologique du captage solaire de l'habitat en régions tropicales humides." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0059.
Full textPrianto, Eddy. "Modélisation des écoulements et analyse architecturale de performances de l'espace habitable en climat tropical humide." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2037.
Full textMartin, Agnès. "Effet des vers de terre tropicaux géophages sur la dynamique de la matière organique du sol dans les savanes humides." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112201.
Full textBétard, François. "Montagnes humides au cœur du Nordeste brésilien semi-aride : le cas du massif de Baturité (Ceará) : apports d’une approche morphopédologique pour la connaissance et la gestion des milieux." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040232.
Full textThe humid mountains of Northeast Brazil, locally named Brejos de altitude, form islands of humidity where evergreen forest (mata atlântica) contrasts with the semi-arid conditions of the surrounding plain (Sertão). Despite the ecological, cultural and socio-economic importance of such humid mountains across a wide semi- arid area (‘Polígono das secas’), the high diversity of their physical environment has so far been poorly characterised. This study outlines the relevance of a pedogeomorphological approach to the understanding and management of landscape systems. Here the Baturité massif (Ceará) showcases the methodology used in this study, which involves i) a detailed field survey based on a combined description of landforms, weathering mantles and soils ; ii) the analytical characterization of soils and weathering materials based on a wide range of complementary pedological, sedimentological and geochemical laboratory methods ; and iii) the processing and spatial analysis of field and laboratory data in a GIS, with an aim to develop a modernised method of pedogeomorphic mapping applicable to the study of other mountains. The main results are presented in the form of an original inventory of pedogeomorphic landscape units for the Baturité massif and its piedmont. These results are placed within a more global scientific debate centred on the evolution of tropical landscapes, and the hypotheses are tested against geographic comparisons in Brazil and on other continents (Africa, India). The potential for agricultural development of the land systems of the humid mountains and their surrounding semi- arid plains are discussed in the light of the original results of this study
Stemmler, Sébastien. "Altération microbienne des minéraux dans les sols hydromorphes : incidence du couplage entre les cycles du carbone et du fer." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10234.
Full textMicrobial weathering phenomenons have been studied in 5 tropical waterlogged soils representing two sequences. The results show the fundamental role of the bacterial iron-reducing processes, where the bacterial activities coupled the biodegradation of organic matter and the reduction-dissolution of oxidised forms of iron. The bacterial ferri-reducing activities are significant and strong in the soils of the slopes and near the swamp (at a minor degree). In waterlogged conditions, the autochthonous bacterial communities grow by using the soil organic matter as carbon and energy sources, and transform them into bacterial biomass and soluble organic compounds. The ferric iron is used as electron acceptor, going to its reduction under the soluble ferrous form, that can be exported in the drainage waters. This weathering process appears to be a major phenomenon of the tropical soil evolution, in which iron plays an important role as cement of the structure, and can induce a non reversible degradation of the soil
Choisis, Jean-Philippe. "Fonctionnement des élevages bovins mixtes, en milieu tropical mexicain (État de Colima) : productivité bovine, diversité et amélioration des systèmes fourragers." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20180.
Full textAl-Hamdani, Faleh. "Étude d'un bardage thermique en vue de la climatisation par ventilation d'une habitation située dans une région chaude et humide." Compiègne, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986COMPD015.
Full textLamarre, Greg. "Rôle des insectes phytophages dans la diversité des arbres des forêts tropicales humides." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0582/document.
Full textThe mechanisms underlying the maintenance of local diversity of trees in tropical rainforests remain under debate. This dissertation aims to study and understand some biotic and abiotic factors that may influence both tree and insect community assembly in lowland tropical forests of Amazonia. I used an empirical approach to study communities of trees and insects in tropical forests of French Guiana and Peru, to address the extent to which insect herbivores contribute to the turnover of tree species across strong environmental gradients. In Chapter 1, I studied how herbivorous insect communities can influence the composition of tree communities along an environmental gradient by reinforcing tradeoffs between defense and growth that promote habitat specialization (Chapter 1, Appendix 3). The complicated variation in the patterns of growth and defense from this study led me to pursue further observations of an alternative plant defense strategy of time-avoidance of herbivores, which I examined in detail in Chapter 2. I found evidence for coordinated leaf production in some tree species that was consistent with the satiation of herbivores, suggesting that multiple interactions between plants and their herbivores may be responsible for patterns of habitat specialization in trees. In the second part of the dissertation, I examined insect herbivore communities in detail to test for turnover in species composition across geographic and environmental gradients. In Chapter 3, I present evidence for substantial beta-diversity in arthropod communities throughout lowland Amazonian forests. In the discussion I propose research perspectives to complete this research, including the extension of observations to compare tropical and temperate regions and the integration of molecular phylogenetics information to study coevolution of plant lineages and their insect herbivores. I conclude with suggestions for the integration of the results of this thesis in local and regional strategies for the preservation and conservation of tropical forests in the Amazon basin
Cervantes, Norma P. "Fonctionnement des élevages bovins mixtes, en milieu tropical mexicain (État de Colima) : analyse zootechnique et diversité génétique ; perspectives d'amélioration." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20181.
Full textMoudiki, Pascale. "Profil épidémiologique des maladies allergiques en milieu tropical humide : étude rétrospective d'une consultation spécialisée à Abidjan sur 5 ans à propos de 387 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25211.
Full textMiranville, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'étude des parois complexes en physique du bâtiment : modélisation, expérimentation et validation expérimentale de complexes de toitures incluant des produits minces réfléchissants en climat tropical humide." La Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00463069/fr/.
Full textBrangeon, Boris. "Contribution à l’étude numérique de la ventilation naturelle dans des cavités ouvertes par la simulation des grandes échelles : application au rafraîchissement passif des bâtiments." Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0037.
Full textContext: Air-conditioning represents a high-energy expenditure in the sector of the building, which could be reduced drastically through the use of passive cooling systems. In hot and humid climates, the passive cooling of premises is a tried and tested technique ordained around four principles: to minimize the external and internal heat transfers, to bring inertness to the building, to humidify the air, and to ensure a good convection in order to favor convective exchanges. Objective: The description of thermo-convective transfers (estimation of mass flows rate and heat transfers) set in open cavities (rooms with crossing ventilation, solar chimney, outer skin of a double facade,...) is still relatively uncommon and the stakes are high to improve passive systems. The study of these phenomena can be evaluated through computational fluid dynamics. This thesis’s objectives are to achieve precise numerical simulations of airflow inspecific configurations of passive systems in damp tropical climates, in order to improve and deepen our knowledge of natural convection and to begin to give information concerning the choice of numerical boundary conditions to apply to open geometries.Numerical approach: The numerical approach adopted in this work, to study the natural turbulent convection, is the Large-Eddy Simulation. This approach is halfway between a direct numerical simulation and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Such a technique is advantageous as it leads to a necessary substantial reduction of the number of discretizationpoints compared to the technique of direct simulation requirements, while retaining the dynamic aspect of the flows. Results: The results obtained in this work refer to the study of the dynamic boundary conditions to impose in open geometries with SND and to the application of the LES to different configurations of open cavities with a turbulent flow, in order to characterize temperature and velocity fields and then deduce mass flow rate, enthalpy flow,... The results have been compared either to other numerical results in the framework of national benchmarks (benchmark AmeThand ADNBâti) or to experimental results
Paskiewicz, Isabelle. "Incidences d'interactions racines-microorganismes-état hydrique sur la mobilisation et redistribution de métaux dans des sols nickelifères." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0042_PASKIEWICZ.pdf.
Full textIn New Caledonia Ferralsols, nickel, chromium and cobalt are contained in iron and manganese (oxy-hydr)oxides and are released during weathering, particularly by iron reducing bacteria. So it is of major interest to know the biogeochemical cycle of Fe, Mn, and associated trace elements in soils and rhizosphere of crop plants. The aim of this work is to define the effect of rhizosphere, microorganismes and hydric conditions on iron and manganese oxyhydroxides weathering, and mobilization of trace elements (Ni, Cr, Co). Experiments have been done using pot cultures of maize or axenic column, and batch devices in controlled conditions. Iron and manganese reducing bacterial communities have been isolated from maize rhizosphere. Weathering of mineral phases has been monitored by transfer elements to the plant, dissolution and redistribution of metals between the different geochemical compartments, from the most available (watersoluble elements) to the most stable (iron oxides). Results show an improvement of bioavailability of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr and Co, which were trasfer to maize. Mineral phases weathering involve a mobilization of the metals from oxides and their redistribution to most stable or most available compartments. The presence of the plant, iron and manganese reducing communities, and waterlogged conditions during plant culture, increases the element bioavailability. Biodegradation of soil organic matter has an important influence on the occurrence of conditions favourable to the weathering
Miranville, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'Etude des Parois Complexes en Physique du Bâtiment : Modélisation, Expérimentation et Validation Expérimentale de Complexes de Toitures incluant des Produits Minces Réfléchissants en climat tropical humide." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00463069.
Full textDahome, Di Ruggiero Michelle. "Evolution, exploitation et amenagement des zones humides littorales dans les petites Antilles Françaises." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0240.
Full textThe humid coastal zones (mangroves swamps, marshy forest, marsh meadow) of Guadeloupe and Martinique. Subjects to anthropic pressures, are they ln danger? The traditionals activities detremine a phytologic spatio-temporal dynamic of environment ensuring a newbalance to the system. With the analysis of aerial photographies, field-cheeking, a bibliographie synthesis permitted a typography based on the nature of the back mangrove swamp and a cartography of the spatial evolution of these zones of 1950 to 2004. Ali the diminishedprocesses are seen near urbaniazed areas. The counting ob of biological and physical indicators of the anthropisation convey thecharacteristics of traditionals uses differently applied in the 2 islands. The estimate of the anthropic pressure show the vulnerability of the forests near urbanized zones or roads and meadows and marshes. Surveys conducted in the field define the population of users and the social determinism of the uses. The study of popular regional events 'crab feast, shooting) gives the resources value of these habitats anexplains the economic of humid littoral of uses. These 2 determinisms pose the problem of the Iimiting utllizations of zhl. If the protectionsystem ot these 2 islands is identical (national or intemationallaws) but the management implemented in each of them is different. In Guadeloupe, it's necessary to propose concerted actions between ail actors of zhl for an better integrated
Mahieu, Maurice. "Gestion du parasitisme gastro-intestinal des petits ruminants en zone tropicale humide." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0230/document.
Full textMost of the sheep and goats are reared in tropical and subtropical countries. Gastrointestinal nematode parasites (GIN), which are transmitted through the pastures, are among the main causes of production losses for small ruminant farmers. Since the 1940's the pharmaceutical industry has provided very efficient anthelmintics which allowed easy to run and profitable worm control. Unfortunately the systematic use of anthelmintics has resulted, within few years, in an increasing number of anthelmintic resistant (AR) nematode strains. As example, a survey in Guadeloupe (F. W. I.) revealed that all goat farms have to face at least resistances to benzimidazoles, and most of them must deal with resistances to 2 or 3 drug families. We are building up integrated systems to manage GIN infection, by seeking to slow down the spreading of AR strains of GIN and to reduce anthelmintic dependency. Firstly we propose targeted selective treatment methods (or any method allowing the survival of untreated GIN in refugia) and secondly a panel of methods to reinforce host defences (mainly through nutrition and genetic improvement) and to decrease the probability of host-parasite encounter through grazing man-agement, association of herbivore species with different specific parasites, use of plant secondary metabolites with anthelmintic properties... The choice of methods to be combined must be based on their feasibility in terms of human and material resources, compatibility with the farming system and effi-ciency. Future developments would address the evaluation of interactions between components of GIN integrated systems of management, in order to optimize the farmer choices
Dussarrat, Béatrice. "Structure et fonctionnement des aquifères de socle altéré en zone tropicale d'altitude : cas du Bassin de Mahitsy (Hautes Terres de Madagascar)." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20081.
Full textJaouen, Gaëlle. "Etude des stratégies biomécaniques de croissance des jeunes arbres en peuplement hétérogène tropical humide." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00272100.
Full textBréchet, Laëtitia. "Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité spatiale des composantes du bilan de carbone d'un sol de forêt tropicale humide (Paracou, Guyane française)." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10105/document.
Full textThe aim of this study was to define the spatial variability of the C balance components of the soil in a tropical rain forest. This work was conducted in French Guiana in the Guyaflux experimental forest and in a close plantation of monospecific plots. Two approaches were used in this investigation. The first one aimed to analyze the effects of the environmental factors (i.e. soil texture, soil moisture or forest structure) on the spatial and interspecific variability in several components in situ. Among these components, the root biomass, the fine roots (Ø < 2 mm) production and the soil respiration (Rsol) measurements underlined a large spatial variability within plot. At this scale, there was a significant empirical relationship between the tree basal area and soil respiration. Interspecific variations in fine root elongation and decomposition rate have been jointly estimated for five and eight tropical tree species, respectively. The second approach classified the factors according to the magnitude of their effects on spatial variability of Rsol. Rsol is derived from both heterotrophic respiration by microorganisms (Rh) that decompose ground surface organic matter and autotrophic respiration by roots (Ra). Datasets from two years experiments of Rsol were used to evaluate the performance of semi-mechanistic model on the Guyaflux site. A soil organic matter model, CENTURY, simulating Rh component was coupled with the McCree model, which simulates the Ra of Rsol. The results of a parametric sensitivity analysis on the different predictions proved that the litter quality (e.g. lignin content) and the soil moisture were the two main factors responsible for the spatial variation of the CO2 flux on the soil. In this study, we showed that the use of simulation models linked to experimental field results is a promising approach to understand the impact of the biotic and abiotic factors on the processes deeply complex in tropical forest
Chevallier, Pierre. "Complexité hydrologique du petit bassin versant : exemple en savane humide, Booro-Borotou (Côte-d'Ivoire)." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20221.
Full textSalhi, Lakhdar. "Contribution à l’étude des comportements mécaniques et à la corrosion d’un système de fondation de type pieu vissé dans un sol mou en environnement tropical humide." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0790/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to study the both behaviors mechanical and of the corrosion of a new foundation system, called spirec piles, for lightweight structures. The work was based on two main aspects. The first aspect concerns the analysis of behavior of the spirmec piles under axial loading on the basis of experimental and numerical modeling in a non-cohesive soft soil. On the second aspect, it addresses the problem of corrosion of steel forming the pile in a humid tropical environment. The behavior of the tested piles under axial traction load, in a non-cohesive soil, showed the development of a cylindrical surface of failure. This does not depend on the geometrical configuration of the tested piles such that: the spacing s, the helix diameter dh and the diameter of the shaft. By adopting this failure criterion and using statistical data analysis, we proposed four analytical methods for predicting the bearing capacity of the piles from in-situ and laboratory tests, which are: cpt method based on tip resistance penetrometer (cpt test), mpt method based on pressuremeter limit pressure (test mpt), method of installation torque and analytical method based on the shear parameters of soil (triaxial tests and shear box). These methods take into account the geometry of the pile, the method and implementation of soil compaction. Performance analysis of the proposed methods showed that the analytical methods and cpt represent better the behavior of piles tested. An axisymmetric condition was assumed to model this geometry in two-dimensional space. In this study, we proposed to model the pipe screw pile with plates elements available in plaxis 2d. The helixes were modeled as circular disks. Interface elements were incorporated along the pile to simulate the soil-pile interaction. Hardening soil model was chosen to describe the soil with drained behavior was assigned for all layers. Linear elastic for pile and elastic plastic model based on the mohr-coulomb criterion was used to describe the interface behavior. The lateral expansion generated by the pile shaft was modeled by anisotropic volumetric strains (ɛxx=ɛzz, ɛyy=0). The pile behavior under tensile loading at different volumetric strains, it is clear that the best fit was obtained at volumetric strain of 40%. The parametric study also allowed us to establish the existence of a linear variation between the bearing capacity and spacings. The behavior of the galvanized steel in the ground has also been studied using three approaches such as: electrochemical, microscopic imaging and gravimetrically. Electrochemical tests of the corrosion of the zinc have been made in artificial soil solution into two periods, the rainy season and after eight months of contact soil-pile. Is a strong dependence of the observed corrosion rate of the zinc at the ph and conductivity of the solution. The corrosion rate is higher in the rainy season compared to eight months of contact of the pile with soil. High sulfate concentrations increase the rate of corrosion. The meb analysis shows that the fluctuation zone of the water table is the most corroded area. Comparison between the different methods of evaluating the corrosion rate showed that the ground water may be used as a representative profile of the chemical environment of a non-cohesive soil and slightly granular
Reynaud, Bernard. "Transmission des virus de la striure, du stripe et de la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s par leurs vecteurs Cicadulina Mbila (Naude, 1924) et Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890) (Homoptera) : approches biologique, génétique et épidémiologique de la relation vecteur-virus-plante." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20223.
Full textYouego, Sihon Joëlle Reine. "Impacts des facteurs lithologiques et anthropiques sur la qualité des eaux en zone tropicale urbanisée : cas du bassin versant de la Mefou (Cameroun, Afrique centrale)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/5127/.
Full textThis research addresses the influence of human activities on tropical hydro-ecosystems. Its purpose is to assess the impact of urbanization on water resources. It aims to improve our knowledge of geochemical processes and material transfers in urban and peri-urban areas. The study was conducted in the Mefou river basin (840 km2, Central Africa), a tributary of the Nyong River. This basin includes the entire urban and peri-urban area of the city of Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon, with a population of about 2.8 million inhabitants, and classified as the country's second largest metropolis. Concentrations of major and trace elements in the dissolved fraction, dissolved and particulate organic carbon, and metals in suspended solids were measured in groundwater and runoff water from the Mefou basin heads to the Nyong River. The results present the interactions between water/rock/soil and the effects of urbanization. The normalization of concentrations with the Upper Continental Crust (UCC) shows the influence of the granito-gneissic bedrock on the composition of groundwater and surface water in the Mefou catchment area. There is an enrichment in alkalis (Na, K), alkaline earths (Ca, Mg), transition metals (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) and REEs (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu). The remarkable enrichment of surface waters in Eu is explained by the alteration of plagioclases. Comparison of the Mefou catchment area with the reference sites, the Nsimi catchment area (source and stream of the Mengong) and the Nyong River monitored for more than twenty years under the SNO MTROPICS, shows a very significant enrichment of the waters in major elements (Cl, SO4, NO3, Na, K, Ca, Mg). Human activities lead to water contamination by nutrients and metals, and influence the dynamics of processes such as the absence of metal complexation by organic matter, probably due to the absence or low concentration of humic and fulvic acids. In groundwater, Mn, Al, Ba, Zn, Zn, Fe are the dominant transition metals and nitrate contamination (942 ± 127 µmol/L) is noted with concentrations above the standard set by the World Health Organization (806 µmol/L), and to a lesser extent by some metals like Al, Mn. In surface waters, Fe, Mn, Ba, Al, Zn, Cu are the most important metallic trace elements. However, the average concentration of Mn (4.1 ± 0.8 µmol/L) and the maximum concentration of Fe (267 µmol/L) are higher than the recommended standards (1.8 µmol/L and 35.8 µmol/L, respectively). Pollution is gradually decreasing from Mfoundi (a tributary of the Mefou River in town) to the Mefou River and the Nyong River. This natural self-regulation process is due to the dilution, sedimentation, degradation and adsorption of elements in lowland areas and in the riverbed occupied by macrophytes with a phytoremediator role. Indeed, the large volumes of water from the other tributaries of the Mefou and Nyong rivers, which drain areas with little or no anthropisation, dilute the concentration of elements in the highly mineralised waters from the urban area. The flat relief downstream of the Mefou basin slows the flow of the river and favours the deposition of suspended particles loaded with pollutants. The roots of the macrophytes in this vast and highly developed swampy area trap the organic and mineral pollutants of the Mefou River and contribute to the decrease in their concentration in the river's water
Meirelles, Casella Thiago. "Composés antimicrobiens ou cytotoxiques à partir de micro-organismes endophytes foliaires." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0836/document.
Full textBecause of the symbiotic nature of endophytes, this survey aims to investigate the probality of discovering antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities in secondary metabolites of leaf endophytes isolated from plants of Amazon and Cerrado biomes. In this study, 147 cultivable microorganisms were isolated (130 fungi, 3 bacteria and 14 unidentified or unknown microbes) from 28 plant species (4 species collected in Brazil and 24 in French Guyana). All endophytes were identified by molecular analyses of specific rDNA regions, with genomic sequencing techniques. Fungal endophytes belonging to Xylariales order were the most frequently isolated in this study, represented by 25 isolates. Crude AcOEt extracts were produced from cultures of each isolated endophyte. A significant relative proportion (23,1%) of extracts showed activity in Candida albicans ATCC 10213, while 4% were active in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. The cytotoxic potencial of the extracts was evaluated for human cell lines KB (uterin cervical carcinome), MDA-MB-435 (melanoma) and MRC-5 (normal lung fibroblasts), and a significant proportion of them showed cellular proliferation inhibition (24,4%, 23,1% e 16,3%, respectively).Eighteen secondary metabolites were isolated by the fractionation of eight endophytic extracts. Seventeen of these substances had already been previously described in the literature: piliformic acid (24) and griseofulvin (25) isolated from Xylaria cubensis SNB-GCI02; phomopiron A (26), pyrenocin A (27), alterperilenol (28) and novae-zelandin A (29) isolated from Lewia infectoria SNB-GTC2402; 5-metilmellein (31) and dihidrosporothriorid (32) isolated from Xylaria sp. SNB-GTC2501; mycoleptodiscin A (34) and mycoleptodiscin B (35) isolated from Mycoleptodiscus sp. SNB-GTC2304; mycoepoxidien (36) and altiloxin A (37) isolated from Diaporthe pseudomangiferae SNB-GSS10; acremonisol A (40), semicochliodinol A (41) and cochliodinol (42) isolated from Chaetomium globosum SNB-GTC2114; colletofragaron A2 (43) isolated from Colletotrichum sp. SNB-GTC0201; flavoglaucin (44) isolated from Eurotium rubrum BBS01. Among these substances, flavoglaucin (44), isolated from E. rubrum BBS01, showed comparable antifungal activity with the positive control fluconazol in C. albicans (MIC of 4 µg.mL-1). Flavoglaucin (44) also showed IC50 >10 µM in normal MRC-5 cells, becoming a good candidate for further studies. In this work, the cytotoxic activity of colletofragaron A2 (43), isolated from Colletotrichum sp. SNB-GTC0201 was described for the first time. The unpublished substance named pyrrocidin C (30) isolated from L. infectoria SNB-GTC2402 was identified by spectroscopic analyses (Casella et al., 2013). The pyrrocidin C (30) was active in S. aureus ATCC 10213 (MIC of 2 µg.mL-1), and was not considered cytotoxic for normal MRC-5 cells (IC50 >10 µM), showing selectivity in antimicrobial activity. These results demonstrate the great endophytic fungal diversity in plants of Amazon and Cerrado biomes, along with the chemodiversity associated to the secondary metabolites of these endophytes. Tropical fungal endophytes, like those seen in this work, may emerge as a new source of antimicrobial and cytotoxic substances
Devido à natureza simbiótica dos micro-organismos endofíticos, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a atividade antibacteriana, antifúngica e citotóxica em metabólitos secundários de extratos de fungos endofíticos foliares de plantas do bioma Amazônia e Cerrado. Neste trabalho de tese foram isolados 147 micro-organismos cultiváveis (130 fungos, 3 bactérias e 14 fungos não-identificados ou desconhecidos) a partir de 28 plantas (4 espécies coletadas no Brasil e 24 na Guiana Francesa). Todos os micro-organismos foram identificados por análise molecular de regiões específicas de DNAr, com uso de técnicas de sequenciamento genômico. Fungos endofíticos da ordem Xylariales foram os de maior frequência de isolamento neste estudo, representados por 25 isolados. Extratos brutos em AcOEt foram produzidos a partir de culturas de cada micro-organismo isolado. Uma proporção relativa significante (23,1%) dos extratos demonstrou atividade em Candida albicans ATCC 10213, enquanto 4% foram ativos em Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. O potencial citotóxico dos extratos foi avaliado para as linhagens celulares humanas KB (carcinoma cervical uterino), MDA-MB-435 (melanoma), e MRC-5 (fibroblastos de pulmão normal), resultando em proporção significante com atividade de inibição da proliferação celular (24,4%, 23,1% e 16,3%, respectivamente). Dezoito metabólitos secundários foram isolados a partir do fracionamento de oito extratos brutos endofíticos. Dezessete destas substâncias já tinham sido descritas anteriormente na literatura: ácido pilifórmico (24) e griseofulvina (25) isoladas de Xylaria cubensis SNB-GCI02; phomopirona A (26), pyrenocina A (27), alterperilenol (28) e novae-zelandina A (29) isoladas de Lewia infectoria SNB-GTC2402; 5-metilmelleina (31) e Dihidrosporothriolida (32) isoladas de Xylaria sp. SNB-GTC2501; mycoleptodiscina A (34) e mycoleptodiscina B (35) isoladas de Mycoleptodiscus sp. SNB-GTC2304; mycoepoxidieno (36) e altiloxina A (37) isoladas de Diaporthe pseudomangiferae SNB-GSS10; acremonisol A (40), semicochliodinol A (41) e cochliodinol (42) isoladas de Chaetomium globosum SNB-GTC2114; colletofragarona A2 (43) isolada de Colletotrichum sp. SNB-GTC0201; flavoglaucina (44) isolada de Eurotium rubrum BBS01. Dentre estas substâncias, a flavoglaucina (44) isolada de E. rubrum BBS01, demonstrou atividade comparável ao controle fluconazol em C. albicans (CIM de 4 µg.mL-1). Esta substância (44) apresentou IC50 >10 µM em células normais MRC-5, tornando-se candidata para estudos posteriores. Neste trabalho foi identificado pela primeira vez a atividade citotóxica da colletofragarona A2 (43), isolada de Colletotrichum sp. SNB-GTC0201. A substância inédita nomeada pyrrocidina C (30) foi isolada a partir de L. infectoria SNB-GTC2402 e identificada através de análises espectroscópicas (Casella et al., 2013). A pyrrocidina C (30) foi ativa em S. aureus ATCC 10213 (CIM de 2 µg.mL-1), e não foi considerada citotóxica para as células normais MRC-5 (IC50 >10 µM), demonstrando seletividade na ação antimicrobiana. Estes resultados demonstram a grande diversidade fúngica endofítica em plantas do bioma Amazônia e Cerrado, e a quimiodiversidade associada aos metabólitos secundários destes micro-organismos. Fungos endofíticos tropicais, como os vistos neste trabalho, podem emergir como uma nova fonte de substâncias antimicrobianas e citotóxicas
Rodier, Loïc. "Matériaux de construction en zone tropicale humide : Potentialités de sous-produits ou de matériaux naturels locaux en substitution ou addition à la matrice cimentaire." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0804/document.
Full textThe incorporation of crop wastes or natural materials in the cement matrix confers interesting properties to composites prepared. The aim of this thesis is to develop a material that can reach the mechanical, thermal and durability requirements for building materials in the humid tropical zone. Firstly, pozzolanic activity of a natural pozzolan, bamboo stem and sugar cane bagasse ashes has been determined. Influence of their incorporation on mechanical properties and durability of mortars exposed to chloride and sulphate ions was studied. Secondly, influence of addition of bagasse fibers on thermal and mechanical properties of composites was studied as a function of various parameters (fibers content, curing, type of cement matrix).These results has shown that the materials studied have pozzolanic activity and it is possible to incorporate them into the cement to fight against corrosion. Moreover, composites elaborated with bagasse fibers are more insulating than those elaborated without fibers. However, from the viewpoint of mechanical properties, incorporation of bagasse fibers decreases flexural strength of composites in the present work and under the conditions producing procedures that were adopted
Guerra, Pérez-Carral Francisco. "Suivi des successions végétales en région tropicale humide par télédétection multidate : cas de la Sierra Parima (Venezuela)." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30145.
Full textDuclos, Vanessa. "Facteurs responsables de l'arrêt de la régénération des espèces arborescentes suite à des perturbations anthropiques en forêt tropicale humide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29138/29138.pdf.
Full textNkoue-ndondo, Gustave-Raoul. "Le cycle du carbone en domaine tropical humide : exemple du bassin versant forestier du Nyong au sud Cameroun." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/476/.
Full textSpatial and temporal follow ups of carbon contents and its isotopic signature d13C in the Nyong river basin allow on one hand, at a local scale (small experimental catchment of Mengong), to identify the carbon sources, and on the other hand, at a regional scale (Nyong river basin), to understand the biogeochemical processes which control the carbon transformations and exchanges between the different reservoirs during the transfer from upstream to downstream. In these wet tropical ecosystems, the swampy soils of bottom valley low marshes present in surface a thick organic carbon rich horizon (12 to16 %), with isotopic signatures d13C of -29 ‰ in equilibrium with C3 plants (-32 ‰ to -28 ‰). During the rainy season, the mineralization of organic matter and the leaching of swampy areas are responsible of hight DOC contents (until 38 mg / L) in streamwaters, strong pCO2 and impoverished d13CDIC isotopic signatures (-20 ‰ on average). During the dry season, the shrinkage of the swampy zones facilitates the supply of streams by low DOC content (< 1mg / L) and enriched d13CDIC (d13CDIC until 7 ‰%) grounwaters. The carbon flux into the ocean is estimated to 1. 2*106 t C / year, i. E. 6. 24 t C/km2. Year, of which 80 % of DOC, 8 % of POC and 12 % of DIC. During the transfer from upstream to downstream, a DOC decrease of 33 % is observed in relation with oxidation processes. The resulting strong pCO2 facilitate the CO2 degassing towards the atmosphere, estimated for the Nyong river system at 2. 3* 105 t C / year. This CO2 degassing is accompanied by an isotopic enrichment of about 4 ‰. The weathering of silicate minerals by organic acids leads to a surplus of Ca+Mg (0. 5 < Ca+Mg / HCO3- < 2. 2) with regard to a natural weathering pathway by the carbonic acid (Ca+Mg / HCO3- = 0. 5). .
Oballos, Salas Jajaira. "Caractérisation des sols de la région de Las Cruces - Santa Elena de Arenales (Merida, Venezuela) : contribution à la connaissance de la pédogénèse en montagne tropicale humide." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20008.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to contribute to the knowledge and to the characterization of the soils developed over the siliceous pelites under different bioclimatic conditions in humid tropical mountain. A certain number of soil profiles have been selected by the way of following the evolution developed in the soil localized since the lower zones (santa elena de arenales, 100 meters) to upper zones (carbonera, 2400 meters). They present the profile type a-bw-c (or a(b)-c) for the inceptisols (soil "few evolved") and type a-bt-c for the ultisols (soils "evolved"). This study not only have been carried out by the classic pedological methods et technics, but also by the application of multivariable statistics (principal components analysis, pca). The two groups of soil present a great homogeneity on the whole of their physic-chemical and mineralogical properties following all the climatic level. The only one observed difference between them is the morphological development of the profile. The ultisols, generally, shows a deeper weathering profile than that of the inceptisols. This phenomena is related to their position in the relief. The ultisols are developed in slightly slope concave positions. The weak variation of the intensity of the process in term of bioclimatic level is hardly related to the heritage of the parent rock in the pedogenesis. In these conditions, there is no correspondance between the discrimination effected between the soils and their profiles development in function of the physic-chelmic-mineralogical level with refard to the parent rock. That make us put all of these soils in the same category. If we keep the method of american
Guilpart, Etienne. "Etude de la composition isotopique (deutérium et oxygène 18) de la vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphère sur l'île de La Réunion : apport à la compréhension des processus humides atmosphériques en région tropicale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV002/document.
Full textThe isotopic composition of water vapor (dO18 and dD) is commonly used to study present and past water cycle and its varations. If this geochemical tool has been widely used to study past polar climates, many questions remain about the factors governing the isotopic composition of water in the tropics.The goal of this thesis is (1) to monitor the isotopic composition of water vapor in Reunion island (Indian Ocean), and (2) to evaluate the potential of theses measurements for understanding humid climate processes. We have set up a laser spectrometer at the Maïdo Atmospheric Observatory, allowing us to obtain a three-year chronicle of measurements.First, we analyze the temporal variability in our measurements. The isotopic composition of water vapor does not record any seasonal cyclicity. On the other hand, a strong diurnal cycle is visible, as well as a synoptic variability associated with cyclonic events.We then focus on the diurnal cycle. We show that it results from atmospheric boundary layer motions, with a marine vapor reaching the Observatory during the day, and air masses originating from the free troposphere reaching the Observatory during the night. During some nights, vapor is significantly more depleted in dO18 and dD. During the austral winter, this phenomenon is due to a modification of the regional atmospheric circulation causing a reinforcement of subsidences at Reunion Island, related to the position of the Subtropical Jet. During the austral summer, this phenomenon is sometimes due to an intensification of the subsidence at Reunion Island, and at other times to local or regional condensation processes.Finally, we focus on cyclonic events. During these periods, a strong isotopic depletion of the vapor is observed. We show that this depletion occurs 2 to 3 days before the system and continues until 3 days after. During this period, the evolution of the isotopic composition of the water vapor has a substructure. We note (1) an isotopic depletion that is a function of the distance to the center of the system, (2) an isotopic enrichment at the system wall, and (3) an abrupt evolutions of the isotopic composition of the water vapor in the rainbands due to mixing, condensation and/or recycling processes