To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Register variation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Register variation'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 39 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Register variation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Purvis, Tristan Michael. "A linguistic and discursive analysis of register variation in Dagbani." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3322533.
Full text
2
鄭建瑩 and Kin-ying Jeanne Cheng. "Internet chatting as an emergent register: a study of ICQ talk in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31225767.
Full text
3
White, Michael G. "Verb Usage in Egyptian Movies, Serials, and Blogs: A Case for Register Variation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7745.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis contributes to the discussion of register variation within Egyptian Arabic by focusing on the usage of verbs in blogs and transcripts of movies and television. Register variation has been extensively researched for English as well as several other languages; yet, the lexical and grammatical features that distinguish registers of Egyptian Arabic have not been analyzed. Several challenges have prevented such an analysis, among them the perceived lack of an automatic annotator and the uncertainty of results. In order to overcome these challenges, two corpora were compiled: one containing texts from blogs and the other transcripts of movies and television shows. With each corpus representing a potential register of the dialect, the verbs in each corpus were lemmatized and semi-automatically annotated for either aspect or mood. The verbs were then counted according to lemma, aspect, and mood in order to determine the extent of variance between the two corpora. The effectiveness of the state-of-the-art automatic annotator was also evaluated by comparing the counts it provided to those produced from corrections of its output. This thesis found that verbs are in fact used differently in the two corpora suggesting register variation and identified potential verbal features characteristic of each register. It also found that the automatic tagger produced counts that lead to the same conclusions as the corrected annotation.
4
Ehret, Katharina Luisa. "Analyticity and syntheticity in East African English and British English a register comparison /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:25-opus-58047.
Full text
5
Hauck, Shahram. "Automated CtP Calibration for Offset Printing : Dot gain compensation, register variation and trapping evaluation." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119366.
Full textAbstract:
Although offset printing has been and still is the most common printing technology for color print productions, its print productions are subject to variations due to environmental and process parameters. Therefore, it is very important to frequently control the print production quality criteria in order to make the process predictable, reproducible and stable. One of the most important parts in a modern industrial offset printing is Computer to Plate (CtP), which exposes the printing plate. One of the most important quality criteria for printing is to control the dot gain level. Dot gain refers to an important phenomenon that causes the printed elements to appear larger than their reference size sent to the CtP. It is crucial to have the dot gain level within an acceptable range, defined by ISO 12647-2 for offset printing. This is done by dot gain compensation methods in the Raster Image Processor (RIP). Dot gain compensation is however a complicated task in offset printing because of the huge number of parameters affecting dot gain. Another important quality criterion affecting the print quality in offset is the register variation caused by the misplacement of printing sheet in the printing unit. Register variation causes tone value variations, gray balance variation and blurred image details. Trapping is another important print quality criterion that should be measured in an offset printing process. Trapping occurs when the inks in different printing units are printed wet-on-wet in a multi-color offset printing machine. Trapping affects the gray balance and makes the resulting colors of overlapped inks pale. In this dissertation three different dot gain compensation methods are discussed. The most accurate and efficient dot gain compensation method, which is noniterative, has been tested, evaluated and applied using many offset printing workflows. To further increase the accuracy of this method, an approach to effectively select the correction points of a RIP with limited number of correction points, has also been proposed. Correction points are the tone values needed to be set in the RIP to define a dot gain compensation curve. To fulfill the requirement of having the register variation within the allowed range, it has to be measured and quantified. There have been two novel models proposed in this dissertation that determine the register variation value. One of the models is based on spectrophotometry and the other one on densitometry. The proposed methods have been evaluated by comparison to the industrial image processing based register variation model, which is expensive and not available in most printing companies. The results of all models were comparable, verifying that the proposed models are good alternatives to the image processing based model. The existing models determining the trapping values are based on densitometric measurements and quantify the trapping effect by a percentage value. In this dissertation, a novel trapping model is proposed that quantifies the trapping effect by a color difference metric, i.e.
6
Lamb, William E. "Speech and writing in Scottish Gaelic : a study of register variation in an endangered language." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18355.
Full textAbstract:
This is the first in-depth, quantitative study of register variation in Scottish Gaelic (ScG), an endangered Celtic language. Previous work on the subject has been mainly anecdotal in nature or a by-product of other lines of investigation. A recent diachronic study on Gaelic ‘news-speak’ (Lamb 1999) found it impossible to fully uncover the characteristics of the register without benchmark data on the language’s overall register range and morphosyntactic variation. This provided the impetus for the current study, which compares eight varieties of spoken and written ScG. An 81,000 word computerised corpus of Gaelic texts was compiled and tagged for a wide range of linguistic features sensitive to register differences. The tagging process was informed by a new descriptive grammar of ScG, which is included as an appendix. The registers were compared on the basis of the distributions of these features utilising several inferential statistical tests (e.g. Analysis of Variance). The study focuses on three broad areas of linguistic variation: syntax and information structure; morphology; and NP grammar and complexity. Robust differences were found between most of the register types in the corpus. In particular, conversational ScG stood out as markedly different; e.g. it had simpler NPs, fewer modifiers, less ‘subordinate’ structures and a greater use of fragmented structures such as left-detachment and asyndetic clausal juxtaposition. These features are similar to the attributes of spontaneous spoken language described by Chafe (1982) and Miller and Weinert (1998). Other major contrasts obtained for narrative vs. non-narrative, reportage vs. non-reportage, and formal writing vs. other register types. Five underlying contextual parameters were found to be responsible for the variation present; 1) production constraints; 2) discourse freedom; 3) information orientation; 4) interaction; and 5) producer characteristics. Overall, the results correlate well with those of Biber (1988 inter alia) and others adopting multi-dimensional models. They also demonstrate that ScG, despite being an endangered language, has a level of register variation comparable to that found in larger languages such as English.
7
Kosoff, Zoe M., and Zoe M. Kosoff. "Register variation in Arabic translations of the WPAI: Balancing localization standards and Arabic language norms." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626393.
Full textAbstract:
How does localized translation relate to the Arabic language? According to the Localization Industry Standards Association, localization “involves taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale (country/region and language) where it will be used and sold,” (Esselink 2000a, p. 3). In monoglossic situations, localized translation involves producing translations that reflect regional language variation. Localizing Arabic translations presents a greater challenge because the Arabic language is characterized by both register variation and regional variation (Badawi 1973/2012; Bassiouney 2009; Ferguson 1959/1972).
Existing literature addresses both localized translation and Arabic translation, but does not address localized Arabic translation specifically. Within the field of outcomes research, a public health subfield that studies patient populations health and well-being, prior studies that analyze Arabic translations of outcomes research documentation focus solely on the validity of universal, not localized translations. Studies in other specialized fields such as law also fail to include analysis of localized Arabic translation.
This study analyzes register and regional variation in one universal and twenty-seven localized Arabic translations of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI), a clinical outcome assessment that is frequently localized for use in internationally sited clinical trials (Margaret Reilly Associates 2013). To determine the degree to which the Arabic WPAIs are localized, twenty-one variables including linguistic lexical items, morphological forms, and syntactic structures were coded as either salient Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or localized. Localized variables include salient Levantine Arabic (LA), Gulf Arabic (GA), and Egyptian Arabic (EA) features, shared MSA/LA/GA/EA variables and simplified variables. Then residual analysis of the expected and observed frequencies of each variable determined the overall degree of localization for each variable. Results indicate that salient MSA variables and localized variables are used in all twenty-eight WPAIs while localized salient LA, GA, and EA variables are completely absent. Although the inconsistent use of localized shared and simplified variables throughout the one universal and twenty-seven L-, G-, and E-WPAIs indicates that localization standards are met inconsistently, all twenty-eight WPAIs are successful within a functionalist framework because the use of salient MSA, shared, and simplified variables ensures that the text is accessible to a lay audience, which is the ultimate function of the target text (TT).
This study sheds light on the inherent challenges of localized Arabic translation, which is caught between localization standards and Arabic language norms. Motivations for using salient MSA, shared, and simplified variables are discussed and implications of this study include improving methods for producing localized Arabic translations.
8
Pal, Asmita. "Split Latency Allocator: Process Variation-Aware Register Access Latency Boost in a Near-Threshold Graphics Processing Unit." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7155.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last decade, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have been used extensively in gaming consoles, mobile phones, workstations and data centers, as they have exhibited immense performance improvement over CPUs, in graphics intensive applications. Due to their highly parallel architecture, general purpose GPUs (GPGPUs) have gained the foreground in applications where large data blocks can be processed in parallel. However, the performance improvement is constrained by a large power consumption. Likewise, Near Threshold Computing (NTC) has emerged as an energy-efficient design paradigm. Hence, operating GPUs at NTC seems like a plausible solution to counteract the high energy consumption. This work investigates the challenges associated with NTC operation of GPUs and proposes a low-power GPU design, Split Latency Allocator, to sustain the performance of GPGPU applications.
9
Harju, T. (Terttu). "Sairaalahoito astmaatikon selviytymisen kuvaajana:rekisteritutkimus sairaalahoidossa olleiden astmaatikkojen ikä- ja sukupuolijakaumasta, uusien hoitojaksojen määrästä, hoitojaksojen vuodenaikavaihtelusta lapsilla, varusmiehillä ja aikuisilla sekä kuolleisuuden vuodenaikavaihtelusta." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514252004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
This thesis discusses the age and sex distribution of previously
hospitalised asthmatics and the number of new asthma-induced treatment
periods as a proportion of all asthma-related hospital admissions.
Seasonal fluctuations in treatment periods were analysed with respect
to age, and seasonal fluctuations in mortality among previously
hospitalised asthmatics by combining the hospital discharge register
with the mortality statistics on the basis of the patients social
security numbers. A total of 364,871 asthma-induced treatment periods
were reported to the hospital discharge register in 1972-1992,
of which 192,195 occurred in 1.1.1983-31.12.1992, and 28.6% of
these were new cases. Treatment periods relative to population
amounted to 2.76/1000 in 1972 and 3.43/1000 in
1992.
The number of treatment periods among children was greatest
at the age of 1 year, 11.2/1000 for boys and 5.5/1000
for girls, and lowest at 17 years among the boys, and 13 years
among the girls. The numbers rose slowly in early adulthood (with
the exception of men aged 18-22 years), reaching a new peak at
73 years of age for men, 10.3/1000, and 75 years for women,
9.5/1000, and decreasing gradually thereafter. A half
of the treatment periods recorded for patients aged under 1 year
or for men aged 20 years represented new cases, whereas otherwise
the vast majority of the treatment periods were being readmissions.
The seasonal peaks among the total of 59,624 hospital periods
involving persons aged under 15 years reported to the discharge
register in 1972-1992 occurred in May and October, and the lowest
figures in January and July.
Conscripts aged 18-22 years experienced 4894 asthma-induced
treatment periods in 1982-1992, representing incidence rates of
8.5/1000 in 1982 and 27.7/1000 in 1992. The figure
was highest in the month in which the conscripts entered service
and the month following that.
A total of 81,243 asthma-induced treatment periods were recorded
for persons aged over 24 years in 1987-1992, the figures being
highest in January-May, 18.2% above the monthly trend
in January, and lowest in July, 26.1% below the monthly
trend. 7622 of the asthmatics first admitted in 1977-1992 died
at an age of over 24 years in 1987-1993, mortality being highest
in December and January and lowest in August. Obstructive pulmonary
diseases were the primary cause of death for 1283 persons, including
489 who died of asthma itself.
Apart from children and men aged 18-22 years, asthma gives
rise to a large number of treatment periods among the middle-aged
and the elderly. Measures should be taken to diagnose it at an
early stage in these groups and to intensify the treatment provided.
In addition, the factors provoking asthma during military service
should be minimised and preventive measures enhanced in the case of
children in May and September. As far as adults are concerned,
asthma-related hospitalisation may involve a greater fatality risk
in winter, so that aggravations occurring in winter should be treated with
particular care.
10
Terblanche, Elizabeth Deborah. "Modelling narrativity in East African English / Elizabeth D. Terblanche." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7173.
Full textAbstract:
Narratives are the product of a basic human tendency to make sense of real or imagined experiences. The research question posed in the dissertation is: how is narrativity encoded in East African English? Can the narrativity model in the dissertation distinguish between registers that prototypically focus on narration versus registers that do not primarily focus on narration? The narrativity model consists of four main groups of features, namely Agency, Causation, Contextualisation and Evaluation. These groups are representative of the fundamental structure of narratives: things happen to people at a specific time and place. Agency concerns the people who either instigate or are affected by the events. The things that happen can be denoted by Causation when they are the result of cause and effect in the world. Contextualisation refers to the grounding of events in time and space. Lastly, Evaluation concerns the reactions and attitudes people have towards the events. Eighteen linguistic features such as third person pronouns (part of the Agency group) and past tense verbs (part of the Contextualisation group) were analysed as micro-level indicators of narrativity. The corpus-based investigation analysed the linguistic features used to encode narrativity across 22 spoken and written registers of the East African component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-EA) using WordSmith Tools 4.0. The raw scores for each feature were standardised across all registers to enable comparisons between features, as well as between registers. The results indicate that narrativity is a gradient phenomenon that occurs across a variety of East African English spoken and written registers. After the initial analyses were done, the narrativity model was revised to include only 11 core narrativity features. These features are past tense verbs, third person pronouns, proper nouns for persons, activity verbs, time and place adverbials, perfect aspect, emotional stance verb feel, first person pronouns, evaluative adjectives and non-finite causative clauses. ICE-EA registers that focus on narration as a MEANS to make sense of experiences (the objective or END) are Fiction, Social letters, Oral narratives, Face-to-face conversation and Legal cross-examination. In other words, the core narrativity features are the MEANS and the END is to make sense of experiences and facilitate understanding using narration. Twelve registers have an intermediate focus on narrativity. Narration is a secondary or simultaneous objective in these registers alongside primary objectives such as scientific exposition, persuasiveness, information presentation or interpersonal interaction. There are five registers with low scores for the core narrativity features: Student writing, Business letters, Popular writing, Academic writing and Instructional writing. These registers do not primarily focus on narration and have other primary and even secondary objectives such as scientific exposition and persuasiveness. The narrativity model sheds light on the way narrativity is encoded using linguistic features and gives insight into East African English register variationThesis (M.A. (English))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
11
Bezzina, Anne-Maria. "La variation stylistique en maltais : étude des usages concrets de la langue appuyée sur une approche contrastive des phénomènes variationnels en maltais et en français." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100221.
Full textAbstract:
La variation intralocuteur se manifeste selon les usages à partir des conditions situationnelles de production du discours : le chenal oral / écrit, le cadre et la formalité de la situation, le sujet, le ton, les objectifs et enjeux identitaires des participants, et le contexte co-construit et reconstruit tout au long de l’interaction. Une distinction est établie entre formel institutionnel ou protocolaire, pratiqué par des professionnels de la parole publique dans des situations à enjeu sérieux ou médiatiques, et le formel des locuteurs individuels, pratiqué par tous, normalement dans des cadres transactionnels. Le bilinguisme caractérisant la situation linguistique à Malte est décrit comme caractérisé par une diglossie relative, socialement plutôt qu’institutionnellement établie, à partir de la répartition fonctionnelle de l’anglais et du maltais et du prestige associé avec l’anglais considéré par la communauté et le secteur privé comme variété H, contrebalancés par le fait que le maltais est privilégié comme variété H dans les situations protocolaires influencées par l’Etat.Un questionnaire concerne les usages et les attitudes linguistiques au niveau sociétal : il en ressort des attitudes ambivalentes vis-à-vis des dialectes, la vénération dont jouit le maltais sémitique, et les confrontations d’attitudes concernant l’emploi de l’anglais. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre la valeur sociolinguistique des données qui émergent d’un corpus ‘maltais’. Le corpus oral est obtenu à partir de huit locuteurs-clés (dont trois professionnels de la parole publique) enregistrés dans divers types de situations. Le corpus écrit se divise en écrit informel (emails et chat) et écrit formel (articles, prose littéraire, écrits administratifs).Le corpus montre qu’à Malte la variation se réalise par les différences de registre et par l’alternance codique et comprend ainsi les schémas de variation associées avec les situations monolingues comme avec les situations bilingues. Une étude de la distribution des adverbes et conjonctions maltais confirme leur sensibilité à la formalité, au chenal et au genre. La jonction propositionnelle et la dislocation varient également en fonction du style. L’alternance codique paraît motivée par la volonté d’apprendre l’anglais aux enfants, et, pour les adultes, par le prestige et les connotations d’éducation liés à cette langue. La situation linguistique française est connue pour l’écart important entre formes standard et non standard. Les causes en sont énumérées. En contexte maltais, la variation inhérente au maltais et la possibilité de recourir à l’alternance codique fournissent aussi une marge importante de possibilités variationnelles. Les processus de standardisation dans les deux situations diffèrent sur divers plans ; les attitudes linguistiques se ressemblent par une idée de purisme. Une analyse est faite des domaines linguistiques touchés par la variation dans les deux langues, avec des propositions concernant quels types de variation sont davantage tolérés. La variation stylistique domine le contexte non diglossique français ; l’hypothèse est avancée que la variation sociale prédomine en contexte maltaisIntraspeaker variation takes place according to relevant situational conditions of language use, such as the spoken/written order, the framework and degree of formality of the situation, topic, tone, participants’ aims and identity issues, and context, which is co-constructed and reconstructed throughout the interaction. A distinction is made between institutional or protocol formality, practised by public speech professionals in serious, public, sometimes mediatic situations, and individual speakers’ formality, practised by all, normally within transactional frameworks. The type of bilingualism which characterises the Maltese language situation is described as relatively diglossic, from a social rather than an institutional point of view. This characterisation is based on the functional distribution of Maltese and English, and on the prestige associated with English, considered by the community and the private sector as the H variety, whilst Maltese is the H variety chosen by government institutions for protocol situations.A questionnaire delves into language use and attitudes on a societal level. Ambivalent attitudes emerge regarding regional dialects, as well as veneration of Semitic Maltese, and conflicting attitudes regarding the use of English. These results allow a better understanding of the sociolinguistic value of data obtained from a Maltese corpus. The spoken corpus is obtained thanks to eight key speakers (among which three public speech professionals), recorded in a variety of situations ranging from the formal to the informal. The written corpus is divided into informal (emails, chat) and formal (articles, literary prose, administration texts) sections.The corpus shows that variation takes place in Malta through register shifts and code-switching, thus covering variation patterns associated with both monolingual and bilingual situations. A study of adverb and conjunction distribution in Maltese confirms their susceptibility to formality, channel and genre. Clause junction and dislocation also vary according to style. Code-switching appears motivated by a will to teach children English and, for adults, by the prestige and the connotations of education associated with this language. The language situation in France is known for the significant difference between standard and non-standard forms; its causes are mentioned. In the Maltese context, variation inherent to Maltese and the possibility to resort to code-switching also provide a wide margin of variation possibilities. The standardisation process in the two situations diverges on several levels; language attitudes converge through an idea of language purity. Language areas susceptible to variation are analyzed, and it is proposed that variation is mostly tolerated in Maltese at the syntactic level. Stylistic variation dominates the non-diglossic French context; a hypothesis is proposed that social variation dominates the Maltese context
12
Vikström, Niclas. "The House of Stewart as Agent of Language Change : A Historical Sociolinguistic Corpus Analysis of Register Variation and Language Change in the Stewart Letters (1504-1669)." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-128379.
Full textAbstract:
The present project set out to explore whether or not the members of one of the most powerful families in history functioned as agents of language change. Using the Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence (PCEEC), the present project examines and discusses linguistic conservatism and innovation in relation to the historical movement towards a Standard English. This is done by scrutinising six members of the house of Stewart that can be found in the PCEEC following theories and frameworks pertaining to the scientific discipline of sociohistorical linguistics. The findings of the present study suggest that the house of Stewart appears to have been in the vanguard of language change in several respects.
13
Read, Andrew. "Translating and adapting fictional speech : the case of Philip Pullman's 'Northern Lights'." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/translating-and-adapting-fictional-speech-the-case-of-philip-pullmans-northern-lights(3dff0298-ca8a-4795-9bed-cc0c3a69cabc).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an examination of the effects of translation into French and of adaptation for the stage, in English, on the dialogue of Philip Pullman’s novel Northern Lights (published in North America as The Golden Compass). The study focuses on the speech of Lyra, the novel’s protagonist, in terms of both its linguistic qualities and the functions it supports within the novel and the trilogy of which it forms part, His Dark Materials. The study aims to identify the ways in which not just the linguistic surface of fictional speech is affected by translation and adaptation but also the degree to which the roles played by the dialogue in the source text are reflected or transformed in the different versions. The unusual research design, involving a comparison of the effects of interlingual translation and intermedial adaptation on the same text, consists of two main elements. In the first quantitative section, the relative incidence of three variables is measured for the purposes of identifying how features of spoken style and non-standard variation are treated. This analysis is followed by a detailed qualitative evaluation of a small number of dialogue passages that exemplify the key linguistic features and likely textual functions of Lyra’s speech in the novel. The passages concerned are compared with equivalent stretches of dialogue in the French translation and the theatrical script. The study finds evidence to suggest that Pullman uses dialogue in support of characterisation, plot, and also ideological and intertextual concerns. All of these aspects are affected, in subtle but significant ways, by the different decisions made by the translator and the dramatist in respect of Lyra’s speech. The study also finds that aspects of both user-related and situation-related variation in fictional speech may be worthy of further research.
14
Kinnunen, T. (Tuija). "Keuhkoahtaumataudin sairaalahoito Suomessa: hoitoajan pituus ja sen yhteys ennusteeseen." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514283864.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The purpose of this work was to determine on the basis of the national hospital discharge register and cause-of-death statistics the extent of the hospital treatment required for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Finland over the period 1972–2001, i.e. the use made of hospital services, factors affecting the length of stay in hospital and the correlation of length of stay with the prognosis. Different intervals within this period were taken for study according to the themes of the individual papers. The results suggest that the length of stay in hospital varies both geographically and seasonally in Finland, the shortest times being recorded in Northern Finland in summer. The main explanations for this would appear to lie in regional differences in health care resources and treatment practises and in climatic variations. The mean length of stay in hospital in the total material in 1987–1998 was nine days. The longest periods applied to cases with concurrent pneumonia or a cerebrovascular disorder. The duration of treatment for the exacerbation stage of COPD decreased by two days between 1993 and 2001, with the longest periods of treatment observed in the case of elderly women. One week of treatment with current modalities may be regarded as optimal, as this was associated with the longest interval before the next exacerbation, just over six months. About 3% of all emergency admissions ended in death, most commonly on a Friday in winter or spring. Patients admitted at a weekend died within the first 24 hours more frequently than did those admitted on a weekday. The mean duration of treatment and frequency of hospitalization increased towards the terminal stage. About one fourth of the patients had died within a year of the first admission for COPD and about a half within five years. Hospital treatment for COPD intensified in Finland during the 1990s as the numbers of hospital beds decreased. Treatment times became shorter and deaths in hospital during exacerbation became less frequent. It will be necessary from now onwards, however, to anticipate the ageing of the population and to develop treatment modalities to replace hospitalization, in order to reduce the costs accruing from this disease. Early diagnosis and outpatient rehabilitation should be developed, and special attention should be paid to appropriate treatment at the terminal stageTiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää valtakunnallisen hoitoilmoitusrekisterin ja kuolemansyytilaston avulla keuhkoahtaumataudista (KAT) aiheutunutta sairaalahoitoa Suomessa 1972–2001: sairaalapalvelujen käyttöä, hoitojakson pituuteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä hoitoajan yhteyttä ennusteeseen. Lähdeaineistosta valittiin erilaisia ajanjaksoja tutkimusasetelman mukaan. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että hoitoajan pituus vaihtelee Suomessa maantieteellisesti ja vuodenaikojen mukaan: lyhyin hoitoaika on Pohjois-Suomessa kesällä. Ilmiötä selittänevät pääosin terveydenhuollon resurssien ja hoitokäytäntöjen alueelliset erot sekä ilmasto-olosuhteiden vaihtelu. Vuosina 1987–1998 keskimääräinen hoitoaika koko aineistossa oli yhdeksän vuorokautta. Jos potilaalla oli samanaikaisina sairauksina keuhkokuume tai aivoverenkiertohäiriö, nämä johtivat pisimpiin hoitoaikoihin. KAT:n pahenemisvaiheen hoitoaika lyheni kaksi vuorokautta vuodesta 1993 vuoteen 2001. Iäkkäitten naisten hoitoajat olivat pisimmät. Viikon pituinen hoitoaika nykyisillä hoitomuodoilla oli optimaalinen, sillä tällöin aika seuraavan pahenemisvaiheen hoitojakson alkuun oli pisin: vähän yli puoli vuotta. Kaikista päivystyshoitojaksoista potilaan kuolemaan päättyi kolmisen prosenttia. Yleisimmin tällainen hoitojakso päättyi potilaan kuolemaan perjantaisin ja todennäköisimmin talvella tai keväällä. Viikonloppuna sairaalaan tulleista potilaista kuoli ensimmäisen vuorokauden aikana enemmän kuin arkipäivinä tulleista. Keskimääräinen hoitoaika oli pisin ja sairaalahoito runsainta sairauden loppuvaiheessa kuoleman lähestyessä. Ensimmäisen KAT:n aiheuttaman hoitojakson jälkeen noin neljännes potilaista oli kuollut vuoden sisällä ja viiden vuoden kuluessa noin puolet. Keuhkoahtaumataudin sairaalahoito on tehostunut Suomessa 1990-luvulla sairaansijojen vähentyessä. Hoitoajat ovat lyhentyneet ja pahenemisvaiheiden sairaalakuolleisuus on vähäistä. Väestön ikääntyminen on kuitenkin ennakoitava ja sairaalaa korvaavia hoitomuotoja kehitettävä taudista aiheutuneiden kustannusten hillitsemiseksi. Varhaisdiagnostiikkaa ja avokuntoutusta on kehitettävä ja erityinen huomio kiinnitettävä sairauden loppuvaiheen asianmukaiseen hoitoon
15
Castellà, Josep M. "La Complexitat lingüística en el discurs oral i escrit: densitat lèxica, composició oracional i connexió textual." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7486.
Full textAbstract:
La present tesi consisteix en una anàlisi compativa de tres gèneres de discurs ?conversa informal (llengua oral prototípica), classe magistral (gènere intermedi) i prosa acadèmica (llengua escrita prototípica)? en català, en tres aspectes de l'estructuració i la complexitat lingüística: la densitat lèxica, la composició oracional i la connexió textual (total: 90 trets lèxics, gramaticals i textuals analitzats). Els objectius principals són a/ dotar la lingüística catalana d'una descripció detallada, fins ara inexistent, del contrast lingüístic entre oralitat i escriptura, i b/ fer una aportació a la recerca internacional sobre el tema per intervenir, d'una banda, en el debat originat sobre la complexitat sintàctica i, especialment, sobre la presència d'oracions subordinades en els dos modes de discurs i, de l'altra, per ampliar aquesta mena d'investigació a l'àmbit del discurs, com han reclamat alguns tractadistes.La presente tesis consiste en un análisis comparativo de tres géneros de discurso ?conversación informal (lengua oral prototípica), clase magistral (género intermedio) y prosa académica (lengua escrita prototípica)? en catalán, en tres aspectos de la estructuración y la complejidad lingüística: la densidad léxica, la composición oracional y la conexión textual (total: 90 rasgos léxicos, gramaticales y textuales analizados). Los objetivos principales son a/ dotar la lingüística catalana de una descripción detallada, hasta ahora inexistente, del contraste lingüístico entre oralidad y escritura, y b/ hacer una aportación a la investigación internacional sobre el tema para intervenir, por un lado, en el debate originado sobre la complejidad sintáctica y, especialmente, sobre la presencia de oraciones subordinadas en los dos modos de discurso y, por otro lado, para ampliar este tipo de investigación al ámbito del discurso, como han reclamado algunos tratadistas.
The present work consists of a comparative analysis of three discourse genres --informal conversation (prototypical oral language), academic lecture (intermediate genre), and academic prose (prototypical written language)-- in Catalan, focusing on three aspects of linguistic structure and complexity: lexical density, sentence composition, and textual connexion (total: 90 lexical, grammatical, and textual features analysed). The main purposes are: (a) to provide Catalan linguistics with a detailed description --non-available so far-- of the linguistic opposition between literacy and speech; and (b) to make a contribution to the international research in this field in order to, on the one hand, participate in the discussion about the syntactic complexity, and, especially, about the presence of subordinated clauses in the two modes of discourse, and, on the other, extend this kind of research to the discourse level, as some researchers have claimed.
16
Frehner, Carmen. "E-Mail - SMS - MMS : the linguistic creativity of asynchronous discourse in the New Media Age /." Bern [u.a.] : Lang, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016392581&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full text
17
Moore, Jill E. "Defining a Registry of Candidate Regulatory Elements to Interpret Disease Associated Genetic Variation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2017. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/927.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last decade there has been a great effort to annotate noncoding regions of the genome, particularly those that regulate gene expression. These regulatory elements contain binding sites for transcription factors (TF), which interact with one another and transcriptional machinery to initiate, enhance, or repress gene expression. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) consortium has generated thousands of epigenomic datasets, such as DNase-seq and ChIP-seq experiments, with the goal of defining such regions. By integrating these assays, we developed the Registry of candidate Regulatory Elements (cREs), a collection of putative regulatory regions across human and mouse. In total, we identified over 1.3M human and 400k mouse cREs each annotated with cell-type specific signatures (e.g. promoter-like, enhancer-like) in over 400 human and 100 mouse biosamples. We then demonstrated the biological utility of these regions by analyzing cell type enrichments for genetic variants reported by genome wide association studies (GWAS). To search and visualize these cREs, we developed the online database SCREEN (search candidate regulatory elements by ENCODE). After defining cREs, we next sought to determine their potential gene targets. To compare target gene prediction methods, we developed a comprehensive benchmark of enhancer-gene links by curating ChIA-PET, Hi-C and eQTL datasets. We then used this benchmark to evaluate unsupervised linking approaches such as the correlation of epigenomic signal. We determined that these methods have low overall performance and do not outperform simply selecting the closest gene. We then developed a supervised Random Forest model which had notably better performance than unsupervised methods. We demonstrated that this model can be applied across cell types and can be used to predict target genes for GWAS associated variants. Finally, we used the registry of cREs to annotate variants associated with psychiatric disorders. We found that these "psych SNPs" are enriched in cREs active in brain tissue and likely target genes involved in neural development pathways. We also demonstrated that psych SNPs overlap binding sites for TFs involved in neural and immune pathways. Finally, by identifying psych SNPs with allele imbalance in chromatin accessibility, we highlighted specific cases of psych SNPs altering TF binding motifs resulting in the disruption of TF binding. Overall, we demonstrated our collection of putative regulatory regions, the Registry of cREs, can be used to understand the potential biological function of noncoding variation and develop hypotheses for future testing.
18
Shakir, Muhammad [Verfasser], and Dagmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Deuber. "A corpus based comparison of variation in online registers of Pakistani English using MD analysis / Muhammad Shakir ; Betreuer: Dagmar Deuber." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216947732/34.
Full text
19
Aa, Maaike Anne van der. "Variation in incidence and outcome of cervical cancer in the Netherlands studies based on cancer registry data /." [S.l.] : Rotterdam : [The Author] ; Erasmus University [Host], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/11129.
Full text
20
Lemmens, Valery Eduard Petronius Paulus. "Clinical epidemiology of colorectal cancer in the Netherlands studies of variation and trends with the Eindhoven Cancer Registry /." [S.l.] : Rotterdam : [The Author] ; Erasmus University [Host], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/10735.
Full text
21
De, Looze Céline. "Analyse et Interprétation de l'Empan Temporel des Variations Prosodiques en Français et en Anglais." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00470641.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse a pour objectif l'étude de l'empan temporel des variations de registre et de tempo et des fonctions qu'elles revêtent, en anglais et en français. Elle s'ancre dans une des problématiques majeures de l'étude des variations prosodiques, celle de leur délimitation, à plus ou moins long terme, de leur interaction et de leur chevauchement et par là, de la difficulté à les analyser séparément. L'auteur y défend une structure emboîtée des variations de registre et de tempo et ainsi l'idée de variations à plusieurs niveaux et qui opèrent sur divers domaines. Y est aussi examinée la façon dont ces variations informent de l'identité du locuteur ou encore la façon dont elles indiquent la structure intentionnelle du discours.
22
Yu, Xue Qin. "Comparing survival from cancer using population-based cancer registry data - methods and applications." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1774.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyOver the past decade, population-based cancer registry data have been used increasingly worldwide to evaluate and improve the quality of cancer care. The utility of the conclusions from such studies relies heavily on the data quality and the methods used to analyse the data. Interpretation of comparative survival from such data, examining either temporal trends or geographical differences, is generally not easy. The observed differences could be due to methodological and statistical approaches or to real effects. For example, geographical differences in cancer survival could be due to a number of real factors, including access to primary health care, the availability of diagnostic and treatment facilities and the treatment actually given, or to artefact, such as lead-time bias, stage migration, sampling error or measurement error. Likewise, a temporal increase in survival could be the result of earlier diagnosis and improved treatment of cancer; it could also be due to artefact after the introduction of screening programs (adding lead time), changes in the definition of cancer, stage migration or several of these factors, producing both real and artefactual trends. In this thesis, I report methods that I modified and applied, some technical issues in the use of such data, and an analysis of data from the State of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, illustrating their use in evaluating and potentially improving the quality of cancer care, showing how data quality might affect the conclusions of such analyses. This thesis describes studies of comparative survival based on population-based cancer registry data, with three published papers and one accepted manuscript (subject to minor revision). In the first paper, I describe a modified method for estimating spatial variation in cancer survival using empirical Bayes methods (which was published in Cancer Causes and Control 2004). I demonstrate in this paper that the empirical Bayes method is preferable to standard approaches and show how it can be used to identify cancer types where a focus on reducing area differentials in survival might lead to important gains in survival. In the second paper (published in the European Journal of Cancer 2005), I apply this method to a more complete analysis of spatial variation in survival from colorectal cancer in NSW and show that estimates of spatial variation in colorectal cancer can help to identify subgroups of patients for whom better application of treatment guidelines could improve outcome. I also show how estimates of the numbers of lives that could be extended might assist in setting priorities for treatment improvement. In the third paper, I examine time trends in survival from 28 cancers in NSW between 1980 and 1996 (published in the International Journal of Cancer 2006) and conclude that for many cancers, falls in excess deaths in NSW from 1980 to 1996 are unlikely to be attributable to earlier diagnosis or stage migration; thus, advances in cancer treatment have probably contributed to them. In the accepted manuscript, I described an extension of the work reported in the second paper, investigating the accuracy of staging information recorded in the registry database and assessing the impact of error in its measurement on estimates of spatial variation in survival from colorectal cancer. The results indicate that misclassified registry stage can have an important impact on estimates of spatial variation in stage-specific survival from colorectal cancer. Thus, if cancer registry data are to be used effectively in evaluating and improving cancer care, the quality of stage data might have to be improved. Taken together, the four papers show that creative, informed use of population-based cancer registry data, with appropriate statistical methods and acknowledgement of the limitations of the data, can be a valuable tool for evaluating and possibly improving cancer care. Use of these findings to stimulate evaluation of the quality of cancer care should enhance the value of the investment in cancer registries. They should also stimulate improvement in the quality of cancer registry data, particularly that on stage at diagnosis. The methods developed in this thesis may also be used to improve estimation of geographical variation in other count-based health measures when the available data are sparse.
23
Mazurier, Arnaud. "Relations entre comportement locomoteur et variation cortico-trabéculaire du plateau tibial chez les primates : analyse quantitative non invasive à haute résolution (SR--µCT) et applications au registre fossile." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2269.
Full textAbstract:
En se basant sur les relations biodynamiques entre fonction et organisation structurale osseuse, des différences dans l'agencement morpho-architectural du plateau tibial sont attendues chez les Primates en raison de la variété des comportements posturaux et locomoteurs. Cependant, la variation de l'endo-structure de cette articulation clé reste peu explorée chez les Mammifères dans une perspective comparative et évolutive. Les objectifs de ce travail sont (i) de détailler et de mesurer, à travers l'imagerie à haute résolution (microtomographie par rayonnement synchrotron SR-µCT), la variation topographique du "complexe cortico-trabéculaire" du tibia proximal chez les Primates actuels et (ii) d'évaluer les potentialités de cette approche pour la reconstruction du comportement locomoteur des formes fossiles. L'échantillon analysé consiste en 23 tibias représentant 12 taxons catarrhiniens, Homo inclus. Des cas pathologiques et anormaux (dont celui du macaque japonais "bipède") et des Mammifères non primates ont été également considérés. L'analyse quantitative comparative, basée sur la modélisation numérique tridimensionnelle, utilise des techniques issues de la géostatistique. Des modèles différenciés dans la distribution et dissipation des charges à travers la surface articulaire du tibia ont été mis en évidence en fonction du régime locomoteur (bipédie, knuckle-walking, brachiation, quadrupédies terrestre et arboricole); les cas pathologiques et anormaux se distinguent de la variation "normale". La découverte d'une signature structurale du tibia proximal liée aux dynamiques posturales et locomotrices ouvre, malgré des problèmes méthodologiques, de nouvelles perspectives dans les recherches paléobiomécaniques. Le tibia néanderthalien La Ferrassie 2, un des 13 hominoïdes et homininés fossiles également examinés dans cette étude (Proconsul, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo), montre des singularités morpho-architecturales par rapport à la condition humaine moderneAccording to the established relationships between biomechanical function and bone structural variation, deep locomotion-related differences in the inner organization of the tibial plateau are expected among the Primates, because of their variety of postural and locomotory behaviours. Nonetheless, the endostructural variation of this key joint remains poorly investigated among the Mammals in a comparative and evolutionary perspective. The goals of this study are (i) to detail and to measure, by means of high-resolution imaging (SR-µCT synchrotron radiation microtomography), the topographic variation of the "cortico-trabecular complex" at the proximal tibia in extant Primates, and (ii) to explore the potentialities of this approach as a tool in reconstructing fossil locomotory behaviours. The investigated sample consists of 23 tibias from 12 catarrhine taxa, including Homo. A number of pathological and abnormal cases (including a bipedal-trained Japanese macaque) and of nonprimate Mammals have been also considered. The quantitative analysis, based on tridimensional virtual modelling, utilizes geostatistical methods. Different patterns of load distribution and dissipation at the tibial articular surface have been found in relation to the locomotory modes (bipedalism, knuckle-walking, brachiation, terrestrial and arboreal quadrupedalism); the pathological and abnormal cases are distinct from the "normal" variation. The finding of a locomotion-related structural signature at the proximal tibia discloses, despite some methodological problems, new research perspectives in paleobiomechanics. Among the 13 fossil hominoid and hominin specimens additionally considered in this study (Proconsul, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo), the La Ferrassie 2 Neanderthal tibia shows a number of morpho-architectural features distinguished from the extant human condition
24
Mayer, Cristina. "O que e como escrevemos na web: um estudo multidimensional de variação de registro em língua inglesa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21448.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-27T12:26:57Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Cristina Mayer.pdf: 1995903 bytes, checksum: 09a2f90db9b38ad6cba6cbb1553e52b5 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T12:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristina Mayer.pdf: 1995903 bytes, checksum: 09a2f90db9b38ad6cba6cbb1553e52b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-31
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The main goal of this research was to look at Web text varieties, specifically in social networks and consumer generated content such as comments, reviews and complaints in English through the Multidimensional Approach (MD) for register variation analysis leading to a set of dimensions of variation across Web registers. Web registers have been the object of several MD investigations (BERBER SARDINHA, 2014; BIBER et al., 2015; BIBER; EGBERT, 2015, 2016); however, these studies have not focused on social networks and consumer generated content. To fill this gap, a corpus of 15 of these registers was designed and compiled, the CoUGC – Corpus of User Generated Content, and three separate multidimensional analyses (MD) were conducted on the corpus, as well as a canonical correlation analysis. The first one was the additive MD analysis, in which the registers were added to the Dimensions of Variation of English by Biber (1988). The second one was a ‘mainstream’ MD analysis, in which the coocurrence of lexicogrammatical variables was analyzed and 4 dimensions were interpreted, representing the functional parameters underlying the variation across the registers. The third analysis, in turn, was based on the traditional MD analysis; however, it was conducted with lexical variables (BERBER SARDINHA, 2014; 2017; no prelo). This analysis revealed 5 thematic dimensions, which reflected semantic groupings. A canonical correlation analysis was then run to explain the relationship between the functional and lexical dimensions. All the analyzes led to the study of the use of the language by Web users
O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o estudo de variedades de texto da web, especificamente em redes sociais e conteúdo gerado por consumidores, como comentários, críticas e reclamações em língua inglesa por meio da Abordagem Multidimensional (AMD) para análise de variação de registro, que leva a um conjunto de dimensões de variação de registros da web. Os registros da web foram objeto de várias pesquisas em AMD (BERBER SARDINHA, 2014; BIBER et al., 2015; BIBER; EGBERT, 2015, 2016). No entanto, esses estudos não tiveram como foco redes sociais e conteúdo gerado pelo consumidor. Para preencher essa lacuna, um corpus de 15 desses registros foi desenhado e compilado, o CoUGC - Corpus of User Generated Content e três análises multidimensionais (AMD) foram realizadas no corpus, além da análise de correlação canônica. A primeira foi a AMD aditiva, na qual os registros do corpus de estudo foram mapeados nas Dimensões de variação do inglês de BIBER (1988). A segunda foi uma análise AMD funcional tradicional, na qual foi analisada a coocorrência das variáveis lexicogramaticais e foram identificadas 4 dimensões, que representaram os parâmetros funcionais subjacentes à variação entre os registros. A terceira análise, por sua vez, baseou-se na AMD tradicional, entretanto com variáveis lexicais (BERBER SARDINHA, 2014; 2017; no prelo). Essa análise revelou 5 dimensões temáticas, que refletiram agrupamentos semânticos. Foi feita então uma análise de correlação canônica para a observação da relação entre os dois conjuntos de dimensões, funcional e lexical. Todas as análises permitiram o estudo da linguagem dos usuários da web
25
Knowles, Kristen. "Evolutionary and cognitive approaches to voice perception in humans : acoustic properties, personality and aesthetics." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21784.
Full textAbstract:
Voices are used as a vehicle for language, and variation in the acoustic properties of voices also contains information about the speaker. Listeners use measurable qualities, such as pitch and formant traits, as cues to a speaker’s physical stature and attractiveness. Emotional states and personality characteristics are also judged from vocal stimuli. The research contained in this thesis examines vocal masculinity, aesthetics and personality, with an emphasis on the perception of prosocial traits including trustworthiness and cooperativeness. I will also explore themes which are more cognitive in nature, testing aspects of vocal stimuli which may affect trait attribution, memory and the ascription of identity. Chapters 2 and 3 explore systematic differences across vocal utterances, both in types of utterance using different classes of stimuli and across the time course of perception of the auditory signal. These chapters examine variation in acoustic measurements in addition to variation in listener attributions of commonly-judged speaker traits. The most important result from this work was that evaluations of attractiveness made using spontaneous speech correlated with those made using scripted speech recordings, but did not correlate with those made of the same persons using vowel stimuli. This calls into question the use of sustained vowel sounds for the attainment of ratings of subjective characteristics. Vowel and single-word stimuli are also quite short – while I found that attributions of masculinity were reliable at very short exposure times, more subjective traits like attractiveness and trustworthiness require a longer exposure time to elicit reliable attributions. I conclude with recommending an exposure time of at least 5 seconds in duration for such traits to be reliably assessed. Chapter 4 examines what vocal traits affect perceptions of pro-social qualities using both natural and manipulated variation in voices. While feminine pitch traits (F0 and F0-SD) were linked to cooperativeness ratings, masculine formant traits (Df and Pf) were also associated with cooperativeness. The relative importance of these traits as social signals is discussed. Chapter 5 questions what makes a voice memorable, and helps to differentiate between memory for individual voice identities and for the content which was spoken by administering recognition tests both within and across sensory modalities. While the data suggest that experimental manipulation of voice pitch did not influence memory for vocalised stimuli, attractive male voices were better remembered than unattractive voices, independent of pitch manipulation. Memory for cross-modal (textual) content was enhanced by raising the voice pitch of both male and female speakers. I link this pattern of results to the perceived dominance of voices which have been raised and lowered in pitch, and how this might impact how memories are formed and retained. Chapter 6 examines masculinity across visual and auditory sensory modalities using a cross-modal matching task. While participants were able to match voices to muted videos of both male and female speakers at rates above chance, and to static face images of men (but not women), differences in masculinity did not influence observers in their judgements, and voice and face masculinity were not correlated. These results are discussed in terms of the generally-accepted theory that masculinity and femininity in faces and voices communicate the same underlying genetic quality. The biological mechanisms by which vocal and facial masculinity could develop independently are speculated.
26
Nasi, Roberto Francisco. "Variáveis fonológicas em jornais gaúchos do século XIX." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56106.
Full textAbstract:
Além da fala, o registro escrito também pode servir como fonte para estudo de fenômenos de variação e mudança linguística. A grafia de textos produzidos há mais de século pode atestar parte da história de uma língua. Diante dessa perspectiva, este trabalho propõe a identificação de possíveis variáveis fonológicas por meio do registro de certas formas interpretadas como traços da oralidade que podem representar certas variantes existentes nos dias atuais. O exame que se propõe nesse trabalho segue a proposta de investigação de mudança lingüística em registros escritos de Lass (2000) e o uniformitarismo de Labov (1972). Utiliza-se, como amostra e corpus jornais produzidos no Rio Grande do Sul, no século XIX. Com base em registros escritos, pretendemos confirmar a relação passado/presente existente entre dois estados de língua e a existência de fenômenos fonológicos como elevação vocálica, substituição de segmentos, omissão, epêntese, metátese, proclíticos e segmentação na história.Besides spoken language, the written record may be considered a source for linguistic variation and change studies. Texts written one century ago can attest part of the history of a language. Based on this belief, this paper proposes the identification of possible phonological variables through some written records interpreted as oral aspects which may express certain variants currently used by speakers. The examination in this paper follows the investigation of linguistic change in written records by Lass (2000) and the uniformitarianism by Labov (1972). By using written records found in newspapers published in the 19th century in Rio Grande do Sul, we intend to certify the past/present relation between two language states and the existence of certain phonological phenomena as vowel elevation, segmental substitution, deletion, epenthesis, metathesis, clitics and segmentation in history.
27
Yavuz, Ilyas. "Evolutions récentes de l'enseignement de la notion de fonction en France en classe de seconde : utilisation des tableaux de valeurs et de variations." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012104.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis le début de la contre-réforme des mathématiques modernes, l'enseignement de la notion de fonction au début du lycée en France a subi de profondes mutations. Une des tendances les plus importantes concerne le renforcement progressif de l'utilisation des divers modes de représentation des fonctions. Ainsi parallèlement à une diminution de la suprématie du registre algébrique, le registre graphique a acquis de nouveaux droits et il y a également une injonction forte à utiliser dans des conditions nouvelles les objets tableaux de valeurs et de variations. Notre hypothèse de recherche est, suite aux travaux de Duval, que c'est de la multiplicité des registres possibles que le concept et ses propriétés vont se dégager. Dans notre travail, nous menons tout d'abord une analyse institutionnelle de la notion de fonction dans une perspective écologique pour dégager les différents systèmes de contraintes et de conditions qui pèsent sur les évolutions de ce savoir au cours du processus de transposition didactique interne. Ce travail s'inscrit dans une perspective commençant dans les années 80, au début de la période de la contre-réforme des mathématiques modernes. Nous faisons ensuite un état des lieux de l'enseignement actuel pour voir comment ont été traitées les nouveautés du programme par les manuels actuels et les enseignants (sur la base d'un questionnaire). Nous faisons également un état des lieux des compétences des élèves, à travers un test papier.
A la lumière des analyses précédentes, nous déterminons certaines caractéristiques de l'organisation praxéologique proposée par les nouveaux programmes de 2000 autour de la notion de fonction qui ont du mal à vivre dans l'enseignement. Nous proposons enfin une ingénierie didactique visant à faire fonctionner ces aspects du programme dans les classes et à en tester la viabilité à travers une expérimentation.
28
Goyat, Gilles. "Description morphosyntaxique du parler breton de Plozévet (Finistère)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00763530.
Full textAbstract:
La commune de Plozévet est située à l'extrémité sud-ouest de la Bretagne, au bord de la baie d'Audierne. Son parler breton conserve des formes archaïques révélant une ancienne continuité méridionale qui allait des bords de la baie d'Audierne au Vannetais, continuité perceptible dans certains aspects de la phonologie, de la morphologie et du lexique. Il garde également des traits communs aux trois presqu'îles occidentales (Léon, Crozon, Cap Sizun et Cap Caval), caractéristiques aussi de la périphérie du domaine bretonnant.Mais des innovations, venues d'abord du centre de ce domaine (région de Carhaix), puis du Léon, toutes diffusées par Quimper, ont brisé ces anciennes continuités. Ce parler présente bien sûr des traits communs à tout le sud-ouest de la Cornouaille, mais aussi des spécificités : ainsi, la réalisation [-ŋ] des groupes historiques " -r n " et " -l n ", l'ouverture du second élément de la diphtongue /ew/ en /ea/, réalisée [eaɔ] en finale absolue, la prédilection pour les syllabes composées de voyelle brève suivie de consonne forte, y compris dans les monosyllabes, et aussi la neutralisation de l'opposition entre les morphèmes des deuxièmes personnes du singulier et du pluriel. L'étude du lexique breton du cadastre napoléonien (1828) révèle que, si certains lexèmes sont tombés en désuétude, le parler a peu évolué au cours des XIXe et XXe siècles. Au XIXe siècle, les maires de Plozévet ont réclamé des maîtres d'école, d'abord pour enseigner le français aux enfants, qui ne savaient que le breton. Celui-ci est resté la langue la plus parlée jusque dans les années 1960, mais a ensuite très vite décliné
29
Kroll, Mary Eileen. "Time trends in childhood cancer : Britain 1966-2005." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8be887be-36e7-4b77-a7af-5887f3a1df8c.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing time trends in the recorded incidence of childhood cancer have been reported in many different settings. The extent to which these trends reflect real changes in incidence, rather than improvements in methods for diagnosis and registration, is controversial. Using data from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT), this thesis investigates time trends in cancer diagnosed under age 15 in residents of Britain during 1966-2005 (54650 cases), and considers potential sources of artefact in detail. Several different methods are used to estimate completeness of NRCT registration. The history of methods for diagnosis and registration of childhood cancers in Britain is described, and predictions are made for effects on recorded incidence. For each of the 12 main diagnostic groups, Poisson regression is used to fit continuous time trends and ‘step’ models to the annual age-sex-standardised rates by year of birth and year of diagnosis. Age-specific rates by period, and quinquennial standardised rates for diagnostic subgroups, are shown graphically. For three broad groups (leukaemia, CNS tumours and other cancer), geographical variation is compared by period of diagnosis. The results of these analyses are discussed in relation to the predicted artefacts. The evidence for a positive association between affluence and recorded incidence of childhood leukaemia is briefly reviewed. A special form of diagnostic artefact, the ‘fatal infection’ hypothesis, is proposed as an explanation of both this association and the leukaemia time trend. This hypothesis is examined in a novel test based on clinical data. The recorded incidence of childhood cancer in Britain increased in each of 12 diagnostic groups during 1966-2005 (from 0.5% per year for bone cancer to 2.5% for hepatic cancer, with 0.7% for leukaemia). Evidence presented here suggests that these increases are probably artefacts of diagnosis and registration. The potential implications for epidemiological studies of childhood cancer should be considered.
30
Jankowski, Bridget Lynn. "A Variationist Approach to Cross-register Language Variation and Change." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43604.
Full textAbstract:
The comparative method of variationist sociolinguistics has demonstrated that frequency changes are not reliable determinants of whether grammatical change is taking place. Frequency changes can be the result of extra-linguistic register changes, changes within the underlying grammar, or a combination (Szmrecsanyi, 2011; Tagliamonte, 2002). This work examines two variables known to vary along the written-to-spoken continuum — relative clause pronouns, and the genitive construction — across three registers of English and 100 years, with the goal of furthering our understanding of the relationship between spoken and written language. The s-genitive (i.e. Canada's government vs. the government of Canada) is on the rise in the 20th century (Hinrichs and Szmrecsanyi, 2007; Rosenbach, 2007). Statistical modeling confirms the press register leads this increase — a register change. Examination of internal linguistic constraints over time indicates simultaneous grammatical change, with the s–genitive increasing with certain inanimate subtypes.
The WH-forms (who, which) of the relative pronouns have become increasingly restricted to written registers (e.g. Romaine, 1982; Tottie, 1997), leaving that as the variant used most for subject function in vernacular speech (D'Arcy and Tagliamonte 2010). Although who continues to be used for animates, which is shown to have lost any grammatical conditioning that it once had and to be undergoing lexical replacement by that for non-human subject antecedents. Unlike the genitives, though, examination of internal linguistic factors reveals no evidence of grammatical change. The methodology employed here provides a way to tease apart grammatical change from register change, with register-internal change shown to be a motivating factor in change from above. While the vernacular is ''the most systematic data for our analysis of linguistic structure'' (Labov, 1972a:208), it is not necessarily the most innovative, nor is it always the locus of change. With that in mind, this work provides a model of language change that integrates change across speech and writing.
31
Gemmell, Maggie Sue. "Defining formality levels: cultural scripts as a guide to the formality scale of register." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-08-207.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents a new way of applying cultural scripts (a form of reductive paraphrase) to the study and description of culturally specific linguistic behavior. Cultural scripts are used to define levels of formality in German culture. This is done by describing typical situations that range from formal to informal in terms of how members of German culture typically conceive of them. The purpose of these levels is to create a scale of formality that can be used to rate particular linguistic expressions in a reference source, thus approximating native speaker intuitions about linguistic formality, and helping readers understand the norms of (in)formal linguistic behavior in German culture. Such a reference source would be immeasurably helpful for students of German, as register variation, particularly formality variation, can be quite difficult for foreign language learners to master. This reference source should help students determine when it is appropriate to use one linguistic expression over another with a similar meaning (and a different level of formality). It would inform students, for example, that a word like “Bulle” in German (“cop” or “pig”) is not appropriate in an academic presentation on European law enforcement agencies, and that the less colloquial terms, “Polizist” or “Polizeibeamte”, would be better suited to such a context.text
32
Kruger, Alet. "Lexical cohesion register variation in transition : "The merchants of Venice" in afrikaans." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2988.
Full textAbstract:
On the assumption that different registers of translated drama have different functions and that
they therefore present information differently, the aim of the present study is to identify textual
features that distinguish an Afrikaans stage translation from a page translation of Shakespeare's
The Merchant of Venice. The first issue addressed concerns the nature and extent of lexical
cohesion in these two registers. The second issue concerns my contention that the dialogue of a
stage translation is more "involved". (Biber 1988) than that of a page translation. The research was
conducted within the overall Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) paradigm but the analytical
frameworks by means of which these aims were accomplished were derived from text linguistics
and register variation studies, making this an interdisciplinary study. Aspects of Hoey's ( 1991)
bonding model, in particular, the classification of repetition links, were adapted so as to quantify
lexical cohesion in the translations. Similarly, aspects of Biber's (1988) multi-dimensional
approach to register variation were used to quantify linguistic features that signal involvement.
The main finding of the study is that drama translation register (page or stage translation) does
have a constraining effect on lexical cohesion and involved production. For Act IV of the play an
overall higher density of lexical cohesion strategies was generated by the stage translation. In the
case of the involved production features analysed, the overall finding was that the stage translation
displayed more involvement than the page translation, to a statistically highly significant extent.
The features analysed here cluster together sufficiently to reveal that in comparison with an
Afrikaans page translation of a Shakespeare play, a recent stage translation displays a definite
tendency towards a more oral, more involved and more situated style, reflecting no doubt a
general modern trend towards creating more appropriate and accessible textsLinguistics
D. Litt. et Phil. (Translation Studies)
33
Obwoge, Beatrice Kemunto Charity. "A lexico-semantic analysis of EkeGusii circumcision social varieties." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14485.
Full textAbstract:
The study is based on the lexical choices in the social context of EkeGusii circumcision and the meaning of the various lexical items used in the social context of circumcision and gender differentiation in the choice of the lexicon of EkeGusii circumcision. This special variety is also used within EkeGusii standard variety but when used in the context of circumcision, the meaning of the lexical items is understood based on context. It is believed that language embodies traditional values and that these values are socially conditioned. This study considers the social conditioning of the circumcision social varieties. Linguistic traditional values of EkeGusii language are reflected in, among others, gender differentiation in the choice of the lexicon in the social context of circumcision. The study was based on two theories; the social theory and contrastive lexico-semantic theory. Social theory was useful in analyzing language in society and what language means to its users while contrastive lexico-semantic theory was useful in analyzing EkeGusii culture-specific meaning which does not translate readily to English. Participatory observation, interview schedules, informers, questionnaires and introspection were used to collect data. Data was analyzed qualitatively in view of the choice of the lexicon within language variation. Findings showed that the sound plays an important role in postulating meaning of EkeGusii Circumcision Social Varieties (ECSV) through vowel lengthening. The lexicon of ECSV comprises nouns and verbs and that this lexicon is a style as well as register of EkeGusii. Gender differentiation in the language is a case of socialization rather than biological. Finally, meaning relations established by the lexicon of ECSV include synonymy, hyponymy, polysemy as well as antonymy. It is recommended in this study that teachers should be trained on Sociolinguistics, carry out classroom research to identify the learners’ sociolinguistic culture and integrate an individual learner with others in the same level especially since the school has taken the role of socialization of an individual.African Languages
M.A. (African languages)
34
Mischke, Gertruida Elizabeth. "Analysing "involvement" in distance education study guides: an appraisal-based approach." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1864.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of this study is to extend our current understanding of the linguistic characteristics of student-centred distance education texts. This aim links directly with the shift in South Africa from an objectivistic, content-centred teaching approach towards an outcomes-based, studentcentred one. Partly because few guidelines exist as to what the linguistic characteristics of student-centred texts are, developers of such texts in a distance education environment face many challenges and thus, a secondary, more indirect aim of this study is to benefit developers of distance education study materials. In view of the educational context in which the study is situated, a brief overview of some of the most relevant pedagogic perspectives underlying the notion of student-centredness is provided.
Student-centredness is then interpreted in terms of Biber's (1988) construal of `involvement' and
also in terms of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL): more particularly, the interpersonal
discourse semantic metafunction of SFL and on insights developed in Appraisal Theory. The
focus of the study is thus on `involvement' and the expression of evaluative stance, and
consequently on attitudinal language through `involvement' features. Of particular interest to the present study is how learning is advanced through the use of attitudinal language.
The data for the study include six print-based distance education teaching texts (study guides)
from three different academic departments at the University of South Africa. Two guides from
each department are analysed and compared: one developed by way of a content-centred
approach to teaching and the other by way of a student-centred approach. The linguistic construal of evaluative stance in these guides is analysed and interpreted in interpersonal
terms. The thesis develops a theoretically motivated explanation of the linguistic characteristics of student-centred distance education texts, and in the process provides evidence of the interpersonal and pedagogic relevance of evaluative stance in the context of distance education. Some of the main conclusions reached are that student-centred texts differ from contentcentred ones with regard to: the extent to which the social presence of discourse participants is signalled in such texts; the extent to which solidarity is negotiated with students; the participation of students in the knowledge construction process; the relationship that prevails between lecturers and students; and the identity developed for both students as well as lecturers.Linguistics
D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)
35
Bose, Paulin Baraka. "Analyzing ways of speaking Kivu Swahili: Variation and ethnic belonging." 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70971.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to discuss specific contact-induced features of Kivu Swahili (DR Congo), taking into account variationist patterns of different ways of speaking. Language contact scenarios in the multilingual landscape of Kivu reveal a discrepancy: While the language of North Kivu contains traces of Kinyabwisha and Kinande, in South Kivu Mashi and Kilega have predominantly shaped the site-specific realization of Swahili. Other languages, such as French or Lingala, which have – lexically and structurally – largely contributed to the present form of the language are not bound to one area or any group of speakers. This paper deals with the question of whether different realizations of Kivu Swahili, with differing levels of contact features (such as a major influence of Lingala lexicon, more or less Kinyabwisha/Kinande morphology etc.), can be understand as “ethnic registers”, serving different social purposes. When analyzed against the background of the ongoing conflict in the area, the differing realizations can be seen to create in-group status, intimidation, protection, mockery or deliberate exclusion. By focusing largely on sociolectal and inter-register variation of poorly documented Kiswahili dialects from the western periphery, the contribution aims to contribute to the description of non-standard realizations of the language and their variability.
36
Zungu, Phyllis Jane Nonhlanhla. "Language variation in Zulu : a case study of contemporary codes and registers in the greater Durban area." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/6694.
Full textAbstract:
This study has been an attempt to clarify a number of basic problems regarding the
phenomena of Language Variation and their implications for linguistic usage. The
data were collected in the GDA. Very little has been done on Language Variation
in Zulu owing to lack of interest in Sociolinguistics in the middle of this century.
A study of this nature is imperative because language planners have to design policies
for the Government of National Unity in South Africa.There are two very important aspects to National Language Policies. These comprise
the ideological aspect, which is concerned with mobilising the nation's sentiments and
attitudes towards the acceptance and use of selected speech forms. The second aspect
involves the technical side, which looks at the practical elements which are concerned
with the problems of implementing the ideology (Whiteley 1963: 150). In order to fulfill the foregoing ideals, we had to look for applicable aims and objectives of Language Variation. The main objectives were: (a) to identify at least seven domains where different language varieties
were employed in the Black Durban speech community; (b) to investigate the social attitude of the Black Durban speech community towards CCR's; (c) to trace the origin of and development of the non-standard varieties which are employed by the Black Durban speech community;
(d) To investigate the impact of CCR's on the economy, and social conditions prevailing in the GDA. In order to achieve the foregoing objectives, the term 'Language Variation' and its dynamics had to be clarified. Empirical studies on research methodologies had to be
resorted to in order to give a sound base to the theoretical framework. A number of theories were explored and they were found to be applicable to Contemporary Codes and Registers employed by the Black Durban speech community. These comprised speech accommodation, cognitive uncertainty, affective reinforcement, gain-loss, social identity, functionalist and interactionist theories. In order to test these theories, I resorted to ethnomethodological and ethnographic approaches to empirical research. The choice of these approaches was to capture data on CCR's in the most objective and valid manner. The next step was to take a deep plunge into field work. I became a participant observer in a number of domains around the Durban Metropolitan area. Interviews with prominent Zulu speakers were also conducted in order to obtain their input towards CCR's. The research was conducted in seven Black townships, situated in the GDA. In
addition to this, research was conducted in Westville prison, transportation modes, hospitals, streets, taverns, educational units, and in soccer clubs. I entered the aforementioned domains as a 'friend of a friend' a lecturer, or an ex-class teacher in order to become a participant observer in various activities of the Black Durban speech communities. In addition to this, written questionnaires were administered and answered by respondents. The aim of the questionnaire survey was to measure the magnitude of linguistic transformations in the GDA. Another aim was to capture the attitude of the Black Durban speech community towards non-standard varieties of Zulu. Interviews were also conducted for the same purpose. Checklists were also resorted to in order to secure valid and objective information. The collection and analysis of data alone was not adequate in accounting for Language Variation. Bokamba, (1988:21) mentions that we need data on the
communicative behaviour of speakers - the whys and how's of ..... [Language Valiation]. A description of the social context of CCR's as observed in the Black speech community of the GDA was exposed. This involved a presentation of the origins and development of linguistic CR's used in the GDA. CR's included slang, Tsotsitaal/isiLovasi, jargon, borrowing, interlarding, neologisms, which were covered under the
term CCR's. The linguistic make up, characteristics and classification of CCR's were also carried out. I had to identify the speakers of CCR's in the various targeted domains, where they are employed, as well as the topics which are normally discussed by the interlocutors.
Socio-psychological functions of CCR's as spoken in the targeted areas were uncovered. It was revealed that CCR's entail elaborate and rich linguistic forms. They incorporate everyday situations thus recording the activities of people at a particular era in the history of mankind. At least 75% of the 800 collected lexical items which were regarded as non-standard and filtered talk were found to be known and used by most Black Durban speakers. School children were found to have carried these CCR's to the classroom situation where they were penalised for employing them.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1995.
37
Picard, Geneviève. "La compréhension orale des registres standard et familier chez des apprenants adultes en francisation de la région de Montréal." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5204/1/M12614.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous avons vérifié si des apprenants adultes en francisation comprenaient mieux des dialogues en langue standard que des dialogues en langue familière. En outre, nous avons vérifié si les apprenants adultes en francisation des niveaux supérieurs comprenaient mieux les dialogues en langue standard et en langue familière que les apprenants adultes en francisation des niveaux inférieurs. Enfin, nous avons vérifié si des éléments de la langue standard et de la langue familière ont entravé la compréhension orale de ces mêmes apprenants et, le cas échéant, les avons identifiés. Pour effectuer ces vérifications, nous avons créé un test de compréhension orale sous forme de documents sonores comprenant des dialogues en langue standard et en langue familière, accompagné d'un questionnaire à choix multiples. Nous avons fait passer ce test à 45 apprenants adultes en francisation des niveaux intermédiaires et avancés d'une école d'une commission scolaire de Montréal. Afin de vérifier et d'identifier si des éléments avaient entravé la compréhension orale, nous avons effectué des entrevues semi-dirigées auprès de dix étudiants. Avant de procéder à l'expérimentation, une étude-pilote a été menée afin de valider nos instruments de collecte de données. Cette expérimentation nous a permis d'apprendre que les étudiants des niveaux quatre, cinq et six comprenaient de façon significativement plus importante le registre standard que le registre familier. Toutefois, bien que les résultats des étudiants du niveau sept démontrent une meilleure compréhension du registre standard, cette différence ne s'est pas révélée significative. Par ailleurs, il semble que plus les étudiants avancent en formation, plus leur compréhension du registre familier s'améliore, contrairement à celle du registre standard. De plus, il semble que ce soient plutôt des variables d'ordre général qui aient entravé la compréhension du registre standard. Cependant, en plus des difficultés d'ordre général, la compréhension orale du registre familier a aussi été entravée par la compréhension et la reconnaissance du vocabulaire propre au registre familier de même que par les structures et les caractéristiques phonologiques propres à ce même registre. Au terme de notre expérimentation, nous sommes en mesure de confirmer les propos d'étudiants affirmant éprouver plus de difficulté à comprendre les locuteurs natifs en situation informelle, de même que ceux des chercheurs à l'effet que plus d'attention doit être accordée aux registres de la langue pour enrichir la compétence de compréhension orale.
______________________________________________________________________________
MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : compréhension orale, registre de langue, variation linguistique, francisation, français langue seconde
38
Boucher, Krystel. "Compréhension orale de variantes linguistiques des registres de langue du français québécois chez des allophones adultes en francisation." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4827/1/M12394.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis 1968, le Ministère de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles (MICC) offre des cours de francisation pour les nouveaux immigrants allophones adultes. Ce programme a pour objectif « d'acquérir à la fois la maitrise de la langue et la connaissance des codes culturels et de communiquer efficacement à travers différentes situations de la vie quotidienne » (PGIL, 1992, p. 1). Cependant, les responsables œuvrant dans le domaine de la francisation et les étudiants immigrants allophones affirment, dans le cadre d'études qualitatives, que ces derniers, au terme du programme de francisation de 990 heures, ne sont pas aptes à communiquer de façon satisfaisante à travers plusieurs situations de communication de la vie courante. Ce mémoire s'est donc penché sur la compréhension orale des variantes linguistiques du parler du français québécois. Quarante-deux apprenants adultes immigrants âgés en moyenne de 33 ans et provenant de groupes de classe de l'école MICC-UQAM ont participé à l'étude. Ils devaient écouter un dialogue de registre neutre, basé sur les grammaires de l'écrit, un dialogue de registre familier, basé sur un le français québécois parlé spontanément, et répondre ensuite à un questionnaire à choix multiples. Le nombre de bonnes réponses ont été compilé suivi d'un T-test comparant les moyennes de la compréhension orale des registres neutre versus familier. Il a été observé que le taux de réussite de la compréhension orale du registre familier est significativement inférieur à celui du registre neutre. De plus, puisque le débit a été contrôlé dans ces évaluations, il y a de fortes chances que cette compréhension orale diminue dans une situation de communication naturelle. Dans un autre ordre d'idées, l'étude montre que lorsqu' il y a peu de variantes linguistiques dans un discours oral, la compréhension orale n'est pas affectée chez les sujets. À l'inverse, lorsque plusieurs variantes linguistiques sont présentes dans un discours oral, la compréhension est affectée. Il semble aussi que le type (la nature) des variantes linguistiques joue un rôle prédominant dans la compréhension orale. Les résultats quantitatifs de cette recherche viennent appuyer les résultats qualitatifs d'études précédentes. Il semble qu'au terme de la formation en francisation, les étudiants n'ont atteint que partiellement l'objectif « d'acquérir à la fois la maitrise de la langue et la connaissance des codes culturels et de communiquer efficacement à travers différentes situations de la vie quotidienne » (PGIL, 1992, p. 1).
______________________________________________________________________________
MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : compréhension orale, registre de langue, variation linguistique, français langue seconde
39
Raza, Syed-Ahsan. "Worldwide variations in sex ratio of cancer incidence : temporal and geographic patterns." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20074.
Full text