Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Régolite'
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Blitz, Céline. "Modélisation de la propagation des ondes sismiques et des ejecta dans les astéroïdes : application à l'érosion des cratères de l’astéroïde 433-Eros." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441253.
Full textDéau, Estelle. "Les anneaux de Saturne revisités par les images de la sonde spatiale Cassini : Evolution dynamique de l'anneau F et étude photométrique des anneaux principaux." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00255723.
Full textDepuis l'arrivée de l'orbiteur spatial Cassini autour de Saturne en juillet 2004, notre connaissance des disques planétaires s'est considérablement accrue et un long travail s'amorce pour comprendre tous les phénomènes qui y sont observés en temps réel. Ceci est dû aux observations effectuées par Cassini qui sont inédites et uniques en termes de résolution spatiale, sensibilité, variété des géométries d'illumination et suivi temporel.
Parmi ces phénomènes, deux tout à fait exceptionnels ont été choisis pour l'élaboration de la thèse que je vais vous présenter.
Une première partie porte sur un anneau à l'activité dynamique particulièrement importante : l'anneau F. Cet anneau, depuis sa découverte en 1979 par la sonde interplanétaire Pioneer 11, a suscité les théories dynamiques les plus diverses pour expliquer sa structure multi-radiale complexe et sa structure azimutale variable.
J'ai montré que la structure multi-radiale de cet anneau pouvait être comprise par l'existence d'une spirale qui s'enroule autour d'une région centrale, brillante, excentrique et inclinée : le cœur. La durée de vie de cette spirale n'est pas la même que le cœur, suggérant que les processus qui créent la spirale sont périodiques.
De plus, la structure du cœur est stable à grande échelle sur près d'un an, mais est très instable sur une plus courte échelle spatiale et temporelle, ce qui s'explique par des interactions multiples avec le satellite Prométhée et des satellites éphémères. Grâce à la meilleure caractérisation de la géométrie du cœur, j'ai pu montrer que ces satellites éphémères croisent plusieurs fois par an l'orbite du cœur, ce qui pourrait expliquer la courte durée de vie de ces petits objets (~ 10 km) d'une part et leur rôle dans la création de la structure spiralée d'autre part.
La seconde partie est consacrée à la photométrie des anneaux de Saturne et à une surbrillance particulière observée lorsque le Soleil et l'observateur sont alignés : l'effet d'opposition. Cette surbrillance a été observée dans les anneaux principaux pour la première fois en 1878 par Müller, et est demeurée jusqu'à présent profondément mystérieuse. L'utilisation de modèles préexistants couplant l'optique géométrique et l'optique quantique (grâce à la théorie de la rétro-diffusion cohérente qui a valu à Philip Anderson le Prix Nobel de Physique en 1977) a permis de comprendre une partie de l'effet d'opposition dans les anneaux de Saturne. J'ai pu toutefois démontrer que cinq hypothèses généralement admises sur le masquage des ombres et la rétro-diffusion cohérente sont inexactes, ce qui souligne les insuffisances des modèles actuels de l'effet d'opposition.
Enfin, grâce à la qualité et la diversité des observations de Cassini, j'ai pu obtenir des informations sur la nature et l'état de surface des particules des anneaux. Pour la première fois, à l'aide d'inversion des courbes de phase avec des modèles photométriques analytiques, l'albédo, l'anisotropie, la rugosité macroscopique, la taille effective des grains et des particules ont pu être déterminées et corrélées avec la profondeur optique des anneaux. Ces valeurs montrent d'une part que les anneaux de Saturne possèdent une gamme de comportements photométriques plus large que celle de tous les objets planétaires réunis. D'autre part, la perspective d'expliquer ces comportements photométrique via la dynamique semble être une issue incontournable. Des simulations photométriques et dynamiques futures devraient permettre d'aller dans ce sens.
Blitz, Céline. "Modélidation de la propagation des ondes sismiques et des ejecta dans les astéroïdes: application à l'érosion des cratères de l'astéroïde 433-Eros." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441253.
Full textSouchon, Audrey. "Influence des phases amorphes dans la réponse optique des régolites planétaires : caractérisation des propriétés physiques et application à l'étude géologique de la Lune." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00694176.
Full textGrimaud, Jean-Louis. "Dynamique long-terme de l'érosion en contexte cratonique : l'Afrique de l'Ouest depuis l'Eocène." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982077.
Full textCord, Aurélien. "Hétérogénéité optique et réflectance spectrale des surfaces planétaires solides : études expérimentales et théoriques." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30142.
Full textGassot, Oriane. "Imagerie SAR du régolithe d'un astéroïde : simulation et traitement des données." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY016.
Full textIn recent years, surface-penetrating radars were part of several space missions dedicated to study the bodies of the solar system. These radars, associated with repeat-pass observations and processing, can lead to 3D radar tomography, which results in 3D imagery of the first tens of meters of the sub-surface of planetary bodies. This technique can be used to better understand and model the formation processes and post-accretion evolution of asteroids. However, even though spaceborne SAR is a classical technique used for the detection and reconstruction of planetary structures, the small body geometry of observation reconsiders the hypotheses usually formulated for Earth observation. Furthermore, in order to achieve the metric-resolution necessary to study kilometric-sized asteroids with sufficient precision, the radar has to be ultra-wideband in range and in Doppler, which also question the SAR synthesis models established for narrow band signals. As the radar geometry of study and configuration drives the instrument performance, and thus the mission science return, simulation of the radar signal and the SAR synthesis needs to be developed while taking into account the specificity of the small body geometry. Thus, my thesis aims at assessing the performances of the UWB SAR HFR, which is dedicated to the study of small bodies, with frequencies ranging from 300 to 800 MHz, by simulating the radar's return.By creating firsly realistic asteroid digital terrain models (DTM), several surface scattering models were studied in order to select the model most suited to simulate the field scattered by the surface of an asteroid. The Kirchhoff Approximation (KA) was selected and applied on the generated DTM, and was used to build SAR images which correctly locate the DTM studied, and which differenciate the terrain’s rough areas from the smooth ones. Then, the Born Approximation (BA) was selected to model the field reflected by the asteroid subsurface and was found out to correctly locate an inclusion below the surface of an asteroid. With a multipass geometry, tomography algortihms were applied to the BA results in order to improve the resolution of the results in the third dimension of space, as well as the precision of the localisation of the inclusion. Finally, the performances of UWB scattering were studied, and, unlike what was foreseen, UWB scattering generates only a small degradation of the resolution in range and in azimuth
Gouache, Thibault. "Forage alternatif dual de régolithe extra-terrestre : évolution d'une solution bio-inspirée." Toulouse, ISAE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ESAE0011.
Full textYan, Nicolas. "Etude thermique du régolithe en relation avec la formation du sodium exosphérique de Mercure." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066433.
Full textChevrier, Vincent. "Approche magnétique de la formation du régolithe martien : étude sur analogues terrestres et expérimentaux." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30061.
Full textResults of Martian spacecraft missions have evidenced the presence of a strongly altered regolith, of which possible origin is alteration of primary basaltic substrate by atmosphere and hydrosphere. This hypothesis of weathering is tested on a terrestrial analogue: the Ferrar dolerite from Antarctic and on some phases experimentally altered in a simulated Martian atmosphere. Meteoric weathering under Martian conditions produces strongly magnetic phases, either inherited from parent bedrock (titanomagnetite), either from exogenic contribution (iron metal), or neoformed (maghemite). Red ferric (oxy)hydroxides (goethite and hematite) as well as most secondary phases detected in the Martian regolith, i. E. Sulfates and carbonates, may also result from weathering. Finally this study demonstrates that weathering may occur in the absence of O2. Water is then the main reactive species, responsible for oxidation reactions of the surface
Sevin, Brice. "Cartographie du régolithe sur formation ultrabasique de Nouvelle-Calédonie : Localisation dans l’espace et le temps des gisements nickélifères." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NCAL0067/document.
Full textThis work deals with regolith development on ultramafic rocks in New Caledonia. From the Oligocene on, the peridotite Nappe is subject to supergene weathering under wet tropical climate. The weathering mantle (regolith) that develops, led to geological phenomena of which the most remarkable are economie concentrations of Ni and Co. This particular regolith developed on ultramafic rocks, has been extensively studied in the past, especially for its economie interest. A lmowledge synthesis is presented. Data acquired during this work helps identifying the mineralogical, geochemical and geologicalevolution of weathering profiles. An important contribution to the knowledge of the Jess known fine saprolite (or laterite), has been done. Mapping ultramafic units and their weathering mantle (1/50, 000) is based on usual field observations, geomorphology, structural analysis, alterology, hydrogeology, etc. To improve mapping in remote areas, new tools were assessed. The first tool, hyperspectral remote sensing, has been successful used on areas of bare sail, but also to performmineralogical mapping having an interest in mineral exploration (mapping of distribution of iron oxy-hydroxides and of serpentinisation grade). The second method used is the gamma spectrometry to map the late-intrusive dyke network of the ophiolite. The age of formation of the regolith remains difficult to establish. The use of an indirect method by paleomagnetic dating allows for the first time to assign an age to the top-most ferricrete of the weathering profiles. The oldest age obtained (25 Ma) shows that weathering began during Late Oligocene at Thiébaghi and Goro, at both ends of the Grande Terre, butceased at Thiébagi while continuing up to the present period in the south of Massif du Sud (Goro). The paleomagnetic and petrographie study of ferricretes from the West Coast klippen, show the difficulty of finding remnants of the Oligocene surface on these units. Geomorphological observations show evidences of an early dismantling of the regolith onthese units due to large vertical movements. An overview of "post-abduction" events may be proposed by the further study of (i) post-abduction Oligocene sediments (Népoui series) and (ii) Late Oligocene granitoids. The recent discovery of an Early Miocene limestone unit of younger age below the Pindaï conglomerate (Népoui Group) allows to reassess precisely the time of deposition of this torrential conglomerate, consisting mainly of Oligocene regolith elements. Age obtained is very close to that of the Koum granite that has undergone a rapid exhumation (new apatite fission tracks data). A tectonic rather than eustatic cause explains better the large vertical movements responsible for the present geomorphology of the Norfolk Ridge. Slab break off of the overridden plate, responsible for the abduction, allowed the intrusion of Koum granitoid and the uplift of the ridge, du ring the opening of an asthenospheric window. The different rate of uplift between the North and the South of Grande Terre is responsible for the present configuration of peridotite massifs. In the northern part of Massif du Sud, the West Coast and the North of Grande Terre, the ultramafic units are in a mountainous context and nickel deposits are of the saproiite silicate type (a few plateaus have also laterite deposits). In the southern part of Massif du Sud, in a context of basins, nickel deposits are of the oxide lateritic type
Ackerer, Julien. "Mécanismes et taux de dénudation d'un bassin versant élémentaire (Strengbach, France) : apport de l'étude couplée des méthodes de datation isotopique (déséquilibres U-Th-Ra, 10Be in situ) et des méthodes de modélisation hydrogéochimique (KIRMAT)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAH002/document.
Full textIn this PhD work, the combination of the geochemical analytic and isotopic approaches with the modeling approaches has allowed to bring new insights to the understanding of the critical zone and the regolith. Concerning the regolith, this work presents a methodology to perform the analyses of the elemental geochemistry, of the mineralogy, as well as of the U-Th-Ra isotopes and of the in situ 10Be cosmogenic isotope along a single weathering profile. The obtained results highlight the importance of the sampling spatial resolution for an exhaustive interpretation of the U-Th-Ra and of the in situ 10Be data, especially to independently determine the key parameters of the long term regolith production and denudation rates. The two weathering profiles realized in this study furthermore show that (1) the regolith structure is relatively simple on ridge-tops and allows a continuous interpretation of the geochemical and of the mineralogical data and (2) the slope processes tend to increase the spatial heterogeneity of the regolith and of the weathering processes. In addition, the monitoring and the modeling of the surface waters allow to investigate the current weathering processes, and to understand the mechanisms involved in their recent variability. This work shows the relationship that can exist between the modifications recorded at the surface in the soil solutions and the temporal evolution of some chemical properties of the spring waters (pH, calcium concentration). The simulations also allow to understand the weak variability of the global weathering fluxes exported by the springs, in relation with the relative stability of the sodium and of the dissolved silica concentrations over the period 1990-2010. This study also demonstrates the interest of the coupling of methods providing information on the weathering and the erosion processes at different time and space scales, in particular to correctly evaluate the regolith dynamic and to position the present-day functioning of a watershed with respect to its long term evolution
Metelka, Václav. "Application des méthodes de géophysique et de télédétection à l'analyse du régolithe et de la géologie du Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00670786.
Full textFolcher, Nicolas. "Contrôles géodynamiques et climatiques du système fluvio-lacustre de Nouvelle-Calédonie, conséquences sur les gisements de nickel latériques." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0004/document.
Full textThe Fluvio-lacustrine Formation located in the southern part of the 'Grande-Terre' is confined to small intramontaneous basins which possess a complex geometry. This formation with a maximal thickness of 70m has a distinctive feature which is that it reworks weathering products formed upon peridotites and gabbros (iron-rich laterites, kaolinitic clays).Unlike its name suggests, most of the sedimentary infill occurs in fluvial conditions and often starts with a very coarse torrential conglomerate. The only known occurrences of lacustrine sediments are restricted to actual lakes and dolines. Due to the lobbed shape of some basins and the numerous dolines developed upon the infill, these basins were previously interpreted as 'poljes' resulting from the coalescence of dolines (Trescases, 1975). However, the ante fluvio-lacustrine sediments topography revealed by drillings highlight old valley established by a hydrographic network similar to the actual network, controlled by straight faults. ln most basins (Pernod, Netcha, Plaine des Lacs, K04), sediments from the Fluvio-lacustrine Formation lay directly on in situ weathering formation, which means they have not been much eroded, unlike the north-western part of the island. The lack of well-defined outlets imply a partially endoreic evolution of these basins. Concerning the Rivière des Pirogues basin and the Yaté basin, sediments are limited to the north east by the uplifted block of Unia-Goro which played the role of a dam allowing the accumulation of sediments. Sediments from the Fluvio-lacustrine Formation are constrained by Koum-Yaté-Goro and Koum-Col de Plum fault zone and located at the vertical of a positive gravimetric anomaly. The later, interpreted as a thickening of the Peridotite Nappe could aIso result from a crustal thinning which caused an ascent of the mantle below. Topographic depression created by this process could have favour the accumulation and later preservation of sediments
Moragues, Quiroga Cristina. "Water mixing processes in the critical zone : evidence from trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH002.
Full textCatchment hydrological functions of water collection, storage and release have geochemical signatures in stream water largely mirroring those found in critical zone compartments. These signatures are strongly controlled by the different bio-geo-physico-chemical processes that occur within the regolith-plant interface. Until now, investigations into the critical zone’s regolith and hydrological processes research have largely remained uncoupled –leading to a widespread use of non-conservative tracers with multiple origins and thereby stymieing our capability for identifying water pools and flow paths. Here we study the mixing of water in the subsurface through a unique portfolio of complementary groups of tracers (trace elements O-Hand Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes) which enables investigating regolith evolution processes and solutes transport within the critical zone. We report the interest of this approach to strengthen water flowpaths and end-members characterization